{"text": "computer models how buds grow into leaves posted on march 02, 2012 at 08 : 24 : 51 am \" a bud does not grow in all directions at the same rate, \" said samantha fox from the john innes centre on norwich research park. \" otherwise leaves would be domed like a bud, not flat with a pointed tip. \" by creating a computer model to grow a virtual leaf, the bbsrc - funded scientists managed to discover simple rules of leaf growth. - advertisement - similar to the way a compass works, plant cells have an inbuilt orientation system. instead of a magnetic field, the cells have molecular signals to guide the axis on which they grow. as plant tissues deform during growth, the orientation and axis changes. the molecular signals become patterned from an early stage within the bud, helping the leaf shape to emerge. the researchers filmed a growing arabidopsis leaf, a relative of oil seed rape, to help create a model which could simulate the growing process. they were able to film individual cells and track them as the plant grew. it was also important to unpick the workings behind the visual changes and to test them in normal and mutant plants. \" the model is not just based on drawings of leaf shape at different stages, \" said professor enrico coen. \" to accurately recreate dynamic growth from bud to leaf, we had to establish the mathematical rules governing how leaf shapes are formed. \" with this knowledge programmed into the model, developed in collaboration with professor andrew bangham ' s team at the university of east anglia, it can run independently to build a virtual but realistic leaf. professor douglas kell, chief executive of bbsrc said : \" this exciting research highlights the potential of using computer and mathematical models for biological research to help us tackle complex questions and make predictions for the future. computational modelling can give us a deeper and more rapid understanding of the biological systems that are vital to life on earth. \" the model could now be used to help identify the genes that control leaf shape and whether different genes are behind different shapes. \" this simple model could account for the basic development and growth of all leaf shapes, \" said fox. \" the more we understand about how plants grow, the better we can prepare for our future - - providing food, fuel and preserving diversity. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5170542056535649, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1dfdc96-199a-4526-ae01-3ec1190ffbcd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.486655"}
{"text": "irish druids and old irish early religions of the one of the most philosophical statements from max muller is to this effect : \" whatever we know of early religion, we always see that it presupposes vast periods of an earlier development. \" this is exhibited in the history of all peoples that have progressed in civilization, though we may have to travel far back on the track of history to notice transformations of thought or belief. when the late dr. birch told us that a pyramid, several hundreds of years older than the great pyramid, contained the name of osiris, we knew that at least the osirian part of egyptian mythology was honoured some six or seven thousand years ago what the earlier development of religion there was, or how the conception of a dying and risen osiris arose, at so remote a period, may well excite our wonder. professor jebb writes - - \" there was a time when they ( early man ) began to speak of the natural powers as persons, and yet had not forgotten that they were really natural, powers, and that the persons ' names were merely signs? yet this goes on the assumption that religion - - or rather dogmas thereof - - sprang from reflections upon natural phenomena. in this way, the french author of sirius satisfied himself, particularly on philological grounds, that the idea, of god sprang from an association with thunder and the barking of a dog. we are assured by max muller, that religion is a word that has changed from century to century, and that \" the word rose to the surface thousands of years ago. \" taking religion to imply an inward feeling of reverence toward the unseen, and a desire to act in obedience to the inward law of right, religion has existed as long as humanity itself. what is commonly assumed by the word religion, by writers in general, is dogma or belief. the importance of this subject was well put forth by the great sanscrit scholar in the phrase, \" the real history of man is the history of religion. \" this conviction lends interest and weight to any investigations into the ancient religion of ireland ; though plowden held that \" few histories are so charged with fables as the annals of ireland. \" it was herder who finely said, \" our earth owes the seeds of all higher culture to a religious tradition, whether literary or oral. \" in proportion as the so - called supernatural gained an ascendancy, so was man really advancing from the materialism and brutishness of savagedom. lecky", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.513240794791495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e719716-13d0-4ce7-aa58-53051dbb5121>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.495871"}
{"text": "seeds of all higher culture to a religious tradition, whether literary or oral. \" in proportion as the so - called supernatural gained an ascendancy, so was man really advancing from the materialism and brutishness of savagedom. lecky notes \" the disposition of man in certain stages of society towards the miraculous. \" but was buckle quite correct in maintaining that \" all nature conspired to increase the authority of the imaginative faculties, and weaken the authority of the reasoning ones \"? it is not to be forgotten in our inquiry that, as faiths rose in the east, science has exerted its force in the west. fetishism can hardly be regarded as the origin of religion. as to those writers who see in the former the deification of natural objects, max muller remarks, \" they might as well speak of primitive men mummifying their dead bodies before they had wax to embalm them with. \" myth has been styled the basis of religion not less than of history ; but how was it begotten? butler, in english, irish, and scottish churches, writes - - \" to separate the fabulous from the probable, and the probable from the true, will require no ordinary share of penetration and persevering industry. \" we have certainly to remember, as one has said, that \" mythic history, mythic theology, mythic science, are alike records, not of facts, but beliefs. \" andrew lang properly calls our attention to language, as embodying thought,, being so liable to misconception and misinterpretation. names, connected with myths, have been so variously read and explained by scholars, that outsiders may well be puzzled. how rapidly a myth grows, and is greedily accepted, because of the wish it may be true, is exemplified in the pretty story, immortalized by music, of jessie of lucknow, who, in the siege, heard her deliverers, in the remote distance, playing \" the campbells are coming. \" there never was, however, a jessie brown there at that time ; and, as one adds, jessie has herself \" been sent to join william tell and the other dethroned gods and in the hibbert lectures, professor rhys observes, \" the greek myth, which distressed the thoughtful and pious minds, like that of socrates, was a survival, like the other scandalous tales about the gods, from the time when the ancestors of the greeks were savages. \" may it not rather have been derived by homer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5373490054064436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e719716-13d0-4ce7-aa58-53051dbb5121>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.496792"}
{"text": "which distressed the thoughtful and pious minds, like that of socrates, was a survival, like the other scandalous tales about the gods, from the time when the ancestors of the greeks were savages. \" may it not rather have been derived by homer, through the trading ph\u0153nicians, from the older mythologies of india and egypt, with altered names and scenes to suit the poet ' s day and clime? it would scarcely do to say with thierry, \" in legend alone rests real history - - for legend is living tradition, and three times out of four it is truer than what we call history. \" according to froude, \" legends grew as nursery tales grow now. - - there is reason to believe that religious theogonies and heroic tales of every nation that has left a record of itself, are but practical accounts of the first impressions produced upon mankind by the phenomena of day and night, morning and evening, winter and summer. \" such may be a partial explanation ; but it may be also assumed that they were placed on record by the scientific holders of esoteric wisdom, as problems or studies for elucidation by disciples. the anthropological works of sir john lubbock and dr. tylor can be consulted with profit upon this subject of primitive religious thought. hayes o ' grady brings us back to ireland, saying, \" who shall thoroughly discern the truth from the fiction with which it is everywhere entwined, and in many places altogether overlaid? - - there was at one time a vast amount of zeal, ingenuity, and research expended on the elucidation and confirming of these fables ; which, if properly applied, would have done irish history and archaeology good service, instead of making their very names synonymous among strangers with fancy and delusion. \" after this we can proceed with the irish legends and myths, the introduction to this inquiry being a direction to the current superstitions of the race.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49210473856342346, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e719716-13d0-4ce7-aa58-53051dbb5121>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.501889"}
{"text": "you have to like the attitude of thomas henning ( max - planck - institut fur astronomie ). the scientist is a member of a team of astronomers whose recent work on planet formation around tw hydrae was announced this afternoon. their work used data from esa \u2019 s herschel space observatory, which has the sensitivity at the needed wavelengths for scanning tw hydrae \u2019 s protoplanetary disk, along with the capability of taking spectra for the telltale molecules they were looking for. but getting observing time on a mission like herschel is not easy and funding committees expect results, a fact that didn \u2019 t daunt the researcher. says henning, \u201c if there \u2019 s no chance your project can fail, you \u2019 re probably not doing very interesting science. tw hydrae is a good example of how a calculated scientific gamble can pay off. \u201d i would guess the relevant powers that be are happy with this team \u2019 s gamble. the situation is this : tw hydrae is a young star of about 0. 6 solar masses some 176 light years away. the proximity is significant : this is the closest protoplanetary disk to earth with strong gas emission lines, some two and a half times closer than the next possible subjects, and thus intensely studied for the insights it offers into planet formation. out of the dense gas and dust here we can assume that tiny grains of ice and dust are aggregating into larger objects and one day planets. image : artist \u2019 s impression of the gas and dust disk around the young star tw hydrae. new measurements using the herschel space telescope have shown that the mass of the disk is greater than previously thought. credit : axel m. quetz ( mpia ). the challenge of tw hydrae, though, has been that the total mass of the molecular hydrogen gas in its disk has remained unclear, leaving us without a good idea of the particulars of how this infant system might produce planets. molecular hydrogen does not emit detectable radiation, while basing a mass estimate on carbon monoxide is hampered by the opacity of the disk. for that matter, basing a mass estimate on the thermal emissions of dust grains forces astronomers to make guesses about the opacity of the dust, so that we \u2019 re left with uncertainty \u2014 mass values have been estimated anywhere between 0. 5 and 63 jupiter masses, and that \u2019 s a lot of play. error bars like these have left us guessing about the properties of this disk. the new work takes a different", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5216884241897483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a225f201-6f03-4503-bb76-bd2fde1838a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.511321"}
{"text": "re left with uncertainty \u2014 mass values have been estimated anywhere between 0. 5 and 63 jupiter masses, and that \u2019 s a lot of play. error bars like these have left us guessing about the properties of this disk. the new work takes a different tack. while hydrogen molecules don \u2019 t emit measurable radiation, those hydrogen molecules that contain a deuterium atom, in which the atomic nucleus contains not just a proton but an additional neutron, emit significant amounts of radiation, with an intensity that depends upon the temperature of the gas. because the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen is relatively constant near the sun, a detection of hydrogen deuteride can be multiplied out to produce a solid estimate of the amount of molecular hydrogen in the disk. the herschel data allow the astronomers to set a lower limit for the disk mass at 52 jupiter masses, the most useful part of this being that this estimate has an uncertainty ten times lower than the previous results. a disk this massive should be able to produce a planetary system larger than the solar system, which scientists believe was produced by a much lighter disk. when henning spoke about taking risks, he doubtless referred to the fact that this was only the second time hydrogen deuteride has been detected outside the solar system. the pitch to the herschel committee had to be persuasive to get them to sign off on so tricky a detection. but 36 herschel observations ( with a total exposure time of almost seven hours ) allowed the team to find the hydrogen deuteride they were looking for in the far - infrared. water vapor in the atmosphere absorbs this kind of radiation, which is why a space - based detection is the only reasonable choice, although the team evidently considered the flying observatory sofia, a platform on which they were unlikely to get approval given the problematic nature of the observation. now we have much better insight into a budding planetary system that is taking the same route our own system did over four billion years ago. what further gains this will help us achieve in testing current models of planet formation will be played out in coming years. the paper is bergin et al., \u201c an old disk that can still form a planetary system, \u201d nature 493 ( ( 31 january 2013 ), pp. 644 \u2013 646 ( preprint ). be aware as well of hogerheijde et al., \u201c detection of the water reservoir in a forming planetary system, \u201d science 6054 ( 2011 ), p. 338. the latter, many of whose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5554059956156461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a225f201-6f03-4503-bb76-bd2fde1838a7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.512554"}
{"text": "( preprint ). be aware as well of hogerheijde et al., \u201c detection of the water reservoir in a forming planetary system, \u201d science 6054 ( 2011 ), p. 338. the latter, many of whose co - authors also worked on the bergin paper, used herschel data to detect cold water vapor in the tw hydrae disk, with this result : our herschel detection of cold water vapor in the outer disk of tw hya demonstrates the presence of a considerable reservoir of water ice in this protoplanetary disk, suf\ufb01cient to form several thousand earth oceans worth of icy bodies. our observations only directly trace the tip of the iceberg of 0. 005 earth oceans in the form of water vapor. clearly, tw hydrae has much to teach us. addendum : this jpl news release notes that although a young star, tw hydrae had been thought to be past the stage of making giant planets : \u201c we didn \u2019 t expect to see so much gas around this star, \u201d said edwin bergin of the university of michigan in ann arbor. bergin led the new study appearing in the journal nature. \u201c typically stars of this age have cleared out their surrounding material, but this star still has enough mass to make the equivalent of 50 jupiters, \u201d bergin said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5332728037121146, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a225f201-6f03-4503-bb76-bd2fde1838a7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.513138"}
{"text": "fill out the form below to find out if you have a case. a new program is making physical and occupational therapy more convenient for adults with cerebral palsy. using the internet, the program connects adult cerebral palsy patients to \u201c virtual trainers \u201d who help them complete movement - based training from the comfort of their own homes. the upper limb training and assessment program, also known as ultra, is part of a joint research and movement therapy project aimed at helping adults who have upper limb and hand impairment. \u201c physical and occupational therapy are the most important treatments for cerebral palsy. the ultra program works with the idea of bringing therapy into the home to allow adults to do their therapy at a time that \u2019 s convenient for them, \u201d said dr. edward hurvitz of the university of michigan. patients participating in the program have their homes equipped with the computer - based training unit, a training cd, and a high - speed internet connection. they then complete five 40 - minute training sessions a week over the course of an eight - week period. \u201c the computer interface in the individual \u2019 s home includes computer - generated images of people stretching, and we also have people in our lab who are able to coach and provide encouragement to participants via web cameras. being connected to the patients allows us to modify their program as needed, without them coming into the research lab or clinic, \u201d said susan brown, ph. d. brown, who directs the motor control lab at the u - m school of kinesiology, said that the technology has \u201c real potential to open up the world for people who have mobility issues. \u201d one cerebral palsy patient, 41 - year - old laura grable, praised the project. \u201c the ultra project is a step toward moving cerebral palsy treatment into the 21 st century. there \u2019 s the potential to figure out how to improve range of motion and daily quality of life for people with cp, \u201d she said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4661823652868632, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f6c399a-7708-424e-8556-e332953d3fa1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.517110"}
{"text": "good news. there are simple ways to save money especially if you go back to the time - honored concept of byo \u2013 \u201c bringing your own \u201d container of coffee, lunch or water as part of your daily routine. this can do a world of good not only for your pocketbook, but also for the environment, and even your health. here are some tips to get you started : * bring your own coffee or tea according to the environmental protection agency, americans throw away 25 billion foam cups each year. and 500 years from now, those cups will still be sitting in a landfill. despite the convenience of foam cups, small changes such as bringing coffee or tea in a reusable container can have both an environmental and economic impact. for example, genuine thermos ( r ) brand makes a vacuum insulated commuter bottle that will keep a beverage hot for eight hours or cold for 12 hours. not only is this great for a day at the office or running errands around town, it saves the cost of purchasing beverages day in and day out. if you still like an occasional custom - made coffee or chai latte, some retailers will fill your own bottle. * bring your own lunch many grownups still have fond memories of a school lunchbox featuring their favorite tv or movie character. bringing your own lunch in an insulated lunch carrier is a good way to keep your favorite foods fresh and tasty, and a smart way to save money. according to a report in time magazine, bringing your lunch to work can cut your weekly costs by 80 percent. to keep foods fresh while on the go, insulated reusable containers are an ideal option. they come in all shapes and sizes to keep snacks or lunch foods hot or cold for hours, saving you the cost of going out and making it easier to stay away from unhealthy temptations. * keep yourself hydrated as you get in the habit of bringing your own reusable portable container, don \u2019 t neglect the one thing every human needs for basic good health \u2013 water \u2013 to help you hydrate throughout the day. according to the mayo clinic, water makes up about 60 percent of your body weight. lack of appropriate water intake can lead to dehydration, draining your energy and making you feel tired. the institute of medicine determined that adequate water intake for men is roughly 104 ounces and is roughly 72 ounces for women. instead of purchasing bottled water in containers that will also end up in landfills, bring plenty of your own water in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4656423071366831, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43abf2e3-ad07-4326-9e6f-4dac53c01e92>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.520014"}
{"text": "cameron park elementary school in hillsborough held an early earth day celebration on april 11 with visits from two special guests : nasa astronaut sunita williams and unc ' s nobel prize - winning scientist oliver smithies. williams went to the international space station aboard the shuttle discovery in december 2006 and remained in space for 195 days, setting the record for the longest spaceflight by a woman. while she was in the space station, another astronaut cut her long ponytail and sent the hair back to earth to be donated to locks of love, which makes wigs for cancer patients. she also ran the boston marathon in space last year to draw attention to fitness for kids. students also learned williams worked seven - hour days wearing a 300 - pound space suit, ate dehydrated food and exercised frequently to help prevent bone loss due to the lack of gravity. she told the students about the special respect and appreciation for the earth that she gained from her perspective in space. smithies, who won the 2007 nobel prize in medicine, engaged cameron park students in a discussion about the excitement of discovery. using a basketball, he showed how daylight moves around the earth as it rotates. he also showed students a helix and mentioned his laboratory experiments in genetics. smithies ' work has been recognized as revolutionizing research into the genetic basis of disease. students also enjoyed outdoor games and lots of learning about conservation, recycling and environmental protection. outdoor learning exhibits were presented by the north carolina fossil club, seeds, north carolina fisheries, orange county soil and water conservation, orange county erosion control, orange county solid waste and recycling, bountiful backyards, and occaneechi leader john blackfeather jeffries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4450347536423865, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa0a0b46-de18-48ed-8c27-1bb93981c729>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.522035"}
{"text": "consider four vectors ~ f1, ~ f2, ~ f3, and ~ f4, wheretheir magnitudes are f1 = 43 n, f2 = 36 n, f3 = 19 n, andf4 = 54 n. let \u03b81 = 120o, \u03b82 = \u2212130o, \u03b83 = 200, and \u03b84 = \u221267o, measured from thepositive x axis with the counter - clockwiseangular direction aspositive. what is the magnitudeof the resultant vector ~ f, where ~ f = ~ f1 + ~ f2 + ~ f3 + ~ f4? answer in units of n. what is the direction ofthis resultant vector ~ f? note : give the anglein degrees, use counterclockwise as the positiveangular direction, between the limits from the positive xaxis. answer in units ofo i worked out the first part of thequestion by using trigonomic rules. my x value = - 5. 68671and my y value = - 33. 5474. the magnitude came out to 34. 026n. i tried finding the direction by using\u03b8 = tan - 1 ( y / x ) but i cant get the rightanswer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49522933896292753, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6424f806-15f1-4352-8ed4-15e67ff2dc91>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.525556"}
{"text": "the cardinals were deadlocked. they had been deadlocked for 27 months, since 1292 when pope nicholas v died. there were only twelve cardinals and they were evenly divided between two factions of the roman nobility. neither side would give way. each hoped for the perks that would accrue from having one of their number named pope. and then a message arrived from the mountains. peter murrone, the hermit founder of the celestines, a strict branch of benedictines, warned that god was angry with the cardinals. if they did not elect a pope within four months, the lord would severely chastise the church. eager for a way out of their deadlock, the cardinals asked themselves, why not elect peter himself? finally the cardinals could agree. in a vote that they declared to be \" miraculous \" they unanimously chose peter. when three of the cardinals climbed to his mountain roost to tell peter he had been chosen, the hermit wasn ' t happy. all of his life, he had tried to run away from people. dressed like john the baptist, he subjected himself to fasts, heavy chains, and nights of prayer without sleep. but when the cardinals and his friend king charles ii of naples insisted that he must accept the position for the good of the church, peter reluctantly agreed. charles ii prompted him to name a number of new cardinals - - all of them from france and naples, changing the consistency of the group which would elect future popes. peter, who was too trusting, made many mistakes. a babe in political matters, he was used by everyone around him. the vatican staff even sold blank bulls with his signature on them. the business of the church slowed to a crawl because he took too much time making decisions. within weeks it became apparent he had to resign for the good of the church. but could a pope resign? guided by one of the cardinals, benedetto caetani, celestine as pope issued a constitution which gave himself the authority to resign. all sorts of rumors followed this resignation. peter had built himself a hut in the vatican where he could live like a hermit. supposedly caetani thrust a reed through the wall of the hut and pretended he was the voice of god ordering celestine to resign. since his mind was undecided as to his proper course, this trick is said to have convinced him. celestine stepped down on this day, december 13, 1294, having actually filled the position of pope only three months. he was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45877245781424025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7ce79ebb-5c07-4318-a751-c2058cfcc4fb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.532766"}
{"text": "since his mind was undecided as to his proper course, this trick is said to have convinced him. celestine stepped down on this day, december 13, 1294, having actually filled the position of pope only three months. he was replaced by caetani who took the name boniface viii. afraid that peter would become a rallying point for troublemakers, boniface locked the old man up. he destroyed most of the records of celestine ' s short time in office, but he could not unmake the cardinals. peter escaped and wandered through mountains and forests. he was recognized and recaptured when he tried to sail to greece, his boat having been driven back by a storm. the last nine months of his life he spent in prayer as a prisoner of boniface, badly treated by his guards. when he died in 1296, rumor had it that boniface had murdered him. he was about 81 - years - old. in 1313, pope clement v declared him a saint. - brusher, joseph stanislaus. popes through the ages. princeton, n. j. : van nostrand, 1959. - \" celestine v. \" the oxford dictionary of the christian church, edited by f. l. cross and e. a. livingstone. oxford, 1997. - de rosa, peter. vicars of christ ; the dark side of the papacy. dublin : poolbeg press, 2000 ; especially pp. 75ff. - loughlin, james f. \" pope st. celestine v. \" the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton, 1908. - montor, chevalier artaud de. lives and times of the popes. new york : catholic publication society of america, 1909. source of the picture. - rusten, e. michael and rusten, sharon. one year book of christian history. ( wheaton, il : tyndale house, 2003 ). - silone, ignazio. the story of a humble christian. [ dramatic account with historical addenda. ] new york : harper and row, 1970. - various encyclopedia and internet articles. last updated july, 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4145434564590634, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7ce79ebb-5c07-4318-a751-c2058cfcc4fb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.533883"}
{"text": "interviewing children about past events : evaluating the nichd interview protocol this study, conducted by the nichd in collaboration with lancaster university in lancaster, england, will evaluate the accuracy of information obtained from children using an adapted version of nichd ' s interview protocol. the nichd protocol was developed to help forensic interviewers obtain information from children who may be victims of or witnesses to a crime about their experiences. this study does not involve forensic interviews, but is designed to obtain information from children about an event that takes place at their school. the study will examine how children report a brief interaction with an unfamiliar adult, how the memory of the event changes over time, and how the use of different interview techniques can help children give a fuller and more accurate accounts of past experiences. children 5 and 6 years of age who attend local schools in the lancaster, england, area may be eligible for this study. participants will be told that they are going to have their pictures taken and will be escorted by a researcher to a room at the school with another researcher who is posing as a photographer. the \" photographer \" and the child will put on a costume, such as a pirate ' s outfit, over their street clothes, helping each other put on pieces of the costume. the photographer will take pictures of the child in the costume. they will each take off the costumes and the child will be told that he or she will receive the photographs at a later time. another researcher posing as a photographer will come into the room, interrupting the event, and begin to argue with the first photographer about who had booked the equipment. they will resolve the argument and apologize to the child for the interruption. about 6 weeks after the event, the children will be interviewed using the adapted version of nichd interview protocol. half will be interviewed first about the staged event ( the photo session ), followed by an interview about a fictitious event ( e. g., a class visit to the fire station ) that could plausibly have happened but did not. the other half of the children will be interviewed first about the fictitious event and then about the staged event. the children will be interviewed according to one of the following three procedures : - the nichd protocol preceded by a rapport - building phase that includes the rules of the interview and open - ended questions about the child and a recently experienced event - the nichd protocol preceded by a rapport - building phase that includes the rules of the interview and direct questions about the child and a recently experienced event, or - the nichd protocol preceded by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5234431933156788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d12318a-48ca-4e38-8fdf-6e8adcec5771>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.540478"}
{"text": "questions about the child and a recently experienced event - the nichd protocol preceded by a rapport - building phase that includes the rules of the interview and direct questions about the child and a recently experienced event, or - the nichd protocol preceded by the rules of the interview and open - ended questions about the child, but no opportunity to practice talking about a recently experienced event. after the interviewer has elicited as much information as is likely to be gained from verbal questions, he or she will present the child with a line drawing of a gender neutral person and ask the child to indicate where the child was touched by the photographer and where the child touched the photographer. any child who provides a report of the fictitious event will be interviewed in the same way about the fictitious event. after 1 year, the children will be interviewed again in the same manner as the 6 - week interview. the interviews will be audio - and videotaped to record the kind of information the children talk about and compare it to what actually happened in the event. | official title : | | evaluating the nichd interview protocol in an analog study | | study start date : | | january 2004 | | estimated study completion date : | | october 2006 | the nichd interview protocol was designed to aid forensic interviewers in adhering to best standards of practice when interviewing children. field studies evaluating its use have demonstrated improvements in both interviewer behavior, and the amount and quality of information obtained from children, compared to interviews conducted prior to its implementation in test sites. because field studies were conducted in forensic settings, however, it has not been possible to evaluate the protocol ' s effect on the accuracy of information reported by children. this present study therefore aims to evaluate the accuracy of information obtained using the nichd interview protocol in an analog study. in addition the study is designed to explore children ' s willingness to provide details of a suggested, non - experienced event, and the effectiveness of including a human figure drawing as an auxiliary technique for eliciting further information. furthermore, we will explore the importance of the pre - substantive / rapport - building phase of interviews, and the impact this has on children ' s reports of experienced and suggested events. finally, we will explore the effectiveness of the interview protocol with children when a long delay has occurred between the event and the interview. children will take part, individually, in a staged event at their school, and approximately six weeks later, be interviewed at the university about what they experienced. in addition, children will be asked to talk about a suggested", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.54379811571332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d12318a-48ca-4e38-8fdf-6e8adcec5771>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.542535"}
{"text": "between the event and the interview. children will take part, individually, in a staged event at their school, and approximately six weeks later, be interviewed at the university about what they experienced. in addition, children will be asked to talk about a suggested fictitious event ( one that has not happened ). the order of the interviews will be counter - balanced across children and rapport - building conditions. some children will be interviewed with an open - ended script that includes practice in episodic memory, some with a script made up of direct questions, including a practice in episodic memory, and some with one that uses open - ended questions but does not provide practice in talking about an event from episodic memory. approximately one year later children will be interviewed again, so that we can examine children ' s reports in protocol interviews over a long delay. children ' s reports will be analyzed for both overall amount and accuracy of information reported, as well as in response to the different cues and props given in the course of the interview. it is not anticipated that the study will pose any risks to the children involved, and we expect that both the staged event and the interviews will be enjoyable and stimulating. we expect that the results of the study will provide further support for the use of nichd interview as a safe and effective means of interviewing children about past experiences. in addition to general information on children ' s eyewitness capabilities, the study is expected to supplement field studies by contributing knowledge about the accuracy of children ' s memory using the nichd interview protocol. | united states, maryland | | national institute of child health and human development ( nichd ) | | bethesda, maryland, united states, 20892 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5013326342597504, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d12318a-48ca-4e38-8fdf-6e8adcec5771>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.543508"}
{"text": "growth hormone and endothelial function in children objective : this study is designed to determine whether growth hormone treatment in children 8 to 18 years of age alters function of the lining of the arteries. this may play a role in increasing or decreasing the risk of heart disease. methods. twenty children, for whom growth hormone therapy will be otherwise provided, will be studied before and 3 months after starting growth hormone. subjects can be on other hormonal replacements but no other medications. each study will be done in the fasting state. the blood vessel function will be determined by measuring the change in forearm blood flow before and after blocking flow to the arm for 5 minutes. blood will be drawn after the test to measure glucose, insulin and fats. growth hormone deficiency drug : growth hormone | study design : | | allocation : non - randomized endpoint classification : safety study intervention model : single group assignment masking : open label primary purpose : treatment | official title : | | growth hormone and endothelial function in children | - change in reactive hyperemic response after 3 months of growth hormone [ time frame : 3 months ] [ designated as safety issue : no ] - glucose, insulin, lipid measurements [ time frame : 3 months ] [ designated as safety issue : no ] | study start date : | | january 2005 | | study completion date : | | december 2007 | | primary completion date : | | june 2007 ( final data collection date for primary outcome measure ) | the purpose of the research is to learn more about how the lining of arteries in the body ( called the endothelium ) is affected by growth hormone treatment in children and adolescents. poor function by the blood vessels is associated with increased risk of heart disease or stroke. this research is being done because growth hormone treatment has been shown to make the endothelium work better in adults. growth hormone treatment may have the same or different effects in children because the dose is larger in children. children between 8 and 18 years who are to be started on growth hormone will be eligible to participate. blood vessel function will be studied before starting growth hormone and 3 months after. this will be done by measuring blood flow to the arm before and after 5 min of stopping blood flow to the arm. the three months of growth hormone will be given free. | united states, ohio | | ohio state university | | columbus, ohio, united states, 43210 | | study chair : | | robert p hoffman, md | | ohio state university |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4638484467764918, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c8efecd4-9220-4f9d-bbec-52cf0c194109>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.546253"}
{"text": "the national science foundation available languages : english, spanish this classroom - tested learning module gives a condensed, easily - understood view of the development of atomic theory from the late 19th through early 20th century. the key idea was the discovery that the atom is not an \" indivisible \" particle, but consists of smaller constituents : the proton, neutron, and electron. it discusses the contributions of john dalton, j. j. thomson, ernest rutherford, and james chadwick, whose experiments revolutionized the world view of atomic structure. see related materials for a link to part 2 of this series. atomic structure, cathode ray experiment, electron, helium atom, history of atom, history of the atom, hydrogen atom, neutron, proton metadata instance created july 12, 2011 by caroline hall october 10, 2012 by caroline hall last update when cataloged : january 1, 2006 aaas benchmark alignments ( 2008 version ) 4. the physical setting 4d. the structure of matter 6 - 8 : 4d / m1a. all matter is made up of atoms, which are far too small to see directly through a microscope. 9 - 12 : 4d / h1. atoms are made of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. the nucleus is a tiny fraction of the volume of an atom but makes up almost all of its mass. the nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons which have roughly the same mass but differ in that protons are positively charged while neutrons have no electric charge. 9 - 12 : 4d / h2. the number of protons in the nucleus determines what an atom ' s electron configuration can be and so defines the element. an atom ' s electron configuration, particularly the outermost electrons, determines how the atom can interact with other atoms. atoms form bonds to other atoms by transferring or sharing electrons. 10. historical perspectives 10f. understanding fire 9 - 12 : 10f / h1. in the late 1700s and early 1800s, the idea of atoms reemerged in response to questions about the structure of matter, the nature of fire, and the basis of chemical phenomena. 9 - 12 : 10f / h3. in the early 1800s, british chemist and physicist john dalton united the concepts of atoms and elements. he proposed two ideas that laid the groundwork for modern chemistry : first, that elements are formed from small, indivisible particles called atoms, which are identical for a given element but different from any other element ; and second, that chemical compounds are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6475571219698604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e5d364b6-d557-47e6-b078-62ea4b57c2d1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.552798"}
{"text": "proposed two ideas that laid the groundwork for modern chemistry : first, that elements are formed from small, indivisible particles called atoms, which are identical for a given element but different from any other element ; and second, that chemical compounds are formed from atoms by combining a definite number of each type of atom to form one molecule of the compound. 9 - 12 : 10f / h4. dalton figured out how the relative weights of the atoms could be determined experimentally. his idea that every substance had a unique atomic composition provided an explanation for why substances were made up of elements in specific proportions. this resource is part of a physics front topical unit. topic : particles and interactions and the standard model unit title : history and discovery this classroom - tested learning module gives a condensed, easily - understood view of the development of atomic theory from the late 19th through early 20th century. the key idea was the discovery that the atom is not an \" indivisible \" particle, but consists of smaller constituents : the proton, neutron, and electron. it discusses the contributions of john dalton, j. j. thomson, ernest rutherford, and james chadwick, whose experiments revolutionized the world view of atomic structure. % 0 electronic source % a carpi, anthony % d january 1, 2006 % t visionlearning : atomic theory i % i visionlearning % v 2013 % n 21 may 2013 % 8 january 1, 2006 % 9 text / html % u http : / / www. visionlearning. com / library / module _ viewer. php? mid = 50 & l = disclaimer : compadre offers citation styles as a guide only. we cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. please refer to the style manuals in the citation source information area for clarifications.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6073275281052724, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e5d364b6-d557-47e6-b078-62ea4b57c2d1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.554105"}
{"text": "an electron is a subatomic particles of spin 1 / 2. it couples with photons and, thus, is electrically charged. it is a lepton with a rest mass of 9. 109 * 10 \u2212 31kg and an electric charge of \u2212 1. 602 * 10 \u2212 19 c, which is the smallest known charge possible for an isolated particle ( confined quarks have fractional charge ). the electric charge of the electron e is used as a unit of charge in much of physics. electron pairs within an orbital system have opposite spins due to the pauli exclusion principle ; this characteristic spin pairing allows electrons to exist in the same quantum orbital, as the opposing magnetic dipole moments induced by each of the electrons ensures that they are attracted together. current theories consider the electron as a point particle, as no evidence for internal structure has been observed. as a theoretical construct, electrons have been able to explain other observed phenomena, such as the shell - like structure of an atom, energy distribution around an atom, and energy beams ( electron and positron beams ). - \u2191 massimi, m. ( 2005 ). pauli ' s exclusion principle, the origin and validation of a scientific principle. cambridge university press. pp. 7 \u2013 8 - \u2191 mauritsson, j.. \" electron filmed for the first time ever \". lunds universitet. retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17. http : / / www. atomic. physics. lu. se / research / attosecond _ physics - \u2191 chao, a. w. ; tigner, m. ( 1999 ). handbook of accelerator physics and engineering. world scientific. pp. 155, 188. isbn 981 - 02 - 3500 - 3.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.7038073871102211, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e1790b63-dd2a-43d8-ae60-c3a435647df2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.557976"}
{"text": "questions relating to the future of humankind by jason g. brent 24 october, 2011 we have come a long way from the nuclear bombs dropped on japan in 1945 - - 20, 000 tons tnt equivilent - - - to nuclear devices which produce over 57, 000, 000 tons tnt equivilent. 1. after many years of thinking and research i could come up only with three ways by which the growth of the human population can be reduced to zero or made negative, if that were necessary for the survival of our species. a ) by war, with or without weapons of mass destruction, starvation, disease, ethnic cleansing, rape, mutilation, and other horrors. this most likely would occur as humanity got close to the carrying capacity of the earth and almost certainly would occur after humankind reached or exceeded the earth ' s carrying capacity. b ) by the voluntary action of all of humanity. this most likely would occur prior to reaching the carrying capacity of the earth. of course, this also could happen after humanity reached or exceeded the carrying capacity of the earth and be used to reduce the human population to the carrying capacity of the earth without violence - - - provided the horrors in ( a ) above have not commenced. this action would include education of women, raising their standard of living, modifying the culture of many societies, increasing the standard of living of all of humanity, and many other actions of a similar nature. voluntary action includes any and all non - violent steps humankind could take to reduce population growth to zero or make it negative except coercive action. c ) by the coercive action of society limiting the number of children a person or a couple could produce. this most likely would occur prior to reaching the carrying capacity of the earth. of course, it could also be used to reduce human population to the carrying capacity of the earth after humanity has exceeded the carrying capacity of the earth, provided the horrors in ( a ) above have not commenced. there isn ' t a single accepted definition of \" carrying capacity \". for the purposes of this essay i will define \" carrying capacity \" as the number of human beings combined with the average per capita usage of resources which will permit that number of human beings to exist and survive on this planet for a minimum of 1000 years. an alternative definition of \" carrying capacity \" is the number of human beings combined with the average per capita usage of resources which if exceeded even for a short period of time will result in the inability of the earth provide the resources necessary for civilization to continue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4986185845473464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ce07bc9-b917-4f76-92c8-dedc32b62fed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.578964"}
{"text": ". an alternative definition of \" carrying capacity \" is the number of human beings combined with the average per capita usage of resources which if exceeded even for a short period of time will result in the inability of the earth provide the resources necessary for civilization to continue causing a rapid and horrendous decline in the human population. while no one knows what the carrying capacity of the earth may be, it cannot be infinite - - it must be finite. no matter how much the average per capita usage of resources is reduced the earth could not support 1 trillion human beings. similarly, if the per capita usage of resources were increased such that each human being used 30 times the amount of resources used by the average american is highly unlikely that the earth could support 1 billion human beings. at present human population is growing. it is highly likely that the average per capita usage of resources will continue to increase due to the rapidly growing economies of india and china and the growing economies of many of the other nations of the world. therefore, a very strong case can be made that humanity will shortly exceed the carrying capacity of the earth, if humanity already has not exceeded that capacity. if humanity exceeds the carrying capacity and takes no immediate action to reduce the population and / or the usage of resources to reduce it ' s impact on the planet below carrying capacity, then humans will enter into a violent competitions for the resources necessary to survive and the horrors set forth in 1 ( a ) will occur. in simple terms, it will be each and every man / group / religion / nation / culture against every other man / group / religion / nation / culture in order to obtain resources which the earth can provide so that the individual survives - - pure violent darwinism. billions will die and die horribly and more importantly the catastrophe will use up and / or destroy any remaining resources such that civilization will be unable to restart forever or at least for thousands of years 2. does society, no matter how defined, have a right to limit the number of children a person produces by coercion or is the right to determine how many children a person produces absolute and society has no right to interfere with that decision? in considering this question limit yourself to the right i have set forth above and do not consider how that right could or would be enforced and whether enforcing that right would be harmful or beneficial to society. those questions and any and all others would have to be considered, evaluated and discussed only if the right to limit the number of children a person produces by coercion exists in society. as far as i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5008141035626208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ce07bc9-b917-4f76-92c8-dedc32b62fed>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.580201"}
{"text": "right would be harmful or beneficial to society. those questions and any and all others would have to be considered, evaluated and discussed only if the right to limit the number of children a person produces by coercion exists in society. as far as i have been able to determine after doing many years of research i could not find a single human right that was not subject to control or modification by society. even the right to life is not absolute - - many nations and cultures take away right to life when a person has committed certain types of murder. the right walk the streets as a free person is not an absolute right - - almost every nation or culture takes away that right and places a person in prison when a serious / heinous crime has been committed. your reasons for your answer are requested. 3. while united nations issues about eight different projections of the future human population, the most quoted and accepted projection is the \" medium \" projection. the most recent medium projection / estimation / prediction / prognostication ( use whatever word you desire ) issued by the un predicts that the human population will exceed 10 billion and still be growing by the year 2100. do you agree with that prediction after giving due consideration to the rate by which humanity is using the limited finite nonrenewable resources of our planet and the rate our species is using resources normally considered renewable? do you agree with that prediction after giving consideration to the projected increase in per capita usage of resources by the nations of the world and in particular by the ever increasing per capita usage of resources of china and india? you may want to review the work of lester brown of the earth policy institute as to the future usage of resources by china. do you believe that the carrying capacity of the earth, no matter how defined, is substantially less than 10 billion of our species and that the continued population growth will result in the collapse of society / the social order / civilization and the horrors set forth in paragraph 1 ( a ) above will happen prior to the year 2100? you may want to consult the works of william catton, richard heinberg, chris clugston, david pimental, james lovelock and many others. clugston ' s work can be viewed free of charge on his web site www. wakeupamerika. com ( it is spelled with a ' k \" and not a \" c \" ) - - pay particular attention to his book \" scarcity \". the reasons for your answers to these questions would be most appreciated. since no rational person would want", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4681785245034264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ce07bc9-b917-4f76-92c8-dedc32b62fed>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.583573"}
{"text": ". com ( it is spelled with a ' k \" and not a \" c \" ) - - pay particular attention to his book \" scarcity \". the reasons for your answers to these questions would be most appreciated. since no rational person would want to control population growth by the horrors set forth in paragraph 1 ( a ) above, there are in reality only two ways to control population growth / reduce population growth to zero / make it negative. no one can present a logically and factually supported case that the voluntary action ( as defined in paragraph 1 above ) of humanity will reduce population growth to zero prior to the commencement of the horrors described in paragraph 1 ( a ) with absolute certainty. in other words, there is some level of probability that if humanity were to limit itself to voluntary action to control population growth that action will fail and humanity will exceed the carrying capacity of the earth such that the horrors described in paragraph 1 ( a ) would occur. no one knows what is the chance of success or what is the chance of failure of voluntary action - - no one knows if the chance of success is 70 % and the chance of failure is 30 % or 80 / 20 or 60 / 40 or 50 / 50 or any other combination of numbers. however, there is a chance of failure and failure will lead to the collapse of society / the collapse of the social order / the destruction of civilization and to the horrors described in paragraph 1 ( a ). more importantly, there is a vastly greater chance of failure of voluntary action if population growth not only has to be reduced to zero but made negative to substantially reduce the human population from the current 7 billion or from the future 10 billion ( year 2100 ) to a much lower number in order for our species to survive for a reasonable period of time. a number of experts ( whatever the word \" expert \" means ) ( david pimental of cornell university and james lovelock of gaia fame, for example ) have presented factually and logically supported cases that the earth ' s carrying capacity is 2 billion or less of our species. humanity ignores at its peril the work of these experts. if the chance of success / failure is one set of numbers for voluntary action relating to reducing population growth zero, then there is a second set of numbers for success / failure in which the success side of the equation is substantially reduced and failure side of the equation is substantially increased in considering voluntary action in relation to population reduction. since chance of failure of voluntary action could result in the horrific deaths of billions, perhaps as many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.505798000803154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ce07bc9-b917-4f76-92c8-dedc32b62fed>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.585059"}
{"text": "failure in which the success side of the equation is substantially reduced and failure side of the equation is substantially increased in considering voluntary action in relation to population reduction. since chance of failure of voluntary action could result in the horrific deaths of billions, perhaps as many as 9. 6 billion - - ( 10. 1 billion alive in 2100 less the possible carrying capacity of 0. 5 billion = reduction of 9. 6 billion ), the question becomes - - - - what level of possible failure of voluntary action is acceptable to humankind? of course, the number of horrific deaths could be substantially less than 9. 6 billion. however, since no one can guarantee with 100 % certainty that the voluntary action will not prevent a substantial number of horrific deaths, the leaders of humanity have a duty to convene one or more conferences of the best minds presently on our planet to evaluate and consider coercive population control. it cannot be denied that many arguments can be made against coercive population control - - - the experiment in india a number of years ago was a failure, humanity could equate coercive population control with the actions of adolph hitler or racists, it will take as long to impose coercive control as to make voluntary action successful and many others. coercive population control need not be discriminatory. if each couple in the entire world were limited to one child, no religion, group, nationality, race, culture, etc., would benefit at the expense of any other religion, group, nationality, race or culture. this essay is not intended discuss or debate the advantages / disadvantages, or the problems / benefits of coercive population control. rather, the purpose of this essay is to show that humanity must consider and evaluate coercive population control because there is a substantial, but undefined, risk that voluntary action will lead to the horrific deaths of a substantial number of human beings in the very near future - - - - probably before the year 2050 and almost certainly before the year 2100. jason g. brent email @ example. com comments are not moderated. please be responsible and civil in your postings and stay within the topic discussed in the article too. if you find inappropriate comments, just flag ( report ) them and they will move into moderation que.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5080947498339508, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ce07bc9-b917-4f76-92c8-dedc32b62fed>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.586091"}
{"text": "healthetimes guides and inspires readers to be proactive about their health and make informed decisions about every aspect of wellness, from lifestyle and dietary choices to environmental issues. it is brought to you by carlson labs in the news obesity and heart disease in kids an obese child \u2019 s arteries may be just as clogged as the arteries of a middle - aged adult, finds a recent study. a buildup of plaque in the arteries puts kids at risk for a heart attack or stroke as early as age 30. in the study of 70 mostly obese children ages 6 to 19, researchers used an ultrasound to measure the thickness of the kids \u2019 artery walls in the neck. \u201c we wanted to gauge their vascular age, \u201d says geetha raghuveer, md, mph, referring to the age at which the level of plaque in the arteries would be normal. in these children, the vascular age was generally 30 years older than their chronological age. although the growing research linking obesity with heart disease in children is alarming, dr. raghuveer is hopeful. \u201c a lot of these kids \u2019 arteries, even though they are in the early stages of atherosclerosis, are not hardened or calcified, not really advanced. \u201d she says there may be an opportunity to implement lifestyle alterations, including exercise and diet. \u201c perhaps it may be reversed. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4319056558604723, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7144491-e2c8-406d-aa43-aebba59cb6bb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.587796"}
{"text": "use it or lose it? researchers investigate the dispensability of our dna | october 2, 2008 our genome contains many genes encoding proteins that are similar to those of other organisms, suggesting evolutionary relationships ; however, protein - coding genes account for only a small fraction the genome, and there are many other dna sequences that are conserved across species. what are these sequences doing, and do we really need them at all? in a study published online today in genome research ( www. genome. org ), researchers have delved into this mystery and found that evolution has actively kept them in our genome. before the human genome was sequenced, researchers estimated the genome might contain upwards of 140, 000 protein - coding genes, but surprisingly, sequencing revealed only about 20, 000, accounting for less than 2 % of the entire genome. previously, dr. gill bejerano of stanford university found that lurking within the other 98 % of the genome are stretches of sequences, known as ultraconserved elements, which are identical between humans and animals such as rodents and chickens, even though hundreds of millions of years of independent evolution separates them. other evidence has suggested that ultraconserved sequences can harbor critical functions, such as regulation of the activity of certain genes. yet research in this field has produced laboratory results that are seemingly in disagreement : some ultraconserved elements can be deleted from the mouse genome and produce no observable effect on mice. bejerano cautions that laboratory experiments such as these may not be able to detect slow evolutionary forces at work. \" with this in mind, we set out to examine the genomic data, much as someone would examine archaeological data, in search of similar deletion events that have happened naturally, and more importantly, were retained in the wild. \" \" an analogy i like to entertain is that of plate tectonics : a fraction of the phenomena may be strong enough to be directly measured by our instruments, but to appreciate its full magnitude we must dig into the geological record, \" said bejerano. \" this digging into the genomic record is what our current work was all about. bejerano and graduate student cory mclean studied the genomes of six mammals, investigating ultraconserved elements that are shared between primates and closely related mammals, were present in the ancestor of modern rodents, but have been lost in the rodent lineage more recently. the researchers found that the genomic evidence supports an important biological role for ultraconserved elements, as well as thousands of other non -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5320003776107116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d9d0618-ef84-413a-b303-01a3fbacd5a0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.593017"}
{"text": ", were present in the ancestor of modern rodents, but have been lost in the rodent lineage more recently. the researchers found that the genomic evidence supports an important biological role for ultraconserved elements, as well as thousands of other non - coding elements that are resistant to deletion. \" the functional importance of ultraconserved elements is reinforced by the observation that the elements are rarely lost in any species, \" said mclean. \" in fact, they are over 300 - fold less likely to be lost than genomic loci which evolve neutrally in our genome. \" bejerano explained that while loss of some elements may have a significant impact on the fitness of a species and the loss of other elements might be harder to detect in the laboratory, nearly all changes to these regions are picked up by evolution and swept out of the population. \" perhaps our most striking observation is one of sheer magnitude, \" bejerano said. \" our work highlights how essential these dozens of thousands of regions are to the natural evolution of a species even as their actual functions remain, at large, a mystery. \" scientists from stanford university ( stanford, ca ) contributed to this study. this work was supported by a stanford bio - x graduate fellowship and the edward mallinckrodt, jr. foundation. gill bejerano, ph. d. ( email @ example. com ; + 1 - 650 - 723 - 7666 ) has agreed to be contacted for more information. interested reporters may obtain copies of the manuscript from peggy calicchia, editorial secretary, genome research ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ; + 1 - 516 - 422 - 4012 ). about the article : the manuscript will be published online ahead of print on october 2, 2008. its full citation is as follows : mclean, c., and bejerano, g. dispensability of mammalian dna. genome res. doi : 10. 1101 / gr. 080184. 108. about genome research : genome research ( www. genome. org ) is an international, continuously published, peer - reviewed journal published by cold spring harbor laboratory press. launched in 1995, it is one of the five most highly cited primary research journals in genetics and genomics. about cold spring harbor laboratory press : cold spring harbor laboratory press is an internationally renowned publisher of books, journals, and electronic media, located on long island, new york. it is a division of cold spring harbor laboratory, an innovator in life science research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5269042023109556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d9d0618-ef84-413a-b303-01a3fbacd5a0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.593999"}
{"text": "are britons becoming nature nitwits? one in five don ' t know oak trees come from acorns it ' s the national tree of england and a symbol of britain \u2019 s seafaring power for hundreds of years. yet according to a new survey, one in five adults have no idea that oak trees spring from tiny acorns. instead, millions of \u2018 nature ninnies \u2019 believe acorns fall from sycamore, elm or birch trees. scroll down for video worrying : millions of ' nature ninnies ' believe acorns fall from sycamore, elm or birch trees the survey also found that 15 per cent of adults think cows \u2019 milk comes from male cattle, while a similar number are unaware that tadpoles turn into frogs. the shocking state of ignorance about nature is highlighted by an opinion poll of 2, 000 adults carried out in the run up to open farm sunday, when hundreds of farmers will open their gates to the public. fewer than half the adults surveyed said correctly that bees make honey from nectar, with 59 per cent wrongly believing that honey comes from pollen. only half knew that robins live in britain all year round, while two thirds did not realise that sparrows \u2013 one of the most common uk birds \u2013 also live here all year. and although the call of the cuckoo is one of the great symbolic heralds of the spring, one in ten people said the birds live in the british isles all through the winter. farmer and tv presenter adam henson admitted he was disappointed by the level of public ignorance revealed in the poll, commissioned by the farming and environment charity leaf. \u2018 as a farmer i am passionate about the great british countryside and like most farmers i spend a considerable amount of my time looking after it \u2013 along with all the wildlife that lives there too, \u2019 he said. \u2018 i \u2019 m disappointed to see that so many people seem to be confused about the countryside and the role that farmers like me play in nurturing wildlife and tending the land. \u2019 three out of ten people questioned could not identify the red triangular road sign for frogs or toads crossing \u2013 with one in six believing it means \u2018 beware of frogs \u2019. women and men got a similar number of answers wrong. however, women were more likely to know that oak trees come from acorns \u2013 and that milking cows are female. all ages were unaware of the role of farmers in looking after the countryside, leaf said. around 95 per cent did not know that they manage over three quarters of the uk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4017404683620466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff1da30b-dbb7-45f1-af7e-6529fe403084>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.596462"}
{"text": "the shared anger of mice and men : scientific breakthrough linking humans to rodents could lead to new treatments for alzheimer ' s and autism by rob preece it is one of life ' s great mysteries - how some people can fly off the handle and become aggressive and violent seemingly without warning. but scientists now believe they know why some humans are more likely to show aggression than others, after they managed to block pathological rage in mice. researchers found that overly hostile mice and angry men share biological similarities which make them more susceptible to rage - a major breakthrough which could pave the way for new treatments for conditions including alzheimer ' s disease and autism. breakthrough : researchers found that overly hostile mice and angry men share biological similarities which make them more susceptible to rage in a study published in the journal of neuroscience, researchers from the university of southern california and italy identified a brain receptor in mice, which malfunctions in overly hostile rodents. when the scientists shut down the brain receptor, which also exists in humans, the excess aggression disappeared. the findings are expected to help experts develop drug targets for pathological aggression, which is a component in alzheimer ' s, autism, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. marco bortolato, the study ' s lead author and an assistant professor of pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences at the usc school of pharmacy, told science daily : ' from a clinical and social point of view, reactive aggression is absolutely a major problem. ' we want to find the tools that might reduce impulsive violence. ' scientists had already found that both male humans and mice respond violently to stress if they have low levels of the enzyme monoamine oxidase a ( mao a ). similarities : scientists found that both male humans and mice respond violently to stress if they have low levels of the enzyme monoamine oxidase a ' the same type of mutation that we study in mice is associated with criminal, very violent behaviour in humans, ' bortolato said. ' but we really didn ' t understand why that is. ' bortolato and his usc colleague jean shih worked backwards to replicate elements of human pathological aggression in mice. this meant not only low enzyme levels but also the interaction of genetics with early stressful events, such as trauma and childhood neglect. ' low levels of mao a are one basis of the predisposition to aggression in humans, ' bortolato. ' the other is an encounter with maltreatment, and the combination of the two factors appears to be deadly. ' it results consistently in violence in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4928362220079562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23bcfbf1-bb08-4f61-86ae-787909dddc4e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.600718"}
{"text": "heat is a sad fact of life for current generation electronics. any android, iphone, or blackberry user can tell you that smartphones tend to get pretty hot at times. and by today ' s standards a balmy 85 degrees celsius, while hot enough to cook an egg, is a pretty \" good \" operating temperature for a high - powered pc graphics processing unit. but that could all soon change, according to the results of a new study by researchers at the university of illinois. examining graphene transistors, a team led by mechanical science and engineering professor william king [ profile ] and electrical and computer engineering professor eric pop [ profile ] made a remarkable discovery - - graphene appears to self - cool. i. what is graphene? graphene is somewhat like a miniature \" fence \" of carbon. the material consists of a single - atom thick layer composed of hexagonal units. at each point of the hexagon sits a carbon atom that is bonded to its three close neighbors. the material behaves like a semiconductor, despite being made of organic atoms. it offers remarkable performance at an incredibly small scale, thus the electronics industry views it as a potential material to power electronic devices of the future. a variety of methods exist for producing graphene. the earliest method was an exfoliation technique that involved stripping individual graphene layers off a layer of graphite ( the material found in pencil lead ) - - this technique ( as of 2008 ) cost as much as $ 100m usd to produce a single cubic centimeter of material. however, rapid advances in production have allowed manufacturers to begin scaling up production to the point where tons of exfoliated graphene can now be produced. techniques promise to drop the price even further. one method, epitaxial growth on silicon cost $ 100 per cubic centimeter in 2009. its limitation is that, obviously, it requires silicon ( eliminating some desirable properties like flexibility ). south korean researchers have tested another promising method, nickel metal transfer. graphene is fascinating from a physics perspective. in 2005 physicists at the university of manchester and the philip kim group from columbia university demonstrated that quasiparticles inside graphene were massless dirac fermions. these unusual particles help give rise to the material ' s unique characteristics. ii. graphene as a self - cooling device despite the extreme interest in the material, deal of mystery still surrounds graphene. because it is so extremely thin, it is difficult to test and measure accurately certain properties of the material. overcoming technical challenges,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5921509897686349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:65b55048-f9ba-4db3-bbce-136fce4b77fb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.607087"}
{"text": ". graphene as a self - cooling device despite the extreme interest in the material, deal of mystery still surrounds graphene. because it is so extremely thin, it is difficult to test and measure accurately certain properties of the material. overcoming technical challenges, the university of illinois team used an atomic force microscope tip as a temperature probe to make the first nanometer - scale temperature measurements of a working graphene what they found was that the resistive heating ( \" waste heat \" ) effect in graphene was weaker than its thermo - electric cooling effect at times. this is certainly not the case in silicon or other semiconductors where resistive heating far surpasses cooling effects. what this means is that graphene circuits may not get hot like traditional silicon - based ones. this could open the door to dense 3d chips and more. further, as the heat is converted back into electricity by the device, graphene transistors may have a two - fold power efficiency gain, both in ditching energetically expensive fans and by recycling heat losses into usable electricity. professor king describes, \" in silicon and most materials, the electronic heating is much larger than the self - cooling. however, we found that in these graphene transistors, there are regions where the thermoelectric cooling can be larger than the resistive heating, which allows these devices to cool themselves. this self - cooling has not previously been seen for graphene devices. \" professor pop adds, \" graphene electronics are still in their infancy ; however, our measurements and simulations project that thermoelectric effects will become enhanced as graphene transistor technology and contacts improve. \" a paper has been published [ full text ] in nanotechnology ' s most prestigious peer - reviewed journal, nature nanoscience. university of illinois graduate student kyle undergraduate feifei lian and postdoctoral researcher myung - ho bae [ profile ] are listed as co - authors on the paper. iii. what ' s next? the study should provide even more motivation for semiconductor manufacturing companies like intel, globalfoundries, and tmsc to lay down the process work necessary to mass - produce circuits based on graphene transistors, capacitors, etc. as for the university of illinois team, they plan to next use their new measurement technique to analyze carbon nanotubes and other novel structures that are of interest to future electronics applications. their work is funded via a grant from the air force office of scientific research and the office of naval research.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5975623474391711, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:65b55048-f9ba-4db3-bbce-136fce4b77fb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.612028"}
{"text": "corn crop residues are often left on harvested fields to protect soil quality, but they could become an important raw material in cellulosic ethanol production. u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) research indicates that soil quality would not decline if post - harvest corn cob residues were removed from fields. this work, led by agricultural research service ( ars ) soil scientist brian wienhold, supports the usda priority of developing new sources of bioenergy. ars is usda ' s chief intramural scientific research agency. wienhold, with the ars agroecosystem management research unit in lincoln, neb., led studies that compared runoff rates and sediment loss from no - till corn fields where postharvest crop residues were either removed or retained. the scientists also removed cobs from half of the test plots that were protected by the residues. after the test plots were established, the scientists generated two simulated rainfall events. the first occurred when the fields were dry, and the next occurred 24 hours later when the soils were almost completely saturated. during the first event, on plots where residue was removed, runoff began around 200 seconds after the \" rain \" began. runoff from plots protected by residues didn ' t start until around 240 seconds after it started to \" rain. \" runoff from the residue - free plots contained 30 percent more sediment than runoff from all the residue - protected plots. but the presence or absence of cobs on the residue - protected plots did not significantly affect sediment loss rates. wienhold ' s team concluded that even though cob residues did slightly delay the onset of runoff, sediment loss rates were not significantly affected by the presence or absence of the cobs. the results indicated that the cobs could be removed from other residue and used for bioenergy feedstock without significantly interfering with the role of crop residues in protecting soils. in a related study, wienhold examined how the removal of cob residues affected soil nutrient levels. over the course of a year, his sampling indicated that cobs were a source of soil potassium, but that they weren ' t a significant source of any other plant nutrients.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47319088732350933, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57357d4b-ffa7-4db3-a657-eae2505ea32d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.614612"}
{"text": "los gallardos, nestled between the bedar mountain range and the valley down to the coast, is a pleasant small town, well communicated and an important nexus in the road transport system of the area. it is a rich town, from which several of the local important spanish dynasties have their homesteads, and it \u2019 s beginnings as a base for the mining experts and investors of the mines above it gave it a good start in life. indeed, it is almost unique in the area as being one of the few towns that has never had a natural spring \u2013 the drinking water for the town was piped in from natural springs a couple of kilometers away. nobody seems sure as to why it is called \u201c los gallardos \u201d, the most common explanation being that it was the name given to the rich foreigners who settled there at the turn of the last century. a \u201c gallardo \u201d in spanish was a gentleman, and the name was given to mining engineers and investors who came to exploit the mines of bedar. an alternate theory, expounded to me by a 90 year old man who heard it from his grandfather when he was small, was that it came from the man who built the first house where los gallardos now is \u2013 a rich sailor from mojacar, who disliked mojacar and brought a plot of land next to the old almeria \u2013 vera route. his surname was \u201c gallardo \u201d and as his family settled there the hamlet that sprung up was known locally as \u201c el pueblo de los gallardos \u201d, or the village of the gallardos [ family ]. since the original almeria \u2013 vera route ran past los gallardos ( the actual cn340 that runs past the village ), and a track split off to go bedar and lubrin, it was the logical place for the ( mainly british ) engineers and investors to settle for their base. bedar was where the miners lived ; los gallardos the owners. ease of communication from that point to nearly all the mines in the area, plus garrucha ( the main port ) meant that it was easier for them to build a new base there rather then flog up and down the track to bedar, which in those days would have taken the better part of a day. los gallardos was part of bedar until 1924, when it was incorporated as a municipio, or a town hall. ( bedar has been mentioned in the records since before 1505, when the position of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3523677488532992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c8331e2-0570-4885-a8a8-d0de3f0cec9c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.623693"}
{"text": "of a day. los gallardos was part of bedar until 1924, when it was incorporated as a municipio, or a town hall. ( bedar has been mentioned in the records since before 1505, when the position of bishop of bedar was created in order to cement christianity in the mountains ). until the latter part of the 1910s bedar was a much larger community then los gallardos, being the main work base. as the mines close to bedar started to close, the miners moved to new exploitations, causing a net loss of population and a small surge in the many ( now often abandoned ) villages in the mountains. the truth of the matter was that the intense mining activity that took place at the end of the 19th century, and whose financial and technical centre was based in los gallardos, created and consolidated a large number of villages in the area, such as bedar, garrucha, seron, el pinar and others. upon the incorporation of los gallardos as an independent village, the new mayor was eager to get up and running with all the trappings of power. since there was an economic downturn in the area, there were quite a few empty buildings lying around. the town hall was installed in a palm tree warehouse, which was rented from the owners until the late 80 \u2032 s when money was made available to purchase it, knock it down and rebuild ( preserving the original look of the building ). the church was installed in another warehouse, which is currently being rebuilt and restored. check out sebastians bakery across the plaza from the church, which has the oldest wood fired bakery in the area ( well over a hundred years old, and in one of the original buildings ). the square in front of the church is the original square from the foundation of the village. calle seron was it \u2019 s first official street. the tarmacking of the main road in 1927 was a pivotal event in the history of los gallardos, as it cemented it \u2019 s position as the \u201c doorway to the levante \u201d. older people in the village still reminisce about a story that shocked the area at the time : the asphalt arrived in large cheaply made barrels of wood, metal lorries not existing at the time. the asphalt would then be mixed and poured onto the surface. the barrels were held together with simple hoops of metal. the children of los gallardos were envious of these hoops, and any discarded ones would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3792950771176534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c8331e2-0570-4885-a8a8-d0de3f0cec9c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.624648"}
{"text": "not existing at the time. the asphalt would then be mixed and poured onto the surface. the barrels were held together with simple hoops of metal. the children of los gallardos were envious of these hoops, and any discarded ones would be pounced upon and used as playthings, although almost all of them were taken away with the workmen. over one weekend a group of older children hatched a cunning plan \u2013 gathering at dusk, they seized their opportunity and stole as many hoops off the barrels as possible. the scandal that erupted on the monday was, by all accounts, enormous. the foreman of works was incandescent with rage, especially as without the hoops all the barrels had broken and the asphalt split out into the fields. the local judge arrived to investigate, accompanied by the dreaded civil guard, famed even before francos day. after his investigation, he passed a number of fines, ranging from 5 to 20 pesetas, on the parents of the children, but stated that the onus on punishment for the children should be on the local headmaster of the school. the headmaster, as grandfathers still remember, enthusiastically doled out some quite heavy punishments upon the culprits! however, the asphalting of the road lead to the consolidation of los gallardos as a transport nexus for the area. a large number of taxi, transport and bus services sprang up over the next few years, although almost all vehicles were confiscated for the war effort during the civil war. los gallardos has always been known as \u201c the taxi village \u201d, and several large transport companies were born out of these humbles beginnings. the transport industry in los gallardos did not start to reestablish itself until the late 1950 \u2032 s. the father of the current main taxi driver in los gallardos recounts a tale in which he was lucky enough to have a cousin working in seat in barcelona, who was able to help him obtain a coveted car during this austere period. other marques seem in the area were peugots and citroens, usually brought from france, and quite a few fords. apparently, although i can \u2019 t confirm this, there was for many years a ford garage in the village. large companies such as jerasa, rodriguez buses, nilasa and others were all founded in or by los gallardos families, and most came out of those early years experimenting with early transport industries. telephones arrived in the area in 1957, and the switch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4444674088567306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c8331e2-0570-4885-a8a8-d0de3f0cec9c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.625793"}
{"text": "jerasa, rodriguez buses, nilasa and others were all founded in or by los gallardos families, and most came out of those early years experimenting with early transport industries. telephones arrived in the area in 1957, and the switchboard operator ( on duty 24 / 7, 365 days a week ) was paid 150 pesetas a month, a lot in 1957 but not so much 10 years later when she was still on the same pay level! she was on duty all day, but since there were only 10 phones in the village, any important calls were usually arranged the day before. water problems throughout the area were endemic from the turn of the century until the creation of the almanzora dam, caused by a lowering of the water level as population and agriculture increased, and a corresponding drying up of natural springs. despite constant promises throughout these decades, no major investment in water infrastructure were made until the 80 \u2032 s. this lead to the infamous protests by the side of the road as the caudillo ( old franco himself ) drove by on his way to almeria in the mid 60 \u2032 s. the old railway bridge by la perulaca still has graffiti on it saying such things as \u201c franco mas agua! \u201d. there is no indication that franco noticed the demonstrations. no doubt he would have had them all shot. currently los gallardos is in a strong expansionist phase. from 1996 to 2006 it was the 4 fastest growing town in almeria, going from 1761 inhabitants to 3126. last updated 18th july 2008.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3990967904023138, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c8331e2-0570-4885-a8a8-d0de3f0cec9c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.626433"}
{"text": "banded - found is coastal drainages of alabama and florida from conecuh river to the ochlockonee system, male banded topminnows are olive green with orange highlighting the upper gill covers. bayou - the bayou topminnow has rows of dots and vertical bars, and it has a limited distribution, ranging from the escatawpa and mobile basins west to the lake pontchartrain drainage in louisiana. blackspotted - blackspotted topminnows are characterized by a dark lateral stripe extending from the mouth to the caudal fin base and by small, distinct black spots along the back and upper sides ( a useful characteristic for separating the blackspotted topminnow from the blackstripe topminnow ). blackstripe - the blackstripe topminnow can usually be distinguished from the blackspotted topminnow by the absence of small dark dots along the upper sides and back. bluefin killifish - the colorful bluefin killifish is found in georgia, florida, and only one pond in extreme southeast alabama. golden - when not breeding the golden topminnow is similar in appearance to the banded topminnow ; in alabama, the golden topminnow is limited to tributaries and backwaters of the mobile delta, mobile bay, and coastal lowland systems. northern starhead - the northern starhead topminnow is difficult to identify because of the sexual dimorphism. northern studfish - the northern studfish is a colorful topminnow that occurs in the ozark and ouachita mountains, upland regions of the tennessee, cumberland, and green river drainages, and in isolated populations in indiana and mississippi. pygmy killifish - perhaps alabama ' s smallest fish, this fish is very rare in alabama, but more common in georgia and florida. rainwater killifish - one of alabama ' s smallest fish, it can be confused with the mosquitofish ; the edges of the scales of rainwater killifish are edged in black, giving them a diamond - shaped appearance. russetfin - in gulf coastal drainages, fundulus escambiae is distributed from the perdido river drainage eastward to the santa fe river in florida. southern starhead - the southern starhead topminnow is listed as a distinct species because individuals in alabama are distinguishable from the bayou topminnow on the basis of body coloration. southern studfish - found in the coosa system and some lower alabama river tributaries, the southern studfish is most closely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41674164387189905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:658f941e-8111-452f-85c0-555d99a56acf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.629206"}
{"text": "dry sockets can on rare occasion result after a tooth is extracted. the blood clot healing in the extraction socket is unexpectedly dislodged leaving a bare painful open area. the technical term for this condition is acute alveolar osteitis. generally the pain involved with a dry socket is intense, throbbing and unceasing. this pain is often worse than the pain associated with the tooth prior to extraction. a foul odor may be associated with this condition. pain medication often does a sub par job of relieving the discomfort associated with this situation. what causes dry sockets to occur? difficult surgical extractions leave patients more susceptable to this problem. any action that forms suction within the mouth can raise risk level and should be avoided. actions that should be avoided include but are not limited to : smoking, sucking through through a straw, spitting, vigorous mouth rinsing, sneezing, or coughing. eating should be very light within the first 24 hours after tooth extraction to protect the affected area. in addition to the sucking action smokers use with cigarettes, smoking is thought to decrease the amount of oxygen available to the healing tissue, thereby, increase the risk of having a dry socket. avoid smoking for at least the first 48 hours post extraction. alveolar osteitis seem to occur in 5 - 10 % of extractions. frequency is greater with teeth of the lower jaw ( mandible ) and in cases involving wisdom teeth. women are at greater risk than men for this condition due to hormone fluctuations associated with the menstrual cycle. women taking oral contraceptives are at even greater risk. prevention of acute alveolar osteitis. cleanings and xrays. this regimen will hopefully allow problems to be when they are small and easily treatable. mainaining good oral hygiene during the healing period. women should schedule extractions during the last week of their menstrual cycles ( days 23 through 28 ). this is when estrogen levels are lowest. commence with a light, warm salt water rinse beginning 24 hours post tooth extraction. avoid drinking through a straw, smoking or spitting for at least the first 48 hours post tooth extraction. avoid alcohol for 48 hours as it can change bleeding patterns after an extraction. avoid hard foods for 24 hours then carefully chew on the opposite side for an additional 24 hours to minimize injury to the extraction site. carefully follow the post operative instructions given by the dentist and / or his staff. treatment for a dry socket. follow all post operative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39665656703623153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac88565e-1967-4edd-a8e1-ff420e253b86>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.635820"}
{"text": "foods for 24 hours then carefully chew on the opposite side for an additional 24 hours to minimize injury to the extraction site. carefully follow the post operative instructions given by the dentist and / or his staff. treatment for a dry socket. follow all post operative instruction very closely to avoid getting one. the pain associated with this condition will cause many regrets for patients that deviate from the healing protocol. the dentist may debride the socket of debris which also will cause new blood flow and clotting. dental staff may place eugenol based iodoform gauze packing material into the socket to ease discomfort while healing commences. the site may need packed daily for up to 7 - 10 days although most need on 3 - 5 placements of analgesic packing. take oral pain relievers. these have varied effectiveness for each individual. even though the oral cavity is in discomfort, maintaining a proper diet is important to facilitate socket healing. can be a very uncomfortable and unforgettable experience. no patient wants to add this situation to their list of dental experiences. they are best avoided through prevention by receiving regular dental checkups, cleanings and xrays. by following this regimen, problems are usually found when small and extraction of teeth hopefully can be avoided. when tooth removal can not be avoided, closely follow the instructions provided by the dental staff.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3820493218418866, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac88565e-1967-4edd-a8e1-ff420e253b86>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.636372"}
{"text": "a new approach to improving system performance by terry costlow embedded. com ( 01 / 05 / 10, 08 : 20 : 00 pm est ) speed is a key element in most every electronic design. whether engineers are creating complex image processing applications or designing systems that extend battery life by working swiftly before returning to sleep mode, speed is a critical factor in a product ' s success. though hardware usually gets first consideration when design teams look for ways to improve speed, that ' s not usually the most effective path. it ' s fairly straightforward to run the features and functions of a product faster without making any hardware changes. streamlining software so it runs at optimal rates can bring significant improvements in a way that ' s so easy to implement units in the field can be enhanced. that ' s far more cost effective than redesigning hardware. three of the four basic components in system speed are in software : operating systems, compilers and application software. hardware is the critical fourth phase, but altering processors, memories, bus architectures and data channels is difficult. altering the operating system is also difficult once the os has been selected. that leaves optimizing the software that runs above the operating system as the most straightforward way to increase speed. applications packages, middleware and drivers take center stage when development teams focus on the features and functions that attract customers. but this software is typically overlooked when the focus shifts to performance. that ' s a mistake. significant performance increases can be achieved when acceleration techniques are applied to software that resides above the operating system. it ' s rare that speed can ' t be boosted by 20 percent ( or even doubled or quadrupled ) especially when utilizing an outside firm that specializes in software acceleration who can assist with streamlining programs. click here to read more...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5183325029400526, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:449e9ec5-9450-4ca4-ae30-cf3171fe8f5e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.640854"}
{"text": "michael specter has an interesting article in the new yorker about global warming and how \" dazzlingly complex \" it all is once you start to take all of the factors into account. the calculations required to assess the full environmental impact of how we live can be dazzlingly complex. to sum them up on a label will not be easy. should the carbon label on a jar of peanut butter include the emissions caused by the fertilizer, calcium, and potassium applied to the original crop of peanuts? what about the energy used to boil the peanuts once they have been harvested, or to mold the jar and print the labels? seen this way, carbon costs multiply rapidly. a few months ago, scientists at the stockholm environment institute reported that the carbon footprint of christmas \u2014 including food, travel, lighting, and gifts \u2014 was six hundred and fifty kilograms per person. that is as much, they estimated, as the weight of \u201c one thousand christmas puddings \u201d for every resident of england. this passage caught my attention. we need to look at the whole picture and not just the impact of our individual actions. remember all of the \" save the rain forest \" campaigns during the 1980 ' s? my 7th grade science class wrote a letter to the ecuadorian embassy to encourage them to stop deforestation. it ' s great that carbon emissions are getting so much attention, but they ' re just a piece of the overall puzzle. just two countries \u2014 indonesia and brazil \u2014 account for about ten per cent of the greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. neither possesses the type of heavy industry that can be found in the west, or for that matter in russia or india. still, only the united states and china are responsible for greater levels of emissions. that is because tropical forests in indonesia and brazil are disappearing with incredible speed. \u201c it \u2019 s really very simple, \u201d john o. niles told me. niles, the chief science and policy officer for the environmental group carbon conservation, argues that spending five billion dollars a year to prevent deforestation in countries like indonesia would be one of the best investments the world could ever make. \u201c the value of that land is seen as consisting only of the value of its lumber, \u201d he said. \u201c a logging company comes along and offers to strip the forest to make some trivial wooden product, or a palm - oil plantation. the governments in these places have no cash. they are sitting on this resource that is doing nothing for their economy. so when a guy says, \u2018 i will give you a few hundred dollars if you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47827481929909166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:160c2282-eac8-4b62-9c89-4ff7d3b014ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.645899"}
{"text": "wooden product, or a palm - oil plantation. the governments in these places have no cash. they are sitting on this resource that is doing nothing for their economy. so when a guy says, \u2018 i will give you a few hundred dollars if you let me cut down these trees, \u2019 it \u2019 s not easy to turn your nose up at that. those are dollars people can spend on schools and hospitals. \u201d the ecological impact of decisions like that are devastating. decaying trees contribute greatly to increases in the levels of greenhouse gases. plant life absorbs co2. but when forests disappear, the earth loses one of its two essential carbon sponges ( the other is the ocean ). the results are visible even from space. satellite photographs taken over indonesia and brazil show thick plumes of smoke rising from the forest. according to the latest figures, deforestation pushes nearly six billion tons of co2 into the atmosphere every year. that amounts to thirty million acres \u2014 an area half the size of the united kingdom \u2014 chopped down each year. put another way, according to one recent calculation, during the next twenty - four hours the effect of losing forests in brazil and indonesia will be the same as if eight million people boarded airplanes at heathrow airport and flew en masse to new york. read big foot in measuring carbon emissions, it \u2019 s easy to confuse morality and science. by michael specter via : the frontal cortex", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43945590939236956, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:160c2282-eac8-4b62-9c89-4ff7d3b014ff>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.646510"}
{"text": "a form of carbohydrate that will raise blood glucose levels relatively quickly when ingested. the term \u201c fast - acting carbohydrate \u201d is generally used in discussions of treating hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. however, as research accumulates on the subject of carbohydrates and how quickly they are absorbed, some diabetes experts say the term has become outdated. what defines hypoglycemia varies from source to source, but it generally refers to a blood glucose level below 70 mg / dl. in many cases, this will produce the typical symptoms of low blood sugar, which include trembling, sweating, heart palpitations, butterflies in the stomach, irritability, hunger, or fatigue. severe hypoglycemia can cause drowsiness, poor concentration, confusion, and even unconsciousness. diabetes care experts generally recommend checking one \u2019 s blood sugar level whenever possible to confirm hypoglycemia before treating it. to treat hypoglycemia, the standard advice is to consume 10 - 15 grams of \u201c fast - acting \u201d carbohydrate. each of the following items provides roughly 10 - 15 grams of carbohydrate : - 5 - 6 lifesaver candies - 4 - 6 ounces regular ( non - diet ) soda - 4 - 6 ounces of orange juice - 2 tablespoons of raisins - 8 ounces of nonfat or low - fat milk - one tube ( 0. 68 ounces ) of cake mate decorator gel. there are also a number of commercially available glucose tablets and gels. benefits to using commercial products include the following : - they aren \u2019 t as tempting to snack on as candy is. - they contain no fat, which can slow down digestion, or fructose, which has a smaller and slower effect on blood glucose. - the commercial products are standardized, so it \u2019 s easy to measure out a dose of 10 - 15 grams of carbohydrate. if someone is unconscious from low blood sugar, don \u2019 t attempt to give him anything to eat or drink. rather, take him to the nearest emergency room, or inject glucagon if you have been instructed how to do it. if you can \u2019 t get emergency help fast enough and can \u2019 t inject glucagon, it may help to rub a little glucose gel between the person \u2019 s gums and cheek.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4580417473183547, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f02e5a5-bf0f-4997-ad0c-e62f903c993d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.653707"}
{"text": "micro vs macro micro and macro are prefixes that are used before words to make them small or big respectively. this is true with micro and macroeconomics, micro and macro evolution, microorganism, micro lens and macro lens, micro finance and macro finance, and so on. the list of words that makes use of these prefixes is long and exhaustive. many people confuse between micro and macro despite knowing that these prefixes signify small and large respectively. this article takes a closer look at the two prefixes to find out their differences. to understand the difference between micro and macro, let us take up the example of micro and macro evolution. to signify evolution that takes place within a single species, the word microevolution is used whereas evolution that transcends the boundaries of species and takes place on a very large scale is termed as macroevolution. though the principles of evolution such as genetics, mutation, natural selection, and migration remain the same across microevolution as well as macro evolution, this distinction between microevolution and macroevolution is a great way to explain this natural phenomenon. another field of study that makes use of micro and macro is economics. while the study of the overall economy and how it works is called macroeconomics, microeconomics focuses on the individual person, company, or industry. thus, the study of gdp, employment, inflation etc. in an economy is classified under macroeconomics. microeconomics is the study of forces of demand and supply inside a particular industry effecting the goods and services. so it is macroeconomics when economists choose to concentrate upon the state of the economy in a nation whereas the study of a single market or industry remains within the realms of microeconomics. there is also the study of finance where these two prefixes are commonly used. thus, we have microfinance where the focus is upon the monetary needs and requirements of a single individual where there is also macro finance where financing by the banks or other financial institutions is of very large nature. micro and macro are derived from greek language where micro means small and macro refers to large. these prefixes are used in many fields of study such as finance, economics, evolution etc. where we have words like micro finance and macro finance, micro evolution and macro evolution etc. studying something at a small level is micro while studying it on a large scale is macro analysis. financing the needs of an individual may be micro financing whereas the financial needs of a builder requiring money for a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5361196286015537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:837ed974-3d4d-4f45-9652-e4dbceee85e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.659067"}
{"text": "pioneering astronomer and physicist sir bernard lovell has died aged 98. sir bernard, who was born near bristol and studied in the city, was the founder of university of manchester ' s jodrell bank observatory. jodrell bank and the surrounding cheshire countryside is dominated by the lovell radio telescope, which was conceived by sir bernard. professor brian cox, who knew sir bernard, said he was \" an inquisitive scientist all the way \". a book of condolence has been opened at the observatory ' s discovery centre. sir bernard was born in oldland common, gloucestershire, in 1913 and studied at the university of bristol before joining the university of manchester ' s department of physics in 1936. during world war ii he led a team developing radar technology, for which he was later awarded an obe. following the war, he returned to the university and set about planning the observatory. his iconic 76m ( 249ft ) telescope was completed in 1957. within days of it becoming operational, it tracked the rocket that carried sputnik 1 into orbit. the structure remains the third largest steerable telescope in the world and plays a key role in global research on pulsating stars, testing extreme physics theories including einstein ' s general theory of relativity. the telescope and his other contributions to radio astronomy led to him being knighted in 1961. lord martin rees, astronomer royal, said : \" bernard lovell ranks as one of the great visionary leaders of science. \" he had the boldness and self - confidence to conceive a giant radio telescope, and the persistence to see it through to completion, despite the risk of bankruptcy. \" what is even more remarkable is that, more than 50 years later, this instrument ( after several upgrades ) is still doing ' frontier ' science. \" i recall the celebrations of the telescope ' s 50th anniversary in 2007. lovell, though nearly blind, played a full part in the festivities and made a superb speech. \" he rightly took great pride in this lasting monument. \" a spokesman for the university said sir bernard was \" warm and generous \". he said the astronomer had \" retained a keen interest in the development of science at jodrell bank and beyond, \" and added : \" indeed he continued to come in to work at the observatory until quite recently when ill health intervened. \" sir bernard was also an accomplished musician, a keen cricketer and an internationally - renowned arboriculturalist who created an arboretum at jodrell bank. he is survived by four of his five children, 14 grandchildren and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46152465608917087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4aec66b2-487c-43f3-b6b0-bf8f0236ac8c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.661938"}
{"text": "presenting - ' amasia ', the next supercontinent! ever since earth has been in existence there have been the formation and breaking apart of many supercontinents - while pangaea, that existed between 150 - 300 million years ago is the most well - known, prior to that was nuna ( 1. 8 billion years ago ), rodina ( 1 billion years ago ) and many more that cannot be verified because 2 billion year - old rocks containing evidence of magnetic fields, are hard to find. and while most scientists are in agreement that rodina, nuna and pangaea did exist, there is very little consensus on the continents they comprised of - some experts believe that they were the same ones, while others think that the wandering landmasses reassembled on the opposite sides each time - about 180\u00b0 away from where the previous supercontinent had come together. now, a group of geologists led by yale university graduate student ross mitchell have a new theory - they think that each supercontinent came together about 90\u00b0 from its predecessor. that is, the geographic center of rodina was about 88\u00b0 away from the center of nuna, whilst the center of panagea, believed to have been located near modern - day africa, was about 88\u00b0 away from the center from its super giant predecessor, rodina. these calculations that were reported earlier this year were based not only on the paleolatitude ( the latitude of a place at some time in the past, measured relative to the earth ' s magnetic poles in the same period ) of the ancient supercontinents, but also, for the first time the paleolongitude, that ross measured by estimating how the locations of the earth ' s magnetic poles have changed through time. while the theory is interesting, what is even more so is that the team has also come up with a model of the next supercontinent. if their estimates are accurate, over the next few hundred million years, the tectonic plates under the americas and asia will both drift northward and merge. this means that modern day north and south america will come together and become one giant landmass, displacing the caribbean sea completely. a similar movement in eurasia ( australia and south eastern asia ) will cause the arctic ocean to disappear causing the continents to fuse with canada. the result? a ginormous continent that they call ' amasia '. the one thing that is not too clear is if antarctica will be part of this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5260097158454561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d0e9c93-cfc6-4a81-aac7-dc1b77fe6e90>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.664748"}
{"text": "advice for parents of add / adhd children in the united states, 17 million children are diagnosed with attention deficit disorder, and oftentimes it is accompanied by hyperactivity. dr. phil and dr. frank lawlis, author of the add answer, offer advice for parents whose children are diagnosed with the disorder. educate yourself about add. in his book, dr. lawlis explains that an add diagnosis is not a sign of inferior intelligence or a handicap. it does not result in a damaged personality, criminal tendencies, or immoral behavior. add is not necessarily a learning disability or a mark of mental immaturity, although such conditions can coexist with add. much of the time, the problems of add are related to the brain performing at lowered, subdued ranges. obtain a proper diagnosis. many times, parents are quick to make evaluations of their children ' s unruly behavior. \" i always look for other reasons, other causation, whenever i see behavior spinning out of control, \" dr. phil explains. the symptoms a child exhibits may be caused by factors such as divorce, death of a parent, or a change in school and living situation. there are at least two well - documented ways to determine if your child has a neurologically based disorder of add or adhd : a spectrogram or an eeg can identify specific patterns in certain parts of your child ' s brain. examine your parenting style. is the child more difficult with one parent than with the other? it could be that your parenting style is contributing to the problem. parents need to have a unified front that they both can stand behind and enforce. you must support one another in your actions and discipline. look at ways that you can change your child ' s environment, including avoiding fights in front of the kids or reacting to your child differently. don ' t feel guilty about disciplining your child. dr. phil tells one mom whose child suffers from adhd : \" you have to be willing to visit the structure. you have to be willing to bring the predictability, the consistency and the discipline. it ' s not something you should feel guilty about ; you should feel guilty if you don ' t do it because he needs the structure. he needs the guidance. he needs the order. he needs the rhythm. he needs all of the things that are necessary to give him a chance to have a flow to his life. \" know all the facts before giving your child medication to treat add. dr. phil and dr. lawlis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3976983417155334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:115b02c9-90d5-46df-824b-19a9c6616b3e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.670759"}
{"text": ". he needs the rhythm. he needs all of the things that are necessary to give him a chance to have a flow to his life. \" know all the facts before giving your child medication to treat add. dr. phil and dr. lawlis both agree that we are overmedicating our children. in his book, the add answer, dr. lawlis asks, \" are we using drugs to control our children ' s behavior instead of being responsible parents? when we teach our children at a young age to rely on medications, i fear that we are in danger of creating a generation of pill poppers as a result. \" also, medication is only about 50 percent effective, and it decreases in effectiveness from the day your child starts taking them. dr. phil clarifies his views about medication for add : \" if it ' s working for you and your children against a backdrop of responsible parenting, then good for you and you shouldn ' t substitute my judgment or anyone else ' s for your own. \" monitor your child ' s diet. \" the brain doesn ' t necessarily use all the foods we give it in the best way, and actually the rawer the food, the more natural the food, the easier it is for the brain to metabolize it and use it for its use. so when you create a food that ' s not natural, that ' s been fried or created with a great deal of heat, it just doesn ' t work as well, \" dr. lawlis explains. click here to take dr. lawlis ' audit for diet - related symptoms of add. consider alternative options. children can learn to control their brain activity to the point that it can affect their add or adhd. the symptoms of add can be controlled through biofeedback, computer images and sounds that show what ' s going on in the brain. ( dr. lawlis devotes a whole chapter to this in his book, the add answer ). this approach is not an absolute cure for every aspect of add. however, it has worked well in helping children learn to control disruptive racing thoughts and impulsive behaviors that impair the ability to focus and concentrate. it offers therapies that help add children learn to control basic other reactions, such as heart rate and cardiovascular activity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4190863360977187, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:115b02c9-90d5-46df-824b-19a9c6616b3e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.671763"}
{"text": "\u2014 copyright dorothy sloan 2013 \u2014 early railroad map of missouri & eastern kansas very rare pocket map 389. [ map ]. wells, j [ ohn ] g [ aylord ]. wells \u2019 new rail road and township map of missouri and eastern kansas from the latest government surveys. j. g. wells, 11 beekman st. new york. 1857. scale of miles... explanation [ with symbols ] state capital. county towns. rail roads. proposed rail roads. [ pictorial seal ] great seal of the state of missouri [ below lower neat line at left ] lith. v. keil 181 william st. n. y. [ centered below lower ornamental border ] entered according to act of congress, in the year 1857, by j. g. wells, in the clerk \u2019 s office of the district court of the southern district of new york. new york, 1857. lithograph map of eastern kansas, all of missouri, and parts of indian territory, nebraska, iowa, arkansas, and illinois, printed on bank note paper, full hand coloring, borders in bright rose pink, ornate border of grapes, grape leaves, native american portrait in oval at each corner ; neat line to neat line : 42. 8 x 63 cm ; border to border : 51 x 71 cm ; overall sheet size : 60 x 79 cm ; folded into original green embossed cloth ( 14. 7 x 9. 5 cm ), title lettered in gilt on upper cover ( wells \u2019 new map of missouri and eastern kansas ), printed yellow endpaper affixed to inside upper cover ( wells \u2019 list of new publications ). mild age toning to map, a few stains at top left, clean splits at a few folds ( no losses ), overall a fine copy with brilliant color. uncommon ( one copy of the 1858 edition located by oclc, university of virginia at charlottesville ). first edition. not in modelski \u2019 s railroad bibliographies, or other standard sources. railroads began to be important in the region in the late 1850s, but ironically, the only railroad shown on this map is the pacific railroad line between st. louis ( \u201c the gateway to the west \u201d ) and jefferson city, with shorter trunk lines to the north and south of st. louis. slowly the emigrant and other trails were being replaced by railroad tracks. on the other hand, several proposed lines are indicated, such as one from jefferson city to kansas city, and another from keosauqua, iowa, to kansas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44135607633741974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b93de28-e698-4499-90cf-bb90fe483356>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.685811"}
{"text": ". louis. slowly the emigrant and other trails were being replaced by railroad tracks. on the other hand, several proposed lines are indicated, such as one from jefferson city to kansas city, and another from keosauqua, iowa, to kansas city. tooley lists cartographer j. g. wells ( 1821 - 1880 ) but notes only one map ( ohio ) by him. other located publications indicate that he was active principally in 1857. circa 1856, wells published a map of kansas and nebraska. in 1857 wells published an extraordinary amount of material, such as pocket guides for iowa ( howes w250 ), nebraska ( howes w251 ), and popular guides, such as wells \u2019 national hand - book, and even a book on how to be your own attorney. other maps by wells in 1857 include new sectional map of minnesota ( 1857 ) ; new sectional map of kansas ( 1857 ) ; kansas and nebraska ( 1857 ) ; new sectional map of nebraska ( sold at our auction 20 in 2007 @ $ 8, 225 ). he also published an undated panoramic map of the civil war in the 1860s ( one copy located at university of virginia at charlottesville ). the list of wells \u2019 forty publications on the front pastedown is impressive. the mysterious wells \u2019 cartographic output was short - lived and vigorous, and all his maps are very rare. dsrb home | e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4045781756833078, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b93de28-e698-4499-90cf-bb90fe483356>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.690408"}
{"text": "jerry mcbride / durango herald delta \u2013 in a climate - controlled warehouse here, colorado parks and wildlife, much like a squirrel storing acorns for hard times, is putting away seeds of native plants and grasses for forest restoration and wildlife habitat improvement. \u201c we have three mixes here, maybe 15 species in all, that are going to grand junction for aerial reseeding in the area burned by the pine ridge fire last summer, \u201d jim garner, a habitat biologist, said last week while moving pallets of seed bags with a forklift onto a truck. the seed mixes, concocted for what will best fit steep slopes, harsh soil and general burn conditions, are among the estimated 140, 000 pounds of seed that will be dropped on the pine ridge burn area. the recently opened 9, 000 - square - foot seed repository, built at a cost of $ 1. 2 million, is on a mesa in the escalante wildlife area about six miles west of delta. the seed warehouse is an effort to be proactive instead of reactive, garner said. \u201c we used to buy seed when we needed it, \u201d garner said. \u201c but we were subject to the market price. \u201d as the size, intensity and frequency of wildfires across the west grew, forest officials began to look to the long - range future, garner said. it was clear that stocking up on seeds would avoid scrambling when they were needed for reseeding, he said. reseeding helps hold off the invasion of non - native species of plants, garner said. increased recreation and energy exploration can transport non - natives on vehicles. the state agency collects seeds or acquires them from collectors and companies, then sends them to nurseries where they can be produced in great number in greenhouses and outdoors, garner said. the majority of the seeds stocked in the warehouse will be preferred native species, but some non - natives are being produced because of cost, garner said. \u201c squirrel tail costs $ 10 to $ 15 a pound, but crested wheat is cheap, $ 2 to $ 3 a pound, \u201d garner said. \u201c aspen fleabane and sulfur flowered buckwheat are $ 80 a pound. \u201d use of expensive seeds has to be evaluated in the light of project goals and how critical the situation is, he said. the warehouse eventually will store about 50 to 70 species of grass and flower seeds, among them sagebrush, mountain brome, dusty penstemon, basin wildrye, sandberg bluegrass, oregon daisy, western yarrow and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38097079904538883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df0a26ce-7b8d-4485-8d90-a48203af865c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.698255"}
{"text": ", he said. the warehouse eventually will store about 50 to 70 species of grass and flower seeds, among them sagebrush, mountain brome, dusty penstemon, basin wildrye, sandberg bluegrass, oregon daisy, western yarrow and sulphur buckwheat. the american dragon head is a native, but it \u2019 s aggressive so it has to be used judiciously so as to maintain plant diversity, garner said. warehouse stock will include seeds for the u. s. forest service and the bureau of land management as well as parks and wildlife projects, garner said. temperature is important for storing seeds, garner said. seeds have been known to remain viable for 25 to 30 years at room temperature, but it \u2019 s not a sure thing, he said. fans at balcony level will keep the temperature in the ground - floor storage area in the high 70s or low 80s in the summer when the temperature outside is blistering, garner said. a small cooler is reserved for more finicky seeds, garner said. sagebrush seed in a natural setting, for example, lasts a year, but, in the freezer, the seed can be viable for five years. in the cooler, the operative rule is to maintain the combination of temperature and relative humidity less than 100, garner said. the temperature is kept in the low 40s and the relative humidity at 32 percent, well below the target. on a more expansive scale, the u. s. department of agriculture has a national center for genetic resource preservation at colorado state university in fort collins. plant scientists and researchers globally have turned to the bank after natural disasters and in their search for plants with properties that increase their ability to meet medicinal, nutritional and climatic demands. the delta warehouse has no ties to the federal program, garner said. the 140, 000 pounds of seed will be spread on almost 14, 000 fire - scorched acres north of grand junction, said david boyd, spokesman for the bureau of land management in northwest colorado. \u201c the reseeding is expected to take five days of flying, \u201d boyd said. \u201c we want to do it while there is snow on the ground. \u201d the cost of seed and airplanes is $ 1 million, boyd said. \u201c we want to get native seeds down to stabilize the soil before invasive species get started, \u201d boyd said. \u201c cheat grass is a concern because it \u2019 s not good for livestock or wildlife and it tends to dry quickly, which perpetuates the fire cycle. \u201d reseeding with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3775594588446102, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df0a26ce-7b8d-4485-8d90-a48203af865c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.702198"}
{"text": "can nutrition affect hair growth? tocotrienols \u2014 a natural compound related to vitamin e \u2014 may increase hair growth by as much as 34 % hair loss can cause low self - esteem and a lack of confidence in both men and women. now a study in tropical life sciences research holds promise for hair - loss sufferers and reports that tocotrienols \u2014 a natural compound related to vitamin e \u2014 may increase hair growth by as much as 34 %. counting the hairs on your head vitamin e is made up of four tocotrienols and tocopherols, respectively called alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. in this study, 38 people ( mostly men ) with hair loss, were randomly assigned to receive 100 mg of mixed tocotrienols plus 46 iu of vitamin e ( alpha - tocopherol ) or placebo daily for eight months. the number of scalp hairs in a specific area of each participant \u2019 s head was monitored at four and eight months. the tocotrienol group experienced an average of 34 % more scalp hairs compared with the placebo group who experienced a slight decrease. there was no significant increase in the weight of hair clippings in either group during or after the intervention. the study authors comment, \u201c a possible explanation for the effects could be due to the potent antioxidant activity of tocotrienols that help to reduce lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in the scalp, which are known to be associated with alopecia ( hair loss ). \u201d this is a small study, and further research is needed to investigate and confirm the role of tocotrienols in preventing hair loss. tips for dealing with hair loss - see a doctor. if you are experiencing hair loss that concerns you, see a doctor. a doctor can help determine if your hair loss is a natural result of aging or is caused by other factors such as nutritional deficiencies, medication side effects, or thyroid, skin, or autoimmune disease. a doctor can also help you choose from a number of conventional and natural options that may help reduce hair loss and improve growth. - don \u2019 t let it get you down. in addition to hair \u2019 s social importance, it also serves physical functions, such as protecting your scalp from the sun. hair loss can affect a person emotionally, and anyone who experiences unwanted hair loss should reach out to a health professional for help. ( tropical life sciences research 2010 ; 21 : 91 \u2013 9 ) jane hart, md, board - certified in internal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43908133811366673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5ad26ed-37d2-4f54-bbcd-5acc552b460c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.705371"}
{"text": "researchers at new jersey institute of technology ( njit ) have developed an inexpensive solar cell that can be painted or printed on flexible plastic sheets. \u201c someday, homeowners will even be able to print sheets of these solar cells with inexpensive home - based inkjet printers. consumers can then slap the finished product on a wall, roof or billboard to create their own power stations, \u201d said somenath mitra, ph. d., lead researcher, professor and acting chair of njit \u2019 s department of chemistry and environmental sciences. harvesting energy directly from abundant solar radiation using solar cells is increasingly emerging as a major component of future global energy strategy, mitra said. yet, when it comes to harnessing renewable energy, challenges remain. expensive, large - scale infrastructures, such as windmills or dams, are necessary to drive renewable energy sources, such as wind or hydroelectric power plants. purified silicon, also used for making computer chips, which continue to rise in demand, is a core material for fabricating conventional solar cells. however, the processing of a material such as purified silicon is beyond the reach of most consumers. \u201c developing organic solar cells from polymers, however, is a cheap and potentially simpler alternative, \u201d mitra said. \u201c we foresee a great deal of interest in our work because solar cells can be inexpensively printed or simply painted on exterior building walls and / or rooftops. imagine some day driving in your hybrid car with a solar panel painted on the roof, which is producing electricity to drive the engine. the opportunities are endless. \u201d the solar cell developed at njit uses a carbon nanotubes complex, which is a molecular configuration of carbon in a cylindrical shape. although estimated to be 50, 000 times smaller than a human hair, just one nanotube can conduct current better than any conventional electrical wire. mitra and his research team took the carbon nanotubes and combined them with tiny carbon fullerenes ( sometimes known as buckyballs ) to form snake - like structures. buckyballs trap electrons, although they can \u2019 t make electrons flow. add sunlight to excite the polymers, and the buckyballs will grab the electrons. nanotubes, behaving like copper wires, then will be able to make the electrons or current flow. \u201c someday, i hope to see this process become an inexpensive energy alternative for households around the world, \u201d mitra said. ec", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5394063283759128, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ebbdca74-3fac-402d-ad43-fe49594f0872>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.712457"}
{"text": "food systems are often described as comprising four sets of activities : those involved in food production, processing and packaging, distribution and retail, and consumption. all encompass social, economic, political, and environmental processes and dimensions. to analyze the interactions between global environmental change and food systems, as well as the tradeoffs among food security and environmental goals, a food system can be more broadly conceived as including the determinants ( or drivers ) and outcomes of these activities. the determinants comprise the interactions between and within biogeophysical and human environments that determine how food system activities are performed. these activities lead to a number of outcomes, some of which contribute to food security and others that relate to the environment and other societal concerns. these outcomes are also affected directly by the determinants. food security is the principal policy objective of a food system. food security outcomes are described in terms of three components and their subcomponents : food availability, i. e., production, distribution, and exchange ; food access, i. e., affordability, allocation, and preference ; and food use, i. e., nutritional and social values and safety. although the food system activities have a large influence on food security outcomes, these outcomes are also determined directly by socio - political and environmental drivers. these outcomes vary by historical, political, and social context. to capture these concepts holistically and to allow the analysis of impacts of global environmental change, adaptations, and feedbacks, a food system must include :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5297601082228638, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:407d1f99-5473-423f-ae4c-f7bac085d37e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.720599"}
{"text": "contrary to popular belief cranberries do not grow in water. they grow in beds called ' bogs ' made of impermeable layers of sand, peat, gravel, clay and organic decaying matter from the cranberry vines. the vines can only grow and survive when special conditions exist such as an acid peat soil, an adequate supply of fresh water for irrigation and periodic flooding, a supply of sand and a long growing season that extends from april to november. there are two main methods of harvesting cranberries - dry and wet harvesting. eden organic dried cranberries are a native american variety vaccinium macrocarpon organically grown on family owned cranberry bogs in quebec, canada. ours are wet harvested, considered by some to be the best way to harvest cranberries. first our grower floods the bog with about 12 to 18 inches of water. next, a simple machine called a ' water reel ' stirs up the water and loosens the cranberries from their vines. the water reel is nicknamed the ' egg beater ' and resembles a paddle boat. cranberries have small air bubbles in the center, and once loosened from the vines they float to the surface of the flooded bog. harvesters wade out into the bog when all the cranberries are on the surface. using a specially designed gathering device they hand corral the berries into a large circle forming a thick red carpet of berries which are then loaded into trucks and taken to the processing station. here the cranberries are cleaned, sorted, and quick frozen. when ready for drying, the cranberries are thawed and infused by immersing them in organic apple juice concentrate that is circulated over them until they reach just the right sweetness or ' brix '. the infused cranberries are then rinsed, low heat dried, and coated very lightly with a mist of organic sunflower oil to prevent clumping. the low heat drying is warm air circulated until they are dry enough to become shelf stable, requiring no refrigeration. unlike most commercial dried fruit, eden organic dried cranberries contain no added refined sugar or high fructose corn syrup. we use no sulfites, chemical preservatives, or additives of any kind. cranberries are native to north america and were first used centuries ago by native americans. a versatile fruit, they discovered that it could be used not only as a food source, but also as a dye for rugs, blankets and clothing, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4158182070364631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8755e026-efe5-4ffe-b852-d2e94608dbd3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.726036"}
{"text": "cranberries are native to north america and were first used centuries ago by native americans. a versatile fruit, they discovered that it could be used not only as a food source, but also as a dye for rugs, blankets and clothing, and as a healing plant to treat arrow wounds. american indians had many names for the cranberry such as ' sasamanesh, ibimi, and atogua '. to the delaware indians it was a symbol of peace. many native americans believed that the berries had a special power that could calm the nerves. it ' s current name comes from early dutch and german settlers who named the fruit, ' crane berry ', because its small, pink blossoms resembled the head and bill of a sandhill crane. although folklore and anecdotal accounts of cranberries healthful properties ( especially the benefits to urinary tract health ) have been touted for centuries, it is recently that scientific research began revealing how healthful cranberries can be. packed with nutrients like antioxidants and other natural compounds, cranberries are a great choice for the health conscious. the usda recently found that the high phenolic content in cranberries delivers a potent antioxidant punch, rating it one of the highest out of 20 common fruits rated. to determine the antioxidant activity of various foods, the usda uses a system referred to as oxygen radical absorbance capacity ( orac ). by testing the ability of foods and other compounds to subdue oxygen free radicals, the usda was able to determine each compound ' s antioxidant capability. the orac value of cranberries is 1, 750. cranberries recently became the first fruit to carry a certified health claim in france. eden organic dried cranberries are a delicious, healthy snack, but there ' s no need to limit them to mere snacking. use eden organic cranberries in baking bread, in cakes and muffins, in pie fillings and puddings, in grain and bread stuffing, in hot cereals or on cold cereals. they can also used in making granola, granola bars, popcorn balls and caramel corn.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44086196599589306, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8755e026-efe5-4ffe-b852-d2e94608dbd3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.727147"}
{"text": "prevent or control diabetes, reduce your risk for heart disease | patient stories : judy henderson, 66 if you have diabetes, you ' re much more likely to have heart disease, a heart attack or a stroke. in fact, two out of three people with diabetes die from heart disease or stroke. but you can cut your chances of having these problems by taking special care of your heart and blood vessels. judy henderson, 66, of naperville, took action and now has her diabetes under control. \" i was discouraged, \" says henderson. \" for six years my a1c scores had been going up, even though i was taking insulin. \" a1c, a test of average blood glucose levels over two to three months, is a key indicator of how well diabetes is controlled. \" in march 2010 when my score reached 7. 5 \u2013 it ' s supposed to be under 7 \u2013 my doctor sent me to the edward diabetes center. three months later, my a1c was 6. 1 and i ' d lost 35 pounds, without focusing on losing weight. now i need less medication and feel much better. \" staff at the edward diabetes center work with patients like judy to help them make lifestyle changes that lead to healthier diets, increased activity and, ultimately, lower a1c scores. \" goals have to be doable, \" says brenda jagatic, a clinical nurse educator with the edward diabetes center. \" if the person hasn ' t exercised in 15 years, we ' re not going to recommend starting with 45 minutes of daily exercise. instead, we might suggest a 10 - 15 minute walk, three times a day. \" henderson says they discussed her a1c numbers and reviewed her log to determine what might work best. \" it helped to take my blood sugar four times a day instead of just once, \" says henderson. \" the most beneficial thing was learning to keep records. i now log meter readings, the carbs i eat, my activities and medications. \" for more information about the edward diabetes center, visit www. edward. org / diabetes or call ( 630 ) 527 - 3213.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44295398101909905, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47dd3b8e-6592-4b13-ba84-4525f5b725c9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.735004"}
{"text": "a typical bpm uses a differential pressure sensor to measure cuff or arm pressure. as the output of this sensor lies within a few micro volts ( 30 - 50\u00b5v ), the output pressure signal has to be amplified using a high - gain instrumentation amplifier with a good common mode rejection ratio ( cmrr ). usually the gain and cmrr need to be around 150 and 100 db respectively. the frequency of oscillatory pulses in the pressure signal lies between 0. 3 - 11hz with an amplitude of a few hundred microvolts. these oscillations are extracted using band - pass filters with gain around 200 and cutoff frequency at 0. 3 - 11hz. a 10 - bit adc with a speed of 50 hz is used to digitize the pressure sensor and oscillatory signal. two timers are used to calculate the heart rate and implement safety timer functionality. a safety timer regulates the pressure kept on a subject \u2019 s arm for a certain period of time. this safety timer is a part safety regulation in aami standards. a microcontroller core calculates the systolic and diastolic pressures values using an oscillometric algorithm. the cuff is inflated and deflated using motors driven by pwms. a typical non - contact digital thermometer uses a transducer, also called a thermopile, consisting of a micro machine embedded membrane with thermocouples to measure thermocouple temperature and a thermistor to measure ambient temperature. the thermocouple generates a dc voltage corresponding to the temperature difference in its junctions. the output of the thermocouple is on the order of a few \u00b5v. the signal from the thermocouple is amplified using a low - noise precision amplifier. a voltage divider is constructed with the thermistor and external precision voltage reference. this voltage divider converts the change in thermistor resistance with respect to temperature to change in voltage. voltages from the thermocouple and thermistor are used to calculate the thermocouple and ambient temperatures. the temperature is obtained from voltages using a polynomial function given by the sensor manufacturer or through a look - up table with pre - stored readings. the ambient temperature is added to the thermocouple temperature to get the final temperature measurement. a segment lcd driver, rtc, push buttons, eeprom and usb are the other peripherals needed in both of the above applications.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5209704100914507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:587a4ed7-5c61-4f88-a35c-48419c807898>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.745125"}
{"text": "skip to main content more search options a member of our team will call you back within one business day. teens on average need about 9 to 9. 5 hours of sleep at night. but most don \u2019 t get the amount of sleep they need. school, friends, homework, activities, television, and the computer may all have a higher priority for a teen than sleep. sleep deprivation can have serious consequences for a teen \u2019 s health and well - being. here \u2019 s how to better understand your child \u2019 s sleep needs and what you can do to help. teens tend to stay up late and want to sleep late in the morning. this isn \u2019 t due to laziness or stubbornness. it is actually due to natural rhythms of the teen \u2019 s body. body chemicals in teens work to make the teen naturally want to go to bed around midnight or later and wake up in the late morning. early school start times conflict with these natural body rhythms. and pressures on a teen \u2019 s time after school keep him or her from going to bed early to compensate. the result is often a sleep - deprived teen. the national institutes of health ( nih ) reports that teens who don \u2019 t get enough sleep have trouble focusing in class and often have lower grades than they are capable of. the nih has also found growing evidence linking a chronic lack of sleep in teens with an increased risk of being overweight, developing diabetes or heart disease, and getting infections. teens who are sleep deprived may fall asleep in class or other inappropriate places. and for teens who are driving, being sleepy can raise the risk of a serious accident. is your teen sleep deprived? watch for the following signs : trouble concentrating or remembering need for caffeine or other stimulants to stay awake need for naps after school trouble sleeping ( problems falling asleep or staying asleep ) tips to help your child get more sleep and be more alert during the day : encourage your teen to get a full night \u2019 s sleep on a regular basis. try to set a regular bedtime. help your teen avoid staying up late to do homework or study. if extracurricular activities after school are too time - consuming, consider cutting back. have your teen get up at the same time every morning. discourage sleeping in on weekends to \u201c catch up on sleep. \u201d this does more harm than good by throwing sleep rhythms off. limit caffeine intake. don \u2019 t let your child have caffeine after lunchtime. discourage doing anything in bed other than sleeping, such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4179855566879279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34136c78-49ba-41fd-a16f-ab2d7cd8183a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.759242"}
{"text": "\u201c catch up on sleep. \u201d this does more harm than good by throwing sleep rhythms off. limit caffeine intake. don \u2019 t let your child have caffeine after lunchtime. discourage doing anything in bed other than sleeping, such as reading, writing, eating, watching tv, talking on the phone, or playing videos or other games. restrict tv and computer use ( which can be stimulating ) for at least an hour before bedtime. instead, encourage reading, listening to quiet music, writing in a journal, or other calming activity during this time. give your teen a warm, non - caffeinated beverage ( such as milk ) before bed. make the bedroom conducive to sleep. take the tv, computer, and phone out of the bedroom. make sure the bedroom is cool and as dark and quiet as possible. turn a bright light on in the child \u2019 s room in the morning. the bright light helps the body wake up and shuts down production of sleep hormones. alarm clocks with a light feature are available on the internet. the following can be signs of a more serious problem that can be treated. let the child \u2019 s doctor know if your child : falls asleep during the day has leg twitching or moving when trying to fall asleep, or extremely restless sleep has insomnia ( trouble falling asleep or staying asleep ) often", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4745273908202889, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34136c78-49ba-41fd-a16f-ab2d7cd8183a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.760582"}
{"text": "arterial blood gases made easyby - iain hennessey, mbchb ( hons ), bsc ( hons ), mrcs, mmis, specialty registrar, paediatric surgery, manchester royal infirmary, manchester, uk - alan japp, mbchb ( hons ), bsc ( hons ), mrcp, clinical research fellow, department of cardiovascular research, university of edinburgh, uk arterial blood gas analysis plays an indispensable role in the assessment and management of patients with a huge range of acute medical and surgical problems. its importance as a key tool in the work - up of acutely unwell patients rivals that of the ecg and the chest x - ray. this book covers all aspects of the arterial blood gas in a simple, user - friendly manner. the first part explains the technique, the values obtained and common patterns of abnormalities, while the second part comprises a series of worked examples and case scenarios to allow the reader to put this system into practice. medical undergraduates at all stages of training, junior doctors in a & e, anaesthetics, surgery, acute medicine and respiratory medicine paperback, 152 pages published : september 2007 imprint : churchill livingstone - part 1 : the abg explained pulmonary gas exchange : the basics disorders of gas exchange acid base balance : the basics disorders of acid base balance abg sampling technique when and why is an abg required? making abg interpretation easy part 2 : the abg in practice the 2nd part of the book contains a series of 25 clinical scenarios each requiring interpretation of an arterial blood gas as the end point. each scenario comprises a 2 page spread. the first page includes information on history and examination findings, with or without other important test results. the opposing page shows the abg result in the style of a computer print - out and list a series of questions for the reader to answer. each scenario has a corresponding \" explanation \" page at the back of the book.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5123924551983492, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38d7c810-5206-40b6-bbcf-5ab227da25b8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.770548"}
{"text": "no, no con - con by henry lamb the u. s. constitution provides two ways to offer amendments to the constitution : by resolution of the congress ; and by a constitutional convention requested by two - thirds of the states. in either case, the proposed amendment ( s ) must be ratified by three - fourths of the states. there is a very good reason why all 27 amendments to the constitution were offered by congressional resolution : a constitutional convention is an invitation to disaster. proponents of a constitutional convention claim that opponents of a con - con use \" \u2026 half - truths, myths and outright falsehoods \u2026 \" to instill fear of the process. they do not, however, provide any examples of the alleged \" half - truths, myths, and outright falsehoods. \" here is the whole truth, which is neither a myth nor a falsehood. article v of the u. s. constitution allows states to apply to the congress for a constitutional convention. should two - thirds of the states issue such an application, congress is compelled to call a constitutional convention. note, however, that the constitution provides the states only with the authority to call for a convention for the purpose of \" \u2026 proposing amendments \u2026. \" there is no authority for the states to specify what those amendments might be, or to set, or limit the agenda of a convention. when 34 states have applied for a constitutional convention, congress is compelled to call a convention. here ' s where the scary begins. congress sets the time and location for the con - con. congress determines how the delegates are chosen, and how many delegates will be chosen. congress could designate the existing senate to be the delegates. congress could designate the electoral college from the last presidential election to be the delegates. or, congress could allow the states to choose their own delegates in whatever manner congress might contrive. but this is not the scariest part. should a constitutional convention ever be assembled, neither congress nor any state would have any authority or control over what the convention might do. there is no way for congress to set or limit the agenda of a constitutional convention, regardless of what proponents might say. as evidence, consider the only constitutional convention that was ever assembled. it was assembled expressly to amend the existing articles of confederation, with explicit instructions from some states for their delegates to walk out should the convention stray beyond this specific purpose. history demonstrates that the convention ignored its instructions and abolished the articles of confederations while creating an entirely new constitution. there is nothing to prohibit another constitutional convention from doing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4308774987223207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d10d8a1-cd08-4fb5-9760-48b450f029fb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.785451"}
{"text": "from some states for their delegates to walk out should the convention stray beyond this specific purpose. history demonstrates that the convention ignored its instructions and abolished the articles of confederations while creating an entirely new constitution. there is nothing to prohibit another constitutional convention from doing precisely the same thing. proponents of a con - con say that the requirement that three - fourths of the states must ratify whatever comes out of a constitutional amendment is a safeguard to prevent radicals on either side from imposing radical provisions. these folks forget that the convention can specify what it takes to ratify whatever they produce. they could produce a new constitution with an entirely new form of government and specify that ratification would occur upon a simple majority vote in national referendum. they could specify that the new document would be ratified when approved by state legislatures in any combination of states that represent more than 50 - percent of the population. under this scenario, a handful of blue states could transform the government of the united states. scary? you bet. scenarios such as this should instill fear and force people to reject the idea of a constitutional convention for any reason. here is a thorough explanation of the dangers. there is great need, however, to amend the constitution. the imbalance in powers between the states and the federal government grows in the favor of the feds every time congress meets or the president speaks. the united states of america originally was a unique experiment in shared sovereignty - in which the states ' power was centered in the senate, which had to approve virtually every legislative proposal suggested by the president or that originated in the people ' s house of representatives. the tension between what the states considered to be in their interest, and what the people ' s representatives and the president considered to be in their interests created a competition that could not move any idea forward until all parties had agreed. this is the genius of the american system that made america the greatest nation on earth. the 17th amendment removed the states altogether from participation in the federal government. the federal government ' s power and budget has expanded ever since. the time has come to restrain the powers of the federal government, and the best way to do it is to return to the design created by our founders. repeal the 17th amendment!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4810465795982548, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d10d8a1-cd08-4fb5-9760-48b450f029fb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.788853"}
{"text": "australian heritage commission, 2001 26 - an outer suburban house of the 1950s 6 lewellin grove, carrum, victoria lewellin grove house in 1997. after world war ii australia shared in an economic boom created by the rejuvenation of the world economy. work was plentiful and to ease labour shortages the federal government introduced an immigration program, which added to the economic momentum. these were good times, coming after years of depression and war which had restricted consumer spending and household formation, but the building industry was unable to meet the demand for housing. for around 15 years after the war, shortages of labour and building materials meant that average income earners had to downscale their expectations of housing space, style and amenity. many built their own houses, or provided unskilled labour to cut construction costs and delays. new houses were smaller and more expensive than before the war. as robin boyd put it, ' the traditional plan and structure remained unaltered, but one by one the decorations and embellishments went '. this simple weatherboard house, built in outer suburban melbourne in 1955, was typical. modest and unadorned, it enabled the owners to live and raise a family in a suburban setting, during a period of escalating building costs. in 1948 john ' jack ' frost, a toolmaker from coventry, migrated to australia. born in 1919, he was still single and by making a new start in a new land he hoped to put the sadness of the war years, in which his mother and brother had been killed during the blitz, behind him. after stints as a mechanical fitter at yallourn, and as a gold miner in kalgoorlie, jack worked as a toolmaker around melbourne. he was never out of work until the day he retired. he met gwen warry, an australian, and they married in 1954. jack frost in the ' bush ' on his lewellin grove block, 1955. gwen lived with her parents in carrum, a seaside resort on port phillip bay, around 35 kilometres from melbourne. it was located at the edge of a large area of swampland which had been drained and made available for selection during the 1870s. like most of the small towns along the bay, carrum in 1945 was ready to blossom as a suburb. the railway to frankston had been electrified in the 1920s and provided an excellent service for commuters. a fine beach was nearby and there were ample homesites, their cheapness compensating for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4318856442203516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd7c56fa-5c54-4c9d-a1d7-c3200632a77a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.801909"}
{"text": "1945 was ready to blossom as a suburb. the railway to frankston had been electrified in the 1920s and provided an excellent service for commuters. a fine beach was nearby and there were ample homesites, their cheapness compensating for the lack of sewers and made roads. carrum would never be a salubrious suburb because it was flat and flood - prone, but the area had useful community facilities, including a primary school, and later, a high school. after they married the frosts lived with gwen ' s parents. they liked the area and bought a nearby block of land. close to the shops, school, station and beach, it was an ideal homesite, but a lot of work was needed before a house could be built on it. the lot was covered in tea - trees and banksias and the road was a sand dune. but the land was cheap, and cost only \u00a3300 ; similar lots in nearby chelsea, served by made roads, were around double the price. the co - operative building society said they didn ' t mind me building the house myself, as long as i had each progressive stage checked by a qualified builder. the man who sold me the land recommended a builder. ' i ' ve seen people who try to build their own place and then get into all sorts of difficulties ', the builder said. ' why don ' t you let me build it for you and you can do as much of the building and painting as you can yourself. ' the frosts chose a design within their price range from the builder ' s book of plans. a fibro - cement garage was included in the price. jack was earning little more than the basic wage, which in 1955 was less than \u00a312 per week. new three - bedroom houses in melbourne ' s outer suburbs typically cost around \u00a33, 000. the frosts could only afford to borrow \u00a32, 500, which was still over four times their annual household income. this indicates how difficult things were at the time for working - class families. the house under construction at lewellin grove. many families in carrum responded to these high costs by building small, basic bungalows at the rear of their property and living in them until they could afford to build a full - size house. the frosts instead chose to compromise their living space. their house was only 11 squares ; before the war 15 squares had been closer to the norm. it had only two bedrooms ; luckily, this did not cause accommodation problems later, for gwen and jack '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46214817670132013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd7c56fa-5c54-4c9d-a1d7-c3200632a77a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.803371"}
{"text": "frosts instead chose to compromise their living space. their house was only 11 squares ; before the war 15 squares had been closer to the norm. it had only two bedrooms ; luckily, this did not cause accommodation problems later, for gwen and jack ' s two children were boys ( in the late 1960s the lack of space was partially alleviated when jack built a fibro - cement bungalow in the backyard, which became a third bedroom ). the hallway was a mere 38 inches wide. the dining room was a token area too small for its intended purpose and the family and visitors took meals in the kitchen. the dimensions of the front porch ran to only a few square feet. moulded cornices in the lounge / dining room and an iron porch light and screen door were the only ornamentation. the bathroom did have a separate shower and bath, and the laundry and toilet were inside. having the house built professionally took a lot of the stress out of the construction process. jack recalls that, ' a man further up the street who was building his own place was constantly chasing materials which were in short supply - even nails. he insisted on going to pick his own wood, and chose the wood which looked the best, but which turned out to be the worst '. the builder used his contacts to obtain materials promptly, but because he was working on three or four jobs at the time ' progress was jerky '. ' there ' d be times when things moved really quickly. then there ' d be frustrating periods when nothing happened. our hopes would go up and down. ' the house under construction at lewellin grove. jack and gwen provided ' sweat equity ' by doing much of the unskilled labour. on weekends they painted weatherboards and window frames. they painted the interior, varnished floorboards and put down the linoleum. jack and a neighbour built the fences. when a hole was dug in the sand for a septic tank it flooded so quickly that the plumber was convinced that a pan toilet would be necessary. instead, jack designed and built a handpump to draw out the water while the septic tank was being built. this toil took up all of their spare time, but they ended up with a soundly - built home. barbara and graeme davison have detected a pioneer spirit amongst post - war suburbanites who ' did battle with the elements, creating little oases of domestic safety and comfort in a dangerous world '. jack ' s perspective was that, ' i felt rather like a pioneer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4743460171193614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd7c56fa-5c54-4c9d-a1d7-c3200632a77a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.805253"}
{"text": "##on have detected a pioneer spirit amongst post - war suburbanites who ' did battle with the elements, creating little oases of domestic safety and comfort in a dangerous world '. jack ' s perspective was that, ' i felt rather like a pioneer because you don ' t have the chance to do that sort of thing in england. in england you saved up and bought a house which was already built. this idea of a buying a block of land and building your own house was new to me. ' gwen died in 1984, at the age of 59. jack still lives in his first home : he feels a strong sense of attachment to the place he worked so hard for and sees no reason to move. the house is now sewered, has a concrete driveway and path ( laid by jack ), and has been painted inside and out several times, but essentially has remained unchanged. the open fireplace remains the main source of heating and in summer the windows are opened and sea breezes relied upon for cooling. acknowledgements and bibliography the 1955 photographs are from jack frost and the 1997 photograph was taken by lionel frost. boyd, robin, australia ' s home : why australians built the way they did, penguin, harmondsworth 1952. davison, barbara and graeme davison, ' suburban pioneers ', in g davison, t dingle and s o ' hanlon, eds, the cream brick frontier : histories of australian suburbia, monash publications in history, clayton 1995. greig, alastair, the stuff dreams are made of : housing provision in australia 1945 - 1960, melbourne university press, carlton 1995. hibbins, gm, a history of the city of springvale : constellation of communities, lothian publishing, port melbourne 1984. mcguire, frank, chelsea : a beachside community, the city of chelsea historical society, chelsea 1985. lionel frost is an associate professor in the school of business at la trobe university. he has written several books and articles on aspects of australia ' s urban history, including australian cities in comparative view ( 1990 ) and the new urban frontier : urbanisation and city - building in australasia and the american west ( 1991 ). in 1994 he was co - winner of the prestigious dyos prize in urban history, awarded by the centre for urban history at the university of leicester. links to another web site opens a pop - up window", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4663957068395709, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd7c56fa-5c54-4c9d-a1d7-c3200632a77a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.807334"}
{"text": "the middle school enjoys its own spirited identity at episcopal while still maintaining a close connection to the upper and lower schools. it is a place where there are opportunities for students to develop a sense of belonging, ownership and responsibility for this community and any other communities in which they participate. we use the ten stripes ( self - control, faith, honesty, courtesy, kindness, generosity, gratitude, courage, respect and sportsmanship ) as the foundation of all of our interactions to inspire students to embody these qualities. we have chapel and advisory programs that are in place to empower and support students to acquire the skills and develop the character and confidence to make good decisions, engage fully and act mindfully. we encourage and teach our students to reflect on the many ways they interact with the community and strive to help them see different perspectives in all that we do. we strive to teach, model and promote important academic ideas, dexterity in communication and strong interpersonal skills. students are challenged to develop organizational skills, study habits and habits of mind that support individual growth and allow for the pursuit of a challenging academic curriculum. we work to balance mind, body and spirit through participation in a rigorous academic program where we pursue knowledge, big ideas and questions and use a variety of instructional strategies to foster curiosity, exploration, and creativity. we strive for our students to become critical thinkers, independent and lifelong learners, strong communicators, healthy risk takers and good global citizens. a step up in middle school in sixth grade, students begin interscholastic competition in athletics and are required to participate in chorus, band, or string ensemble ; modern language offerings include french, mandarin chinese and spanish. in i and ii form, latin and classical studies are required and a vibrant elective program is offered. students can take an active role in shaping the middle school community through student council, chapel council, and yearbook for 7th and 8th grade students. courses in 2 - d design, ceramics, music technology, and community theater are offered in the arts and electives like robotics and digital video production push students to weave creativity with technology. students are expected to gain independence, speak their mind and defend their opinions and are encouraged to develop the confidence in themselves they \u2019 ll need to succeed upper school, in college, and beyond.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43725825201000446, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:306f00b4-fb74-49a2-b4ab-a0f2f35a8c6b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.814277"}
{"text": "satellites are tracing europe ' s forest fire scars burning with a core heat approaching 800\u00b0c and spreading at up to 100 metres per minute, woodland blazes bring swift, destructive change to landscapes : the resulting devastation can be seen from space. an esa - backed service to monitor european forest fire damage will help highlight areas most at risk of future outbreaks. last year ' s long hot summer was a bumper year for forest fires, with more than half a million hectares of woodland destroyed across mediterranean europe. so far this year fresh fires have occurred across portugal, spain and southern france, with 2500 people evacuated from blazes in foothills north of marseille. according to the european commission, each hectare of forest lost to fire costs europe ' s economy between a thousand and 5000 euros. the distinctive ' burn scars ' left across the land by forest fires can be identified from space as a specific reddish - brown spectral signature from a false - colour composite of spectral bands from optical sensors in the short wavelength infrared, near infrared and visible channels. a new esa - backed, earth observation - based service is making use of this fact, employing satellite imagery from spot and landsat to automatically detect the 2004 burn scars within fire - prone areas of the entente region of southwest france, within the puglia and marche regions of italy and across the full territory of spain. burn scar detection is planned to take place on a seasonal basis, identifying fires covering at least one hectare to a standard resolution of 30 metres, with detailed damage assessment available to a maximum resolution of 2. 5 metres using the spot 5 satellite. partner users include italy ' s national civil protection department, spain ' s direccion general para la biodiversidad \u2013 a directorate of the environment ministry that supports regional fire - fighting activities with more than 50 aircraft operating from 33 airbases \u2013 as well as france ' s national department of civil protection ( ddsc ) and the country ' s centre d ' essais et de recherce de l ' entente ( ceren ), the test and research centre of the government organisation tasked with combating forest fires, known as the entente interdepartementale. \" to cope with fire disasters, the most affected departments in the south of france have decided to join forces to ensure effective forest fire protection, \" explained nicolas raffalli of ceren. \" within the entente region we have an existing fire database called promethee, which is filled out either by firemen, forestry workers or policemen across the 13 departments making", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4472027264807199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd153b67-1ade-4ef6-a92e-d45919430591>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.831180"}
{"text": "forest fire protection, \" explained nicolas raffalli of ceren. \" within the entente region we have an existing fire database called promethee, which is filled out either by firemen, forestry workers or policemen across the 13 departments making up the region. \" current methods of recording fire damage vary greatly by country or region. the purpose of this new service \u2013 part of a portfolio of earth observation services known as risk - eos \u2013 is to develop a standardised burn scar mapping methodology for use throughout europe, along with enabling more accurate post - fire damage assessment and analysis of vegetation re - growth and manmade changes within affected areas. \" we want to link up promethee with this burn scar mapping product from risk - eos to have a good historical basis of information, \" raffalli added. \" the benefit is that it makes possible a much more effective protection of the forest. \" characterising the sites of past fires to a more thorough level of detail should mean that service users can better forecast where fires are most likely to break out in future, a process known as risk mapping. having been validated and geo - referenced, burn scar maps can then be easily merged with other relevant geographical detail. the vast majority of fires are started by the actions of human beings, from discarding cigarette butts up to deliberate arson. checking burn scar occurrences against roads, settlements and off - road tracks is likely to throw up correlations. these can be extrapolated elsewhere to help identify additional areas at risk where preventative measures should be prioritised. and overlaying burn scar maps with a chart of forest biomass has the potential to highlight zones where new blazes would burn the fiercest. once such relatively fixed environmental elements, known as static risks, are factored in, other aspects that change across time \u2013 including temperature, rainfall and vegetation moisture \u2013 can be addressed. these variables are known as dynamic risks. at the end of the risk mapping process, the probability of fire breaking out in a particular place and time can be reliably calculated. the risk - eos burn scar mapping service began last year. the intention is to develop further fire - related services by the end of 2007, including daily risk maps combining eo with meteorological and vegetation data. another planned service will identify ' hot spots ' during fires, and map fire events twice a day, permitting an overall assessment of its development and the damage being done. a ' fires memory atlas ' set up at national or regional level will allow the routine sharing of all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5060377135365727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd153b67-1ade-4ef6-a92e-d45919430591>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.832521"}
{"text": "will identify ' hot spots ' during fires, and map fire events twice a day, permitting an overall assessment of its development and the damage being done. a ' fires memory atlas ' set up at national or regional level will allow the routine sharing of all information related to forest fire events and fire risk. \" for the future i think near - real time fire and hot spot mapping would obviously be extremely useful, \" raffalli concluded. \" with these products those managing the situation could see where the fire is, as well as the hot spots inside it. they can then deploy ground and aerial resources with maximum efficiency. \" building on italscar italy ' s national civil protection department is providing advice on the implementation of the risk - eos service, based on previous experience with an esa data user programme ( dup ) project called italscar. run for esa by the italian firms telespazio una societa finmeccanica and vitrociset, italscar charted burn scars across the whole of italian territory occurring between june and september during the years 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000. for the last quarter of a century, italian legislation had required that all burned areas be recorded and mapped, as no land use change is permitted to occur on such terrain for 15 years after a blaze, no new building construction for the next ten years, and no new publicly funded reforestation for a half - decade. however the mapping of burn scars is the responsibility of local administration and their methodologies and overall effectiveness are highly variable. no central cartographic archive of burn scar perimeters exists : the closest equivalent is a cardset index ( anti incendio boschivi or aib ) recording fire - fighting interventions by the italian forest guards. the italscar burn scar maps were produced across a wide variety of different forest classes. burn scars were mapped pixel by pixel using an automated software system, followed up with manual photo - interpretation for quality assurance. to ensure confidence in the results they were validated using ground surveys and checked against reports from local fire brigades and forest guards ' aib records. the risk - eos burn scar mapping service is based around this same methodology. managed by astrium, risk - eos also incorporates services for flood as well as fire risk management. it forms part of the services element of global monitoring for environment and security ( gmes ), an initiative supported jointly by esa and the european commission and intended to establish an independent european capability for worldwide environmental monitoring on an operational basis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44732627133806374, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd153b67-1ade-4ef6-a92e-d45919430591>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.835175"}
{"text": "| \" money doesn ' t grow on trees \" = don ' t waste money because it isn ' t always easy to come by | \" watch how much you spend because money doesn ' t grow on trees. \" \" have a green thumb \" = special ability at making plants grow well \" she has a real green thumb for growing beautiful decorative trees. \" more of randall ' s favorite learning resources [ quiz script | text completion quiz ] recycling and protecting the environment is very important in our world today. now, you will listen to an award - winning essay on trees in which a girl explains why she loves trees? what ideas would you expect to hear in such an essay? | i. pre - listening exercises [ top ] | helpful tip : deforestation is a serious problem around the world, and planting new trees never seems to keep up with the demand. you can help by recycling paper and even just simply reusing paper for different purposes. | listen to the conversation by pressing the \" play audio \" button and answer the questions. press the \" final score \" button to check your quiz. | ii. listening exercises [ top ] | [ other audio options : play realmedia | play window media ] listen to the conversation again as you read the quiz script and do the text completion quiz. | iii. post - listening exercises [ top ] | what environmental problems can you think that pose great danger to nature and our world ( e. g., acid rain, deforestation, water pollution )? are these threats caused by human activity or by natural occurrences? what are some solutions to these problems? share your ideas on these important issues. now, write your opinions on a similar topic at randall ' s esl blog here. randall ' s sites : daily esl | esl blog | ezslang | train your accent | tips for students | hiking in utah", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5012455815083754, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c52aa678-b504-46e9-b27a-9cb8da04003f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.837208"}
{"text": "this little led - lit cube is much more than just a paper lantern : it \u2019 s a translucent and flexible thin - film electronic circuit that hooks up a battery to an led, limber enough to be folded into an origami box. and the coolest thing about circuits like these? you can make them at home. in what follows, we combine basic electronics ( an led throwie ) and papercraft ( a traditional origami balloon ) to make what might be called an \u201c led foldie. \u201d the circuitry consists of aluminum foil traces, ironed onto adhesive paper such as freezer paper, photo mounting paper, or even a laser printed pattern. something constructed this way can then be folded so fit an led and battery to complete the circuit. the first step in designing a three - dimensional circuit like this is to see where the parts go. after that we will unfold the model, draw circuit paths between the points that we want to connect, and go from there. to get started, we first folded an origami balloon, and then inserted the components where we wanted them. the balloon has a convenient pocket on the side for a lithium coin cell, and a single hole that allows you to point an led into the interior of the balloon. ( and you can follow along with balloon folding in this flickr photo set. ) we marked up the locations of the battery and led terminals on the origami balloon \u2013 while still folded \u2013 and then unfolded our \u201c circuit board. \u201d at this point, we have the component locations marked, but no lines drawn between them. the next step is to add those circuitry lines ( circuit board wires, or traces ) between the battery and led. one thing to keep in mind for interfacing papercraft to electronics : it \u2019 s helpful if the circuit traces fold over the leads for the led in order to maintain good contact. after connecting the dots ( so to speak ) we have the resulting layout of our circuit. ( see pdf below as well. ) pretty simple here \u2013 only two wires! the two round pads contact the two sides of the battery, and the two angled pads contact the two leads of the led. the next step is to actually fabricate our circuit board. we \u2019 ve actually found two slightly different techniques that work well, so we \u2019 ll show you both. first is the \u201c freezer paper \u201d method ( which also works with sheets of dry mount adhesive ), where you laminate foil traces to the plastic - coated paper. second", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5106534516816045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be5b9947-6ade-424a-9674-8790fd285dc7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.846048"}
{"text": "different techniques that work well, so we \u2019 ll show you both. first is the \u201c freezer paper \u201d method ( which also works with sheets of dry mount adhesive ), where you laminate foil traces to the plastic - coated paper. second is the \u201c direct toner \u201d method, where you print out a circuit diagram on a laser printer and laminate the foil to the printed toner. ( both of these methods of fabricating paper circuitry can be applied in all kinds of other arenas besides origami. our origami balloon example provides a good demonstration of the techniques! ) method i : the \u201c freezer paper \u201d method next, cut out your traced pattern. scissors work well, of course. be careful not to tear the foil! prefolding your paper and comparing to your circuit layout will show you where to lay the aluminum foil pieces out on your paper. then, use an iron to laminate the foil to the paper. what kind of paper? the easiest ( but slightly obscure ) choice is \u201c dry mount adhesive, \u201d which is tissue paper infused with high - quality hot - melt glue. you can get sheets or rolls of it from art supply places for use in mounting artwork and photography. much more common and equally workable is freezer paper. freezer paper is a common plastic - coated paper that you can get on rolls at the grocery store \u2013 look in the section with the aluminum foil. ( place foil on the shiny side of the freezer paper ). we used a small hobby iron to fuse the foil to our different papers, but a regular iron works just as well. the dry mount adhesive did not require much heat, while the freezer paper needed the iron to be on high \u2013 that plastic has to melt. we folded a larger sheet of parchment paper over the whole circuit during ironing in order to keep the adhesives from sticking to the iron and other surfaces. we also experimented with waxed paper, which was not sticky enough for the aluminum foil. we even tried ironing copper leaf onto waxed paper, and though it adhered well, it was too fragile and the traces broke upon folding. it would probably work reasonably well in an application where folding isn \u2019 t required : it was absolutely beautiful and completely unreliable for origami. once the foil is adhered to the paper, it is time to refold it. insert the components, and it lights up. if it doesn \u2019 t light up, try turning your battery around. if it still doesn \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47346687786776975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be5b9947-6ade-424a-9674-8790fd285dc7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.847134"}
{"text": "origami. once the foil is adhered to the paper, it is time to refold it. insert the components, and it lights up. if it doesn \u2019 t light up, try turning your battery around. if it still doesn \u2019 t light up, make sure your led leads are contacting the traces. hint for this circuit : you won \u2019 t hurt the led by plugging it in backwards to that little battery, so this is a better method than actually trying to keep track of the polarity. the led foldie naturally wants to sit on the heaviest part, the battery, with the led projecting into the side of the balloon. the weight of the battery helps keep the circuit connected. method ii : the \u201c direct toner \u201d method our last breakthrough came when we created a pdf pattern to print out. we realized that you could fuse the foil directly to the toner from a laser printer. you can print out the pattern ( laser printers only : no inkjet! ) and iron your foil pieces directly to the paper. caveat : while the foil sticks well to the toner, it isn \u2019 t quite strong enough that you can just iron on a giant sheet of foil and have it only stick where there \u2019 s toner, so you still need to cut out the foil shapes, at least roughly. place your foil carefully over the pattern, and iron very well, very hot. be sure to cover your work with parchment paper or you will get toner on your iron. when your foil is stuck to the toner, cut out the square and get ready to fold. inflate, add battery and led, and admire the glow. as before, if you have trouble, try turning your battery around and making sure that the leads of the led are making contact with the foil. and there it is : a bridge between papercraft and electronics, or perhaps between etch - at - home printed circuit boards and high - end flex pcbs. we think that there \u2019 s some potential here. your turn! what kinds of origami can you light up? as always, we \u2019 d love to see your project pictures in the evil mad science auxiliary.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48745270218920933, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be5b9947-6ade-424a-9674-8790fd285dc7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.850004"}
{"text": "the evolution deceit imaginary dinosaur - bird links as you saw in earlier chapters, it ' s impossible for birds to have evolved from dinosaurs, since no mechanism can have eliminated the enormous physiological differences between the two groups. despite this, evolutionists still raise the scenario of birds being evolved from dinosaurs in various ways. they frequently resort to news reports, using pictures of reconstructions and sensational headlines regarding these so - called dino - birds, as if they represented the true facts. these accounts are intended to convince people feathered dinosaurs once lived on earth. this scenario is presented persistently as it were a proven fact. all objections, criticisms and counter - evidence are totally ignored, clearly indicating that this is deliberate propaganda intended to impose dino - bird myths on society. the biased fossil interpretations we shall examine in the following pages reveal their hollow, deceptive nature. the claim that birds evolved from dinosaurs is actually opposed by a great many paleontologists or anatomists who otherwise support the theory of evolution. as you have seen, two renowned ornithologists, alan feduccia and larry martin, think this scenario is completely erroneous. this is set out in the textbook developmental biology, taught in u. s. universities : not all biologists believe that birds are dinosaurs... this group of scientists emphasize the differences between dinosaurs and birds, claiming that the differences are too great for the birds to have evolved from earlier dinosaurs. alan feduccia, and larry martin, for instance, contend that birds could not have evolved from any known group of dinosaurs. they argue against some of the most important cladistic data and support their claim from developmental biology and biomechanics. 170 many evolutionist publications refer to the thesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs as if it were based on solid evidence and accepted by the entire scientific community. they try to give the impression that the only subject up for debate is which species of dinosaur birds evolved from. although martin earlier supported the dino - bird claim, he eventually realized in the light of his research that it was invalid, and abandoned his former ideas : every time i look at the evidence formerly discovered and then make a claim about the origins of the theropod, i saw its inaccuracy. that is because everything shows its inadequacy. the truth of the matter is that \u2026 i seriously suspect that they have the same features with birds and don ' t think that there exist striking features supporting that birds are of theropod origin. 171 feduccia admits that concerning the origin of birds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4507993682092318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6c7d68d-a1f6-4ee7-ab79-85230e4036f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.878351"}
{"text": "the truth of the matter is that \u2026 i seriously suspect that they have the same features with birds and don ' t think that there exist striking features supporting that birds are of theropod origin. 171 feduccia admits that concerning the origin of birds, the theory of evolution finds itself in a state of uncertainty. he attaches no credence to the deliberately maintained dino - bird controversy, which is in fact groundless. important information is contained in his article, \" birds are dinosaurs : simple answer to a complex problem, \" published in october 2002 in the auk, the journal of the american ornithologists ' union, in which the most technical aspects of ornithology are discussed. feduccia describes in detail how the idea that birds evolved from dinosaurs, raised by john ostrom in the 1970s and fiercely defended ever since, lacks any scientific evidence, and how such an evolution is impossible. feduccia is not alone among evolutionists in this regard. peter dodson, the evolutionist professor of anatomy from pennsylvania university, also doubts that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs : i am on record as opposing cladistics and catastrophic extinction of dinosaurs ; i am tepid on endothermic dinosaurs ; i am skeptical about the theropod ancestry of birds. 172 despite being an evolutionist, dodson admits the unrealistic claims of the theory of evolution, and has come in for severe criticism from his evolutionist colleagues. in one article, he responds to these criticisms : personally, i continue to find it problematic that the most birdlike maniraptoran theropods are found 25 to 75 million years after the origin of birds.... ghost lineages are frankly a contrived solution, a deus ex machina required by the cladistic method. of course, it is admitted that late cretaceous maniraptorans are not the actual ancestors of birds, only \" sister taxa. \" are we being asked to believe that a group of highly derived, rapidly evolving maniraptorans in the jurassic gave rise to birds, as manifested by archaeopteryx, and then this highly progressive lineage then went into a state of evolutionary stasis and persisted unchanged in essential characters for millions of years? or are actual ancestors far more basal in morphology and harder to classify? if the latter, then why insist that the problem is now solved? 173 alan feduccia sets out an important fact concerning the dino - birds said to have been found in china : the \" feathers \" on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4883032384270538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6c7d68d-a1f6-4ee7-ab79-85230e4036f7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.879435"}
{"text": "basal in morphology and harder to classify? if the latter, then why insist that the problem is now solved? 173 alan feduccia sets out an important fact concerning the dino - birds said to have been found in china : the \" feathers \" on the fossils said to be those of feathered dinosaurs are definitely not bird feathers. a considerable body of evidence shows that these fossil traces have nothing at all to do with bird feathers. he says this in an article published in the auk magazine : having studied most of the specimens said to sport protofeathers, i, and many others, do not find any credible evidence that those structures represent protofeathers. many chinese fossils have that strange halo of what has become known as dino - fuzz, but although that material has been \" homologized \" with avian feathers, the arguments are far less than convincing. 174 citing richard o. prum, one of the supporters of the dino - bird claims, as an example, feduccia goes on to mention the prejudiced approach so prevalent on the subject : prum ' s view is shared by many paleontologists : birds are dinosaurs ; therefore, any filamentous material preserved in dromaeosaurs must represent protofeathers. 175 latest research has dealt a severe blow to feathered dinosaur claims the fossilized structures referred to as dinosaur feathers were shown by theagarten ( solly ) lingham - soliar, a paleontologist from durban - westville university in south africa to be nothing more than decayed connective tissue. professor lingham - soliar performed an experiment by burying a dolphin in river mud, semi - permeable to air for a year. the reason a dolphin was selected was that its flesh is easy to analyze. at the end of this period, the professor examined the dolphin ' s bunches of collagen \u2014 which constitutes connective tissue in the bodies of most living things \u2014 under a microscope. according to him, the decayed collagen in the dolphin ' s body bore \" a striking resemblance to feathers. \" 1 the german magazine naturwissenschaften commented that : \" the findings throw serious doubt on the virtually complete reliance on visual image by supporters of the feathered dinosaur thesis and emphasize the need for more rigorous methods of identification using modern feathers as a frame of reference. \" 2 with this finding, it emerged that even a dolphin could leave behind traces of apparent feathers. this once again showed that there are no grounds for regarding extinct", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5358315313120594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6c7d68d-a1f6-4ee7-ab79-85230e4036f7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.880459"}
{"text": "emphasize the need for more rigorous methods of identification using modern feathers as a frame of reference. \" 2 with this finding, it emerged that even a dolphin could leave behind traces of apparent feathers. this once again showed that there are no grounds for regarding extinct dinosaurs with \" feathers \" as proto - birds. 1. stephen strauss, \" buried dolphin corpse serves science, \" 11 november 2003 ; http : / / www. theglobeandmail. com / servlet / articlenews / tpstory / lac / 20031111 / udino11 / tpscience / according to feduccia, one factor that invalidates this preconception is the presence of these same traces in fossils that have no relationship with birds : most important, \" dino - fuzz \" is now being discovered in a number of taxa, some unpublished, but particularly in a chinese pterosaur and a therizinosaur, which has teeth like those of prosauropods. most surprisingly, skin fibers very closely resembling dino - fuzz have been discovered in a jurassic ichthyosaur and described in detail. some of those branched fibers are exceptionally close in morphology to the so - called branched protofeathers ( \" prum protofeathers \" \" ) described by xu. that these so - called protofeathers have a widespread distribution in archosaurs is evidence alone that they have nothing to do with feathers. 176 feduccia recalls that various structures found around these fossils and thought to belong to them, were later determined to consist of inorganic matter : one is reminded of the famous fernlike markings on the solnhofen fossils known as dendrites. despite their plantlike outlines, these features are now known to be inorganic structures caused by a solution of manganese from within the beds that reprecipitated as oxides along cracks or along bones of fossils. 177 the fossil beds preserve not only an indefinite structure such as dino - fuzz but also bird feathers. but all the fossils presented as feathered dinosaurs have been found in china. why should these fossils have not emerged from anywhere else in the world \u2014 feduccia draws attention to this intriguing state of affairs : one must explain also why all theropods and other dinosaurs discovered in other deposits where integument is preserved exhibit no dino - fuzz, but true reptilian skin, devoid of any featherlike material ( feduccia 1999 ), and why typically chinese dromaeosaurs preserving dino - fuzz do not normally preserve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5385281892367347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6c7d68d-a1f6-4ee7-ab79-85230e4036f7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.884153"}
{"text": "bird. one of the best - known fossils in the alleged dino - bird chain is mononychus, discovered in mongolia in 1993 and claimed to be an intermediate form between dinosaurs and birds. although not the slightest trace of feathers was found in this fossil, time magazine reconstructed the creature with feathers on the cover of its 26 april, 1993 issue. subsequent evidence revealed that mononychus was no bird but a fossorial ( digging ) theropod. the fact that this fossil had a bird - like breastbone and wrist bones led evolutionists to interpret mononychus as an intermediate form. biased interpretations and support from the media gave the impression that some proof existed to back this up. however, the anatomical features depicted as evidence are also found in other animals, such as moles. these inferences represent no evidence at all and they have only led to misinterpretations. writing to science news, richard monastersky reports, based on observations, why this fossil cannot be classified ; mongolian and u. s. researchers have found a 75 - million - year - old bird - like creature with a hand so strange it has left paleontologists grasping for an explanation... paul sereno of the university of chicago notes that mononychus had arms built much like those of digging animals. because moles and other diggers have keeled sternums and wrists reminiscent of birds, the classification of mononychus becomes difficult. 181 in addition, this fossil is at least 80 million years younger than archaeopteryx \u2014 which totally undermines any proposed 2 ) bambiraptor feinbergi, depicted with imaginary feathers evolutionist media immediately give certain bird - like features to biased interpretations. the fossil bambiraptor feinbergi, claimed to be an intermediate form between dinosaurs and birds, was depicted as a feathered reptile in media illustrations. however, there is no evidence that this creature ever had feathers. in 1994, another dino - bird claim was made on behalf of a fossil called bambiraptor feinbergi, estimated to be 75 million years old. found in the glacier national park in northern montana, the fossil is 95 % complete. evolutionists promptly claimed that it represents an intermediate form between dinosaurs and birds. when the fossil, belonging to a dinosaur, was introduced as an alleged dino - bird, the report admitted, \" feathers, however, have not yet been found. \" 182 despite this reservation, the media drew the animal as a feathered creature, and the missing details were added using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48473790942597733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6c7d68d-a1f6-4ee7-ab79-85230e4036f7>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.886864"}
{"text": "dinosaur, was introduced as an alleged dino - bird, the report admitted, \" feathers, however, have not yet been found. \" 182 despite this reservation, the media drew the animal as a feathered creature, and the missing details were added using plenty of creative imagination. the most evident objection to this so - called missing link is again, an error in dating. this alleged intermediate form fossil is 75 million years younger than archaeopteryx, itself a species of flying bird. this fossil is therefore a specimen that demolished the ancestral relationship claimed by evolutionists. in the same way that this fossil provides no evidence for evolution, it also demolished the ancestral relationship claimed by evolutionists. according to ohio university professor of zoology john ruben : a point that too many people always ignored, however, is that the most birdlike of the dinosaurs, such as bambiraptor and velociraptor, lived 70 million years after the earliest bird, archaeopteryx. so you have birds flying before the evolution of the first birdlike dinosaurs. we now question very strongly whether there were any feathered dinosaurs at all. what have been called feathered dinosaurs were probably flightless birds. 183 evolutionists use a few bird - like characteristics as grounds for their preconceived interpretations. yet the effort of building a line of descent based on similarities is full of contradictions that evolutionists cannot explain. whenever evolutionists construct an alleged evolutionary relationship between clearly different living things based on similar structures, they immediately close the subject by describing it as \" parallel evolution. \" they claim that living things with similar complex organs but with no ancestors in common, evolved independently. however, since they cannot account for the origin of these complex organs in even one living thing, their statements that these organs supposedly evolved several times presents a serious predicament. alan feduccia states that certain similarities between birds and dinosaurs do not show any evolutionary relationship between the two groups : bambiraptor is a small dinosaur, but it does have a number of birdlike features, as do many other forms. however there is nothing special about hollow bones, as some mammals and frogs have them. the problem, of course, is that bambiraptor is some 80 million years beyond archaeopteryx, and yet is claimed to be the dinosaur most close to bird ancestry. that alone should be a red flag, and a warning that the situation is far more complicated than suspected. 184 3 ) confuciusornis sanctus : identical to modern birds two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5109662097871971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6c7d68d-a1f6-4ee7-ab79-85230e4036f7>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.887896"}
{"text": "yet is claimed to be the dinosaur most close to bird ancestry. that alone should be a red flag, and a warning that the situation is far more complicated than suspected. 184 3 ) confuciusornis sanctus : identical to modern birds two paleontologists, lianhai hou and zhonghe zhou, researching at the vertebrate paleontology institute in china in 1995, discovered a new species of fossilized bird, which they named confuciusornis sanctus. this was presented to the public as the earliest flying dinosaur, even as evidence for how hands used for grasping turned into hands used for flight. according to alan feduccia, however, this fossil is one of the frequently encountered beaked birds. this one had no teeth, and its beak and feathers share the same features as present - day birds. there are claws on its wings, as with archaeopteryx, and its skeletal structure is identical to those of modern - day birds. a structure known as the pygostyle, which supports the tail feathers, can also be seen. in short, evolutionists regarded this fossil as a semi - reptile, the earliest ancestor of all birds, of a similar age ( about 142 million years ) as archaeopteryx and, bearing a close resemblance to present - day birds. this clearly conflicts with the evolutionist theses that archaeopteryx is the earliest ancestor of all birds. 185 this is also definitive proof that archaeopteryx and other archaic birds are not intermediate forms. these and similar fossils show no evidence that different bird species evolved from earlier ones. on the contrary, it proves that present - day birds and certain unique bird species similar to archaeopteryx lived at the same time. some of these species, such as confuciusornis and archaeopteryx, are extinct, but a few have survived to the present day. what is in the heavens and in the earth belongs to allah. allah encompasses all things. ( surat an - nisa, 126 ) 4 ) protarchaeopteryx robusta and caudipteryx zoui : vehicles for biased interpretations caudipteryx zoui, protarch\u00e6opteryx robusta the fossils protarch\u00e6opteryx robusta and caudipteryx zoui do not belong to dinosaurs, but to extinct flightless birds. the efforts to portray these creatures as dinosaurs is an example of evolutionists ' eagerness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4442808727675042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6c7d68d-a1f6-4ee7-ab79-85230e4036f7>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.889064"}
{"text": "the fossils protarch\u00e6opteryx robusta and caudipteryx zoui do not belong to dinosaurs, but to extinct flightless birds. the efforts to portray these creatures as dinosaurs is an example of evolutionists ' eagerness to produce evidence. in the summer of 1996, farmers working in the yixian formation found three separate turkey - sized fossils, so well preserved as to give genuine evidence of bird feathers. at first, ji qiang and his colleague ji shu - an concluded that these fossils must belong to a single species. noting their surprising similarity to archaeopteryx, they gave the creature the name protarchaeopteryx robusta. during his research in the autumn of 1997, philip currie concluded that these fossils belonged to two different species, neither of which resembled archaeopteryx. the second species was given the name caudipteryx zoui. 186 the discoveries of the protarch\u00e6opteryx robusta and caudipteryx zoui fossils were depicted as evidence that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs. 187 the popular press stated that these fossils were definitely the so - called ancestors of birds. one commentator even wrote that the dinosaur - bird link was \" now pretty close to rock solid. \" 188 however, this certainty was again, only a biased interpretation. according to evolutionist claims, caudipteryx and protarchaeopteryx were small dinosaurs whose bodies were largely covered in feathers. but on their wings and tails were longer and more complex feathers, arranged like those in present - day birds. however, it is no surprise that these creatures should have feather arrangements similar to modern birds ', because their feathers are symmetrically shaped, as observed in present - day flightless birds. 189 therefore, the creatures in question are flightless birds, not dinosaurs. in severely criticizing the dino - bird dogma, larry martin and alan feduccia stated that these fossils were flightless bird species like the modern ostrich. 190 but adherents of the dino - bird theory are reluctant to accept this because they want to classify the creatures as dinosaurs, even though this fossil provides no support for evolutionist claims. indeed, this fossil represents a new contradiction to evolutionists ' alleged ancestral relationships. according to the evolutionist scenario, these dinosaurs and modern birds both have a special bone that lets them bend their wrists. again according to evolutionist claims, this feature enabled them to move their forefeet in a wide manner, to catch fleeing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5095231924756641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6c7d68d-a1f6-4ee7-ab79-85230e4036f7>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.890306"}
{"text": ". according to the evolutionist scenario, these dinosaurs and modern birds both have a special bone that lets them bend their wrists. again according to evolutionist claims, this feature enabled them to move their forefeet in a wide manner, to catch fleeing prey with their long arms and gripping talons. this allegedly powerful beating movement represented an important part of the wingbeats the today ' s birds use to fly. however, such interpretations are scientifically invalid, because flight consists of far more complex actions than just wing beating : any forward beating movement gives rises to a counter impulse that propels the bird backward. for the purpose of flight, the main flight feathers are arranged at such an angle as to push the air back and propel the birds forwards. as in planes, the wings have a special aerofoil shape, which causes air to flow faster over the upper surface than the lower. this, according to the bernoulli principle, reduces air pressure on the upper surface and creates lift. this is the main factor in take - off, but there is also the question of newton ' s third law \u2014 the reaction to the air being propelled downward. ). 191 while refuting the theory of evolution ' s dino - bird claims, the world of science also confirms that living things are perfectly created. the attitude of evolutionist scientists clearly reveals that they are blindly devoted to the theory in question. in addition, the structure of a wing hypothesized to catch prey is very different from that created for beating in flight. a feathered wing is no advantage to a bird using its wings to catch prey, because a feathered wing ' s broad surface will only increase air resistance and make movement more difficult. if, the bird flapped for hunting, as evolutionists maintain then its wing structure should help the bird move forward by pushing air back. therefore, it would be a greater advantage for the bird ' s wings to let air pass through them, like a sieve or flyswatter. thus evolutionist accounts are full of illogicalities that conflict with their own claims. in addition to its feathers, caudipteryx has a series of other features showing it to be a bird \u2014 such as that it was carnivorous. caudopteryx was portrayed as a theropod since it was first unearthed, it was thought to be a carnivore. 192 but there were no teeth in its lower skull and lower jaw, and the first two fossil specimens contained the remains of crops that birds use for digesting plant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5212310532043785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6c7d68d-a1f6-4ee7-ab79-85230e4036f7>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.891336"}
{"text": "of connecticut university had this to say : the stiff, bristlelike fibers that outline the fossils lack the detailed organization seen in modern feathers. 196 another important point is that sinosauropteryx had bellows - like lungs, like those in reptiles. according to many researchers, these show that the animal could not have evolved into modern - day birds with their high - performance lungs. 6 ) eoalulavis hoyasi shares with wing structure of modern - day birds the wing structure in eoalulavis hoyasi is also present in certain present - day flying birds. the feathers on this bird ' s wing contain a small bunch of feathers attached to the \" finger \". when the bird wishes to slow down or descend to earth, it decreases the angle of the wing to the horizon. this allows air to flow over the wing ' s top surface and to stop without falling. another fossil to demolish evolutionist claims was eoalulavis hoyasi. this, estimated at some 120 million years old, is older than all the known theropod specimens. nonetheless, wing structure in eoalulavis hoyasi is identical to some modern - day flying birds. this proves that vertebrates identical in many respects to modern birds were flying 120 million years ago. 197 any suggestion that theropods, which appeared after this creature, were the ancestors of birds is clearly irrational. this bird ' s wing has a bunch of small feathers attached to the \" finger. \" recognizable as the alula, this structure is a basic feature of many birds alive today and consisting of several feathers that permits the bird to engage in various maneuvers during flight. but it had never before been encountered in a fossil bird from the mesozoic. this new bird was given the name eoalulavis hoyasi, or \" ancient bird with an alula. \" 198 its presence shows that this bird, the size of a chaffinch, was able to fly and maneuver as well as modern - day birds. the alula functions like the wing flap on an airplane. when the bird wants to reduce its speed or landing, it increases of its wing to the horizon. the drag produced by this wing position helps the bird to slow down. but when the angle between the direction of the air flow and the wing surface gets too steep, turbulence over the wing increases until the bird loses the lift necessary to maintain flight. like an airplane under similar circumstances, the bird is in danger of stalling in midair.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5034485401102334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6c7d68d-a1f6-4ee7-ab79-85230e4036f7>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.895857"}
{"text": "between the direction of the air flow and the wing surface gets too steep, turbulence over the wing increases until the bird loses the lift necessary to maintain flight. like an airplane under similar circumstances, the bird is in danger of stalling in midair. the alula now enters the equation. by raising this small appendage, the bird creates a slot between it and the main part of the wing, similar to what happens when a pilot deploys a craft ' s wing flaps. the slot allows air to stream over the main wing ' s upper surface, easing turbulence and allowing the bird ( or plane ) to brake without stalling. 199 birds 120 million years ago were using the same technology as that employed present. this realization added yet another insuperable difficulty facing the theory of evolution. 7 ) unenlagia comahuensis : a dino - bird based on artists ' imaginations fernando e. novas of the argentine museum of natural sciences in buenos aires and pablo f. puerta of the paleontology museum in trelew announced a new fossil, said to be 90 million years old, in the 22 may, 1997, edition of nature magazine, under the caption \" missing link. \" 200 they named this fossil unenlagia comahuensis, meaning \" half - bird from north - west patagonia. \" this fossil, discovered in argentina ' s patagonia region, consisted of more than 20 pieces of the creatures leg, rib and shoulder bones. based on these fragments, artists drew a creature complete with a neck, jaw and tail \u2014 and subsequently announced that this fossil was an intermediate stage in the transition from dinosaurs to birds. however, unenlagia comahuensis is manifestly a dinosaur, in many respects. in particular, certain features of its skull and the bone formations behind its eyes closely resemble those of theropods. there is also no evidence at all that it bore feathers. evolutionist scientists, however, claimed that by raising its forearms, it could make similar movements to those used by birds for flying. but clearly, these prejudiced guesses and assumptions cannot be regarded as definitive proof. on account of its different features, lawrence m. witmer of ohio university describes this creature as a genuine \" mosaic \". 201 alan feduccia also states that unenlagia comahuensis cannot be a missing link between dinosaurs and birds, emphasizing that it lived 55 million years after archaeopteryx. 202 as feduccia stressed in a 1996 article written together with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.521441866993076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6c7d68d-a1f6-4ee7-ab79-85230e4036f7>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.896825"}
{"text": "keeping fit and active in old age or taking cholesterol - busting statins are both vital for preventing early death. and when the two are combined, it dramatically slashes the chances of dying early by up to 70 per cent, scientists found after a 10 - year study of 10, 000 people. experts are already calling for everyone over the age of 50 to be prescribed statins to ward off chronic and potentially fatal conditions, even if the patients are at low risk. they say administering statins to an extra five million people would cut heart attacks and strokes by 10, 000 a year and save at least 2, 000 lives. the pills, which cost as little as 40p a day and are taken by eight million britons to reduce cholesterol and protect against heart attacks, heart disease and stroke, have also been shown to be a potent cancer - buster. treatment with statins is important, but better fitness improves survival significantly and is a valuable additional treatment or an alternative when statins cannot be taken us scientists studied 10, 000 men and women with an average age of 60 and diagnosed with the high cholesterol condition dyslipidaemia. all had their fitness graded and were divided into those taking statins and those not. over 10 years, death rates were lowest for people who were both fit and taking statins. that group had a 70 per cent reduced risk of death. for those who were fit but not taking the pills, the chances of dying were reduced by just under 50 per cent. according to the study, published in the lancet, the differences could not be explained by factors such as age, weight, ethnicity, sex, heart disease history and other drugs. leader of the study, dr peter kokkinos, of the veterans affairs medical center in washington, said unfit middle - aged and older people would only need to undertake \u201c moderate and feasible \u201d activity such as walking, gardening, and gym classes to gain the same or greater protection than that achieved by statins. he urged people with high cholesterol to improve their fitness to at least a moderate level. he added : \u201c treatment with statins is important, but better fitness improves survival significantly and is a valuable additional treatment or an alternative when statins cannot be taken. \u201d natasha stewart, senior cardiac nurse at the british heart foundation, said : \u201c this research shows that the two together ( statins and exercise ) can provide a winning combination to further improve your heart health, with higher intensity exercise possibly offering more protection. \u201c if you have high cho", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43038153184143413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81978abb-baa8-4a66-bac0-7bf9b82dc45a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.903468"}
{"text": "air pollution is a broad term applied to all chemical and biological agents that modify the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. some definitions also consider physical perturbations such as noise pollution, heat, radiation or light pollution as air pollution. some definitions include the term harmful as a requisite to consider a change to the atmosphere as pollution. the sources of air pollution are divided in two groups : anthropogenic ( caused by human activity ) and natural. natural sources include : anthropogenic sources are mostly related to burning different kinds of fuel. they include : - volcanic activity - dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation - gases, such as methane, emitted by the digestion of animals, usually cattle. - smoke from wildfires. - dust and chemicals from farming, especially of erodible land, see dust bowl - industrial activity in general. - vehicles with internal - combustion engines. - stoves and incinerators, specially coal ones. - paint fumes, or other toxical vapors. contaminants of air can be divided in particles and gases. particles are classified by their sizes. a usual division is in pm10 and pm2. 5. pm10 are particles whose size is less than 10 microns ( 0. 01 mm ) ; they are dangerous to humans because they can be breathed and reach the lungs. pm2. 5 are particles whose size is less than 2. 5 microns ( 0. 0025 mm ), and they are even more dangerous because they can pass the alveoli and reach the blood. important pollutant gases include : the worst single incident of air pollution to occur in the united states occurred in donora, pennsylvania in late october, 1948 - davis, devra, when smoke ran like water : tales of environmental deception and the battle against pollution, basic books, 2002, hardcover, 316 pages, isbn 0 - 465 - 01521 - 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5555619850925202, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1e5fc08f-591b-459f-92a9-ade0b76804ef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.907351"}
{"text": "donald ervin knuth knuth, donald ervin ( noth, k\u0259noth\u02c8 ) [ key ], 1938 \u2013, american mathematician and computer scientist, b. milwaukee, wis., grad. case institute of technology ( b. s. and m. s., 1960 ) and california institute of technology ( ph. d., 1963 ). while still a graduate student, knuth was contracted to write a book about the construction of computer compilers ( see programming language ). what he wrote instead turned into his monumental series the art of computer programming ( 3 vol., 1968 \u2013 ), an overview of programming algorithms, each described with mathematical rigor, that has been translated into six languages. disappointed with the state of computer typesetting, knuth developed a typesetting program that has become the standard for mathematics and physics. he taught at the california institute of technology from 1962 until 1968, when he joined the faculty at stanford univ., becoming professor emeritus in 1993. his writings include surreal numbers ( 1974 ), literate programming ( 1992 ), and digital typography ( 1999 ). the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. see more encyclopedia articles on : computers and computing, biographies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5278787245674147, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9927f9bd-0706-40a7-9038-a99bebdae439>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.909880"}
{"text": "what reaction can i expect from my small children when i tell them we \u2019 re separating and in the months following? posted on january 10, 2012 while no child wants to hear that their parents are breaking up, children often have predictable responses when you tell them that you are separating that relate to their developmental stage. knowing what these might be will hopefully make you more prepared for the emotional, behavioral and physical changes that will follow. young children do not fully understand the concept of marriage and separation. they will only understand that mommy or daddy will no longer be living together. be prepared for them to find it difficult to grasp what is happening. try to make them understand otherwise they will be frustrated and confused. children under the age of 5 years old will have various reactions depending on their personality. they will either cry, pretend you never mentioned the separation, they may change the subject because they want to stop their feelings or they go back to focus on what they were doing before you started talking to them or they may show no emotion at all at the time but then leave the room to process their feelings. once they have been able to process some of the information you tell them they will have lots of feelings and fears about the future. the fear of abandonment is very common and is expressed in a variety of ways. children may cling, whine and have tantrums when left at childcare. they want the security of being with their main carer and don \u2019 t want to be left. when you pick them up they may also be upset because you left them but also relieved and pleased to see you. children may get upset when moved between parents during access visits and will feel unsettled if their main carer changes e. g. they may have a new person looking after them if mum has to go to back to work. being around unfamiliar people can make them tearful and anxious. often they will struggle with a new routine and having to be moved between both parents. some children often regress in their behaviour. they may return to the comfort of a security blanket or a toy they had outgrown or they may have a lapse in toilet training. it is not unusual for children to have disturbed sleep either. bear with them, as it won \u2019 t be forever. these types of behaviour rarely last for more than a few weeks. some children may become irritable and engage more in physical activity and fighting. this is because of the hurt they feel and the anger towards the situation. other children may become more fearful of aggression and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4261628093271357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6cdf897-f1ae-4d74-8ee1-39c0321f32a1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.920060"}
{"text": "math is the basis for music, but for those of us who aren \u2019 t virtuosic at either, the connection isn \u2019 t always easy to grasp. which is what makes the videos of vi hart, a \u201c mathemusician \u201d with a dedicated youtube following, so wonderful. hart explains complex phenomena - - from cardioids to carl gauss - - using simple ( and often very ) funny means. as maria popova pointed out yesterday, hart \u2019 s latest video is a real doozy. in it, she uses a music box and a mobius strip to explain space - time, showing how the two axes of musical notation ( pitch and tempo ) correspond to space and time. using the tape notation as a model for space - time, she cuts and folds it to show the finite ways you can slice and dice the axes. then, she shows us how you can loop the tape into a continuous strip of twinkling notes : if you fold space - time into a mobius strip, you get your melody, and then the inversion, the melody played upside down. and then right side up again. and so on. so rather than folding and cutting up space - time, just cut and tape a little loop of space - time, to be played over, and over. it \u2019 s a pretty magical observation, and it makes even me - - the prototypical math dunce - - wish i \u2019 d tried harder. yet there \u2019 s still time : hart works for the khan academy, a nonprofit that offers free educational videos about math, biology, and more. check it out. [ h / t brain pickings ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6192425809128357, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a37519b2-ce71-4875-976f-9b4e9a28090c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.921911"}
{"text": "the colors are the different echo intensities ( reflectivity ) measured in dbz ( decibels of z ) during each elevation scan. \" reflectivity \" is the amount of transmitted power returned to the radar receiver. reflectivity ( designated by the letter z ) covers a wide range of signals ( from very weak to very strong ). so, a more convenient number for calculations and comparison, a decibel ( or logarithmic ) scale ( dbz ), is used. the dbz values increase as the strength of the signal returned to the radar increases. each reflectivity image you see includes one of two color scales. one scale ( far left ) represents dbz values when the radar is in clear air mode ( dbz values from - 28 to + 28 ). the other scale ( near left ) represents dbz values when the radar is in precipitation mode ( dbz values from 5 to 75 ). notice the color on each scale remains the same in both operational modes, only the values change. the value of the dbz depends upon the mode the radar is in at the time the image was created. the scale of dbz values is also related to the intensity of rainfall. typically, light rain is occurring when the dbz value reaches 20. the higher the dbz, the stronger the rainrate. depending on the type of weather occurring and the area of the u. s., forecasters use a set of rainrates which are associated to the dbz these values are estimates of the rainfall per hour, updated each volume scan, with rainfall accumulated over time. hail is a good reflector of energy and will return very high dbz values. since hail can cause the rainfall estimates to be higher than what is actually occurring, steps are taken to prevent these high dbz values from being converted to rainfall.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.552579290530071, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aebb2881-ec9d-40be-9b5c-03a1a8c71417>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.924149"}
{"text": "it is from the traditional family that we absorb those universal ideals and principles which are the teaching of jesus, the bedrock of our religious faith. we are taught the difference between right and wrong, and about the law, just punishment and discipline. what do you first do when you learn to swim? you make mistakes, do you not? and what happens? you make other mistakes, and when you have made all the mistakes you possibly can without drowning - and some of them many times over - what do you find? that you can swim? well - life is just the same as learning to swim! do not be afraid of making mistakes, for there is no other way of learning how to live! the past is for learning from and letting go. you can ' t revisit it. it vanishes. every human being is born an heir to an inheritance to which he can succeed only in a process of learning. we pay a heavy price for our fear of failure. it is a powerful obstacle to growth. it assures the progressive narrowing of the personality and prevents exploration and experimentation. there is no learning without some difficulty and fumbling. if you. i used to think that prayer should have the first place and teaching the second. i now feel it would be truer to give prayer the first, second, and third places, and teaching the fourth. i am not afraid of storms, for i am learning how to sail my ship. on any longer view, man is only fitfully committed to the rational to thinking, seeing, learning, knowing. believing is what he \\ ' s really proud of. racing is a process of learning where the edge lies. the soul of man is nourished by learning, as the body is by food. it is because modern education is so seldom inspired by a great hope that it so seldom achieves great results. the wish to preserve the past rather than the hope of creating the future dominates the minds of those who control the teaching of the young. curiosity is the wick in the candle of learning. teaching is the greatest act of optimism the whole art of teaching is only the art of awakening the natural curiosity of young minds for the purpose of satisfying it afterwards. if we value independence, if we are disturbed by the growing conformity of knowledge, of values, of attitudes, which our present system induces, then we may wish to set up conditions of learning which make for uniqueness, for self - direction, and for self - initiated learning. the praises of others may be of use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5352515607170382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:339bb361-77bd-4da4-9abe-0a6780f84870>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.927750"}
{"text": ", of values, of attitudes, which our present system induces, then we may wish to set up conditions of learning which make for uniqueness, for self - direction, and for self - initiated learning. the praises of others may be of use in teaching us, not what we are, but what we ought to be. liberty without learning is always in peril and learning without liberty is always in vain whenever you make a mistake or get knocked down by life, don ' t look back at it too long. mistakes are life ' s way of teaching you. your capacity for occasional blunders is inseparable from your capacity to reach your goals. no one wins them all, and your failures, when they happen, are just part of your growth. shake off your blunders. how will you know your limits without an occasional failure? never quit. your turn will come. don ' t look for more honor than your learning merits. you can teach a student a lesson for a day ; but if you can teach him to learn by creating curiosity, he will continue the learning process as long as he lives. i am learning all the time. the tombstone will be my diploma. the most useful piece of learning for the uses of life is to unlearn what is untrue. learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere. anyone who stops learning is old, whether at twenty or eighty. the only kind of learning which significantly influences behavior is self - discovered or self - appropriated learning - truth that has been assimilated in experience.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5506573306340905, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:339bb361-77bd-4da4-9abe-0a6780f84870>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.928451"}
{"text": "a lot of pilots are satisfied to fly away with the terminal forecasts and metars ( in plain language, please ) and i suppose that might meet the letter of the law on weather information. but there is so much more than that to weather and the pilot who puts some effort into understanding weather, and how it affects his flying, will find less weather - related surprises as a flight unfolds. let ' s look at some of the basics that are available to us and see what we learn from them. the synopsis : maybe the word is misunderstood, but as it appears at the beginning of an area forecast it is basically a description of the weather map. it is followed by a clouds and weather forecast. do pay attention to the note \" non msl hgts denoted by agl or cig. \" that means cloud bases are generally above sea level except where noted. big difference in the mountains. why is this basic item important? the location of high and low pressure areas and fronts tells a lot about the conditions that will be available for flying. if a trip is headed toward a low or a front, conditions will likely deteriorate the closer the airplane gets to the condition. tops will probably be higher and bottoms lower. at lower altitudes, there will likely be turbulence in the frontal zone. this may not be wing - bending but it will make the flying more difficult and any passengers less comfortable. we have to be careful with weather maps. the ones on tv in the morning generally show weather for the whole day. for flying, we need to know what is expected to exist at a specified time. official prog ( for prognostic ) charts are available on the web at adds. aviationweather. noaa. gov. there is a lot of other good stuff there, including a useful icing forecast. lows : low pressure areas are more important to flying weather than high pressure areas because the lows make the inclemencies that challenge us. the circulation around a low is counter - clockwise in the northern hemisphere and air flows around and into a low and then circulates upward. low pressure areas almost always move, though they can become stationary or erratic in their movement. the normal movement of a surface low is roughly with the wind flow at the 500 - millibar level, or about 18, 000 feet. the prog charts will show the projected movement of lows, or you can look at the 18, 000 - foot wind forecast and visualize the movement. upper lows are just that :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4624039749759371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4771b204-1019-4acf-bed3-115f97c7fa40>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.935353"}
{"text": "millibar level, or about 18, 000 feet. the prog charts will show the projected movement of lows, or you can look at the 18, 000 - foot wind forecast and visualize the movement. upper lows are just that : complete circulations aloft. they are complex, it is difficult to forecast the formation, movement or dissipation of an upper low, and they can make nasty weather over a wide area. called cut - off or closed lows aloft, if one is overhead nearby, the best surface forecast is for continuous clag. any surface low might not be directly below the low aloft, and the air swirling into the surface low and then up into the low aloft can be quite bothered. bad place to fly. fronts : they come in cold, warm, stationary or occluded versions. the cold variety can spawn serious thunderstorms, especially when the low is strong and the temperature difference on the warm and cold side of the front is great. warm fronts make for inclement weather over a wider area and can harbor embedded thunderstorms. occluded fronts, generally found where a cold front overtakes a warm front because of an exceptionally strong circulation around a low, can make for nasty, bumpy flying. this is especially true just as the fronts are starting to occlude. stay as far away from the driving low as possible. stationary fronts come when a low peters out or moves so far away that the circulation is no longer strong enough to move the fronts. the weather might stay bad for days in a stationary frontal zone and only the development of a strong new low will change things. if all the parameters for a front are not met, the condition might be called a trough and, to a pilot, it might seem for all the world like a real front. source regions : that ' s simply where the air is coming from. visualize the flow around the low and if the source of the low - level air along your route is moist, as in that coming from over the oceans or the gulf of mexico or california, then there will be plenty of ingredients for clouds and rain. the stronger the flow, the more important this becomes. wind : a complete pilot studies wind, especially surface and wind aloft forecasts. if the forecasts are bang - on, that means the model of the atmosphere is accurate and the other forecasts should be pretty good. if the wind forecast is incorrect, then the other forecasts might be too", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4584930742570311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4771b204-1019-4acf-bed3-115f97c7fa40>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.936328"}
{"text": "and wind aloft forecasts. if the forecasts are bang - on, that means the model of the atmosphere is accurate and the other forecasts should be pretty good. if the wind forecast is incorrect, then the other forecasts might be too. generally, a wind that is more southerly or easterly than forecast means the surface weather will be worse than forecast. a stronger wind than forecast means that the low pressure area causing the wind is stronger than forecast. wind shear is important, too. defined as a change in direction and / or velocity over distance or height, wind shear can result in enthusiastic turbulence and can create low - altitude hazards around airports. there is always wind shear in frontal zones and where areas of strong wind ( jet streams, streaks or cores ) aloft interact with areas of lighter winds. temperature & dewpoint : this is really basic, but these items give clues to a lot of things. we learn early and often that if they are close, the flying weather suffers. they are especially important as the day is ending and beginning, when a small spread can result in rapidly deteriorating weather after sunset, or fog at and just after sunrise. if there is a big difference in the temperature and dewpoint ahead of and behind a cold front, there is probably a lot of action in the frontal zone. also, if the temperature aloft is warmer than forecast, that means more moisture. the ability of the atmosphere to hold moisture doubles with every 11 degrees celsius rise in temperature. that is why, when the talking heads say a heavy rain would have been so much snow, they don ' t know what they are talking about.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5101461353673824, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4771b204-1019-4acf-bed3-115f97c7fa40>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.937118"}
{"text": "in this edition, illustrated with beautiful sung dynasty paintings that reflect confucian subjects and ideas, every reader can profit from the timeless philosophy that remains at the heart of chinese civilisation and tradition. ponder the issues of life, existence and knowledge with classic books by some of the greatest thinkers in all history. political theory, philosophical treaties from the ancient greeks to the modern era and more are included in the folio society \u2019 s collection of beautiful books on philosophy and politics. each title features carefully researched or original commissioned illustrations, and presented in specially designed hardback covers. see below for the full list of folio philosophy and politics books. the bhagavad gita is the cornerstone of the hindu faith and one of the world \u2019 s greatest religious texts. gandhi called it his \u2018 spiritual dictionary \u2019, while as a secular work it inspired einstein, yeats and jung. our edition uses juan mascaro \u2019 s acclaimed translation, with illustrations by anna bhushan. so impossible to vanquish with words that mark antony put him to death, cicero was a master of rhetoric and declamation. his orations live on, echoed by the most famous speakers of modern times, from winston churchill to barack obama. in a rare commission for folio, tom phillips, ra, has illustrated this edition. a \u2018 political turncoat, a dangerous adventurer \u2019 ; a \u2018 delightful rogue who lacked political judgement \u2019 \u2013 today few people would guess that these were descriptions of one of the most admired statesmen of the 20th century \u2013 winston churchill. yet as historian john lukacs points out, when churchill took over as prime minister in may 1940, he was not well - liked. in his inspiring account of the first half of his life, gandhi recounts his childhood in india, education in england and early legal career in south africa, before his return home to take up the cause of indian self - determination. albert einstein was a complex, fascinating man, as brilliant when writing about pacifism, religion and anti - semitism as about theoretical physics. ideas and opinions is a wonderfully engrossing collection of einstein \u2019 s major articles, speeches and letters on all these subjects, and more. how do we know that what we think is true is actually true? can we prove the existence of god? descartes \u2019 questions endure. the folio edition of meditations is wittily illustrated by shout, with an introduction by psychologist nicholas humphrey. blaise pascal ( 1623 \u2013 62 ) was a mathematician and physicist who invented the mechanical calcula", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48226848414638473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a978e296-0cdb-4568-a0f0-81ecdd351882>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.941282"}
{"text": "foreign minister bob carr has welcomed a new framework to support the comprehensive nuclear - test - ban treaty ( ctbt ). senator carr said the framework involves scientific and technical cooperation between australia and new zealand to promote a permanent and effective ban on nuclear weapon tests. \" international cooperation enhances the ability of scientific experts to provide advice to their governments on whether a nuclear test has occurred, \" senator carr said. \" cooperation between australia and new zealand can serve as a model for others around the world and will strengthen the ctbt. \" australia strongly advocates the earliest possible entry into force of the ctbt, so we are taking technical steps to prepare for that time. \" in the 16 years since the ctbt opened for signature, the ctbt organization has largely completed work on a global network of over 300 facilities to monitor the environment for acoustic waves and radionuclide particulates and gases from a possible nuclear explosion. data collected by these facilities is made available to ctbt parties, who have the final responsibility in determining which events \u2013 about 30, 000 per year - could be a nuclear explosion. although the ctbt has not yet entered into force, its monitoring system has already shown its potential by readily detecting nuclear tests conducted by north korea in 2006 and 2009. technical agencies in australia monitoring for nuclear explosions are geoscience australia and the australian radiation protection and nuclear safety agency. the framework for bilateral cooperation is set out in a memorandum of understanding between the australian safeguards and non - proliferation office and the new zealand ministry of foreign affairs. - minister ' s office : ( 02 ) 6277 7500 - dfat media liaison : ( 02 ) 6261 1555", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47811366365919195, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57da8391-2f6b-413c-8ebe-f1f53c466f26>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.944020"}
{"text": "a stinky little problem : true to its name, malodorous bug invades many area homes dover \u2014 a small insect notorious for generating big headaches around the seacoast is once again giving homeowners reason to gripe. stink bugs \u2014 small, smelly pests that can damage crops and overwhelm buildings \u2014 have been a recent source of frustration as they congregate in masses outside and inside homes in preparation for the winter months. \u201c i ' m not sure why, but this has been a great year for them, \u201d said alan eaton, an entomologist at the university of new hampshire ' s cooperative extension program. \u201c they search for cracks or crevasses to hide in and form huge masses on buildings. \u201d and these masses have been visible as of late, with large numbers invading homes in search of overwintering sites. as eaton explained, most of these stink bugs are known as the western conifer seed bug \u2014 an insect which has expanded eastward since first being detected in pennsylvania in 1992. the western conifer seed bug is a relative of the brown marmorated stink bug \u2014 another insect that has contributed to this sudden influx. the brown marmorated stink bug, however, is currently only present in eight municipalities statewide. therefore, eaton credited the western conifer seed bug as the primary source of these recent headaches. \u201c sealing holes, cracks, and other openings is the best approach, \u201d eaton said. \u201c there are a lot of places people might not think about that are actually great for these insects. \u201d although neither bites, is poisonous, or spreads disease, these dime - sized bugs emit terrible odors when triggered and are classified as agricultural pests. stink bugs can cause widespread damage to fruit and vegetable crops, including peaches, apples, green beans, soybeans, cherries, raspberries, and pears, among others. and once inside homes, neither insect needs much space to feel comfortable and secure \u2014 they ' ve been known to settle around window sills, picture frames, and behind television screens. once nestled in their new locations, these insects pass the winter months in a deep hibernation, returning once again around may or june. for now, effective strategies to reduce these insects remain unclear \u2014 although sprays are somewhat effective, researchers have said numbers are too big to eradicate entire populations. and although eaton said sept. 15 is normally the deadline to seal up any holes, crevasses, or cracks the bugs may take advantage of,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44036868202561896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e62a924-3de1-4bd7-87d6-198b6b4d5b2b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.946849"}
{"text": "looking for a spooky way to light your home and yard this halloween? consider the eerie illuminations of candles, lamps, and solar lights. many people carve jack - o - lanterns every autumn when the leaves begin to fall, but not everyone thinks of pumpkins in terms of their sustainable energy potential. a stroll around the farmer \u2019 s market provides a ton of options for finding that perfect pumpkin. this year, i will be carving my very first jack - o - lantern! i \u2019 ve watched others carve pumpkins and hollow out gourds for birdhouses, but now it \u2019 s time for me to give it a go. jack - o - lantern carving tips : 1. choose a flat - bottomed pumpkin so it won \u2019 t roll around. 2. cut out the lid at an angle to prevent it from dropping inside. 3. sprinkle cinnamon or pumpkin spice inside the lid so it smells like a pumpkin pie! by placing candles inside jars with loose beans, rice or gravel, they can light a path to your porch for trick - or - treaters ( or gently illuminate the garden while you drink hot cocoa around a bonfire ). need more jars? clean out your used jam or spaghetti sauce jars and instead of recycling them, reuse them for candles. alternatively, create \u201c iluminarias \u201d from tea lights and paper bags. just place a couple inches of sand inside the paper bag, and nestle the tea light into the center. candles are almost as controversial as harry potter. candles themselves aren \u2019 t always sustainable, and can pollute our indoor air, depending on the ingredients and where they \u2019 re sourced. avoiding palm oil and paraffin ( a petroleum by - product ) is a good place to start. paraffin candles release carcinogenic toxins into the air, and palm oil is sometimes farmed using unsustainable methods that harm overseas ecosystems and displace local populations. you can keep your holiday celebrations cleaner with options like beeswax or soy candles, which often burn longer than paraffin even though they are more expensive. now you can dress up like a super hero and capture the power of the sun \u2014 literally! if you \u2019 re like me, and think the tiny pumpkin strings of lights are super cute, you don \u2019 t have to miss out on them this year to save electricity. buy solar - powered or led string lights instead. there are all sorts of pumpkin and holiday - themed solar lights online these days. sustainable lighting isn \u2019 t just great", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4258057381481189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eddd7267-f7a4-45a4-b835-0f64dc70504b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.952308"}
{"text": "garden talk : august 25, 2011 from nga editors native bee basics native bees are important and often under - appreciated pollinators. if you ' d like to find out more about these helpful insects and what you can do to conserve and protect them on your property and in your community, start by reading about them in bee basics : an introduction to our native bees by dr. beatriz moisset and dr. stephen buchmann. this forty - four page booklet, published by the usda forest service and pollinator partnership, is available as a free download from the pollinator info website or can be ordered in a print version. with information on bee anatomy, nesting, and foraging needs, along with profiles of native bees and an extensive section on conservation and what you can do to help keep native bee populations healthy, the booklet provides a wealth of information written in an accessible manner. for those who want to delve deeper, there is a helpful resource section. the pollinator info website that is offering the free download contains an interview with one of the co - authors of bee basics, along with extensive information on all kinds of pollinators. to download bee basics and find out more about pollinators, go to : pollinators info. lingering effects of invasive species the ecological disruption caused by invasive plants species is a worldwide problem. the cost of the environmental and economic impact of these invaders is estimated to be in the neighborhood of $ 1. 4 trillion annually! much research is being done to come up with strategies to control the spread of undesirable plants and minimize their impact on natural ecosystems. now new research suggests that simply removing invasive species may not return plant communities to their pre - invasion condition. part of developing control strategies for invasive plants involves understanding the characteristics that allow certain species to become invasive in the first place, factors such as freedom from natural enemies, disturbance in the environment, and the ability of plants to release substances that prevent competing plants from growing. to study how the interactions between all of these factors affect the success of an invasive species, investigators from the university of california and the university of wisconsin studied invasive velvetgrass, holcus lanatus, ( illustrated ) and its effect on a native daisy, erigeron glaucus, in california. as described in an article in science daily on august 10, 2011, they found that direct competition between velvetgrass and the daisy accounted for much of its initial success due to the dense growth of the grass and its abundant propagules. but they also found that velvet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43609639323138044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:486b054e-bd43-4771-aeb0-458ee7b372bb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.961135"}
{"text": "an article in science daily on august 10, 2011, they found that direct competition between velvetgrass and the daisy accounted for much of its initial success due to the dense growth of the grass and its abundant propagules. but they also found that velvetgrass altered the structure of the native community of soil organisms, specifically the mycorrhizal fungi in the soil. this change reduced the benefits of the mycorrhizae to the native daisy without having any negative impact on the velvetgrass. and the changes in the soil community persisted even after the velvetgrass was removed, potentially affecting the reestablishment of the native plants. these findings suggest that studying the negative effects invasive species have on the ecology of the soil has important implications for researchers who are looking at ways to mitigate their effects. to read more about the effects of invasive plants even after removal, go to : science daily. move gypsy moth free the gypsy moth is an introduced insect that is one of the most destructive pests of trees and shrubs ever to reach our shores. its immature stage, a dark, hairy caterpillar with rows of red and blue spots on its back, is a general feeder that devours more than 450 species of plants! the caterpillars feast on leaves, leaving defoliated plants weakened and perhaps even killed. this pest overwinters as inch - and - a - half long egg masses that look like a clumps of tan or buff - colored hairs on tree trunks, outdoor furniture, or the sides of buildings. native to europe and asia, the gypsy moth was accidentally introduced in the boston area in the 1860 ' s and has since spread to much of the eastern united states. there have also been some infestations on the west coast that came from asia. in an effort to keep this pest from spreading further, the usda requires homeowners to inspect and remove gypsy moth egg masses from household goods prior to moving from an infested to a non - infested area. if you have a move planned, first find out if you are in a gypsy moth - quarantined area by checking out the your move gypsy moth free website. there you can also learn how to inspect your outdoor household articles such as lawn furniture, yard equipment, outdoor toys, and the like, for gypsy moth egg masses and remove them. without checking, you can unwittingly bring the moth with you and risk harm to the landscape trees and shrubs and natural forests in your new community. print out a handy self -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45844493144489296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:486b054e-bd43-4771-aeb0-458ee7b372bb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.962262"}
{"text": "and the like, for gypsy moth egg masses and remove them. without checking, you can unwittingly bring the moth with you and risk harm to the landscape trees and shrubs and natural forests in your new community. print out a handy self - inspection checklist or download a brochure with all the information you need to move safely and comply with federal law. to hone your detection skills, you can even play the fun, on - line bust - a - moth game. for more information, go to : your move gypsy moth free. landscape problem solver we all probably wish we had an experienced gardener we could call on for advice whenever problems arise in the garden. for those of us without such a fount of knowledge, the landscape problem solver from the university of maryland ' s home garden information center may be the next best thing. this site offers photographic keys to help diagnose and solve plant problems, using integrated pest management principles. choose from a list of broad categories, such as shade trees, vegetables, or houseplants. then select the affected plant part from the drop - down menu. this brings up a photographic selection of symptoms. choose the one that seems to fit and you get a page of information on the problem, its cause, and environmentally responsible ways to treat it. there is also information on how to look at a plant to best assess its symptoms, beneficial insects, and emerging pest threats. the information has been put together with the mid - atlantic region as its focus, but there is lots of good information that will be of use to gardeners in other parts of the country. to check out this great resource, go to plant diagnostics.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4397474098989245, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:486b054e-bd43-4771-aeb0-458ee7b372bb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.963024"}
{"text": "few things spark up a dull winter landscape like the glowing red - orange stems of coral bark willow. this hardy, fast - growing plant grows naturally as a large tree, but it can easily be turned into a multi - stemmed shrub by annual coppicing ( cutting stems back nearly to the ground ). the brightest stem color occurs only on young stems, so coppicing keeps the plant small and leads to the best bark display. coral bark willow has narrow, medium green leaves that turn yellow in the fall. it can be grown singly or, for real punch, in groups or as hedges. common name : coral bark willow botanical name : salix alba subsp. vitellina \u2018 britzensis \u2019 ( syn. s. alba \u2018 britzensis \u2019 ) plant type : deciduous tree zones : 3 to 8 height : 40 to 60 feet ( 6 to 10 feet if grown as a coppiced shrub ) \u2022 sun : full sun \u2022 soil : adaptable to most soil types \u2022 moisture : average to moist \u2022 mulch : 2 to 3 inches of wood chips or other organic mulch \u2022 pruning : to grow as a shrub, cut all stems back to within a few inches from the ground in early spring each year. for tree form, just prune lightly to improve form and remove any damaged branches. \u2022 fertilizer : none, or apply compost or balanced fertilizer as needed pests and diseases \u2022 susceptible to some insects ( willow leaf beetle, stem borer, aphids ) and diseases ( cankers, leaf blights ) \u2022 as with most willows, coral bark willow prefers moist soil and does especially well near ponds or streams. \u2022 the colorful stems look great in winter arrangements outdoors or indoors. all in the family \u2022 coral bark willow is a member of the willow family ( salicaceae ), which also includes poplars and aspens ( populus spp. ). \u2022 there are about 400 species of willow ( salix ) ranging from trees 80 + feet tall to creeping alpine plants less than 6 inches tall. \u2022 willow bark extract has been used as an anti - inflammatory for centuries ; it contains salicylic acid, which was a key ingredient in the first forms of modern aspirin. where to buy \u2022 bluestem nursery, christina lake, bc ; 250 - 447 - 6363 ; www. bluestem. ca \u2022 joy creek nursery, scappoose, or ; 503 - 543 - 7474 ; www. joycreek. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3869221297724983, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3123992-f5e0-4346-b836-f00b26311d4b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.967475"}
{"text": "14 october 2005 gsa release no. 05 - 37 for immediate release mars ' climate in flux : mid - latitude glaciers new high - resolution images of mid - latitude mars are revealing glacier - formed landscapes far from the martian poles, says a leading mars researcher. conspicuous trains of debris in valleys, arcs of debris on steep slopes and other features far from the polar ice caps bear striking similarities to glacial landscapes of earth, says brown university ' s james head iii. when combined with the latest climate models and orbital calculation for mars, the geological features make a compelling case for mars having ongoing climate shifts that allow ice to leave the poles and accumulate at lower latitudes. \" the exciting thing is a real convergence of these things, \" said head, who will present the latest mars climate discoveries on sunday, 16 october, at the annual meeting of the geological society of america in salt lake city ( specific time and location provided below ). \" for decades people have been saying that deposits at mid and equatorial latitudes look like they are ice - created, \" said head. but without better images, elevation data and some way of explaining it, ice outside of mars ' polar regions was a hard sell. now high - resolution images from the mars odyssey spacecraft ' s thermal emission imaging system combined with images from the mars global surveyor spacecraft ' s mars orbiter camera and mars orbiter laser altimeter can be compared directly with glacier features in mountain and polar regions of earth. the likenesses are hard to ignore. for instance, consider what head calls \" lineated valley fill. \" these are lines of debris on valley floors that run downhill and parallel to the valley walls, as if they mark some sort of past flow. the same sorts of lines of debris are seen in aerial images of earth glaciers. the difference is that on mars the water ice sublimes away ( goes directly from solid ice to gas, without any liquid phase between ) and leaves the debris lines intact. on earth the lines of debris are usually washed away as a glacier melts. the lines of debris on mars continue down valleys and converges with other lines of debris - again, just like what ' s seen on earth where glaciers converge. \" there ' s so much topography and the debris is so thick ( on mars ) that it ' s possible some of the ice might still be there, \" said head. the evidence for present day ice includes unusually degraded recent impact craters in these areas - just what you ' d expect to see if a lot of the material ejected from the impact was ice that quickly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4958906231125217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e57b7bd-efbf-43b3-b350-f9952196314a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.974789"}
{"text": "of the ice might still be there, \" said head. the evidence for present day ice includes unusually degraded recent impact craters in these areas - just what you ' d expect to see if a lot of the material ejected from the impact was ice that quickly sublimed away. another peculiarly glacier - like feature seen in martian mid - latitudes are concentric arcs of debris breaking away from steep mountain alcoves - just as they do at the heads of glaciers on earth. as for how ice could reach mars lower latitudes, orbital calculations indicate that mars may slowly wobble on its spin axis far more than earth does ( the moon minimizes earth ' s wobble ). this means that as mars ' axis tilted to the extremes - up to 60 degrees from the plane of mars ' orbit - the martian poles get a whole lot more sunshine in the summertime than they do now. that extra sun would likely sublime water from the polar ice caps, explains head. \" when you do that you are mobilizing a lot of ice and redistributing it to the equator, \" head said. \" the climate models are saying it ' s possible. \" it ' s pure chance that we happen to be exploring mars when its axis is at a lesser, more earth - like tilt. this has led to the false impression of mars being a place that ' s geologically and climatically dead. in fact, says head, mars is turning out to be a place that is constantly changing. when and where lineated valley fill at the dichotomy boundary on mars : evidence for regional mid - latitude glaciation sunday, 16 october, 3 : 15 p. m. mdt, salt palace convention center room 257 view abstract : http : / / gsa. confex. com / gsa / 2005am / finalprogram / abstract _ 94125. htm click photo for larger image with caption. during the geological society of america annual meeting, 16 - 19 october, contact ann cairns at the gsa newsroom, salt palace convention center, for assistance and to arrange for interviews : + 1 - 801 - 534 - 4770. - after the meeting contact : - james head iii - department of geological sciences - brown university, providence, ri - phone : + 1 - 401 - 863 - 2526 - e - mail : james _ head _ iii @ brown. edu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44979567633104767, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e57b7bd-efbf-43b3-b350-f9952196314a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.978107"}
{"text": "the clock command the clock command has facilities for getting the current time, formatting time values, and scanning printed time strings to get an integer time value. the clock command was added in tcl 7. 5. table 13 - 1 summarizes the clock command : table 13 - 1. the clock command. | clock clicks | | a system - dependent high resolution counter. | | clock format value? - format str? | | formats a clock value according to str. | | clock scan string? - base clock?? - gmt boolean? | | parses date string and return seconds value. the clock value determines the date. | | clock seconds | | returns the current time in seconds. | the following command prints the current time : clock format [ clock seconds ] = > sun nov 24 14 : 57 : 04 1996 the clock seconds command returns the current time, in seconds since a starting epoch. the clock format command formats an integer value into a date string. it takes an optional argument that controls the format. the format strings contains % keywords that are replaced with the year, month, day, date, hours, minutes, and seconds, in various formats. the default string is : % a % b % d % h : % m : % s % z % y tables 13 - 2 and 13 - 3 summarize the clock formatting strings : table 13 - 2. clock formatting keywords. | % % | | inserts a %. | | % a | | abbreviated weekday name ( mon, tue, etc. ). | | % a | | full weekday name ( monday, tuesday, etc. ). | | % b | | abbreviated month name ( jan, feb, etc. ). | | % b | | full month name. | | % c | | locale specific date and time ( e. g., nov 24 16 : 00 : 59 1996 ). | | % d | | day of month ( 01? 31 ). | | % h | | hour in 24 - hour format ( 00? 23 ). | | % i | | hour in 12 - hour format ( 01? 12 ). | | % j | | day of year ( 001? 366 ). | | % m | | month number ( 01? 12 ). | | % m | | minute ( 00? 59 ). | | % p | | am / pm indicator. | | % s | | seconds ( 00? 59", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4672574626844412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f36d7530-13dd-4d6a-8426-ea739f255160>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.985267"}
{"text": ". | | % m | | month number ( 01? 12 ). | | % m | | minute ( 00? 59 ). | | % p | | am / pm indicator. | | % s | | seconds ( 00? 59 ). | | % u | | week of year ( 00? 52 ) when sunday starts the week. | | % w | | weekday number ( sunday = 0 ). | | % w | | week of year ( 01? 52 ) when monday starts the week. | | % x | | locale specific date format ( e. g., feb 19 1997 ). | | % x | | locale specific time format ( e. g., 20 : 10 : 13 ). | | % y | | year without century ( 00? 99 ). | | % y | | year with century ( e. g. 1997 ). | | % z | | time zone name. | table 13 - 3. unix - specific clock formatting keywords. | % d | | date as % m / % d / % y ( e. g., 02 / 19 / 97 ). | | % e | | day of month ( 1? 31 ), no leading zeros. | | % h | | abbreviated month name. | | % n | | inserts a newline. | | % r | | time as % i : % m : % s % p ( e. g., 02 : 39 : 29 pm ). | | % r | | time as % h : % m ( e. g., 14 : 39 ). | | % t | | inserts a tab. | | % t | | time as % h : % m : % s ( e. g., 14 : 34 : 29 ). | the clock clicks command returns the value of the system ' s highest resolution clock. the units of the clicks are not defined. the main use of this command is to measure the relative time of different performance tuning trials. the following command counts the clicks per second over 10 seconds, which will vary from system to system : example 13 - 1 calculating clicks per second. set t1 [ clock clicks ] after 10000 ; # see page 218 set t2 [ clock clicks ] puts \" [ expr ( $ t2 - $ t1 ) / 10 ] clicks / second \" = > 1001313 clicks / second the clock scan command parses a date string and returns a seconds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5178094026179443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f36d7530-13dd-4d6a-8426-ea739f255160>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.986255"}
{"text": "218 set t2 [ clock clicks ] puts \" [ expr ( $ t2 - $ t1 ) / 10 ] clicks / second \" = > 1001313 clicks / second the clock scan command parses a date string and returns a seconds value. the command handles a variety of date formats. if you leave off the year, the current year is assumed. year 2000 compliance tcl implements the standard interpretation of two - digit year values, which is that 70? 9 are 1970? 999, 00? 9 are 2000? 069. versions of tcl before 8. 0 did not properly deal with two - digit years in all cases. note, however, that tcl is limited by your system ' s time epoch and the number of bits in an integer. on windows, macintosh, and most unix systems, the clock epoch is january 1, 1970. a 32 - bit integer can count enough seconds to reach forward into the year 2037, and backward to the year 1903. if you try to clock scan a date outside that range, tcl will raise an error because the seconds counter will overflow or underflow. in this case, tcl is just reflecting limitations of the underlying system. if you leave out a date, clock scan assumes the current date. you can also use the - base option to specify a date. the following example uses the current time as the base, which is redundant : clock scan \" 10 : 30 : 44 pm \" - base [ clock seconds ] the date parser allows these modifiers : year, month, fortnight ( two weeks ), week, day, hour, minute, second. you can put a positive or negative number in front of a modifier as a multiplier. for example : clock format [ clock scan \" 10 : 30 : 44 pm 1 week \" ] = > sun dec 01 22 : 30 : 44 1996 clock format [ clock scan \" 10 : 30 : 44 pm - 1 week \" ] sun nov 17 22 : 30 : 44 1996 you can also use tomorrow, yesterday, today, now, last, this, next, and ago, as modifiers. clock format [ clock scan \" 3 years ago \" ] = > wed nov 24 17 : 06 : 46 1993 both clock format and clock scan take a - gmt option that uses greenwich mean time. otherwise, the local time zone is used. clock format [ clock seconds ] - gmt true = > sun nov 24 09 : 25 : 29 1996 clock format [ clock seconds ] - gmt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48516662596713234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f36d7530-13dd-4d6a-8426-ea739f255160>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.987527"}
{"text": "the data on species level is structured in four areas ( see picture below ) : 1. at the top in light yellow, the species ' name is shown together with, when applicable, its iucn code ( click on the code and you will be redirected to iucn ' s webpage with detailed information about this threatened species ) and, if you have ticked the species, a green tick to the right 2. in the rich yellow field you also have the species name and a scroll function up ( left ) or down ( right ) the sequence of the chosen checklist ( click on filter if you want to change the active checklist ). 3. below the yellow field, the taxonomic tree down to the chosen level is shown ( click on any higher level to get a new selection of species groups ). 4. the submenu in black shows the information sets available : * info - species info including a distribution map, a photo and, if applicable, subspecific information and taxonomic notes * names [ # of ] - shows the species ' name in different languages ( recommended as well as optional names ) and within brackets # of names * photo [ # of ] - all photos on the gt network of this species and within brackets # of photos * distribution - a distribution map and countries where this particular species / subspecies has been recorded and also its status * who x - list of gt members that have ticked the species and in which countries * my ticks [ # of ] - my own ticks on country level and within brackets # of ticks * my notes [ * ] - a free text field where you can save your personal notes related to this species ; if you have saved information you will have a [ * ] marker * literature - in which book and on which plate is the taxon depicted ( this is work - in - progress so not many references so far... ) * xeno - canto - click and you will be redirected to xeno - canto ' s website to hear voice recordings of the species * wikipedia - click on the icon and you will be redirected to wikipedia ' s website * google images - click on the icon and you will be redirected to google ' s website", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4792027215463046, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d54669f7-f3e7-4350-a5da-ac6342663efe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.990422"}
{"text": "a recursive function typically contains a conditional expression which has three parts : recursive functions can be much simpler than any other kind of function. indeed, when people first start to use them, they often look so mysteriously simple as to be incomprehensible. like riding a bicycle, reading a recursive function definition takes a certain knack which is hard at first but then seems simple. there are several different common recursive patterns. a very simple pattern looks like this : ( defun name - of - recursive - function ( argument - list ) \" documentation... \" ( if do - again - test body... ( name - of - recursive - function next - step - expression ) ) ) each time a recursive function is evaluated, a new instance of it is created and told what to do. the arguments tell the instance what to do. an argument is bound to the value of the next - step - expression. each instance runs with a different value of the next - step - expression. the value in the next - step - expression is used in the do - again - test. the value returned by the next - step - expression is passed to the new instance of the function, which evaluates it ( or some transmogrification of it ) to determine whether to continue or stop. the next - step - expression is designed so that the do - again - test returns false when the function should no longer be repeated. the do - again - test is sometimes called the stop condition, since it stops the repetitions when it tests false.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5149444809332389, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e12ee1b9-01d9-4f3a-a24b-f6f5a1a8acc0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.992656"}
{"text": "scientists at the ucl institute of child health ( ich ) have developed a new gene therapy that could have the potential to save the lives of children with a life threatening tumour called neuroblastoma. the technique, which uses novel tumour - homing nanoparticles has proved to be effective in a first stage trial in which researchers successfully targeted the tumours in a mouse model. the details of the study are published online today in the international journal biomaterials. stephen hart, reader in molecular genetics at the ich, explains : \u201c it has long been a major technical challenge for medical researchers to use gene therapy to target this type of tumour, particularly when the cancer has spread. now with the development of these novel nanoparticles in our laboratory, we \u2019 ve been able to deliver the genes to where they are needed, via an intravenous injection. \u201d neuroblastoma is one of the most aggressive malignancies, affecting around 100 children each year in britain. new treatments are urgently needed to tackle the disease, which is often fatal. two thirds of children have widespread disease at diagnosis, making treatment even more challenging for specialist clinicians. \u201c in the mouse tumour model we have demonstrated that the nanoparticles can home in on tumours after injection into the blood stream, avoiding the liver, lung and spleen, organs that might otherwise remove the particles from the circulation. we have then used the nanoparticles to deliver a cargo of anti - tumour genes, which in turn stimulated the mouse \u2019 s immune cells to attack and destroy the tumour. we observed that tumour growth was slowed significantly and in a third of mice, tumours were eradicated completely, surviving long - term. \u201d \u201c these nanoparticles are composed of peptides ( small pieces of protein ) and liposomes ( fatty globules ), as well as the therapeutic genes. although similar to artificial viruses, the nanoparticles are safe and non - infectious. \u201d dr penelope brock, consultant oncologist at great ormond street hospital said : \u201c this is an extremely exciting breakthrough with enormous promise for improving clinical care of children and adolescents suffering from a very aggressive disease. i look forward to seeing results of early phase clinical trials. \u201d dr hart continues, \u201c we now need to study the efficacy, safety and side - effects of the nanoparticles and hope that in the future our findings will translate into a viable treatment for some of the most challenging cases", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5025496147476918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:124430b4-8485-4ad2-bdb6-d477e30aeb68>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.995204"}
{"text": "with predictions of polar bears being extinct in 50 years, on thin ice follows bears as they emerge from their dens and navigate their rapidly changing environment. on thin ice shows how the frozen expanses of the arctic are shrinking at an unprecedented rate, with the very survival of the polar bear literally on thin ice. over the last year, producer / presenter greg grainger has mounted a series of expeditions across the arctic to document the plight of the polar bear. * researcher nick lunn tranquillises polar bears from his helicopter, cataloguing the diminishing health of the western hudson bay bear population and finding the remains of a bear thought to have died from starvation. * close and wild encounters with rangers from the polar bear alert team as they chase bears out of the township of churchill, built in the middle of the bears \u2019 migration route. follow one family of bears that have to be darted after they attempt to break into a building food for food, while another bold bear becomes trapped inside a garbage truck. * hungry bears and husky dogs fighting one another at an isolated weather station north of norway. * polar bears in the wild as they capture seals and devour whale carcasses. there is no more iconic symbol of strength and adaptation to survival than the polar bear.... an animal so superbly suited to its environment that it thrives in the most hostile corners of the planet \u2013 until now. on thin ice - a moving account of polar bears struggling to survive as climate change melts their summer hunting ground - the arctic sea ice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4327969370650031, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c66f849-1d92-4331-be00-558239f3ff81>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:57.996751"}
{"text": "\" they tell me that isn ' t right, \" harding said. judy ellinghausen, archivist at the history museum in great falls, agreed, calling such an account \" unlikely. \" in all the reading she has done on the 1908 flood, she has seen no references to serious flooding in the center of town. great falls was not the only community affected by the precipitation in june 1908. lewis and clark county commissioners estimated the helena area lost $ 100, 000 worth of its roads and bridges, while the tribune quoted a fort benton resident as saying the water had never been as high in that historic town along the missouri as it was in 1908. great falls still sports one clear public reference to the flood of 1908 \u2014 a plaque located on a railroad overpass pier next to 6th street north between park drive and river drive north. the plaque on the east pier shows the peak water level of the june 1908 flood. based on that high - water mark, floodwaters would have intruded only a short distance into the lower north side residential area. however, the west side was inundated with water in 1908, just as it was in 1964, another disastrous flood year for west great falls. harding said the worst recorded flooding on the sun river, which runs through the west side and connects to the missouri river near the meadow lark country club area, occurred in 1964. \" the 1908 ( flood ) always was the granddaddy of them all until ' 64, \" harding said. along the sun river, water levels were higher in 1964 \" by about a foot and a half, \" than they were in 1908, he added. other notable floods in great falls occurred in 1953 and 1975, which gave rise to a theory that big floods took place in great falls every 11 years. before 1986 rolled around, much of west great falls formed a flood district, and contractors built a thick earthen dike to keep out any flooding. sun river dikes in great falls have yet to be seriously tested. reach tribune staff writer richard ecke at firstname. lastname @ example. org, or at 406 - 791 - 1467 or 800 - 438 - 6600.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3809243431072439, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da46cd9c-1d10-4166-a877-7f4e8bee155c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.003715"}
{"text": "saving energy : california clamps down on \u2018 vampire \u2019 chargers wasteful battery chargers for smartphones, tablet computers, laptops, etc., will be subject to new, stricter rules in the us state of california. \u2018 vampire \u2019 battery chargers can waste up to 60 % of the energy they take from electrical outlets. california is the first us state to confront this problem, with the california energy commission voting unanimously to improve efficiency standards, which will cover some 170 million chargers. the manufacturers of consumer appliances of course strongly objected to the new regulations, despite projections that the improved energy standards would save $ 306 million per year on commercial and residential electricity bills. from the los angeles times : this means that we can have the devices that we like in our lives and that make our lives easier. but by taking a few relatively simple steps to improve battery chargers, we can save so much electricity, take care of the environment and save ratepayers money. \u2013 commissioner karen douglas, california energy commissioner california \u2019 s energy plan has a tradition of placing a priority on energy efficiency, above the development of renewable power, starting with air conditioner regulations back in 1977. this strategy has helped keep the state \u2019 s per capita energy consumption the same over the past 30 years, as opposed to the us as a whole, which saw consumption increase by 50 % over the same period. the chargers are called vampires because they continue to suck energy from the wall if plugged in, even when they are not charging their battery - powered devices. ( tip : don \u2019 t leave your laptop, smartphone, tablet charger, etc., plugged into the wall! ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47042666008935496, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3dd22a95-8e49-47cd-a357-e49da0cf074d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.006419"}
{"text": "high selection pressure on domestic cattle has led to an undesirable increase in inbreeding, as well as to the deterioration of some functional traits which are indirectly selected. semen stored in a cryobank may be a useful way to redirect selection or limit the loss of genetic diversity in a selected breed. the purpose of this study was to analyse the efficiency of current cryobank sampling methods, by investigating the benefits of using cryopreserved semen in a selection scheme several generations after the semen was collected. the theoretical impact of using cryopreserved semen in a selection scheme of a dairy cattle breed was investigated by simulating various scenarios involving two negatively correlated traits and a change in genetic variability of the breed. our results indicate that using cryopreserved semen to redirect selection will have an impact on negatively selected traits only if it is combined with major changes in selection objectives or practices. if the purpose is to increase genetic diversity in the breed, it can be a viable option. using cryopreserved semen to redirect selection or to improve genetic diversity should be carried out with caution, by considering the pros and cons of prospective changes in genetic diversity and the value of the selected traits. however, the use of genomic information should lead to more interesting perspectives to choose which animals to store in a cryobank and to increase the value of cryobank collections for selected breeds. within the context of farm animal biotechnologies, cryopreservation is one of the most useful tools for selection improvement, dissemination of genetic progress and ex situ conservation. in its global plan of action, the fao recommended the implementation of ex situ programmes to complement in situ conservation of animal genetic resources. it was also suggested that cryopreserved bio - specimens could be used as a backup material to redirect the selection scheme of a given breed, if needed [ 2, 3 ]. consequently, several gene banks have been created with different strategies and policies that vary with the breed, species, and country concerned [ 4, 5 ] and methods have been proposed to use ex situ genetic resources to optimise the management of genetic diversity in endangered breeds. breeds with large populations are subject to high selection pressures and have rates of inbreeding greater than the desired values. in these cases, the use of stored semen from male ancestors has seldom been investigated, although breeding organisations could be interested in doing so. for instance, in the dairy cattle breed ab", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5404343162396138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30c1ac70-c148-4b2b-8154-d2886ecd021f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.045749"}
{"text": "and have rates of inbreeding greater than the desired values. in these cases, the use of stored semen from male ancestors has seldom been investigated, although breeding organisations could be interested in doing so. for instance, in the dairy cattle breed abondance ( a local selected breed in the french northern alps ), the semen of a bull born in 1977 ( called naif ), which was rarely used in the 1980 ' s, was used from 2004 to 2007, to produce 20 young bulls in order to reintroduce some genetic variability in the breed. depending on the country, different strategies have been implemented to sample individuals for national collections. in the netherlands, most of the tested bulls are sampled for preservation in the gene bank, while in the usa, the selection of animals for cryopreservation is aimed at optimizing genetic diversity within the collection, by sampling animals from clusters determined through computed genealogical relationships. in france, based on the idea that individuals sampled for a cryobank should be as diverse as possible and carry special genotypes, regulations have been implemented to conserve frozen sperm from three main origins : ( i ) animals from endangered breeds, ( ii ) original animals from non - endangered breeds ( with either extreme positive or negative estimated breeding values ( ebv ), carrying rare alleles or representing rare pedigree lines ), and ( iii ) representative animals from non - endangered breeds. the purpose of this study was to analyse the efficiency of current cryobank sampling methods by investigating the benefits of using cryopreserved semen in a selection scheme several generations after the semen was collected. based on simulations, we examined two situations in which cryopreserved sperm was used ( 1 ) to redirect the selection goal, by including a trait which, in the past, had shown a negative correlated selection response ( e. g. fertility in dairy cattle ), and ( 2 ) to limit the loss of genetic diversity in the breed. the impact of using cryopreserved sperm was measured by estimating the evolution of two negatively correlated traits and the evolution of the breed ' s genetic diversity, assessed through pedigree information. a simplified cattle breed was simulated with 13 discrete generations, each consisting of 100 males and 10000 females. in each generation, 10 bulls and 50 cows were chosen as parents of the male progeny, and 20 bulls and 10000 cows were chosen as parents of the female progeny ( with no selection on the dam to dam path ). mating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5212713116801762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30c1ac70-c148-4b2b-8154-d2886ecd021f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.046826"}
{"text": "females. in each generation, 10 bulls and 50 cows were chosen as parents of the male progeny, and 20 bulls and 10000 cows were chosen as parents of the female progeny ( with no selection on the dam to dam path ). mating was random resulting in random variation of progeny size among parents, i. e. the sire and dam of a given newborn were randomly chosen in the corresponding lists of parents. simulation of genetic values and ebv we considered two traits a and b. trait a corresponded to a production trait which had been recently and intensively selected and improved ( such as milk production in dairy cattle ). trait b corresponded to a functional trait which had deteriorated because of a negative correlation with trait a ( e. g. fertility or longevity ). the genetic standard deviation of each trait ( \u03c3a and \u03c3b, respectively ) was set to 1 and the correlation between traits ( \u03c1 ) was set to - 0. 3. for each trait, an additive polygenic model was assumed and the simulation of correlated genetic values was based on the bivariate normal distribution ( see, e. g. ). at generation 0 ( base population ), genetic values for trait a were randomly and independently drawn from a n ( 0, 1 ) distribution. for a given individual ( i ), the genetic value for trait b ( bi ) was generated from its value for trait a ( ai ) : where \u03b2i is a n ( 0, 1 ) random number independent of ai. in the following generations, genetic values of individual i were simulated from the genetic values of its sire ( ap and bp ) and its dam ( am and bm ), taking into account the parent ' s coefficients of inbreeding ( fp and fm, resp. ) [ 12, 13 ] : in these equations, \u03b3i and \u03b4i are two numbers randomly drawn from a n ( 0, 1 ) bivariate normal distribution with a correlation equal to \u03c1. ebv were directly simulated from genetic values, assuming an evaluation procedure leading to an accuracy ( cd = square of the correlation between the ebv and the true genetic value ) equal to 0. 6 for bulls and 0. 4 for cows, whatever the trait and the generation considered. therefore, the ebv of a given individual for trait a ( ebvai ) and for trait b ( ebvbi ) were computed as follows : where \u03b5i and are two independent numbers drawn from a n ( 0, 1 ) distribution. finally,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.530325578323698, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30c1ac70-c148-4b2b-8154-d2886ecd021f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.048287"}
{"text": "of a given individual for trait a ( ebvai ) and for trait b ( ebvbi ) were computed as follows : where \u03b5i and are two independent numbers drawn from a n ( 0, 1 ) distribution. finally, a total merit index ( tmii ) was computed, weighting the two ebv by wa and wb = 1 - wa, respectively : sampling and use of cryopreserved semen simulations comprised two stages. during stage 1 ( generations 0 to 8 ), the lists of parents were selected based on their ebv for trait a only, without considering the evolution of the genetic mean for trait b or the average coefficient of inbreeding. during stage 2 ( generations 9 to 12 ), the bulls were also used to improve trait b or to introduce genetic diversity in the breed. during stage 1, the semen of some bulls was sampled and cryopreserved if the animals fulfilled one of the three following conditions, which correspond to the current sampling rules of the french national cryobank for type \" ii \" ( original bulls ) : - ( i ) ebva is three standard deviations above or below the mean of the generation, - ( ii ) ebvb is two standard deviations above the mean of the generation ( trait b is considered as a functional trait and for functional traits, only animals above the average are considered ), - ( iii ) the bull is a sire of sires with no male offspring selected after the evaluation process ( these bulls were actually selected with one generation lag ). to check the validity of this elaborate sampling method, we tested a simpler sampling method ( similar to the one used in the netherlands ), where the semen of all young bulls is stored in the cryobank. in the simulations performed here, we investigated the impact of a one - time use ( i. e. during a single generation ) of cryopreserved semen. at generation 9, four bulls with cryopreserved semen were selected ( hereafter referred to as ' cryobank bulls ' ), these bulls fulfilling one of the following conditions either ( i ) they are the best cryobank bulls for the tmii or ( ii ) they have the lowest average kinship with the existing population ( males and females taken together ). we studied the impact of various selection orientations ( use of cryopreserved semen, conservation of male lines, etc. ) only on the male path, because applying the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5353194094939385, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30c1ac70-c148-4b2b-8154-d2886ecd021f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.050972"}
{"text": "average kinship with the existing population ( males and females taken together ). we studied the impact of various selection orientations ( use of cryopreserved semen, conservation of male lines, etc. ) only on the male path, because applying the above conditions on the female path would be much more restrictive, less effective, and would require a larger amount of semen, all the more since the number of doses is generally limited in cryobanks ( 200, in france ). for these reasons, we considered that cryobank bulls were used only to procreate young bulls for progeny testing. the 9th generation of young bulls was then generated using either the bulls from the cryobank or the group of 10 sires selected as described in previous sections. depending on the scenario ( see following section ), 0, 40 or 80 individuals ( among the 100 newborn bull calves ) were sired randomly by one of the four selected cryobank bulls. simulation scenarios and results six simulation scenarios were completed with two main options ( table 1 ). table 1. description of simulation scenarios firstly, in scenario \" b \", emphasis was put on the selection of both traits b and a. to achieve this goal, three methods were compared : - b1 : at generation 9, the four bulls with the highest tmi ( wb = 0. 5 ) were used to sire 40 % of the young bulls, while the selection criterion during stage 2 remained unchanged ( improving ebva ). the other young bulls were sired by bulls randomly sampled within the group of 10 sires ; - b2 : at generation 9, no cryobank bull was used, and during stage 2, tmi ( wb = 0. 5 ) was used as the selection criterion instead of ebva ; - b3 : at generation 9, the four cryobank bulls with the highest tmi were used to sire 40 % of the young bulls, and during stage 2, tmi was used as the selection criterion instead of ebva. to test more or less drastic selection changes, scenario b3 was tested with an increasing weight given to trait b ( wb increasing from 0. 5 to 1 ). secondly, in scenarios \" d \", emphasis was put on genetic variability while trait a remained the breeding goal. three methods were also compared : - d1 : at generation 9, the four cryobank bulls having the lowest kinship with the existing population ( scenario b1 ) were used to sire 40 % of the young bulls ; -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5300061635037788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30c1ac70-c148-4b2b-8154-d2886ecd021f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.052668"}
{"text": "remained the breeding goal. three methods were also compared : - d1 : at generation 9, the four cryobank bulls having the lowest kinship with the existing population ( scenario b1 ) were used to sire 40 % of the young bulls ; - d2 : at generation 9, no cryobank bull was used, while during stage 2, the progenies on the sire to sire path were given the same size i. e. for each sire of sires, 10 male offspring were created among which those with the two best ebva became the sires of dams and that with the best ebva became a sire of sires ; - d3 : at generation 9, the four cryobank bulls having the lowest kinship with the existing population ( scenario b1 ) were used to sire 40 % of the young bulls, while during stage 2, selection was used to equalise progeny sizes on the sire to sire path. simulations were performed with 1000 runs for each scenario. for each generation, individual inbreeding coefficients and genetic values were computed and averaged for the entire male and female populations. the individual coefficients of kinship were also computed and averaged over males only and over the entire populations. the proportion of genes originating from cryobank bulls was computed on the basis of the gene dropping procedure ( one locus averaged over the 1000 runs ). stage 1 : evolution of selected traits, diversity loss, and sampling of cryobank bulls as expected, the results of the different scenarios did not differ significantly for generations 0 to 8 given that in stage 1, the conditions were the same whatever the option chosen, ( here we present results averaged over the 1000 runs of one scenario only ). with the parameters chosen for the simulation, each sire of sires had on average 10 male offspring ( across sires standard deviation s. d. = 2. 9 ) and each sire of dams had on average 500 female offspring ( across sires s. d. = 21. 6 ). as expected ( see figure 1 ), selection on trait a during stage 1 led to a major increase in the mean of this trait ( + 6. 7 initial genetic standard deviation ) from generation 0 to 8, while at the same time, the mean of b decreased to a lesser extent ( - 2 initial genetic standard deviation ). the average coefficient of inbreeding increased simultaneously. young bulls were slightly more inbred than cows, as they originated from a smaller number of sires and dams. in parallel ( generation 0 to 8 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5235657153314743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30c1ac70-c148-4b2b-8154-d2886ecd021f>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.053830"}
{"text": "- 2 initial genetic standard deviation ). the average coefficient of inbreeding increased simultaneously. young bulls were slightly more inbred than cows, as they originated from a smaller number of sires and dams. in parallel ( generation 0 to 8 ), the average coefficient of kinship among the young bulls and among the entire population increased to 8. 1 % and 6. 9 %, respectively. figure 1. changes in genetic values ( a ) and in genetic diversity ( b ) ( scenario b1 ). dotted lines : young bulls ; solid lines : whole population ; red : trait a, blue : trait b ; green : average between a and b ; purple : inbreeding f ; pink : kinship \u03c6. an average of 31 cryobank bulls was sampled per replicate, 58 % being sampled because of outstanding ebvb ( see table 2 ). table 2 shows that cryobank bulls chosen for their genetic diversity were generally born earlier than others, which can be explained by the fact that they were chosen with one generation lag compared to other sampling procedures. table 2. average number and birth generation of bulls selected for conservation stage 2 in scenarios b : change in breeding goals as shown in figure 1, introducing cryobank bulls with exceptional tmi without changing the selection criterion during stage 2 ( scenario b1 ) had a temporary impact on traits a and b as well as on the diversity indicators of the young bulls. at the whole population level, the impact was negligible, since young bulls sired by cryobank bulls were rarely subsequently selected as sires : three generations after introduction ( generation 12 ), the cryobank contribution to genetic diversity was less than 3 % ( table 3 ). table 3. origin and impact of cryobank bulls used in the different scenarios when tmi was used as a selection criterion ( considering wb = 0. 5 ), without using cryobank bulls ( scenario b2 ), there was a per generation increase in the mean of trait b from generation 9 on ( b1 : - 0. 3 vs b2 : + 0. 4 ), while the genetic gain for trait a decreased ( b1 : + 1. 0 vs b2 : + 0. 4, see additional file 1 ). the change in breeding goals had no impact on diversity indicators. additional file 1. changes in genetic values ( a ) and in genetic diversity ( b ) ( scenario b2 ). the data represent the simulation results for scenario b2. dotted lines : young bulls ; solid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5231825990905288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30c1ac70-c148-4b2b-8154-d2886ecd021f>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.054799"}
{"text": "goals had no impact on diversity indicators. additional file 1. changes in genetic values ( a ) and in genetic diversity ( b ) ( scenario b2 ). the data represent the simulation results for scenario b2. dotted lines : young bulls ; solid lines : whole population ; red : trait a ; blue : trait b ; green : average between a and b ; purple : inbreeding f ; pink : kinship \u03c6. format : pdf size : 58kb download file this file can be viewed with : adobe acrobat reader combining the use of cryobank bulls and tmi as a selection criterion ( scenario b3 for wb = 0. 5 ) resulted in a slight but significant ( p < 0. 001 ) reduction in average kinship ( - 0. 3 % between scenario b2 and b3, with 40 % of the males from generation 9 sired by cryobank bulls, see additional file 2 ). concerning the selected traits, the genetic gain for trait a decreased slightly when cryobank bulls were used ( - 0. 12 between scenarios b2 and b3, p < 0. 001 ), while the genetic gain for trait b increased slightly ( + 0. 06 between scenarios b2 and b3, p = 0. 02 ). these tendencies increased slightly when 80 % of the males from generation 9 were sired by cryobank bulls ( see additional file 2 ). according to the results from table 3, cryobank bulls contributed to 6. 5 % of the diversity three generations after their introduction. it should be noted that the cryobank bulls used were generally sampled in recent generations, their average birth generation being 6. 6 ( table 3 ). additional file 2. changes in genetic values ( a ) and in average kinship ( b ) when trait b was added to selection goals. the data represent the simulation results when selection is redirected with a new trait accounting for 50 % of the total merit index and when the use of semen from cryobank bulls is increased. scenario b3 and whole population are considered with the weight wb given to trait b accounting for 50 % of the total merit index and an increased use of the semen from cryobank bulls. brown : no cryobank bull is used ( scenario b2 ) ; red : cryobank bulls are used to produce 40 % of sons ( scenario b3 ) ; yellow : cryobank bulls are used to produce 80 % of sons ; o : genetic value for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.532272293399831, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30c1ac70-c148-4b2b-8154-d2886ecd021f>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.055815"}
{"text": "is used ( scenario b2 ) ; red : cryobank bulls are used to produce 40 % of sons ( scenario b3 ) ; yellow : cryobank bulls are used to produce 80 % of sons ; o : genetic value for trait a ; \u2666 : genetic value for trait b ; dotted line : average genetic value between a and b ; x : kinship \u03c6. format : pdf size : 57kb download file this file can be viewed with : adobe acrobat reader as a result of the increased weight of trait b within tmi ( see figure 2 ), there was a per generation increase in genetic gain for trait b, while there was a slightly lower increase or even a decrease in genetic gain for trait a, as well as in average kinship, when trait b accounted for more than 80 % of ebv. when only trait b was taken into account for tmi, the genetic value of traits a and b reached 4. 7 and 1. 37, respectively at generation 12 ( versus 8. 4 and - 0. 41 respectively when wb = 0. 5 ), while average kinship reached 8. 9 % at generation 12 ( versus 11. 9 % when wb = 0. 5 ). figure 2. changes in genetic values ( a ) and in average kinship ( b ), when trait b was added to selection goals. scenario b3 and whole population are considered with the weight wb of trait b increasing for computation of the total merit index. black : wb = 0 ( scenario b1 ) ; brown : wb = 0. 5 ; red : wb = 0. 6 ; orange : wb = 0. 7 ; green : wb = 0. 8 ; light blue : wb = 0. 9 ; dark blue : wb = 1 ; o : genetic value for trait a ; \u2666 : genetic value for trait b ; x : kinship \u03c6. stage 2 in scenarios d : improvement in genetic diversity as shown in figure 3, the use of cryobank bulls with a minimised kinship with the current generation ( scenario d1 ), had no impact if the selection policy was not modified, since none of the offspring of the cryobank bulls were selected as sires. equalising progeny sizes on the sire to sire path alone ( scenario d2 ) decreased diversity a little less ( in generation 12, \u03c6 = 12 % for scenario d1 and \u03c6 = 11 % for scenario d2 ), with an almost negligible impact on genetic progress. combining this option with the introgression of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5425814125584565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30c1ac70-c148-4b2b-8154-d2886ecd021f>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.056782"}
{"text": ") decreased diversity a little less ( in generation 12, \u03c6 = 12 % for scenario d1 and \u03c6 = 11 % for scenario d2 ), with an almost negligible impact on genetic progress. combining this option with the introgression of cryobank bulls ( scenario d3 ) resulted in a significant reduction in average kinship ( - 2 % in comparison to d1 ). under such a scenario, the genetic mean of trait b also increased slightly ( + 0. 3 between scenario d1 and d3, p < 0. 001 ), while that of trait a and the average of both traits decreased slightly ( - 0. 08 and - 0. 02 respectively, between scenarios d1 and d3, p < 0. 001 ). it should be noted that most of the cryobank bulls used originated from the founder population, their average birth generation being 0. 3 ( table 3 ). figure 3. changes in genetic values ( a ) and in average kinship ( b ), when the aim was to manage genetic diversity. the whole population is considered brown : no change in selection ; cryobank bulls used to produce 40 % of male offspring ( scenario d1 ) ; red : conservation of male lines ( scenario d2 ) ( curve overlapping the preceding one ) ; yellow : conservation of male lines and cryobank bulls used to produce 40 % of male offspring ( scenario d3 ) ; o : genetic value for trait a ; \u2666 : genetic value for trait b ; dotted line : average genetic value between a and b ; x : kinship \u03c6. modifying which bulls entered the cryobank by preserving semen for all the young bulls did not significantly alter the results of scenarios b3 and d3, either for the selected traits or for kinship evolution ( data not shown ). it should be noted that in this case, the average birth generation of the cryobank bulls used was 7, in scenario b3 ( instead of 6. 6, in the first cryobank sampling method ), and 0, in scenario d3 ( instead of 0. 3, in the first cryobank sampling method ). in this study, we assessed the impacts of using cryopreserved bull semen either to redirect selection or to improve the genetic variability of a selected cattle breed. simulation parameters were chosen as a compromise between realism in the scenarios, their applicability, and the simplicity of the model. for instance, with respect to the choice of population size, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5395731139651367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30c1ac70-c148-4b2b-8154-d2886ecd021f>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.057723"}
{"text": "or to improve the genetic variability of a selected cattle breed. simulation parameters were chosen as a compromise between realism in the scenarios, their applicability, and the simplicity of the model. for instance, with respect to the choice of population size, a breed with 20 breeding males and 10000 potential dams could be considered quite small, especially with reference to the fao endangerment status. in our simulation, sires and dams were randomly chosen from lists of reproducers. this differs significantly from what occurs in real breeds, in which an unbalanced use of reproducers is frequently the case, leading to a reduced size of the effective population. in terms of effective size, our breed would correspond to a much larger population with a similar inbreeding rate per generation ( 1. 07 % ) to that found in real dairy cattle breeds e. g.. concerning sampling conditions in the simulations, as mentioned above, the procedure chosen to select bulls for cryopreservation is similar to that currently applied in france. this choice was made to test if bulls selected this way could be effectively used in a selected breed. compared to the case in which all young bulls are sampled for cryopreservation ( which corresponds more or less to the current procedure in the netherlands ), the results were basically the same. this shows that the french sampling procedure is reasonably efficient to select useful bulls, and could be applied in situations when only a limited number of semen samples can be stored in a cryobank ( for financial reasons, for instance ). one of the main conclusions of this study is that using cryopreserved semen is relevant for a breed for which major changes in selection objectives or practices are considered. since genetic progress is rapid in dairy cattle breeds ( e. g. ), a bull for which semen has been stored for a few generations, is likely to have a lower genetic value than current bulls, if the selection goals remain the same. thus the latter ' s offspring may not be used, as illustrated by scenarios b1 and d1, and using cryobank bulls is then meaningless. the results of scenario b3 demonstrate that using cryobank bulls has a significant impact on the selected traits and on genetic diversity only if a relatively large change is implemented in the selection programme ( i. e. introducing a new trait formerly negatively selected but subsequently accounting for more than 50 % of ebv ). under that scenario, when trait b accounted for less than 70 % of ebv, the cryob", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5408826536588109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30c1ac70-c148-4b2b-8154-d2886ecd021f>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.058913"}
{"text": "the selection programme ( i. e. introducing a new trait formerly negatively selected but subsequently accounting for more than 50 % of ebv ). under that scenario, when trait b accounted for less than 70 % of ebv, the cryobank bulls selected were those more recently collected, since they generally had a higher value for trait a than older cryobank bulls, which compensated for a slightly lower value for trait b. when trait b accounted for 80 % or more of ebv, most of the cryobank bulls finally used, originated from generation 0 ( data not shown ), which explains the sudden decrease in average kinship after introgression of the cryobank bulls ( see figure 2 ). therefore if managers of a selection scheme want to redirect breeding goals, using cryobank bulls is viable only if the breeding goals are subjected to a major modification ( i. e. if the weight of the new trait accounts for more than 50 % of ebv ). our results also indicate that cryobank bulls that have been sampled for functional traits with high ebv will tend to be used more frequently than other cryobank bulls, independently of the aim. if the objective is to introduce genetic diversity into the breed, using cryobank bulls appears to be a valid choice. however, it is imperative that other measures are also taken to guaranty that genes are spread within the breed i. e. either conserving male lines ( scenario d3 ), when their use is promoted among breeders, or setting up more restrictive and effective breeding schemes. several methods of varying complexity have been proposed to minimise kinship, or to maximise breeding values for a predefined inbreeding rate, or to minimise average kinship for a desired average ebv, usually by optimising the contribution of reproducers. on the one hand, decreasing inbreeding in a selected breed may improve selected traits ; for instance, it has been shown that in holstein cattle, milk production ( over 305 days ) can decrease by about 20 litres per 1 % inbreeding increase. on the other hand, using semen from cryobank bulls has a negative impact on previously selected traits, as illustrated by our simulations. in the case of local breeds, in which genetic progress is not as effective as in breeds with a larger population size, the difference in ebv between current bulls and bulls from earlier generations should be minimised. this could lead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5553330985183691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30c1ac70-c148-4b2b-8154-d2886ecd021f>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.060416"}
{"text": "our simulations. in the case of local breeds, in which genetic progress is not as effective as in breeds with a larger population size, the difference in ebv between current bulls and bulls from earlier generations should be minimised. this could lead to an effective use of cryobank bulls to reintroduce diversity without overly affecting selected traits. as an illustration in the abondance breed, one of the male offspring of the bull born in 1977 was found to have quite a high ebv ( vaccin, born in 2003, ), and was therefore recently confirmed as a sire of dams. among all the sires of dams, this bull shared the lowest average kinship with the 2004 - 2007 female cohorts ( 4. 6 % vs. 6. 5 % on average, personal communication ). the impact of using this bull on the genetic variability of the breed remains to be assessed. based on our results, using semen from cryobank bulls should be useful either to introduce drastic changes in selection goals or to reintroduce genetic diversity within a given population. however, it is important to carefully assess the pros and cons of the potential changes in genetic diversity and values of the selected traits. our simulations were based on a classic quantitative selection scheme. recent progress in genomic tools should make it possible to identify semen from cryobank bulls that share specific alleles or qtl of interest for selection. this could then be taken into account when choosing cryobank bulls as well as how they will be used. using such reproducers should be investigated in further studies, which opens exciting perspectives for an improved exploitation of cryobank collections. the authors declare that they have no competing interests. ev, cdb and gl jointly conceived the design of the study and discussed the results. gl wrote and checked the simulation program. gl wrote the first draft of the manuscript, which was then modified by cdb and ev. all authors read and approved the final manuscript. this study was funded by the bureau des ressources genetiques ( brg ) ( contract 2007 - 14 \" cryositu \" ). the authors wish to thank emilie setlakwe, daphne goodfellow and helene hayes for linguistic revision. verrier e, danchin - burge c, moureaux s, ollivier l, tixier - boichard m, boichard d, maignel mj, bidanel jp, clement f", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5343710467405405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30c1ac70-c148-4b2b-8154-d2886ecd021f>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.061575"}
{"text": "revision. verrier e, danchin - burge c, moureaux s, ollivier l, tixier - boichard m, boichard d, maignel mj, bidanel jp, clement f : what should be preserved : genetic goals and collection protocols for the french national cryobank. in proceedings of the workshop on cryopreservation of animal genetic resources in europe : 23 february 2003 ; paris. edited by planchenault d. bureau des ressources genetiques ; 2003 : 79 - 89. gandini g, oldenbroek k : strategies for moving from conservation to utilisation. in utilisation and conservation of farm animal genetic resources. edited by oldenbroek k. wageningen : wageningen academic publishers ; 2007 : 29 - 54. genet res 2002, 80 : 27 - 30. pubmed abstract danchin - burge c, hiemstra sj : cryo - preservation of domestic animal species in france and the netherlands : experience, similarities and differences. in proceedings of the workshop on cryopreservation of animal genetic resources in europe : 23 february 2003 ; paris. edited by planchenault d. bureau des ressources genetiques ; 2003 : 15 - 28. livest sci 2009, 120 : 196 - 203. publisher full text livest prod sci 1984, 11 : 37 - 48. publisher full text theor appl genet 1989, 77 : 142 - 148. publisher full text philipsson j, forabosco f, jakobsen jh : monitoring sustainability of international dairy breeds. [ http : / / www - interbull. slu. se / bulletins / bulletin40 / philipsson. pdf ] webcite cooperative d ' elevage et d ' insemination animale de haute - savoie [ http : / / www. ceia74. fr / index / genetiquelait. php? race = 12 ] webcite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5256310634054868, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30c1ac70-c148-4b2b-8154-d2886ecd021f>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.062297"}
{"text": "amid doubt, disappointment and division, the world ' s governments came together in rio on friday to declare \" a pathway for a sustainable century \". at the close of the rio + 20 earth summit, heads of state and ministers from more than 190 nations signed off on a plan to set global sustainable development goals and other measures to strengthen global environmental management, tighten protection the oceans, improve food security and promote a \" green economy \". after more than a year of negotiations and a 10 - day mega - conference involving 45, 000 people, the wide - ranging outcome document \u2013 the future we want \u2013 was lambasted by environmentalists and anti - poverty campaigners for lacking the detail and ambition needed to address the challenges posed by a deteriorating environment, worsening inequality and a global population expected to rise from 7bn to 9bn by 2050. but the un secretary general, ban ki - moon said the document would guide the world on to a more sustainable path : \" our job now is to create a critical mass. the road ahead is long and hard. \" us secretary of state hillary clinton said it was a time to be optimistic. \" a more prosperous future is within our reach, a future where all people benefit from sustainable development no matter who they are or where they live. \" however, civil society groups and scientists were scathing about the outcome. greenpeace international executive director kumi naidoo called the summit a failure of epic proportions. \" we didn ' t get the future we want in rio, because we do not have the leaders we need. the leaders of the most powerful countries supported business as usual, shamefully putting private profit before people and the planet. \" rio + 20 was intended as a follow up on the 1992 earth summit, which put in place landmark conventions on climate change and biodiversity, as well as commitments on poverty eradication and social justice. since then, however, global emissions have risen by 48 %, 300m hectares of forest have been cleared and the population has increased by 1. 6bn people. despite a reduction in poverty, one in six people are malnourished. while the problems have grown, the ability of nations to deal with them has diminished because the eu is distracted by economic crisis, the us is diverted by a presidential election, and government power has declined relative to that of corporations and civil society. with barack obama, angela merkel and david cameron absent, the brics nations dominated proceedings. brazil artfully \u2013 and, according to some delegates, aggressively \u2013 pushed through the compromise text", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41778778791387927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae3aaa5f-f643-4b03-9c4f-987c1257321c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.071500"}
{"text": "government power has declined relative to that of corporations and civil society. with barack obama, angela merkel and david cameron absent, the brics nations dominated proceedings. brazil artfully \u2013 and, according to some delegates, aggressively \u2013 pushed through the compromise text, thereby avoiding the conflict and chaos that marked the copenhagen climate conference in 2009. but that also left heads of state and ministers with little but a ceremonial function, wasting an opportunity for political leaders to press for a more ambitious outcome. \" our final document is an opportunity that has been missed. it contributes almost nothing to our struggle to survive as a species, \" the nicaraguan representative miguel d ' escoto brockmann at the conference. \" we now face a future of increasing natural disasters. \" other delegates expressed disappointed, but said the agreement could be built upon. \" the document does not entirely match our ambition or meet the challenge the world faces. but it ' s an important step forward \u2026 that ' s why we support it. that ' s why we must engage with it, \" said janez potocnik, european commissioner for environment. the main outcome of the conference is a plan to set sustainable development goals ( sdgs ), which brazil described as the \" crown jewels \" of the conference. but the gems have not yet been chosen, let alone cut, polished and set. negotiators at rio were unable to agree on themes, which will now be left to an \" open working group \" of 30 nations to decide upon by september 2013. two years later, they will be blended with millennium development goals. the new goals look set to be the focus of tussles between rich and poor nations over the coming years. the g77 group of developing countries is adamant that the goals must include strong social and economic elements, including financing and technology transfer. \" when the eu, us say land, water \u2013 they usually emphasise environment. the g77 insist that it also has strong economic and social pillars. it needs to be better and bolder than the millennium development goals, \" said bhumika muchhala, of the third world network. the 49 - page document contained many other \u2013 mostly loosely defined \u2013 steps. the un environment programme ( unep ), long a poor relation of other un organisations, will get a more secure budget, a broader membership and strong powers to initiate scientific research and coordinate global environment strategies. rio + 20 also established a \" high - level \" forum to coordinate global sustainable development, though its format is still to be defined. ac", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45597060932648065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae3aaa5f-f643-4b03-9c4f-987c1257321c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.073620"}
{"text": "get a more secure budget, a broader membership and strong powers to initiate scientific research and coordinate global environment strategies. rio + 20 also established a \" high - level \" forum to coordinate global sustainable development, though its format is still to be defined. achim steiner, head of unep, said it was an agenda for change : \" world leaders and governments have today agreed that a transition to a green economy \u2013 backed by strong social provisions \u2013 offers a key pathway towards a sustainable 21st century. \" hopes that rio would commit the world to move towards a green economy were diluted by suspicions among some developing nations that this was another way for wealthy nations to impose a \" one - model - fits - all \" approach. instead, the green economy was merely named as an \" important tool \" that countries could use if they wished. nations agreed to think about ways to place a higher value on nature, including alternatives to gdp as a measure of wealth that account more for environmental and social factors, and efforts to assess and pay for \" environmental services \" provided by nature, such as carbon sequestration and habitat protection. among the many vague, but potentially promising developments, was a recognition by all 192 governments that \" fundamental changes in the way societies consume and produce are indispensable for achieving global sustainable development \". this appeared to mean different things to different people. eu officials suggests it could lead to a shift of taxes so workers pay less and polluters and landfill operators pay more. hillary clinton said it should be reflected in the way products are advertised and packaged. all nations \" reaffirmed \" commitments to phase out harmful fossil fuel subsidies. such changes will cost, but nobody wanted to put money on the table, which was cited by the g77 as a major cause of the weak outcome. developing countries wanted a $ 30bn per year fund to help in the transition to sustainability, but in the midst of a financial crisis in europe, nobody was willing to say how much money they would contribute. instead, there was a promise to enhance funding, but by how much and by whom were left to future discussions. brazilian president dilma rousseff said rich nations had not kept copenhagen promises on \" green funding \" and so were in no position to criticise others for a lack of ambition : \" all countries must take responsibility. nobody can point the finger. \" there was frustration that rio + 20 did not do more to guarantee the reproductive rights of women or to protect the world ' s oceans. a plan to rescue the high seas \u2013 which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4714073831065052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae3aaa5f-f643-4b03-9c4f-987c1257321c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.076279"}
{"text": "\" all countries must take responsibility. nobody can point the finger. \" there was frustration that rio + 20 did not do more to guarantee the reproductive rights of women or to protect the world ' s oceans. a plan to rescue the high seas \u2013 which are outside national jurisdictions \u2013 was blocked by the us, nicaragua, canada and russia. instead, leaders say they will do more to prevent over - fishing and ocean acidification. the international union for the conservation of nature called the decision a \" deep disappointment \". the strongest initiatives were made outside the negotiating halls, where significant agreements have been struck on investing in public transport, commitments made to green accounting by corporations and strategies agreed by cities and judicial bodies on reducing environmental impacts. the dynamism has been found in a 10 - day \" people ' s summit \" and campaigns to reduce plastics in the ocean and create a new sanctuary in the arctic. \" there are real solutions to the problems governments have been unable to solve and those solutions have been on display all week in rio, just not at the conference centre, \" said lidy nacpil, director of jubilee south \u2013 asia pacific movement on debt and development. the weak leadership shown in the conference halls has prompted many in civil society to rethink their strategies. sharan burrow, general secretary of the international trade union confederation, said a \" red / green alliance was the only way forward \". if the current development model doesn ' t change, \" we are going to see economic dislocation greater than we ' re facing now, \" she said. \" there will be more wars around water and energy, so we need labour and environment walking hand in hand. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3974186759039229, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae3aaa5f-f643-4b03-9c4f-987c1257321c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.077052"}
{"text": "there was a brief warm spell around 9 september, on which date the highest september temperature for six years was recorded, but much of the rest of the month was cool. in fact it was the coolest september since 1993, and heavy rain during the third week caused floods. this was the result of a deep and slow - moving low pressure system delivering copious rain between 23 and 25 september. prior to that it was dry in east anglia and south - east england. the mean maximum temperature in september ranged from 20. 2c at st james ' s park, london, to 12c at lerwick, shetland. the central england temperature ( cet ) was 13. 1c, which is 1 degree below average. daytime temperatures were between 0. 2 degrees above average in east anglia and 1. 3 degrees below in western scotland. the highest recorded temperature was 29. 3c at both writtle in essex and cambridge on the afternoon of 9 september. the coldest night was that of 22 / 23 september, when braemar, aberdeenshire, recorded a minimum temperature of - 4. 1c. across england and wales there was 78mm of rain, which is 102 % of the average. scotland had 81mm, exactly on the average, while northern ireland had 98mm, or 123 % of average. much of that rain came from the slow - moving storm during the last week of september. up to 22 september it was relatively dry, but the following three days had widespread heavy rainfall which led to significant floods. during that period 131mm of rain fell on ravensworth, north yorkshire. the wettest location through the month was cluanie inn, wester ross, which measured 325mm of rain, while otterbourne in hampshire was the driest with 24mm. england and wales had an average 171 hours of sunshine, which is 116 % of the mean. only 11 septembers have been sunnier in the last 100 years. scotland had 127 hours, or 111 % of its average, and northern ireland recorded 139 hours, which is 113 % of the average. manston in kent was the sunniest location with 196 hours of sunshine, while kinlochewe, wester ross, had the lowest sunshine total with only 62 hours.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42021356759084394, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:346be386-e31b-4085-ba3f-4b5d9e16a935>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.079477"}
{"text": "a second degree for your tech career think you want another degree? join the club. many techies decide to pursue graduate degrees as a way to advance their careers, hone an area of expertise or switch specialties. years ago, graduate program choices were limited, with many students choosing between an mba and a master ' s degree in computer science, depending on whether they wanted to seek a management job or maintain a technical career track. while those choices are still popular, the possibilities for extending education beyond a bachelor ' s degree have expanded as jobs for tech professionals have become more varied and multidimensional. this means game programmers are pursuing educational technology degrees to leverage their experience into a new industry, database pros are pursuing mbas to show off their management acumen and network engineers are studying multimedia to make a wholesale switch in a technical specialty. so techies need to start thinking about an advanced degree by sorting through the options. the old standbys - computer science : graduate programs in computer science offer a research - intensive environment for students to pursue specialties such as human - computer interaction and information networking. a master ' s may be required for top - notch positions at leading tech companies, while a phd is usually required for academia. graduate programs in computer science are known for being challenging and rigorous ; a bachelor ' s degree in computer science is typically required. - educational technology : master ' s degrees in educational technology offer students the chance to gain expertise in the use and theoretical foundations of technology to support learning - electrical and computer engineering : students seeking a master ' s in electrical and computer engineering delve into areas such as semiconductors, signal processing, microprocessors and digital system design. students will typically need an undergraduate degree in the field. - information systems : graduate programs in information systems ( or sometimes information systems management or information technology ) emphasize the use of it to tackle business problems with coursework on topics such as e - commerce, information security and knowledge management. - library science and information studies : though far from a traditional technology degree, techies are increasingly drawn to studies involving information architecture, knowledge management and content management. - mba ( master of business administration ) : the mba gives techies the chance to develop their business skills with coursework in areas such as entrepreneurship, finance, marketing and organizational behavior. with companies increasingly interested in well - rounded techies with business acumen, the degree is often a top choice among techies seeking to move beyond purely technical roles. the new guard - techno - mba : the techno - mba", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43680023099302284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef02aa9c-064c-4a5d-b8e1-0a6b695ffded>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.084886"}
{"text": "marketing and organizational behavior. with companies increasingly interested in well - rounded techies with business acumen, the degree is often a top choice among techies seeking to move beyond purely technical roles. the new guard - techno - mba : the techno - mba combines traditional mba coursework with studies on the integration of it in the corporate world. techno - mba students often take courses dealing with information systems, it design and architecture and telecommunications. - computer animation, graphics and multimedia : these cutting - edge graduate programs typically focus on the skills and expertise required to work in areas such as film, tv and web production. the programs may be offered in different settings ; some may be part of a graduate school of arts and sciences, others might be in fine arts programs or film schools. - telecommunications : advanced degrees in telecommunications offer students the chance to explore areas bridging the business and regulatory realms by studying media policy, wireless networks, and communications systems and their development. which is best for you? before you decide on a program, consider your goals. techies seeking another degree are often motivated by boosting their salaries, positioning to enter management, developing an area of technical expertise and / or switching from one specialty to another. once you know what you want to achieve, you will have an easier time deciding what sort of program is for you. unlike undergraduate programs, graduate programs don ' t usually give you much time, if any, to roam from one interest to another. you will likely get the most out of the program if you enter it with a clear sense of what you want from your studies - - and from your career after graduation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46582518050721267, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef02aa9c-064c-4a5d-b8e1-0a6b695ffded>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.085642"}
{"text": "the house ranks architecturally with many of the great mansions built in the late colonial period ; however, it is the only house directly inspired from a plate in palladio \u2019 s, i quattro libri dell \u2019 architettura. it is arguably the most exquisite house remaining from the colonial period in america. architect william buckland cleverly adapted palladio ' s villa pisani design to satisfy the tastes of colonial annapolis. he re - designed the plan to accommodate the tastes for asymmetrical regional preferences and modified the hyphens from palladio ' s arched entries to more practical single storey connecting links. he also incorporated fashionable urban design by sinking the windows in the method mandated by the london building act of 1774. this device provided better protection from fire and gave the overall design a greater degree of visual solidity and three dimensionality ( see image at right ). this adaptation from palladio ' s model marks his maturity as an architect and ranks him as one of america ' s first and finest architects. the initial design of thomas jefferson \u2019 s monticello was taken from the villa cornaro in piombino dese, italy, in book ii, chapter xv of i quattro libri dell \u2019 architettura, but this facade was later covered up by jefferson \u2019 s own expansions to his house. thomas jefferson made two drawings of the hammond - harwood house when he served the government in annapolis in 1783 - 4. one could assume that jefferson recognized the house as derived from palladio because his knowledge of the four books of architecture was extensive. he referred to the book as his architectural \u201c bible \u201d and the plate of the villa cornaro follows the villa pisani plate ; and directly opposite the villa cornaro in some 18th century english transcriptions of the work.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43420131487661606, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:862911c8-aa36-4573-afb4-29f54310cc03>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.088600"}
{"text": "most pet owners can tell you that the first few days with a puppy in the house can be a handful, but the job of being a good pet parent does not stop when your new pal sleeps through the night for the first time. after you finish guiding your pup through his earliest life stages, it is important to keep in mind that he will be going through his own version of the \" teen \" years and will rely on a guiding hand. the accelerated development of dogs may make it seem as though they move straight from puppy to adult, but just like people, they also have an adolescent stage. although they may look grown up, they are still experiencing changes that can have a major impact on their behavior and health. \" many pet owners may not realize that dogs experience adolescence, \" says jeff werber, dvm, a nationally known veterinarian. \" at this developmental stage, dogs are no longer puppies, but they are also not quite adults. adolescent dogs have specific mental, social, physical and nutritional requirements that often go unmet, so it is important to make sure we are addressing all the aspects that are part of these ' teenage ' years. \" when your dog goes through the \" teen \" life stage - from about 6 months to 2 years - keep these tips in mind. - curb bad behaviors : chewing shoes, soiling the carpet, surfing the counter for scraps of food - these are just some of the behaviors that come up as your still - young dog grows into his adult body. it is important to focus on training during this time to break bad habits - otherwise you could be dealing with them for life. attending training classes not only helps your dog learn how to behave, it also helps owners discover solutions for unwanted behaviors. the added benefit of training is that it provides an opportunity to create a strong bond at one of the most impressionable periods of your dog ' s life. - establish good eating habits : just as kids have different nutritional needs than infants and adults, adolescent dogs need food uniquely tailored to their in - between needs. as your dog ' s body grows and changes, certain nutrients are particularly important for brain and skeletal development and digestive health. - supervise socializing : letting your dog interact with other animals is an essential part of responsible pet ownership. however, at the adolescent stage, it is important that you guide your dog ' s interactions carefully. as dogs ' reproductive systems develop, both males and females can show signs of aggression. you may also find your male dog marking his territory and female dogs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4176977134073909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:049d65e9-aff7-448d-9686-e0ac23530934>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.091476"}
{"text": "fast food tied to asthma, eczema and hay fever in kids monday, jan. 14 ( healthday news ) - - kids who eat fast food three or more times a week are likely to have more severe allergic reactions, a large new international study suggests. these include bouts of asthma, eczema and hay fever ( rhinitis ). and although the study doesn ' t prove that those burgers, chicken snacks and fries cause these problems, the evidence of an association is compelling, researchers say. \" the study adds to a growing body of evidence of the possible harms of fast foods, \" said study co - author hywel williams, a professor of dermato - epidemiology at the university of nottingham, in england. \" whether the evidence we have found is strong enough to recommend a reduction of fast food intake for those with allergies is a matter of debate, \" he added. these finding are important, williams said, because this is the largest study to date on allergies in young people across the world and the findings are remarkably consistent globally for both boys and girls and regardless of family income. \" if true, the findings have big public health implications given that these allergic disorders appear to be on the increase and because fast food is so popular, \" he said. however, williams cautioned that fast food might not be causing these problems. \" it could be due to other factors linked to behavior that we have not measured, or it could be due to biases that occur in studies that measure disease and ask about previous food intake, \" he said. in addition, this association between fast foods and severe allergies does not necessarily mean that eating less fast food will reduce the severity of disease of asthma, hay fever or eczema ( an itchy skin disorder ), williams said. the report was published in the jan. 14 online issue of thorax. williams and colleagues collected data on more than 319, 000 teens aged 13 and 14 from 51 countries and more than 181, 000 kids aged 6 and 7 from 31 countries. all of the children were part of a single study on child asthma and allergies. kids and their parents were asked about whether they suffered from asthma or runny or blocked nose along with itchy and watery eyes and eczema. participants also described in detail what they ate during the week. fast food was linked to those conditions in both older and younger children. consuming three or more weekly fast food meals was associated with a 39 percent increased risk of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4696819921222876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8ce4f8e-c062-43bf-83ca-a02e25f36188>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.096289"}
{"text": "watery eyes and eczema. participants also described in detail what they ate during the week. fast food was linked to those conditions in both older and younger children. consuming three or more weekly fast food meals was associated with a 39 percent increased risk of severe asthma among teens and three such meals for younger children was associated with a 27 percent increased risk of severe asthma, as well higher risk of rhinitis and eczema. fruit, however, appeared to reduce the incidence and severity of these conditions for all the children, and for incidence and severity of wheeze and rhinitis among the teens. according to williams, three or more weekly servings of fruit reduced the severity of symptoms 11 percent among the teens and 14 percent among the children. when looked at closely, the data among children was not as convincing as among teens. however, fast food meals were still associated with symptoms except for current eczema, and in poorer countries, except for current and severe asthma. \" eating fast food is not healthy for a multitude of reasons, \" said samantha heller, an exercise physiologist and clinical nutrition coordinator at the center for cancer care at griffin hospital in derby, conn. it ' s notorious for being high in sodium, saturated fat, trans fats and refined and processed carbohydrates, and low in essential healthy nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, healthy unsaturated fats and fiber, she said. \" i cannot imagine any parent would choose the convenience of fast food over their child ' s health if they fully understood how deleterious a diet of fast and junk food is to children, \" heller added. healthy compounds like vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and healthy fats are essential players in whole - body immunity. kids eating fast food regularly are subject not only to the disease - promoting and inflammatory effects of trans and saturated fats, excess sodium and refined carbohydrates but also likely to suffer from deficiencies of essential health - promoting compounds, heller said. \" this can lead to chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, behavior problems, and as this study suggests, possibly asthma, eczema and colds, \" she said. eating at home more often not only saves money but also keeps families healthier, heller said. \" for example, you can make healthy fast - food dishes in your own kitchen, such as black bean veggie burgers on whole - wheat buns with tomato and avocado, mashed potatoes with low", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4645169130019943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8ce4f8e-c062-43bf-83ca-a02e25f36188>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.097520"}
{"text": "roman catholic priests from the order of the sacred hearts and led by father alexis bachelot, first arrived from europe in july of 1827. three priests and three lay brothers celebrated the first mass of record on hawaiian soil on july 14, 1827. under pressure by american protestant missionaries, who considered catholic doctrine a damning religious error, kamehameha iii twice expelled the catholics. when priests reappeared in 1837 and again faced expulsion, the sandwich island gazette newspaper came to the defense of religious freedom. the french in 1839 also brought pressure upon the king, and in that year kamehameha iii proclaimed a declaration of rights and edict of toleration that granted religious toleration throughout the islands. this was a period of fierce verbal attacks between catholics and protestants. the catholic mission wanted to have its own press. in 1841, it bought the gazette \u2019 s old equipment and set up a print shop on the site of the present our lady of peace cathedral, but father l. d. maigret complained to his european superiors : \u201c the protestants have excellent presses of the new kind, while we have only a bad one, the characters of which do not work. \u201d maigret received a new press from europe, and in 1852, the first catholic newspaper appeared, he mau hana i hanaia, works done, to begin a tradition of catholic publication that continues to the present. by helen g. chapin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38089656451309306, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c2a695e-16b0-4b98-a1a4-6e3dda0ba66a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.100278"}
{"text": "hemoglobin is a crystallizable, conjugated protein consisting of an iron - containing pigment ( called heme or hematin ) and a simple protein, globin. in the lungs, it combines readily with oxygen to form a loose, unstable compound called oxyhemoglobin, a process called oxygenation. in the tissues of the body, where oxygen tension is low and carbon dioxide tension is high, oxyhemoglobin liberates its oxygen in... a swedish study has shown that teaching type 2 diabetes patients about their disease results in greater decreases in the hemoglobin a1c... read more \u00bb you may have been told that you need to lower your ldl ( bad ) cholesterol levels, and increase your hdl ( good ) cholesterol levels. while... read more \u00bb so you don \u2019 t have diabetes. should you still be worried about having an elevated risk of alzheimer \u2019 s disease? a new study out of the... read more \u00bb diabetes is much more prevalent in african - americans than other groups of people, and unfortunately if you already have diabetes you are... read more \u00bb source : adam encyclopedia of complicationshigh blood pressure and heart diseaseall patients with diabetes and high blood pressure should adopt lifestyle changes. these include... read more \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5763859955869013, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62a2afb5-c88c-49c3-a9c1-78c1e8da69f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.101692"}
{"text": "thursday, july 19 ( healthday news ) - - you may think of your birthday as only being important to your age and the possible presence of candles, cards and cake, but a new study suggests a link between your month of birth and longevity. researchers found that those who were born between september and november from the years 1880 to 1895 were more likely to reach the 100 - year mark than their siblings who were born in march. the study does not prove a cause - and - effect link, just an association. the meaning of the findings is unclear, and a researcher who studies lifespan called them mostly irrelevant to modern times. but, leonid gavrilov, from the center on aging at the university of chicago, who wrote the study with his wife, natalia gavrilova, said the findings point to the importance of the environment in which a child is conceived and later grows. \" we believe that avoiding any potential sources of damage to developing fetus and child may have significant effects on health in later life and longevity, \" gavrilov said. \" childhood living conditions may have long - lasting consequences for health in later life and longevity. \" the researchers looked at 1, 574 centenarians - - people who reached the age of 100 - - in the united states. they found that those people born between september and november had about a 40 percent higher chance of living to 100 than those born in march. of course, the chances that people born in 1889 - 1895 would even reach the century mark was very low to begin with. of those born in 1900 who were still alive at 50, just a third of 1 percent of men made it to 100, and just shy of 2 percent of women accomplished the feat, gavrilov said. why might month of birth - - or month of conception - - affect how long someone lives? one possibility is that seasonal diseases played a role, gavrilov said. s. jay olshansky, a professor of public health at the university of illinois at chicago who ' s familiar with the findings, said the study is not newsworthy. \" the results are probably valid, but largely irrelevant in our modern world since they apply to birth months from more than a century ago. \" regardless of the month someone was born or conceived, the odds are slim that you ' ll live to be 100. \" this prospect has been rising through the 20th century, but not dramatically, \" olshansky said. at best, he said, \" this research might offer a partial and extremely small", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4714459107506712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3fbfc6c3-bdbd-4c6b-ab9d-23aa7095f2ea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.105675"}
{"text": "the odds are slim that you ' ll live to be 100. \" this prospect has been rising through the 20th century, but not dramatically, \" olshansky said. at best, he said, \" this research might offer a partial and extremely small explanation for a small fraction of why some people conceived and born more than a century ago lived for 100 years. \" what does all this mean for your chances of living to 100 if you were born around the fall or - - perhaps less luckily - - in march? good question - - and one that won ' t be answered until people around your age start hitting the century mark. the study appeared in the journal of aging research. for more about healthy aging, try the u. s. national library of medicine. sources : leonid gavrilov, ph. d., research associate, center on aging, university of chicago ; s. jay olshansky, ph. d., professor, public health, university of illinois at chicago ; 2011 journal of aging research copyright \u00a9 2013 healthday. all rights reserved. healthdaynews articles are derived from various sources and do not reflect federal policy. healthfinder. gov does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in news stories. for more information on health topics in the news, visit health news on healthfinder. gov.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45000945313355667, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3fbfc6c3-bdbd-4c6b-ab9d-23aa7095f2ea>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.106643"}
{"text": "| this is a measure of the brightness of a celestial object. the lower the value, the brighter the object, so magnitude - 4 is brighter than magnitude 0, which is in turn brighter than magnitude + 4. the scale is logarithmic, and a difference of 5 magnitudes means a brightness difference of exactly 100 times. a difference of one magnitude corresponds to a brightness difference of around 2. 51 ( the fifth root of 100 ). the system was started by the ancient greeks, who divided the stars into one of six magnitude groups with stars of the first magnitude being the first ones to be visible after sunset. in modern times, the scale has been extended in both directions and more strictly defined. examples of magnitude values for well - known objects are ; | sun | | - 26. 7 ( about 400 000 times brighter than full moon! ) | | brightest iridium flares | | - 8 | | venus ( at brightest ) | | - 4. 4 | | international space station | | - 2 | | sirius ( brightest star ) | | - 1. 44 | | limit of human eye | | + 6 to + 7 | | limit of 10x50 binoculars | | + 9 | | limit of hubble space telescope | | + 30 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5953025238896807, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a13e5774-8a15-4ad6-bc01-def7c66a2edb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.109269"}
{"text": "- hhmi news - scientists & research - janelia farm - science education - resources & publications noscripttags. include a link to bypass the detection if you wish. investigate the specks, flecks, and particles in the air \u2014 with airborne junk detectors you can easily make. directions are in this activity from hhmi \u2019 s cool science for curious kids. involve children in collecting leaves, rocks, and other natural items, and use the collections to teach children math and science skills. this resource from oregon state university tells you what to do. use the insect fact sheet in this middle school curriculum from clemson university to help children identify and classify insects they might find outdoors. taking a \u201c virtual \u201d field trip is almost as good as being outdoors. explore a cove forest and a salt marsh with this program from clemson university. the hhmi bulletin is now available for your ipad \u2014 inspiring stories, beautiful art, and more. read. play. listen. learn about the innovative work of biomedical researchers and science educators worldwide supported by the howard hughes medical institute. look for the free app in the itunes app store. what is cool science? at cool science, we entertain questions of all kinds ( ask a scientist ). we encourage young scientists to get their hands dirty - virtually ( curious kids ). we offer high school and college students new approaches to cutting - edge science topics ( biointeractive ). we provide educators with a host of innovative resources they can use in their classrooms ( for educators ). we reveal what it takes to become a scientist ( becoming a scientist ). and we showcase an undergraduate science discovery project that may one day change the way science is taught ( sea ). we invite you to explore the many cool features of cool science. image : university of washington help children study plants and animals in local outdoor settings by adapting some of the activities from this curriculum developed by oregon state university. use these yale university activities \u2014 which require simple, inexpensive, and easily obtainable materials \u2014 to help children learn about volcanoes, magnetism, and other topics. when it \u2019 s too hot to be outdoors, educators, older students, and parents can try their hand at this visual and motor test that involves learning a new motor skill. this activity is from hhmi \u2019 s biointeractive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5571698454323932, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8c4efe2-862f-4d2a-83e9-e788933d1e11>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.111858"}
{"text": "< browse to previous essay | browse to next essay > seattle ' s union station re - opens as sound transit headquarters on october 16, 1999. historylink. org essay 7751 : printer - friendly format on october 16, 1999, seattle ' s historic union station is formally rededicated as the headquarters of the sound transit, the regional transit authority for king, pierce, and snohomish counties. the building was restored and adapted as part of a larger project directed by union station associates, llc, a partnership between paul allen ' s vulcan inc. and nitse - stagen & company, developer of the former sears building, among other projects. union station was built in 1911 as the oregon & washington railroad station to serve the union pacific railroad and milwaukee road. passenger rail service was consolidated in the nearby king street station by amtrak in 1971, and union station was vacated except for occasional special events in its vast barrel - roofed waiting room. the facility was the subject of numerous studies for a possible \" multi - modal \" transportation center for rail, light rail, and bus services. this vision was partially realized with the opening of the adjacent international district station of the downtown seattle transit tunnel in 1990. the voters of king, pierce and snohomish counties approved creation of a regional transportation agency, sound transit, and a $ 3. 9 billion rail and bus plan on november 5, 1996. the board of sound transit agreed on june 19, 1998, to locate its executive offices in union station. nitze - stagen organized the $ 21 - million project, which involved nbbj as the interior architects, ron wright & associates as the exterior architects, baugh construction co. as the general contractor, maria barrientos as project manager for sound transit under st property manager jeri cranney, and scores of artisans and craftspeople. the building re - opened on the evening of october 16, 1999, with a gala benefit for historic seattle and the release of a commemorative history prepared by history ink. shortly before the event, sound transit board president paul miller commented, \" we ' ve asked how history will judge us. i see the restored union station as a symbol of the answer. we will be remembered by what we as an agency and we as a community can achieve. i believe that at the end of the next century, union station will stand as a tribute to a generation that stopped talking about the transportation problems that threaten our region and acted upon them. \" walt crowley and heather macintosh, the story of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40487209004753255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7305adb-47d5-4b68-9d16-37f3d5b5b09a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.116140"}
{"text": "the battle of noyon - montdidier, 9 - 13 june 1918, was the fourth of general erich von ludendorff \u2019 s great offensives of the spring and summer of 1918 that came close to breaking the allied lines on the western front, but instead critically damaged the fighting capacity of the german army. the first and third of those offensives ( second battle of the somme and third battle of the aisne ) had created two giant salients in the allied lines. the noyon - montdidier offensive was designed to link these two saliants. this would straighten out the line and potentially threaten paris. two german armies \u2013 the eighteenth under general oskar von hutier and the seventh under general max von boehn were allocated to the attack. they were opposed by two french armies \u2013 the third under general georges humbert and the tenth under general charles mangin. the french also had access to american troops, who would play a part in defeating the offensive. the french had sufficient warning of the german attack. on 9 june the german eighteenth army attacked the french third army from the north. its attack was disrupted by a french counter - bombardment, but was still able to make some progress, although not on the same scale as in the earlier offensives. the german seventh army joined the offensive on 10 june, attacking the french tenth army from the east. this attack failed to make any significant progress. the two armies were meant to meet at compiegne, but only hutier made any progress towards the rendezvous. on 11 june the french and americans launched a counter attack which pushed the germans back from their most advanced positions. on 13 june the battle came to an end. it was a clear german failure, and was a clear sign that the german army was wearing down. it would launch one more offensive, on the marne in mid july, but that would soon be followed by the great allied counterattacks that would push the german armies back towards the french border. | | save this on delicious | help - f. a. q. - contact us - search - recent - about us - subscribe in a reader | subscribe to history of war | | browse archives at groups. google. co. uk |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37976133516556765, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4efb640-9fec-4f9d-84a5-f0b301694707>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.119235"}
{"text": "standardized testing is a necessary part of admission to all types of pre - health programs. each pre - health specialty has its own required examination. medical college admission test ( mcat ) the medical college admission test ( mcat ) is a standardized, multiple - choice examination designed to assess the examinee ' s problem solving, critical thinking, writing skills, and knowledge of science concepts and principles prerequisite to the study of medicine. scores are reported in verbal reasoning, physical sciences, writing sample, and biological sciences. medical colleges consider mcat scores as part of their admission process. almost all u. s. medical schools require applicants to submit mcat scores. many schools do not accept mcat scores that are more than three years old. optometry admission test ( oat ) the association of schools and colleges of optometry ( asco ) direct the optometry admissions test ( oat ) for applicants seeking admission to schools and colleges of optometry. the testing program is designed to measure general academic ability and comprehension of scientific information. pharmacy college admission test ( pcat ) the pharmacy college admission test ( pcat ) is a specialized test administered by the american association of colleges of pharmacy ( aacp ). the test helps identify qualified applicants to pharmacy colleges by measuring general academic ability and scientific knowledge necessary for the commencement of pharmaceutical education. dental admission test ( dat ) the dental admission test ( dat ) is conducted by the american dental association and has been in operation on a national basis since 1950. the dat is administered on computer on almost any day of the year. the testing program is designed to measure general academic ability, comprehension of scientific information and perceptual ability. the gre is the standardized exam required by most us veterinary schools and all masters in public health programs, physical therapy programs and occupational therapy programs. most of these educational programs require only the general test, which is tailored to your performance level and provides precise information about your abilities using fewer test questions than traditional paper - based tests. the test measures verbal, quantitative and analytical reasoning skills that have been developed over a long period of time and are not necessarily related to any particular field. a few require the writing assessment, which measures your proficiency in critical reasoning and writing. additionally, a few veterinary schools require a subject test, which measures your achievement in specific subject areas and assume undergraduates have extensive background in those disciplines. check the requirements for the schools to which you wish to apply. test preparation links", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4933337315970989, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5c5c454-1cdf-437a-8430-7852328512a1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.123295"}
{"text": "editorial : why japan ' s electricity crisis matters you may not read about it on the front page of the newspapers, but japan is undergoing a second electricity crisis. the first took place last spring and summer after the fukushima earthquake, tsunami, and subsequent meltdown of multiple nuclear power plants. that power crisis mostly affected tokyo and northern japan. this second crisis affects all of japan, and it has implications for the united states ( and the world ) at many different levels. from an energy perspective, japan is ( at least temporarily ) abandoning nuclear power \u2014 30 % of its generating capacity \u2014 and replacing it with conservation and still - to - be - determined alternative sources. no country has faced such a rapid transition, so japan ' s successes and failures will be a lesson to us as we contemplate an exit from nuclear ( or perhaps even coal ). in the short run, japan has switched to older oil - and gas - fired power plants, leading to a jump in oil and liquified natural gas ( lng ) imports. those increased imports have nudged up the prices you pay for oil and gasoline. ironically, the facilities that the united states was building to import natural gas may now be used to export lng to japan and other countries hungry for clean fuels. that \u2019 s another reason natural gas prices in the united states won \u2019 t fall as much as you may have been led to believe. electricity conservation will also be used to balance the grid in the short term, and it is this aspect of the crisis that should most interest home energy readers. last year the shortages were concentrated in tokyo, and tokyo residents successfully cut demand by almost 15 %. this year, nearly all regions of japan will have inadequate capacity during the summer peak, though ironically, tokyo is in the best shape this year. watch for blackouts in kansai. the responses to last year \u2019 s shortage are already being felt globally. for example, sales of leds skyrocketed when both residential and commercial customers scrambled to cut demand while maintaining high - quality illumination. tokyoites were willing to pay a premium because they were more concerned about meeting their target reductions than about finding cost - effective solutions. as a result, increased sales have pulled led prices down the cost curve at least a year faster than expected. this translates into leds that are cheaper for u. s. customers. just as important, fixture designers have been linking those leds to wireless controls in ways that adjust output to actual lighting needs. japan now expects to fully replace cfls by 2030,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45858989557259766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:910ed329-00f3-4e9e-afd1-b5f15ecf6518>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.127406"}
{"text": "into leds that are cheaper for u. s. customers. just as important, fixture designers have been linking those leds to wireless controls in ways that adjust output to actual lighting needs. japan now expects to fully replace cfls by 2030, with a large fraction of illumination supplied by an entirely new technology \u2014 organic leds. to save air - conditioning energy and peak power, japanese offices and homes now operate at higher thermostat settings. the ever - creative fashion designers in tokyo have developed new textiles and clothing styles to help the japanese keep their cool at higher indoor temperatures. those highly breathable fabrics will no doubt soon appear in american specialty stores and then perhaps in walmart. japanese consumers are also buying pv to reduce their demand for grid - supplied electricity. this won \u2019 t lower the price of pv \u2014 that \u2019 s mostly determined by china \u2014 but you may eventually see new types of installations or components. japanese utilities typically require pv users to install batteries ; this raises the price but it is also stimulating different types of pv packages and connected appliances. there are dozens of other energy - saving gadgets, ranging from clever to silly, some of which will successfully cross the pacific. a political deadlock prevents japan from committing to either a nuclear or a renewables solution. the central government and industry leaders believe in nuclear power as the only feasible choice, while much of the public has lost faith in the utilities and the institutions that regulate them. many of the same trends are visible in the united states. but one thing is clear : the japanese crisis will be the mother of many new and ingenious ways to save electricity. - first page - previous page enter your comments in the box below : ( please note that all comments are subject to review prior to posting. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.508829173205968, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:910ed329-00f3-4e9e-afd1-b5f15ecf6518>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.128172"}
{"text": "analyzing combustion analyzers just talking about co can be confusing. although the terms used in this article are defined in the sidebar ( see \u201c terminology \u201d ), co can be deadly, and so i want to emphasize the basic information. test equipment can provide great information, but only if the operator understands what that information means. first, it is important to understand the difference between ambient carbon monoxide ( co ) and co air free or coaf ( also known as co undiluted and undiluted co ), which is a value calculated either manually or by the combustion analyzer. ambient co is the co that is in the air that occupants breathe. ambient co should be measured and monitored during the entire building analysis in order to protect the health and safety of the occupants and the analysts. coaf is the co that is present during the incomplete burning of the fuel in a combustion appliance. coaf comes from the combustion process and is generally measured before the exhaust gases have a chance to combine with dilution air introduced into the vent by a draft diverter. for most home assessments ( including bpi ), the probe of the analyzer must be inserted into the heating appliance exhaust air, before or upstream of the draft diverter, so that the co will not have combined with dilution air. this will provide what bpi defines as an undiluted sample. the coaf value on the combustion analyzer should be used. be certain to insert the probe in the correct location in the combustion appliance. most of the product manuals describe how to accomplish this. another serious issue that we should address is the effect of nitrogen oxides ( primarily no and no2 ) on the coaf reading. the electrochemical sensors that are used in these devices are targeted for co, but they can react with other gases, such as nitrogen oxides. this may generate an additive output, giving an elevated reading of co. the testo 327 - 1 described below has a nitrogen oxide filter built into it. bacharach advises adding nitrogen oxide filter or nox scrubber to the input, and one can be added to the uei input hose as well. ( see \u201c did this at home \u201d for more on the benefit of a nox scrubber. ) combustion analyzers were developed for boiler and furnace technicians, who use the information to adjust the appliance properly, and the analyzers provide a great deal of information \u2014 most of which is not required by bpi, resnet, or most weatherization protocols", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5084509286025872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ed37834-fc16-488f-9774-40ffd949b819>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.144908"}
{"text": "it \u2019 s set to auto zero ). when the unit is turned on, the display screen will first read the software revision level as reu x. xx, which is then replaced by a countdown, which is finally replaced by the co screen reading in ppm. the ( up ) and ( down ) buttons are only used to calibrate the analyzer. the hold button freezes the display and stops the pump. the enter button restarts testing after the hold button has been pressed. the light button controls the backlight, and the i / o button turns the analyzer on and off. the monoxor iii will turn itself off after 20 minutes of keyboard inactivity unless the detected level of co is above 50 ppm. the backlight automatically turns off after 10 minutes of keyboard inactivity. when the monoxor iii is used for testing ambient co, the hose and probe assembly can be disconnected. note that if the hold button has been pressed, there is no screen indication of the hold condition, but the pump will be off, saving the battery and making the unit quieter. but it won \u2019 t be taking readings. during a test, the analyzer should be held above the water trap and filter, keeping the trap in a vertical position to optimize its effectiveness. flue gas condensate is acidic and very corrosive. it should remain in any of these analyzers for as short a time as possible. it is advisable to calibrate the monoxor iii every six months to ensure its accuracy. cylinders of co and a calibration kit can be purchased from bacharach for this purpose, or the unit can be sent back to bacharach. note that calibration, co sensor replacement, and pump replacement are all described in detail in the manual that comes with the analyzer. a nox scrubber could ( and in my opinion, should ) be added to the hose to reduce elevated readings. this is a simple and basic unit that can provide an ambient co value. inserted in the proper place in the flue, it will provide a co value but it will not be a coaf value. it is not ideal as a personal safety device because it has no alarms. but it may be a great starting place for a moderately priced way to take both required co readings. an infrared printer is available from bacharach, but the basic analyzer comes with a hard carrying case, hose, and manual. bacharach fyrite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48997776270159926, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ed37834-fc16-488f-9774-40ffd949b819>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.147296"}
{"text": "be a great starting place for a moderately priced way to take both required co readings. an infrared printer is available from bacharach, but the basic analyzer comes with a hard carrying case, hose, and manual. bacharach fyrite tech60 the tech60 measures these exhaust gas components : o2, stack temperature, ambient temperature, and co. then it uses that information to calculate steady - state combustion efficiency, co2, excess air, and co air free. it is a true starter combustion analyzer ; it \u2019 s not meant to be used as an ambient co monitor for personal safety. as the manual points out, \u201c this analyzer does not have an audible alarm, and is not intended to be used as a safety device. \u201d the input hose and the thermocouple connect to the bottom of the analyzer. on the front panel there are a two - line display and six control push buttons. these buttons turn the analyzer on and off, scroll up and down through the display screens, enter the run mode, toggle the backlight on and off, and hold or freeze the display. ( the hold button will also turn off the pump. ) for performing coaf analysis, the probe should be in fresh air when the analyzer is turned on, despite the confusing line in the instructions that says the \u201c probe must be located in the area containing the burner \u2019 s combustion air supply, \u201d by which they mean \u201c fresh air. \u201d if you choose to set the fuel, f1 displayed on the screen equals natural gas, f2 equals # 2 oil, f3 equals propane, and f4 equals kerosene. after turning the analyzer on and allowing it to warm up in fresh air, insert the probe into the correct location on the combustion appliance to get the coaf reading. the accompanying manual provides graphics of a variety of appliances, showing where the probe should be inserted on each one. the display screen will display co in ppm on the top line and percent o2 on the bottom line. scrolling through the other display screens will provide stack temperature, efficiency, ambient temperature, and co air free. when the test is finished, if the co level is above 50 ppm, the analyzer will not turn off. the pump continues to run and the screen displays pur6 co ( which looks sort of like purge co ) until the level drops below 50 ppm. the purging process can be bypassed by pressing the on / off switch a second time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5165059957203262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ed37834-fc16-488f-9774-40ffd949b819>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.149424"}
{"text": ". the pump continues to run and the screen displays pur6 co ( which looks sort of like purge co ) until the level drops below 50 ppm. the purging process can be bypassed by pressing the on / off switch a second time. like the monoxor iii, the tech60 comes with complete instructions for calibrating and replacing the filter and sensors at the back of the manual. a nox scrubber could be added to reduce elevated readings. kits are available that include the infrared printer, hard case, and a protective rubber \u201c boot \u201d or sleeve. did this at home i tested the uei c75 and the testo 327 - 1 on my own oil - fired boiler. the majority of measurements from the two analyzers were very similar. the coaf readings differed, however. the testo 327 - 1 measured 6 ppm and the uei c75 measured 37 ppm co. when i added a nox scrubber to the uei c75 hose, the co reading dropped to 5 ppm, clearly indicating to me the need for the nox scrubber. i have repeated these tests in other houses with the bacharach combustion analyzer, and have had similar results. in my case, neither of the original readings posed a problem, but in other circumstances these variations could cause the appliance to be out of tolerance. at 26 ppm, for example, the bpi building analyst standard states, \u201c recommend that the co problem be fixed. \u201d this might mean calling a service technician to service a problem that doesn \u2019 t exist, resulting in an unnecessary cost to the homeowner. the low additional cost of adding a nox scrubber makes it prudent to do so. the uei c75 combustion analyzer measures o2, co, and flue temperature and uses that information to calculate co2, steady - state combustion efficiency, co air free, and the amount of excess air. the temperature sensor and the flue gas probe plug into sockets in the bottom of the analyzer. on the face of the unit, there are a two - line display, four buttons, and a selector dial. the buttons allow the operator to turn the unit on and off, toggle the backlight, use the optional printer, turn the internal pump on and off, and hold the readings. the analyzer in its protective covering is relatively heavy, and the pump is also somewhat noisy, but the pump can be shut off with the push of a button, although it won", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5010951370872646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ed37834-fc16-488f-9774-40ffd949b819>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.153202"}
{"text": ", turn the internal pump on and off, and hold the readings. the analyzer in its protective covering is relatively heavy, and the pump is also somewhat noisy, but the pump can be shut off with the push of a button, although it won \u2019 t be taking readings when the pump is off. with the pump off, the c75 beeps occasionally to let you know that it is not able to do its job. although this analyzer could be used to take ambient co readings without its hose, it is a bit much to lug around. it does have strong magnets on the back of the covering that allow it to be attached to the side of most combustion appliances. an optional infrared printer is available. the selector dial allows the operator to read any of the parameters that the c75 can measure. in the case of basic energy audits, the dial can be set to o2 / co and the o2 and ambient co or coaf can be clearly read. so charge up the batteries ( or install four aas ), hook up the hose, check the particle filter and the water trap, turn the c75 on in ambient fresh air, select o2 / co on the dial, and take your readings. there are 20 memory slots in the software where the data can be stored. ( or you can just write it down! ) even though the information is not necessary for just measuring the co level, it \u2019 s good practice to enter the type of fuel the appliance uses, so if the analyzer is being used for complete combustion analysis, it will be set up properly. although the temperature sensor plug is polarized, it can easily be plugged in backward, which provides strange readings. like the bacharach units, the c75 could be fitted with a nox scrubber to reduce elevated co readings. as with any of these devices, it \u2019 s a good idea to become familiar with all the functions and controls and read the manuals before you get into a real testing situation. standing in front of a roaring boiler and fumbling to turn the backlight on or off or storing the reading in one of the memory slots can be frustrating. the testo 327 is a comprehensive combustion analyzer with a bundle of capabilities that must be understood to be appreciated. it will allow you to gather all the information necessary to perform diagnostic analysis on a combustion system. it \u2019 s an investment. it can measure draft pressure as well as co. it can also provide stack temperature, percent co2, percent efficiency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4864734231404856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ed37834-fc16-488f-9774-40ffd949b819>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.154371"}
{"text": "appreciated. it will allow you to gather all the information necessary to perform diagnostic analysis on a combustion system. it \u2019 s an investment. it can measure draft pressure as well as co. it can also provide stack temperature, percent co2, percent efficiency, percent excess air, percent o2, ambient temperature, and delta temperature. the 327 is a solid - feeling device with strong magnets on the back of the case that allow it to be mounted on the side of most combustion appliances. the probes attach to connectors on the bottom of the analyzer. along with the connectors there is a temperature sensor permanently mounted in a \u201c cage, \u201d and there are sockets for the flue gas probe, gas outlet, pressure input, and ac power input. the on / off switch is on the top of the housing, and eight push buttons are located on the face. three orange buttons have variable functions, with their functions displayed on different screens of the display. the ( up ) and ( down ) buttons scroll the display. there is a button to toggle the backlight on and off, a menu button, and an esc button to cancel an operation. with the analyzer fully charged, the probe needs to be connected before the 327 is switched on. the manual says, \u201c any connected probe must be in the open air during the zeroing phase! [ emphasis theirs ] \u201d the zeroing or start - up process takes 30 seconds. pushing the menu button allows one to scroll through measuring, adjust, setup, mode, fuel select, and diagnostic menus. pushing the middle orange button under ok when measuring is displayed moves to the next menu level, cycling through flue gas, draft, co - airfree, smoke / oil, diff prs, delta temp, and ambient co. to measure the coaf, select flue gas and read the ppm co - af line. here you can also choose the type of fuel ; choices are oil # 2, nat gas, bioheat5, propane, oil # 5, oil # 6, kerosene, or wood. if you are only interested in coaf, you can use any of these fuels, because the co level will be the same for any of them. the beauty of this is that if you are testing in a combustion appliance zone ( caz ) with a gas water heater and an oil - fired boiler, there is no need to change the settings. you can set up the display screen on the 327", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5162089513087664, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ed37834-fc16-488f-9774-40ffd949b819>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.155814"}
{"text": "this is that if you are testing in a combustion appliance zone ( caz ) with a gas water heater and an oil - fired boiler, there is no need to change the settings. you can set up the display screen on the 327 so that the displays are in the sequence you want. for example, i have mine reading \u00baf t stac ( stack temperature ) first, then ppm co, pa draft, ppm co - af, % eff, and then a bunch of other stuff. performing a typical home energy assessment requires testing for co in the ambient air and in the exhaust products of combustion. co ambient is the co that is present in the air that is not contained in the combustion equipment. it is the co that the occupants are likely to be breathing. co air free or co - af or coaf is a mathematical calculation of the amount of co in a sample of air with the percent of oxygen removed. it is equal to co ppm x ( [ 20. 9 ] / [ 20. 9 \u2013 o2 ] ) the combustion analyzers make that calculation after the operator takes a \u201c clean - air \u201d sample ( generally outside ). the coaf is the value that most combustion safety programs ( including bpi ) are looking for ( along with the co ambient value ). an interesting feature of the 327 is the draft measurement process. a bar graph is displayed on the screen indicating the highest flue gas temperature corresponding to the highest draft rate. moving the probe moves the line on the bar graph. the physical opening in the probe should be oriented across the flow to allow for maximum airflow across the sensor. all of this information can be printed out on the optional, infrared connected printer. the basic 327 comes with the analyzer, flue gas probe, and charger. options include a hard case, ir printer, smoke pump, digital smoke spot meter, adapter for pressure readings, air temperature probe, flexible flue gas probe, and 9 - foot hose extension. the testo 327 is capable of providing a lot more information than just coaf. the instructions are based on german documents and don \u2019 t always clearly translate into english, but there is good information on the web, including instructional webinars from tool suppliers like trutech tools that specifically teach how to use the testo 327. testing for co may be one of the most complicated tasks the building analyst faces. the four analyzers described in this article have been developed to do more complex things, like combustion analysis and system", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5049681477256512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ed37834-fc16-488f-9774-40ffd949b819>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.156899"}
{"text": "monsanto canada recently reported that the canadian food inspection agency ( cfia ) has granted approval for its latest gm offering, the intriguingly named \" refuge in a bag \" bt corn. with all the hype surrounding gm crops, it would be easy to dismiss this announcement as just another piece of press puff from the gm giant. but unfortunately this new development is actually something we need to keep a close eye on. as we have come to expect, the government has let the gm community police itself, leaving the companies that are peddling the new technology to regulate its use. first, it is important to understand what a \" refuge \" is when it comes to gm crops. despite the fact that animal welfare approved has blogged extensively on the many drawbacks and dangers of gm technology, the concept of \" refuge \" actually relates to a problem that we haven ' t covered in detail before - - namely the inevitable development of pest resistance to gm crops. the requirement for a \" refuge \" arose because it is widely accepted that pest insects will, over time, develop resistance to the crops that have been genetically modified to poison them. one would logically expect that if you expose a large number of pests to a single pesticide year after year, the survivors will eventually breed, leading in time to the emergence of a resistant population. this same process happens with gm crops - - it ' s simply that the gm crop has been genetically modified to express the thuringiensis ( bt ) insecticide within its plant tissues, rather than the farmer spraying it on to the crops to control the pests. indeed, the gm companies themselves admit that the development of resistance to their gm crops is inevitable, and the requirement for a \" refuge \" is promoted as an attempt to preserve the efficacy of the gm technology for as long as possible. so how does this \" refuge \" system work? whenever farmers sow a field with gm crops they are required to plant a certain proportion of non - gm seeds of the same crop type in order to provide a safe place - - a so - called \" refuge \" - - so that some insects which are still susceptible to the insecticide can survive and breed. the idea is that these susceptible insects will breed with resistant insects, thereby slowing down the development of resistance among the pest population. if you don ' t plant the refuge area then the only insects that survive are those which have developed some resistance to the gm toxin expressed by the crops. if those resistant insects are the only ones that breed, then the entire population will quickly become resistant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4901009515848853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a15bcfb2-3f05-4bf7-a818-b568c4c33a39>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.163471"}
{"text": "if you don ' t plant the refuge area then the only insects that survive are those which have developed some resistance to the gm toxin expressed by the crops. if those resistant insects are the only ones that breed, then the entire population will quickly become resistant and the insect - resistant genetic modification will be worthless. initially, farmers were required to sow 20 percent non - gm seed alongside 80 percent gm seed. but once the gm companies began \" stacking \" gm traits - - that is, incorporating more than one mode of insect protection and herbicide resistance together in the same crop - - the requirement dropped to 5 percent of non - gm crop to be grown with 95 percent gm. however, farmers were expected to follow strict guidelines on how the non - gm component was to be incorporated in their cropping plans. farmers had the option of growing blocks of non - gm corn either within a particular field of gm crops or in an adjacent field. alternatively, farmers could plant strips of non - gm seed within the gm crop, but the strips had to be at least four - - and preferably six - - rows wide. these blocks or strips then provided a clear non - gm \" refuge \" area. so what ' s the problem with monsanto ' s \" refuge in a bag \" system? well, the requirement for 5 percent non - gm corn is still there. but instead of the farmer having to buy different bags of gm and non - gm seed, and sow them separately, monsanto has mixed the 5 percent non - gm seed in with the gm seed - - hence the \" refuge in a bag. \" on the plus side, this means the farmer can ' t get out of planting the non - gm portion ( which has been a problem in some states ). but what happened to the block or strip of non - gm seed? well, as the seeds are mixed up together, the non - gm plants now grow scattered throughout the crop, rather than in dedicated areas. so how will a significant population of non - resistant insects survive and breed over time on random single non - gm plants, rather than in dedicated areas? these thoughts have crossed the minds of others, too. christian krupke, an entomologist from the university of purdue, has real concerns about monsanto ' s \" refuge in a bag \" technology, namely that using such seed mixes can actually promote greater pest resistance. in a press release from purdue krupke says that : \" the concern with refuge - in - a - bag, or seed mixes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45165793416779926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a15bcfb2-3f05-4bf7-a818-b568c4c33a39>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.165975"}
{"text": "s \" refuge in a bag \" technology, namely that using such seed mixes can actually promote greater pest resistance. in a press release from purdue krupke says that : \" the concern with refuge - in - a - bag, or seed mixes, has always been sub - lethal exposure with toxic plants and non - toxic plants standing side - by - side. you could have a young corn rootworm beetle larva emerge, feed on a toxic plant but not die, and then move over to a non - toxic plant and feed until reaching adulthood. the larva now has sub - lethal exposure to bt. that ' s one of the ways that resistance can develop in an insect population more rapidly... it ' s that old adage that whatever doesn ' t kill you makes you stronger. we could be giving those larvae selective advantage in the long term. that was one of the reasons this technology wasn ' t embraced initially. \" sub - lethal exposure works the other way, as well, krupke explains. larvae could feed on a refuge corn plant and become larger, then move to a bt plant to continue eating. because the larvae are larger, and it takes more bt toxin to kill bigger insects, the larvae might not ingest enough toxin to die. aside from krupke, other published papers, such as agi et al ( 2001 ) and onstad et al ( 2011 ), also express reservations at the efficacy of \" refuge in a bag \" to ensure the survival of susceptible insects. even the environmental protection agency has released a report stating that it expects resistance to occur within 8. 1 years for a 5 percent blended refuge, 11. 3 years for a 10 percent blended refuge and 20. 2 years for the 20 percent block refuge. so it would seem that monsanto ' s \" refuge in a bag \" is also a \" shot in the foot, \" as it will actually hasten the spread of resistance to bt among the insect population. this obviously has huge implications for both gm and non - gm growers. bt ( or bacillus thuringiensis ) is a naturally occurring bacterium that produces proteins called endotoxins that act as a natural insecticide. as bt is not a synthetic chemical product and it is very selective ( it ' s only toxic to a very specific range of target pests ) it is often used by organic growers. the spread of resistance to this natural pesticide - - a product that is selectively fatal to certain insects and non - toxic to just about everything else - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4941534790158226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a15bcfb2-3f05-4bf7-a818-b568c4c33a39>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.167065"}
{"text": "a very specific range of target pests ) it is often used by organic growers. the spread of resistance to this natural pesticide - - a product that is selectively fatal to certain insects and non - toxic to just about everything else - - could cause real problems for growers who have never embraced gm technology, and certainly had no part in promoting resistance. so why would monsanto promote a product that could actively reduce the efficacy of one of its gm seed lines? we ' ve seen this time and again with other insecticide and pesticide products. rather than encourage the sustainable use of pesticides, too often agrochemical companies seek only to maximize short - term sales and profits. once insect or weed resistance begin to cause problems in the fields, the company can simply abandon it and roll out another \" improved \" product range - - and the whole process starts again. you can bet your bottom dollar that monsanto will have the next gm crop with a built - in insecticide already in development. besides, do you really think that monsanto and the other biotech companies are worried about creating problems for organic and other responsible growers, who rank among the most vociferous opponents of gm technology? me neither. agi, a. l., mahaffey, j. s., bradley, jr. j. r., and van duyn, j. w. ( 2001 ) efficacy of seed mixes of transgenic bt and nontransgenic cotton against bollworm, helicoverpa zea boddie. the journal of cotton science 5 : 74 - 80 onstad, d. w., mitchell, p. d., hurley, t. m., lundgren, j. g., porter, r. p., krupke, c. h., spencer, j. l., difonzo, c. d., baute, t. s., hellmich, r. l., buschman, l. l., hutchison, w. d., and tooker, j. f. ( 2011 ) seeds of change : corn seed mixtures for resistance management and integrated pest management. journal of economic entomology 104 ( 2 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44327141910053613, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a15bcfb2-3f05-4bf7-a818-b568c4c33a39>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.167886"}
{"text": "the age - old question of \" what makes a good leader? \" is making its latest debut on the education front in new york city. with all the recent developments regarding teacher evaluations, the discussion of principal evaluations has emerged. in order to improve education, every aspect of a school must be addressed - - including the principal. principals, like any other type of leader, have a lot of responsibilities. the main job of a principal is to ensure that the students in their school are receiving an effective education, and they must do whatever it takes to ensure that that happens - - no excuses. what are the qualities of a great principal? 1 ) providing constructive feedback to teachers at an event hosted by teacher group educators 4 excellence, 64 percent of teachers in the room said that their principals do not provide meaningful feedback. this is a scary statistic. as a student, i am constantly being evaluated and given feedback - - this is how i know where my weaknesses are, and how i can improve. teachers need the same type of support from principals. 2 ) accepting feedback from teachers, administrators, and students an effective leader must receive feedback from those they are leading - - and respect it. being a principal should not be a solo job - - every part of the school community needs to speak up, and be heard. a principal needs to take both praise and criticism constructively. if something is going right, build on it. if something is going wrong, find out why, and fix it. 3 ) being accessible and consistent a principal needs to be available to teachers, parents, and students as often as possible. a principal can ' t spend all their time cooped up in an office, or outside the school building, rather a balance of in the classrooms and in an office. a principal needs to be present to ensure that what is supposed to be happening is happening, and ready to address any concerns that may arise. 4 ) facilitating meaningful communication and collaboration between teachers communication is a fundamental concept across the board - - from personal things such as relationships to worldwide issues. a school is no exception - - the teachers and administrators must work together to improve classes, and the school as a whole. students working together is no foreign concept. group projects, peer tutoring, and other methods of student collaboration have existed for quite a while, and research has shown that this is beneficial for the students. teachers can learn a lot from each other, even across the disciplines. mr. dimitri saliani, principal of eleanor roosevelt high school, recognizes the importance of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42480226507408536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34a2f5cd-4071-4213-83b3-6718254ac15d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.172217"}
{"text": "have existed for quite a while, and research has shown that this is beneficial for the students. teachers can learn a lot from each other, even across the disciplines. mr. dimitri saliani, principal of eleanor roosevelt high school, recognizes the importance of continued learning, even as an educator : \" i pride myself on being a learner, not just an educator. every teacher is a learner and has obviously enjoyed learning in their lifetime, hence their career choice, so i wondered how else we can learn from one another at erhs. \" mr. saliani implemented a system that allowed teachers from all disciplines to attend his classroom visits with him - - regardless of the subject. i saw math teachers in my history class, history teachers in my science class, and so on. he concluded by stating, \" it has invigorated the faculty and myself to learn from one another, to think about employing new teaching and learning strategies, and opened the door to new opportunities for collaboration. \" a great principal goes beyond the simple teacher meetings, and creatively develops innovative ways for teachers to collaborate. 5 ) a constant effort to innovate and improve a great principal knows that there is always room for improvement. a principal should wake up every morning and ask \" how can i make my school better? \" principals need to be creative, and develop unique ways to engage the teachers and students. principals must be willing to take risks sometimes - - a school cannot be run the same tried - and - true way forever. evaluators : keep this in mind - - measure a principal not just using pre - established rubrics and methods - - but on creativity and innovation, two things that don ' t always end up on paper. a short, numbered list doesn ' t cover all the qualities of an effective principal - - a principal should have years of experience to complement the qualities i highlighted. in a release by educators 4 excellence, evan stone, co - founder and co - ceo states, \" as school leaders, principals play a key role in evaluating and supporting teachers and we need to make sure that they get fair and useful feedback that will ultimately benefit teachers and students. \" the bottom line is that in a school, everyone has a job to do, and everyone needs useful feedback in order to create the best learning environment possible. principals are no exception. everybody, speak up! share your thoughts on what makes a great principal, and how principals should be evaluated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4754561313139594, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34a2f5cd-4071-4213-83b3-6718254ac15d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.175109"}
{"text": "vol. 17 no. 25 summary of the ninth meeting of the conference of the contracting parties to the ramsar convention on wetlands : 8 - 15 november 2005 the ninth meeting of the conference of the contracting parties ( cop9 ) to the ramsar convention on wetlands was held from 8 - 15 november 2005, at the speke resort munyonyo in kampala, uganda. the theme of the conference was \u201c wetlands and water : supporting life, sustaining livelihoods. \u201d nearly 1000 participants representing 120 contracting parties, as well as a number of observer states, un agencies and intergovernmental and non - governmental organizations, attended the meeting. cop9, the first ramsar cop held in africa, adopted 25 resolutions on a wide range of policy, programme and budgetary matters, including : additional scientific and technical guidance for the implementation of the ramsar wise use concept ; engagement of the convention in ongoing multilateral processes dealing with water ; the convention \u2019 s role in natural disaster prevention, mitigation and adaptation ; wetlands and poverty reduction ; cultural values of wetlands ; and the emergence of avian flu. the cop also adopted the convention \u2019 s budget and work plan for the 2006 - 2008 triennium, and reviewed its strategic plan 2003 - 2008. during cop9, there were two technical sessions on the wise use of wetlands in integrated water management and culture and knowledge in wetland management as well as an informal ministerial dialogue, organized by the government of uganda. participating ministers adopted the kampala declaration, which emphasizes the role of the convention in arresting continuing loss and degradation of wetland ecosystems. a brief history of the ramsar convention the convention on wetlands of international importance especially as waterfowl habitat ( also known as the ramsar convention ) was signed in ramsar, iran, on 2 february 1971, and came into force on 21 december 1975. the convention provides a framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. originally emphasizing the conservation and wise use of wetlands primarily to provide a habitat for waterbirds, the convention has subsequently broadened its scope to address all aspects of wetland conservation and wise use. this shift in focus reflects the increasing recognition of the importance of wetlands as ecosystems that contribute to both biodiversity conservation and human well - being. wetlands cover an estimated nine percent of the earth \u2019 s land surface, and contribute significantly to the global economy in terms of water supply, fisheries, agriculture, forestry and tourism. the ramsar convention is the only environmental treaty dealing with a particular ecosystem, and currently has 147 parties", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44690728616610376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.289629"}
{"text": "percent of the earth \u2019 s land surface, and contribute significantly to the global economy in terms of water supply, fisheries, agriculture, forestry and tourism. the ramsar convention is the only environmental treaty dealing with a particular ecosystem, and currently has 147 parties. a total of 1524 wetland sites covering 129. 2 million hectares are included in the ramsar list of wetlands of international importance. parties to the convention commit themselves to : designate at least one site that meets the ramsar criteria for inclusion in the ramsar list and ensure maintenance of the ecological character of each ramsar site ; include wetland conservation within national land - use planning in order to promote the wise use of all wetlands within their territory ; establish nature reserves on wetlands and promote training in wetland research and management ; and consult with other parties about convention implementation, especially with regard to transboundary wetlands, shared water systems, shared species and development projects affecting wetlands. contracting parties meet every three years to assess progress in implementing the convention and wetland conservation, share knowledge and experience on technical issues, and plan for the next triennium. in addition to the cop, the convention \u2019 s work is supported by a standing committee, a scientific and technical review panel, and the ramsar bureau, which carries out the functions of a secretariat. there have been eight meetings of the cop since the convention \u2019 s entry into force : cop1 in cagliari, italy ( 24 - 29 november 1980 ) ; cop2 in groningen, the netherlands ( 7 - 12 may 1984 ) ; cop3 in regina, canada ( 27 may - 5 june 1987 ) ; cop4 in montreux, switzerland ( 27 june - 4 july 1990 ) ; cop5 in kushiro, japan ( 9 - 16 june 1993 ) ; cop6 in brisbane, australia ( 19 - 27 march 1996 ) ; cop7 in san jose, costa rica ( 10 - 18 may 1999 ) ; and cop8 in valencia, spain ( 18 - 26 november 2002 ). cop7 : at cop7, delegates focused on the interrelations between human societies and wetland habitats. they considered the convention \u2019 s implementation in each region and adopted 30 resolutions and four recommendations on policy, programme and budgetary issues. in addition, a memorandum of understanding was signed between the ramsar bureau and the unesco world heritage center. cop8 : with over 1000 participants, cop8 was the largest cop in the convention \u2019 s history. focusing on \u201c water, wetlands, life and culture, \u201d delegates adopted more than 40 resolutions addressing policy, technical, programme and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4664229053374306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.291138"}
{"text": "world heritage center. cop8 : with over 1000 participants, cop8 was the largest cop in the convention \u2019 s history. focusing on \u201c water, wetlands, life and culture, \u201d delegates adopted more than 40 resolutions addressing policy, technical, programme and budgetary matters, including wetlands and agriculture, climate change, cultural issues, mangroves, water allocation and management, and the report of the world commission on dams. they also approved the convention \u2019 s budget and work plan for 2003 - 2005, and its strategic plan for 2003 - 2008. the opening ceremonies for the ninth conference of the contracting parties ( cop9 ) to the ramsar convention were held on tuesday evening, 8 november 2005. antonio fernandez de tejada, representing spain, cop8 \u2019 s host country, handed over the ramsar flag to kahinda otafiire, the ugandan minister of lands, water and the environment. commending the government of uganda for hosting the first ramsar cop in africa, fernandez de tejada drew delegates \u2019 attention to new challenges facing the convention and called for boosting international cooperation for the conservation of wetland ecosystems. otafiire outlined uganda \u2019 s progress towards conservation and sustainable use of wetlands, and assured delegates that the theme of cop9 and the aims of the convention would be upheld during the conference. highlighting the findings of the millennium ecosystem assessment ( ma ), ramsar secretary general peter bridgewater noted that the rate of wetland degradation surpasses that of other ecosystems, and outlined two major tasks for the conference : identifying problems and promoting the convention. he stressed the need to balance the desire to add more sites to the ramsar list of wetlands of international importance with ensuring their representativeness and effective management. he called for synergies among biodiversity - related conventions, better environmental governance frameworks and capacity building. bakary kante, director, division of environmental conventions, unep, delivered an address on behalf of unep executive director klaus topfer. he highlighted : enhanced cooperation between unep and the ramsar convention ; wetlands \u2019 contribution to poverty reduction, disaster prevention and mitigation ; and opportunities created by market approaches to ecosystem services. speaking on behalf of ramsar \u2019 s international organization partners ( iops ), achim steiner, director general, the world conservation union ( iucn ), congratulated uganda on its achievements in wetland conservation and called for greater coherence among multilateral environmental agreements ( meas ) and broader stakeholder engagement. a civil society representative reported on the civil society forum held on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4292441918301507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.293296"}
{"text": "conservation union ( iucn ), congratulated uganda on its achievements in wetland conservation and called for greater coherence among multilateral environmental agreements ( meas ) and broader stakeholder engagement. a civil society representative reported on the civil society forum held on 4 november 2005. she stressed the importance of wetlands for poverty reduction and their ability to provide support services for sustaining livelihoods. she also proposed developing legally binding mechanisms to hold parties responsible for arrears in annual dues payments, and called on parties to make information accessible to civil society organizations and local communities. speaking on behalf of donor countries, kathelyne craenen ( belgium ) noted that wetland conservation continues to be a lower priority on the donor agenda. she requested that wetlands be put on national and international investment agendas and called on parties to advocate for the wise use of wetlands and their resources. youth representatives presented their concerns and proposals, asking delegates to ensure that information is easy to understand and to remember that youth will be impacted by cop9 decisions. philippe jacob, secretary general, danone group, presented the triennial ramsar wetland conservation awards in the categories of science, management, and education, respectively to : shuming cai, chinese academy of sciences, china ; sh. a. nezami baloochi, department of environment, province of gilan, iran ; and a shared award between reiko nakamura, ramsar centre, japan and the wetlands centre, australia. on wednesday morning, 9 november, antonio fernandez de tejada, spain, officially opened cop9, inviting delegates to consider the agenda and other organizational matters. delegates elected kahinda otafiire ( uganda ) as cop9 president, and tony slatyer ( australia ) and flavio chazaro ( mexico ) as vice - presidents. delegates adopted the agenda without amendment ( cop9 doc. 1, rev. 2 ), and the rules of procedure ( cop9 doc. 2 ), with minor amendments. the cop then established a credentials committee comprised of delegates from each of the six ramsar regions, namely : benin ( africa ), thailand ( asia ), switzerland ( europe ), peru ( the neotropics ), canada ( north america ), and new zealand ( oceania ). delegates also established a finance committee, chaired by trevor swerdfager ( canada ), with, albania, algeria, australia, austria, bahamas, china, colombia, japan, the netherlands, nicaragua, nigeria, the russian federation, switzerland, the uk, and the us designated as members", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41982893182621844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.294957"}
{"text": "by trevor swerdfager ( canada ), with, albania, algeria, australia, austria, bahamas, china, colombia, japan, the netherlands, nicaragua, nigeria, the russian federation, switzerland, the uk, and the us designated as members. the secretariat noted that the committee is open to all parties and observers. president otafiire presented the list of registered observers ( cop9 doc. 31 ), stating this list would remain open as new observers are registering daily. argentina objected to registering the uk overseas territories conservation forum as uk - based, as this non - governmental organization ( ngo ) relates to the falkland / malvinas, south georgia and south sandwich islands and rejected all references to these as uk territories. the uk reiterated its position on the sovereignty of the islands. report of the standing committee and the scientific and technical review panel on wednesday, gordana beltram ( slovenia ), standing committee chair, presented the report on the committee \u2019 s work during the 2003 - 2005 triennium ( cop9 doc. 3 ), highlighting work related to : preparation for cop9 ; review of work by the scientific and technical review panel ( strp ) ; financial matters relating to the implementation of the convention ; and creating synergies between the convention and other meas. she called for greater attention to social and economic considerations related to wetland ecosystems in the committee \u2019 s future work. the report was adopted with minor amendments. max finlayson ( australia ), strp chair, presented the report on the strp \u2019 s work during the 2003 - 2005 triennium ( cop9 doc. 4 ). in providing technical advice for cop9, finlayson highlighted the panel \u2019 s work in preparing the following documents : additional scientific and technical guidance for implementing the ramsar wise use concept ( cop9 dr1 ) ; a conceptual framework for ramsar \u2019 s wise use concept ( annex a ) ; a revised strategic framework and guidelines for further development of the list of wetlands of international importance ( annex b ) ; an integrated framework for ramsar \u2019 s water - related guidance ( annex c ) ; ecological \u201c outcome - oriented \u201d indicators for assessing the convention \u2019 s implementation effectiveness ( annex d ) ; and an integrated framework for wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring ( annex e ). during the ensuing discussions, countries expressed general support for the frameworks prepared by the strp. they also agreed to establish a contact group to consider annexes a and b of the resolution on additional scientific and technical guidance for implementing the ramsar wise use concept", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4007449057155623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.296008"}
{"text": "the ensuing discussions, countries expressed general support for the frameworks prepared by the strp. they also agreed to establish a contact group to consider annexes a and b of the resolution on additional scientific and technical guidance for implementing the ramsar wise use concept ( cop9 dr1 ). report of the secretary general on wednesday, secretary general bridgewater reported on the implementation of the convention at the global level over the 2003 - 2005 triennium ( cop9 doc. 5 and doc. 6 ) and highlighted the prospect of reaching 160 contracting parties by cop10. bridgewater noted that the secretariat has managed to balance the convention \u2019 s budget since cop8, but underscored the need to work \u201c smarter, not harder \u201d in the 2006 - 2008 triennium. noting that 110 parties had submitted national reports, a smaller number than desired, he stressed the need to simplify the national reporting format and continue regular communication between the secretariat and parties. on the strategic plan 2003 - 2008, bridgewater highlighted the need to focus on key issues in order to increase the percentage of attainable targets. he also highlighted six imperatives extracted from parties \u2019 national reports : understanding new international institutional frameworks and how ramsar fits into them ; reinforcing and developing the convention \u2019 s strong scientific basis ; effectively managing the list of wetlands of international importance ; promoting integrated management approaches ; developing a communication, education and public awareness ( cepa ) programme that responds to the needs of local people ; and ensuring the convention is effectively managed intersessionally through the standing committee and the secretariat. regional overviews of implementation delegates reviewed implementation of the convention and draft resolutions on the cop9 agenda in regional group meetings held on thursday, 10 november. on friday evening, 11 november, the groups met to approve appointments to the standing committee. africa : chaired by fanuel a. demas ( namibia ), the africa regional group \u2019 s discussions focused on making the most of the first ramsar cop held in africa. ghana urged parties to strengthen the region \u2019 s position and representation by fulfilling their credential requirements and paying their dues, as the region has the largest outstanding portion, and participating in the strp and other committees. on the draft resolutions, delegates called for inclusion of africa - focused proposals in several resolutions, including on : engagement in multilateral processes on water ; natural disaster prevention ; and the ramsar endowment fund. regarding ramsar sites no longer meeting criteria for listing, the secretariat noted that, as drafted, more than half of the african ramsar sites may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.441264854282192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.297104"}
{"text": "on : engagement in multilateral processes on water ; natural disaster prevention ; and the ramsar endowment fund. regarding ramsar sites no longer meeting criteria for listing, the secretariat noted that, as drafted, more than half of the african ramsar sites may be removed from the list with possible contractual ramifications for parties. the americas : the americas regional group, chaired by john bowleg ( bahamas ), reviewed regional positions on several draft resolutions. on scientific and technical aspects, peru, supported by canada, opposed language on water rights. several delegates expressed concern with the draft resolution on [ transboundary ] [ transnational ] ramsar sites, citing, inter alia, sovereignty issues. on natural disaster prevention, cuba suggested language referring to the impact of extreme climactic events and the us emphasized pre - disaster management and prevention. the group opposed the draft resolution on wetlands of the antarctic proposed by switzerland. asia : the asia regional group, co - chaired by yasaman rajabkhah shalmany ( iran ) and djismun kasri ( indonesia ) considered various draft resolutions. on the revised strategic framework and guidelines for future development of the list of wetlands of international importance, one delegate noted that the guidelines should not deviate from national laws. the group approved the suggested amendments concerning ecological indicators. on designation and management of [ transboundary ] [ transnational ] ramsar sites, delegates could not form a common position on use of terms \u201c transboundary \u201d or \u201c transnational. \u201d on streamlining the implementation of the strategic plan, many countries said its targets are unrealistic. regarding the revised modus operandi of the strp, several parties suggested country rotation in selecting experts. many countries supported the convention \u2019 s work on wetlands and poverty reduction and natural disaster prevention. regarding an information text on managing wetlands and waterbirds in response to avian flu, some countries said the focus should be on waterbirds only, while others noted that some of the recommendations in the text are beyond the scope of the convention. on friday morning, 11 november, the group considered financial and budgetary matters. several parties underscored the need for a strong secretariat and adequate budget to implement the strategic plan. parties also highlighted the need for mechanisms to resource the small grants fund ( sgf ) and to fund regional projects. europe : europe regional group chair gordana beltram ( slovenia ) opened the discussions on draft resolutions. on cultural values of wetlands, delegates favored recognizing cultural values in addition to the already established ecological character in identifying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43861539931009674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.298492"}
{"text": "determining values of wetland ecosystems and how to incorporate these values into decision making. culture and knowledge in wetland management : secretary general bridgewater stressed that it is more important to use culture in the management and wise use of wetlands than to use it as a criterion for site designation. thymio papayannis, mediterranean institute for nature and anthropos, reviewed activities of the mediterranean wetlands ( medwet ) cultural working group and, discussing changing cultural landscapes, noted loss of traditional activities. he emphasized incorporating cultural aspects into wetland management, while respecting social specificity of culture. traditional elders from the paroo river area in australia highlighted aboriginal values identified in a cultural mapping project and the importance of building relationships among relevant stakeholders. sansanee choowaew, thailand, emphasized a culture - based approach to managing wetlands, and highlighted, inter alia, joint efforts between temples and local communities, and marking temples as wildlife refuges. monica herzig, mexico, highlighted local community involvement in the planning process, and said culture is a broad term and a systematic approach has yet to be developed. maria jose vinals, spain, discussed progress made in the mediterranean region for incorporating cultural values in wetland management through : restoring cultural heritage ; increasing wetland awareness ; conserving cultural landscapes ; and valuing cultural tradition. during the course of cop9, delegates heard several special presentations on wetland - related issues and activities. address by the president of uganda : uganda \u2019 s president yoweri museveni addressed the cop on monday afternoon, 14 november. president museveni highlighted threats to wetland ecosystems, which cover 13 percent of the country \u2019 s land area and include the headwaters of the river nile, and outlined possible solutions. he identified as threats : deforestation and silting of wetland ecosystems ; conversion of wetlands into agricultural lands, including pastures, farms and rice paddies ; international environmental ngos for their opposition to energy plans, which he said leads to over - reliance on firewood ; and predominance of the rural population and agriculture in uganda. he noted as solutions : universal education ; reafforestation programmes, which generate income for local communities ; electrification through hydro, geothermal and solar energy projects ; and industrialization. millennium ecosystem assessment : on saturday, 12 november, rebecca d \u2019 cruz, synthesis team co - chair, presented the millennium ecosystem assessment ( ma ) synthesis report on \u201c ecosystems and human well - being : wetlands and water. \u201d she stressed that ecosystem services are vital to human well - being, lamenting that many of these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4618075482164417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.303620"}
{"text": ", synthesis team co - chair, presented the millennium ecosystem assessment ( ma ) synthesis report on \u201c ecosystems and human well - being : wetlands and water. \u201d she stressed that ecosystem services are vital to human well - being, lamenting that many of these services are overused, mismanaged or degraded, and highlighted policy choices available to reduce wetland degradation while maintaining benefits. distinguishing between free and economically valued services, she said many of the social and economic benefits have not been taken into account by decision makers. she said economic instruments promote conservation and wise use, and noted difficulties in valuation due to differing cultural values. noting accelerated wetland degradation, d \u2019 cruz highlighted a reduction of human well - being, especially in developing countries, coupled with an increased demand for wetland services. she said policy decisions must address trade offs between current and future use, and emphasized cross sectoral and ecosystem approaches. she noted the report would help set the future agenda for ramsar, and could be used to raise awareness on wetlands. wetland conservation and sustainable use in uganda : on wednesday, 9 november, paul mafabi, uganda national wetlands programme, provided an overview of wetland conservation and sustainable use over the last 15 years in uganda, noting that wetland management began with a ban on wetland drainage. he said that wetland issues were incorporated into a poverty eradication plan in 2000, and that a wetlands sector strategic plan was created in 2001. in describing current achievements, mafabi highlighted : an increased level of awareness ; best use practices ; creation of policy and legal frameworks ; and the creation of inventories, which have provided vital information for decision making. mafabi also highlighted specific challenges for wetland policy, including the need to improve enforcement mechanisms. he underscored the need to : develop a solid knowledge base ; create political and public interest by using the right arguments ; build capacity at all levels for implementation ; and adopt realistic policies and laws. mafabi closed by highlighting the importance of ensuring institutional sustainability, and stressed that wetland ecosystems can play a vital role in peoples \u2019 livelihoods and contribute to their income, and that wetland ecosystem services can \u201c pay their own way. \u201d cop9 delegates considered 27 draft resolutions beginning on wednesday, 9 november. these resolutions were submitted by parties or prepared in advance by the standing committee and the strp. twenty - five draft resolutions were adopted by the conclusion of the meeting on tuesday, 15 november. the draft resolution on wetlands of the antarctic was withdrawn, and the draft resolution on [ transnational ] [ transboundary ] ramsar sites was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4263359113718735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.304787"}
{"text": ". strategic framework and guidelines for the list of wetlands of international importance : the cop considered annex b on wednesday, and a contact group was established. in the contact group on friday, several parties examined criterion 1 for designating ramsar sites, and debated whether to add a new criterion on cultural values, with most opposing. on saturday, delegates suggested using the term \u201c near \u201d instead of \u201c most \u201d natural wetlands, and on monday, after lengthy debates, delegates reached compromise text regarding artificial wetlands. an integrated framework for the ramsar convention \u2019 s water - related guidance : on tuesday, 15 november, the secretariat introduced annexes c, ci and cii, which contain an integrated framework and guidelines for the convention \u2019 s water - related ecosystems. the cop adopted the annexes with minor amendments. ecological \u201c outcome - oriented \u201d indicators for assessing the implementation effectiveness of the ramsar convention : on tuesday, 15 november, the secretariat introduced annex d, containing suggested amendments following informal discussions with interested parties raised in the plenary session under agenda item ix ( report of the strp chair ). the cop adopted the annex as amended. an integrated framework for wetland inventory assessment and monitoring : on tuesday, 15 november, the secretariat introduced annexes e and ei containing a framework and guidelines for the rapid assessment of inland, coastal and marine wetland biodiversity. the cop adopted the annexes without amendment. final resolution : in this final resolution, the cop : the final text of annex a requests the strp to report to cop10 on the harmonization of definitions and terms related to ecosystem benefits / services. the definition of ecological character, including the phrase \u201c at a given point in time, \u201d underscores that the concerned party provide the ecological character of a site at the time of designation to the list. a change in ecological character of a listed site should be assessed against the baseline status presented in the ramsar information sheet ( ris ) and the time of designation for the list. \u201c ecological character \u201d is defined as the human - induced adverse alteration of any ecosystem component, process and / or ecosystem benefit / service. annex b defines wetlands using article 1. 1 of the convention, which includes artificial ones. it highlights artificial ramsar sites as having international importance for biodiversity. it notes, however, this should not justify the destruction or modification of \u201c near - natural \u201d wetlands. the annex also states that a wetland should be considered of international importance if it has a unique example of a \u201c near \u201d natural wetland type or if it regularly supports one percent of the population of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.501881159657787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.313633"}
{"text": "the destruction or modification of \u201c near - natural \u201d wetlands. the annex also states that a wetland should be considered of international importance if it has a unique example of a \u201c near \u201d natural wetland type or if it regularly supports one percent of the population of a wetland - dependent non - avian animal species. annex c and its appendices contain an integrated framework for the convention \u2019 s water - related guidance, with additional guidance on the analysis of case studies in river basin management and guidelines for the management of groundwater to maintain the ecological character of wetlands. annex d contains seven initial ecological \u201c outcome - oriented \u201d indicators for assessing the implementation effectiveness of selected aspects of the convention. the approach is outlined as part of the integrated updating of monitoring and reporting processes under the convention, including the intention to simplify the national report format for cop10. the initial indicators are : the annex also outlines indicators recommended for further consideration by the strp. annex e outlines an integrated framework for wetland inventory assessment and monitoring and guidelines for the rapid assessment of inland, coastal and marine wetland biodiversity, and were prepared by the strp and the secretariat, and developed jointly for the convention and the convention on biological diversity ( cbd ) under the cbd / ramsar third joint work plan and in response to the ramsar strategic plan 2003 - 2008 and cbd cop6 decisions vi / 5 on inland waters and vi / 6 on marine and coastal biological diversity. future implementation of scientific and technical aspects of the convention : this draft resolution ( cop9 dr2 ) was first considered in plenary on thursday, 10 november. the secretariat introduced the draft resolution, noting that the strp has identified its immediate and high priority tasks as contained in annex 1, explaining that all tasks would be consolidated with those agreed under the revised strategic plan 2003 - 2008 into the work plan for 2006 - 2008. the eu requested inclusion of inland waterways in annex 1. regarding annex 2 on a schedule of actions for scientific and technical implementation of the convention 2006 - 2011, argentina requested removing reference to the defense and military sector. delegates debated whether the task on wetlands and agriculture should be made an immediate priority. final resolution : in this final resolution ( cop9 dr2 rev. 1 ), the cop approves the immediate and high priority actions for the strp for 2006 - 2008 and the schedule of actions for scientific and technical implementation of the convention for 2006 - 2011. the cop requests the secretariat to consolidate these actions and the schedule with the annex to the revised strategic plan 2003 - 2008 to form the convention \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48244502851668863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.317894"}
{"text": "2006 - 2008 and the schedule of actions for scientific and technical implementation of the convention for 2006 - 2011. the cop requests the secretariat to consolidate these actions and the schedule with the annex to the revised strategic plan 2003 - 2008 to form the convention \u2019 s work plan 2006 - 2008. the cop also urges parties, donors, intergovernmental organizations ( igos ), iops, national ngos, and others to use this programme in deciding priorities for their financial and other support towards the future scientific and technical implementation of the convention. engagement of the convention in ongoing multilateral processes dealing with water : on thursday, bridgewater introduced the draft resolution ( cop9 dr3 ), stressing that it does not seek to transform ramsar into a convention on water but rather a convention that understands its role in addressing water issues. he also noted the relevance of ramsar \u2019 s work to the ongoing implementation cycle on water, sanitation and human settlements under the csd, and the upcoming fourth world water forum. in the ensuing discussions, the resolution received broad support. japan cautioned against exceeding the scope of the convention. a reference to the global water partnership in the preamble was proposed, and lack of data on wetland ecosystems \u2019 demand for water was highlighted. the cop considered and adopted the draft resolution on tuesday with several editorial amendments and the addition of reference to \u201c an ecosystem approach \u201d in iwrm. the earth negotiations bulletin \u2019 s coverage of these discussions can be found at : http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1721e. html. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr3 rev. 2 ), the cop affirms that the conservation and wise use of wetlands is critical for the provision of water for people and nature, and that wetlands are a source of, and depend on, water. it calls on parties to bring ramsar \u2019 s water - related resolutions and guidelines to the attention of water management authorities for their integration into national iwrm plans. the resolution instructs the ramsar secretariat to cooperate with the fourth world water forum secretariat and other relevant global and regional water initiatives to ensure that wetland ecosystems goods and services are recognized as a key element for effective management of water resources while maintaining the ecosystem functioning of wetlands. it further instructs the secretariat to provide input to the csd at its session in 2008, and report thereon to cop10. conservation and sustainable use of fish resources : during informal consultations on this issue ( cop9 dr4 ) on thursday", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4504759616493598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.319214"}
{"text": "further instructs the secretariat to provide input to the csd at its session in 2008, and report thereon to cop10. conservation and sustainable use of fish resources : during informal consultations on this issue ( cop9 dr4 ) on thursday and friday, several parties requested amendments to references concerning ecologically damaging fishing gear and practices. some delegates highlighted the lack of accurate data on fisheries in wetland ecosystems and others urged greater assistance of iops in such data collection. the contact group agreed on a revised resolution, which was presented during the closing plenary on tuesday and adopted by the cop. final resolution : in this final resolution ( cop9 dr4 rev. 1 ), the cop acknowledges that \u201c fisheries resources \u201d instead of \u201c fish \u201d are a vital source of food and income and can assist in the further reduction of poverty. this term was replaced throughout the text of the resolution. it confirms that this resolution covers issues in inland, coastal, and marine wetland fisheries within the scope of article 1 and ramsar sites within the scope of articles 1 and 2. 1 of the convention. it further : synergies with other biodiversity - related processes : on friday, the secretary general introduced the draft resolution ( cop9 dr5 ). many delegates welcomed national reporting synergies, some proposing common modules and formats, and one urging synergies for indicators, data collection and information sharing. delegates debated which international processes and institutions the secretariat should collaborate with. an informal group was established to consolidate amendments. on tuesday, the secretariat outlined the amendments to the revised draft resolution, explaining that its annex had been changed to an information document ( cop9 doc. 32 ). the us stipulated harmonization of national reporting should be subject to the mandate of each individual convention, and parties agreed that the secretariat liaise with the unfccc and unccd joint liaison group. the cop adopted the resolution with these amendments. the earth negotiations bulletin \u2019 s coverage of these discussions can be found at : http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1722e. html. final resolution : in this final resolution ( cop9 dr5 rev. 1 ), the cop requests the secretary general to : it further urges parties to develop means at the national level of improving the liaison between the convention \u2019 s administrative authorities and focal points for other related conventions and agreements and to report to the secretariat on progress in harmonizing information management and reporting. [ transboundary ] [ transnational ] ramsar sites : on friday, the secretariat introduced the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4624547310421123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.320968"}
{"text": "convention \u2019 s administrative authorities and focal points for other related conventions and agreements and to report to the secretariat on progress in harmonizing information management and reporting. [ transboundary ] [ transnational ] ramsar sites : on friday, the secretariat introduced the draft resolution ( cop9 dr6 ), noting that historically it has been the parties \u2019 prerogative to designate wetlands of international importance in their territories only. delegates could not reach consensus on use of terms \u201c transboundary \u201d versus \u201c transnational, \u201d and agreed during the plenary session on monday to further consider the issue at cop10 and, in the meantime, consult with iucn on legal, immigration and other implications of establishing transboundary sites. guidance for addressing ramsar sites or parts of sites which no longer meet the criteria for designation : this agenda item ( cop9 doc. 15 ) was introduced on friday, 11 november, with a draft resolution ( cop9 dr7 ) prepared by the secretariat. malawi called for assistance and measures to rehabilitate sites, rather than simply deleting them. on monday, delegates considered the revised draft resolution and adopted it with a reservation by india that the resolution \u2019 s guidance should not impinge on the sovereign rights of a contracting party. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr7 rev. 1 ), the cop adopts the guidance contained in the annex to the resolution on addressing issues of ramsar sites or parts of sites that cease to fulfill or never fulfilled the criteria for designation. the cop requests contracting parties to apply the guidance and procedures set out in the annex when contemplating the deletion of a site from the list of wetlands of international importance. the resolution urges contracting parties to provide developing countries with assistance, including capacity building, in order to help reverse the factors leading to consideration of deletion or restriction of a site. it also instructs the secretariat, with the advice of the strp, to report to cop10 on these matters, and urges parties to provide the secretariat with information on their experiences and lessons learned in their application of this resolution. regional initiatives in the framework of the ramsar convention : on wednesday, several parties highlighted the importance of regional initiatives in the implementation of the convention ( cop9 dr8 ). iran highlighted the role of the newly established central and west asia regional center. on friday, the secretariat introduced a revised draft resolution, amended with comments received from parties. several parties requested references to specific initiatives, inter alia : the plata basin initiative, the high andean initiative, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4529937511959688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.322660"}
{"text": "established central and west asia regional center. on friday, the secretariat introduced a revised draft resolution, amended with comments received from parties. several parties requested references to specific initiatives, inter alia : the plata basin initiative, the high andean initiative, the nile basin initiative, and the black sea wetlands initiative. nepal requested the secretariat to further develop the himalayan initiative for cop10. on financial implications, the eu requested clarification on the purpose of funding, india called for additional financial and budgetary support, and the secretariat expressed concern over lack of resources for new initiatives, noting core budget funds could \u201c kick start \u201d some initiatives. on tuesday, the plenary adopted the resolution with several amendments. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr8 rev. 2 ), the cop endorses seven regional initiatives listed in annex i. a, and recognizes the potential of four others contained in annex i. b, which are subject to further development and consideration by cop10. it agrees to contribute financial support for seven regional initiatives listed in annex i. c in the 2006 - 2008 triennium, and authorizes the standing committee to approve intersessionally qualifying initiatives that have zero implications for the convention \u2019 s core budget. the resolution also renews its cooperation with the government of greece on its hosting the medwet coordination unit in athens, and adopts the budget for the operation of the medwet committee and coordination unit, as contained in annex ii of the resolution. streamlining the implementation of the strategic plan of the convention 2003 - 2008 : on thursday, the secretary general introduced the draft resolution ( cop9 dr9 ), noting it provides a basis for the secretariat and the standing committee to test a new approach in setting up priorities for the 2006 - 2008 work plan. delegates stressed targets should be realistic and recognize parties \u2019 abilities and limited resources. they highlighted : the need to simplify the plan for better monitoring at regional and national levels ; setting clear directions for all organizations working on wetland conservation ; new ways to develop future strategic plans ; and use of the plan as guidance for prioritizing implementation at the national level. on tuesday, the secretariat introduced the revised draft, noting the annexed framework will undergo review, editing and change during the 2006 - 2008 triennium. the eu proposed language specifying the framework is a \u201c working tool \u201d and that the standing committee will carry out the review. new zealand called for design of a simplified cop10 national reporting format harmonized with other relevant conventions and agreements. delegates debated including as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4641103068241118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.323757"}
{"text": "proposed language specifying the framework is a \u201c working tool \u201d and that the standing committee will carry out the review. new zealand called for design of a simplified cop10 national reporting format harmonized with other relevant conventions and agreements. delegates debated including as a key result area assessment of the unfccc implementation on wetlands, agreeing this would be considered by the standing committee. the cop adopted the resolution with these amendments. the earth negotiations bulletin \u2019 s coverage of these discussions can be found at : http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1721e. html. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr9 rev. 1 ), the cop accepts the annexed framework for the implementation of the convention \u2019 s strategic plan 2003 - 2008 in the 2006 - 2008 period. the resolution instructs the standing committee to : develop and implement a comprehensive, inclusive process for development of the 2009 - 2014 strategic plan for cop10 ; use the framework to design a simplified cop10 national report framework, taking into account the resolution on synergies with other conventions and collaboration and harmonization of national reporting, and urges parties, the standing and strp committees, the secretariat and iops to use the 2003 - 2008 strategic plan and its appendices as a renewed challenge to promote, implement and monitor the convention \u2019 s performance, including through the application of \u201c outcome - oriented \u201d indicators for the convention \u2019 s implementation. the framework outlines the convention \u2019 s goals and the key result areas and key performance indicators. the role of the convention in natural disaster prevention, mitigation and adaptation : on friday, bridgewater noted the relevance of this draft resolution ( cop9 dr10 ) following the asian tsunami and recent hurricanes. proposals included : paragraphs on impacts of extreme climatic events and mobilizing resources to restore affected wetlands ; renaming the resolution to reflect the role of ramsar in mitigating impacts associated with natural phenomena ; reference to \u201c affected people \u201d instead of \u201c local communities and indigenous people \u201d ; and paragraphs emphasizing pre - disaster planning. on tuesday, delegates reviewed the revised draft resolution. wetlands international, supported by switzerland, austria, belgium, costa rica and the netherlands, proposed changing the resolution \u2019 s title to reflect natural phenomena induced or exacerbated by human activities. japan supported deleting a paragraph on establishing mechanisms for emergency assessment. switzerland, supported by belgium and albania, proposed reference to ecosystem \u201c services \u201d instead of \u201c benefits. \u201d suriname suggested including both services and benefits. armenia proposed a separate clause", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5102908656319141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.324848"}
{"text": "activities. japan supported deleting a paragraph on establishing mechanisms for emergency assessment. switzerland, supported by belgium and albania, proposed reference to ecosystem \u201c services \u201d instead of \u201c benefits. \u201d suriname suggested including both services and benefits. armenia proposed a separate clause specifying the human activity of drainage as exacerbating natural phenomena. with the amendments by wetlands international, japan and armenia, the resolution was adopted. the earth negotiations bulletin \u2019 s coverage of these discussions can be found at : http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1722e. html. final resolution : in this final resolution ( cop9 cr10 rev. 1 ), the cop recognizes the important role of ramsar in disaster avoidance and mitigation and post - disaster restoration, and the significance of synergies with other meas and agencies focusing on natural disasters. it also bears in mind the impacts on wetlands of extreme climatic events and the need for financial resources for, inter alia, prevention and early warning. use of the term and status of the \u201c ramsar secretariat \u201d : the cop considered the draft resolution concerning the use of the term \u201c ramsar secretariat \u201d ( cop9 dr11 ) in plenary on friday. many parties recognized that the resolution would harmonize terminology with similar meas. the cop considered and adopted amendments on the recognition of the ramsar convention as an igo and on reporting outcomes of consultations with appropriate bodies to the standing committee. the earth negotiations bulletin \u2019 s coverage of these discussions can be found at : http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1722e. html. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr11 rev. 2 ), the cop decides that in its external relations the bureau may use the descriptor \u201c the ramsar secretariat \u201d in its official statements and documents. it reaffirms that use of \u201c secretariat \u201d shall not affect the bureau \u2019 s functions provided for in the convention text. it further instructs the secretary general to consult with appropriate bodies regarding transformation of the status of the secretariat to an igo, while still maintaining its links with iucn and the host country. finally, it requests the secretary general to report on the outcome of these consultations at the 34th meeting of the standing committee. revised modus operandi of the scientific and technical review panel : the cop considered the draft resolution on revising the modus operandi of the strp ( cop9 dr12 ) on friday. strp chair fin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4684754440966127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.325789"}
{"text": "meeting of the standing committee. revised modus operandi of the scientific and technical review panel : the cop considered the draft resolution on revising the modus operandi of the strp ( cop9 dr12 ) on friday. strp chair finlayson introduced the draft resolution, which received general support, with several parties stressing stronger national focal point \u2019 s engagement. parties debated appointment of experts, several delegates saying nominees should not be limited to \u201c globally - recognized \u201d experts and urging equitable regional representation. one urged allowing parties to propose high priority thematic work areas and another suggested the panel identify capacity needs for the 2006 - 2008 triennium. the earth negotiations bulletin \u2019 s coverage of these discussions can be found at : http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1722e. html. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr12 rev. 1 ), the cop reaffirms the critical importance of the work and advice of the strp to the convention. it approves the annexed revised strp modus operandi and establishes an strp oversight committee, reporting to the standing committee and comprised of the chair and vice - chair of the standing committee, the chair and vice - chair of the strp and the secretary general and deputy secretary general. it also agrees that the standing committee will continue to have overall responsibility for strp work, with the strp chair reporting to each standing committee meeting on the panel \u2019 s progress and advising on adjustments to the programme. the cop further : the annexed revised modus operandi includes : the establishment and responsibilities of the strp oversight panel ; criteria and characteristics of candidate strp members and the composition of the panel ; the procedure for identification and appointment of candidates, chair and vice - chair ; rules in relation to observer organizations ; and ensuring continuing national and regional applicability and continuity of panel membership. financial and budgetary matters : delegates heard the financial report and proposed budget for the 2006 - 2008 triennium ( cop9 dr13 ) in plenary, submitted by the chair of the subgroup on finance of the standing committee and the finance committee trevor swerdfager ( canada ). on issues for the 2006 - 2008 triennium, swerdfager underscored the need to further discuss budget allocations, including the proposed four percent increase. delegates requested the budget be maintained with zero increase in the next triennium, with others noting their flexibilities. on friday, the finance committee met in the afternoon to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47974668859380465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.326767"}
{"text": "to further discuss budget allocations, including the proposed four percent increase. delegates requested the budget be maintained with zero increase in the next triennium, with others noting their flexibilities. on friday, the finance committee met in the afternoon to further consider the budget for 2006 - 2008. the eu proposed balancing budget lines, particularly between regional initiatives and the strp, stressing the need for more scientific and technical services to the convention. several parties expressed flexibility with a budget increase of less than four percent, and others supported an increase but opposed shifting budget lines between regional initiatives and the strp. on monday, the finance committee chair swerdfager reported to plenary on progress made in discussing financial and budgetary matters. he noted that there is a shortfall in each fiscal year \u2019 s budget. discussions focused on identifying reductions to balance the budget in areas, including the ramsar sites database, communication, regional initiatives and cepa operating costs. during the closing plenary on tuesday, swerdfager presented the resolution on financial and budgetary matters for adoption. he outlined the resolution as well as the newly attached annexes, noting that annex ii contains the core budget for 2006 - 2008, based on the cop agreeing to a four percent increase. argentina, with brazil, accepted the budget but requested to record their concerns over the increase in the report of the meeting. delegates agreed to remove annex iii ( annual contribution arrears ) from the draft resolution, and make it an information document for the cop. the african group supported the budget and said the reallocation of the funds would allow the strp to fulfill its tasks. one party requested reflecting in the report that strp funds allocated in the budget shall not be cut in the future. the secretary general said that elements of strp funds are combined and they do not indicate any cut. the earth negotiations bulletin \u2019 s coverage of these discussions can be found at : http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1722e. html, http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1723e. html, http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1724e. html and http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1725e. html. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr13 rev. 2 ), the cop approves the budget for the 2006 - 2008 triennium as attached in annex i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42680945118402447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.327901"}
{"text": ". ca / vol17 / enb1725e. html. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr13 rev. 2 ), the cop approves the budget for the 2006 - 2008 triennium as attached in annex i to enable the implementation of the strategic plan of the convention. the forecast income for 2006 - 2008 represents a four percent increase per year, based on the cop9 budgeted party allocations for 2005. the total incomes for the three years are : 4, 054, 390 swiss francs for 2006 ; 4, 206, 277 swiss francs for 2007 ; and 4, 365, 094 swiss francs for 2008. the cop decides that the terms of reference for the financial administration of the convention shall be applied in toto to the 2006 - 2008 triennium. the cop also : evaluation of the ramsar endowment fund as a mechanism to resource the small grants fund : in plenary on friday delegates considered the draft resolution on evaluation of the ramsar endowment fund ( cop9 dr14 ). during plenary on monday, the secretariat introduced a revised draft resolution. highlighting funding constraints, iran, supported by israel, requested that the decision mention the asia region specifically. bridgewater said that the region \u2019 s concerns would be recorded in the cop9 report, and the draft resolution was adopted without amendment. the earth negotiations bulletin \u2019 s coverage of these discussions can be found at : http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1724e. html. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr14 rev. 1 ), the cop rescinds its decision in resolution viii. 29 to establish a ramsar endowment fund to resource the small grants fund ( sgf ), and urges the standing committee to actively pursue alternative funding mechanisms. the cop further instructs the secretary general to submit proposals to the standing committee at its 34th meeting for improving the status and resourcing of the sgf, with a focus on ensuring that dedicated sources of funding are developed, and calls on development assistance agencies and other organizations within the asia region to support the establishment of such a mechanism. the cop also requests the standing committee to bring to cop10 new proposals for establishing a more vigorous mechanism to support the sgf, including the possible development of regional support funds. wetlands and poverty reduction : on friday, the secretariat introduced the draft resolution on wetlands and poverty reduction ( cop9 dr15 ), which received strong support from parties. during the plenary on tuesday, bridgewater introduced a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4486506986881319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.328977"}
{"text": "development of regional support funds. wetlands and poverty reduction : on friday, the secretariat introduced the draft resolution on wetlands and poverty reduction ( cop9 dr15 ), which received strong support from parties. during the plenary on tuesday, bridgewater introduced a revised resolution. one party suggested, opposed by several developing countries, including the term \u201c extreme \u201d before poverty. ghana, sudan, nepal and indonesia supported the words \u201c poverty reduction \u201d for the title of the resolution. wetlands international, supported by the netherlands and switzerland, recommended new text concerning reviewing and improving existing finance mechanisms as well as encouraging new thinking in finance institutions for wetland management to help address poverty reduction. bridgewater suggested this term be solved in dr1 annex a, which will then set precedent for all other resolutions. the draft resolution was adopted as amended. the earth negotiations bulletin \u2019 s coverage of these discussions can be found at : http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1722e. html. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr15 rev. 1 ), the cop urges parties to take action to contribute to poverty reduction, especially in the following areas : human life and safety ; access to resources ; ecological sustainability ; governance ; and economics. it further urges parties to take or support action to : the cop also encourages parties to work with unep, undp, the un department of social and economic affairs, the iops, national and international ngos and others to enhance sustainable livelihoods utilizing a wise use approach towards wetlands and build capacity for communities in relation to activities designed to increase food security, diversify economies and add value to wetland products. the status of sites in the ramsar list of wetlands of international importance : on friday, bridgewater introduced this draft resolution ( cop9 dr16 ), noting a considerable increase in the quality and number of sites and highlighting a greater diversity in the types of designated wetlands. parties provided updated information concerning ramsar site designations since cop8, planned extensions to existing ramsar sites, and future designations of new or extended sites. the africa region requested the secretary general to consider options for assisting and encouraging parties in their actions in response to threatened changes in the ecological character of ramsar sites. following a proposal by wwf, supported by several parties, delegates agreed to request that greece provide information on its efforts to restore the ecological character of seven ramsar sites included in the montreux record of ramsar sites, where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur, with a view", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4876555014611508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.330036"}
{"text": "to request that greece provide information on its efforts to restore the ecological character of seven ramsar sites included in the montreux record of ramsar sites, where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur, with a view to removing these sites from the record. on monday, the secretariat introduced various amendments to the draft resolution. delegates agreed to a suggestion by portugal to include a table on missing information from ris in the annex. a paragraph expressing concern over the number of third party reports received by the secretariat was deleted, following a suggestion by argentina. the resolution was adopted with these amendments. the earth negotiations bulletin \u2019 s coverage of these discussions can be found at : http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1722e. html and http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1724e. html. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr16 rev. 1 ), the cop notes an almost 20 percent increase in the number of ramsar sites since cop8, but highlights concern that updated ris are missing for 41 percent of sites. it encourages parties to report changes in the status of sites in a timely manner, including their possible inclusion in the montreux record, and requests the strp to prepare a set of measures to, inter alia, using the revised ris format. the resolution congratulates several parties for reporting on changes in ecological character and boundary issues, and recommends that parties listed in the annex do so as a matter of priority. it further instructs the secretariat to consider options for assisting and encouraging parties in their actions in response to change or likely change in ecological character of ramsar sites. international organization partners : on saturday, 12 november, parties welcomed inclusion of the international water management institute ( iwmi ) as a new iop, and encouraged extending the listing to other organizations, especially those specializing in water management. the draft resolution ( cop9 dr17 ) was adopted without amendment. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr17 ), the cop reconfirms iop status for birdlife international, iucn, wetlands international and wwf, and formally confirms iop status for the iwmi. it also encourages other organizations to consider applying for iop status and requests the standing committee to review iop performance in supporting convention implementation and to report back to the cop. review of cop decisions : the cop considered the draft resolution on the review of cop decisions ( cop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4535450474601383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.331173"}
{"text": "other organizations to consider applying for iop status and requests the standing committee to review iop performance in supporting convention implementation and to report back to the cop. review of cop decisions : the cop considered the draft resolution on the review of cop decisions ( cop9 dr18 ) on saturday, 12 november. on monday, a revised resolution was introduced by the secretariat. one delegate stressed the review should be restricted to cop decisions only, not to convention text, and urged terms of reference be developed and a timetable set to complete the review before cop10. another suggested strp \u2019 s participation in the review, while another said it should be reflected in the budget. the cop adopted the revised resolution with these amendments. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr18 rev. 1 ), the cop instructs the secretariat, the standing committee and the strp to review the decisions taken since cop1 to identify areas of conflicting advice or policy, redundancy and differing interpretation or conflict, and for the standing committee to present the review results to cop10. it also instructs the secretariat to develop terms of reference and, if appropriate, identify potential service providers for review by the standing committee at its 34th session. it further agrees that the review should focus on cop resolutions and recommendations and not on the text of the convention. cepa oversight panel : on saturday, delegates addressed the draft resolution on establishing an oversight panel for communication, education and public awareness ( cepa ) activities of the convention ( cop9 dr19 ) in plenary. iran, supported by many, proposed setting priorities on communication, education and capacity building, and adding language to the terms of reference on identifying gaps between capacity - building opportunities and needs for wetland professionals and stakeholders. canada expressed concern over budget implications. on monday, mexico requested an explicit reference to the panel reporting to the standing committee. the resolution was adopted as amended. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr19 rev. 1 ), the cop recognizes that financial restrictions have inhibited full implementation of cepa. the cop : instructs the standing committee at its 34th meeting to establish an oversight panel to monitor and report on cepa programme implementation and to set priorities for communication, education and capacity building in collaboration with the wetlands international cepa specialist group and the ramsar advisory board on capacity building, and to report to cop10 on the panel \u2019 s activities ; and requests the secretariat to liaise with the institut de l \u2019 energie et de l \u2019 environnement de la franco", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4616245400011686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.335292"}
{"text": "and the ramsar advisory board on capacity building, and to report to cop10 on the panel \u2019 s activities ; and requests the secretariat to liaise with the institut de l \u2019 energie et de l \u2019 environnement de la francophonie in order to share all relevant information on the ramsar convention. an attached annex includes the terms of reference for the panel, which outlines its functions, composition and modus operandi. the functions state that the panel will clarify the broad role of the two national cepa focal points, identify gaps between capacity building opportunities and needs for the range of wetland stakeholders, and advise the standing committee on the form and function of the next cepa programme for 2009 - 2014. the modus operandi states that the panel will play a liaison role with other meas and operate as much as possible through electronic means, and that cepa focal point representatives should seek input from government and ngo cepa focal points. regional wetland symposia : the cop considered the draft resolution on importance of regional wetland symposia in implementing the convention ( cop9 dr20 ) in plenary on saturday. several parties advocated using the asian wetland symposia ( aws ) as a model for other regions, with others proposing the organization of subregional meetings to prepare for regional fora, with one party supporting the resolution as long as there were no financial implications. the cop adopted the revised resolution on monday morning in plenary with minor amendments. the earth negotiations bulletin \u2019 s coverage of these discussions can be found at : http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1723e. html and http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1724e. html. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr20 rev. 1 ) the cop encourages all contracting and non - contracting parties in the asia region to give full recognition to the effectiveness of the aws. it endorses the continuation of the periodic aws ; requests parties to facilitate participation in the aws by a wide range of stakeholders, noting that this will not have any financial implications for the core budget ; requests the secretariat and standing committee to encourage linkages between ramsar regional meetings, including subregional meetings ; and recommends that parties, international ngos, and other relevant scientific and technical organizations consider the usefulness of establishing similar periodic regional scientific and technical fora where they do not already exist. integrated, cross - biome planning and management of wetlands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46786432478905343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.336270"}
{"text": "dr22 ) on tuesday. however, the issue had been addressed in regional meetings and a contact group, which met throughout the cop. during contact group discussions on saturday, delegates agreed that cultural values should be considered when designating ramsar sites, while some supported the addition of a criterion on cultural values. on monday, delegates agreed to language on measures being consistent with rights and obligations under other international agreements. the cop considered and adopted the resolution on tuesday, with amendments on local communities and indigenous peoples, and relevant cultural characteristics for designation of sites, and the deletion of a complementary criterion taking into account cultural values. the earth negotiations bulletin \u2019 s coverage of these discussions can be found at : http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1721e. html ; http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1723e. html and http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1724e. html. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr22 rev. 2 ), the cop : ramsar sites and systems of protected areas : on saturday, nigeria introduced its proposed resolution ( cop9 dr24 ), noting it represents an example of harmonization between ramsar and cbd reporting requirements. delegates disagreed on the issue of references to the iucn protected area categories, with the us and others proposing them, and brazil opposing. an informal contact group was established on saturday, and a compromise was reached on monday evening. on tuesday, the secretariat submitted the draft resolution for adoption by the cop. the us requested, and delegates agreed to, deleting two bracketed preambular paragraphs referring to the outcomes of the vth world parks congress. the draft resolution was adopted as amended. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr24 rev. 1 ), the cop agrees to include as extra data fields in the approved ris protected area categories, if any, for the site, as established by each contracting party, and / or iucn categories ( 1994 version ), if appropriate, and any other relevant designations. it calls upon parties to integrate efforts aimed at broader protected areas system development in designating future ramsar sites, including through world heritage sites nominations and identification of biosphere reserves. it further encourages coordinating approaches with the cbd, through, inter alia, criteria for identifying wetlands of international importance, and implementing the cbd \u2019 s programmes of work on marine and coastal biodiversity and protected areas. managing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47977774502271775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.340568"}
{"text": "identification of biosphere reserves. it further encourages coordinating approaches with the cbd, through, inter alia, criteria for identifying wetlands of international importance, and implementing the cbd \u2019 s programmes of work on marine and coastal biodiversity and protected areas. managing wetlands and waterbirds in response to highly pathogenic avian influenza ( hpai ) : on thursday, the secretariat circulated an information text on avian flu for consultations. delegates discussed this issue in regional meetings on thursday. on saturday afternoon, the contact group, chaired by david stroud ( uk ), met to further consider a draft resolution ( cop9 dr25 ). participants agreed to add a new operative paragraph underlining the importance of developing and implementing national contingency or action plans. in deleting the paragraph on developing guidelines for landscape planning, the group added paragraphs requesting the strp to provide relevant input related to practical measures to reduce the risk of disease transmission between wild and domesticated birds to agencies developing contingency and wetland management plans and to assist in sharing information. on monday, the contact group met in the evening to consider the resolution \u2019 s first revision. several amendments were suggested, including : adding the word \u201c captive \u201d before the word \u201c birds ; \u201d deleting a paragraph on providing information on instances of waterbird mortality to national authorities ; and requesting a report on the secretariat and strp \u2019 s work with relevant agencies at cop10. during the closing plenary on tuesday afternoon, chair stroud submitted a second revision for consideration by the cop. in response to the russian federation \u2019 s concern about the phrase \u201c considerable misinformation \u201d regarding the risks posed by avian flu, the secretary general suggested to replace it with \u201c misunderstanding in some countries. \u201d the convention on migratory species praised the cop \u2019 s work on avian flu. in response to peru \u2019 s intervention, delegates agreed to change the title of the draft resolution to \u201c hpai and its consequences for wetlands and waterbirds and their management and conservation for the benefit of human well - being. \u201d the draft resolution was adopted as amended. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr25 rev. 2 ), the cop calls for fully integrated approaches to address avian flu, and requests the convention \u2019 s continued participation in the scientific task force on avian influenza. the cop also : underlines the importance of developing and implementing national contingency or action plans related to the potential risk of disease transmission, and the need for national preparedness to instances of detection of hpai in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5043639506793859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.343189"}
{"text": "task force on avian influenza. the cop also : underlines the importance of developing and implementing national contingency or action plans related to the potential risk of disease transmission, and the need for national preparedness to instances of detection of hpai in birds in wetlands ; requests the secretary general to explore possibilities of establishing partnerships to support the development of long - term funding for monitoring schemes ; and urges the strp, with the task force, to provide relevant input on practical measures to reduce the risk of disease transmission between wild, captive and domesticated birds, to those agencies developing contingency and wetland management plans related to avian flu. improving management of the ramsar convention : on monday, canada introduced a proposed draft resolution ( cop9 dr26 ), noting it seeks to establish a management working group to review the convention \u2019 s decision - making mechanisms and generate recommendations for cop10. several parties stressed the need for the group to be small - scale, self - financing and time - bound, and have equitable regional representation. delegates discussed the composition of the group and its status, as well as specific tasks assigned to it. the earth negotiations bulletin \u2019 s coverage of these discussions can be found at : http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol17 / enb1724e. html. final resolution : in the final resolution ( cop9 dr26 rev. 1 ), the cop establishes an ad hoc management working group to examine and review the convention \u2019 s various management structures and systems, and report to cop10 its recommendations on : it also identifies the composition of the management working group as follows : chairs and vice chairs of the standing committee and the strp established at cop8 and cop9 ; chairs of the subgroup on finance for cop8 and cop9 ; secretary general ex officio ; any other interested parties or iops, and an appropriate expert on organizational review, to be determined by the working group, subject to there being no implications for the convention \u2019 s budget. thanks to the host country : on tuesday, 15 november, delegates adopted a resolution ( cop9 dr28 ) thanking the host country. in this resolution, the cop congratulates uganda for its pioneering efforts in wetland wise use and conservation and sustainable natural resources management, draws attention to the kampala declaration, expresses gratitude to the government and people of uganda, ngos and the private sector and local staff. date and venue of cop10 on tuesday, 15 november, bridgewater introduced the agenda item on the date and venue of the next cop ( cop9", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4695220770248134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.346076"}
{"text": ", expresses gratitude to the government and people of uganda, ngos and the private sector and local staff. date and venue of cop10 on tuesday, 15 november, bridgewater introduced the agenda item on the date and venue of the next cop ( cop9 doc. 27 ), noting the republic of korea had offered to host ramsar cop10. the republic of korea \u2019 s environment minister lee jaeyong and tae ho kim, governor of gyeongsangnam - do province, extended the country \u2019 s invitation to host cop10 in the city of changwon, gyeongsangnam - do province, in 2008. supporting the bid, japan noted currently 17 out of 43 asian countries are not signatories to the ramsar convention, representing the largest gap in the world, and that hosting cop10 in asia will offer an opportunity to further promote the convention in the region. the cop accepted republic of korea \u2019 s bid by acclamation. election of parties to the standing committee on monday, 14 november, the cop elected parties to the ramsar standing committee. the following countries were selected to represent ramsar \u2019 s six regions in the committee : samoa for oceania ; us for north america ; bahamas, el salvador and ecuador for the neotropics ; austria, czech republic, georgia and slovenia for europe ; benin, gabon, kenya and malawi for africa ; and china, iran and thailand for asia. uganda and the republic of korea will serve on the standing committee as the cop9 and cop10 host countries. ministerial dialogue : on saturday, 12 november, cop9 president otafiire chaired an informal ministerial dialogue on the sidelines of cop9, attended by ministers and high - level representatives from 19 countries. the meeting : endorsed the outcomes of csd - 13 and the 2005 - 2015 \u201c water for life \u201d decade ; focused on convention implementation ; urged support of regional initiatives ; and considered and agreed the kampala declaration. the kampala declaration : in the declaration, the ministers, inter alia, emphasize : active community participation in wetlands supporting livelihoods, calling on the private sector and civil society to promote and sustain the wise use concept ; innovative economic incentives in promoting wetland wise use and conservation ; and further research and exchange of information on avian flu in relation to wetlands. they also : undertake to address the world summit on sustainable development \u2019 s ( wssd ) johannesburg plan of implementation \u2019 s 2010 biodiversity loss goal and to strengthen the list of wetlands of international importance as a contribution to the global network of protected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4255496177762469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.350608"}
{"text": "wetlands. they also : undertake to address the world summit on sustainable development \u2019 s ( wssd ) johannesburg plan of implementation \u2019 s 2010 biodiversity loss goal and to strengthen the list of wetlands of international importance as a contribution to the global network of protected areas initiated at the wssd ; affirm the need for synergies between the ramsar convention and other relevant conventions ; call for cross agency and cross donor cooperation ; urge development and implementation of transboundary and cross national systems and approaches to wetland ecosystems ; and urge the secretariat and iops to liaise with development partners and multilateral organizations to identify sustainable funding mechanisms for the implementation of the convention in africa. delegates convened for the closing plenary on tuesday evening, 15 november, adopting the report of the meeting without amendment. noting cop9 was a \u201c children \u2019 s cop \u201d because of the presence of youth throughout the meeting, secretary general bridgewater said his expectations for the cop had been fulfilled and that he was satisfied with the meeting \u2019 s outcomes. he thanked the standing committee, the secretariat, the government of uganda and particularly the ministry of water, land and the environment, and finally, the delegates. iraq announced its intention to become a ramsar contracting party before cop10, and to designate the eastern part of the mesopotamian marshes as its first ramsar site. grenada said it also hopes to join the ramsar convention before cop10. romania submitted its bid to host ramsar cop11. ghana congratulated uganda on successfully hosting cop9, and encouraged other african countries to follow its lead in hosting a ramsar cop. an ngo representative urged parties to engage ngos at the national level in order to achieve the shared objective of ensuring the conservation and wise use of wetlands. an indigenous peoples representative expressed concern over low participation by indigenous peoples at cop9, highlighting their important role in conserving wetlands. he also stressed the need to ensure their full participation in law and policy making for wetlands. birdlife international, on behalf of the iops, commended the cop \u2019 s attention to tackling poverty, the convention \u2019 s governance, and rapid responses to avian flu and natural phenomena. he highlighted identified priorities for action before cop10, including iwrm, dealing with changing ecological character and outreach. he called for raising awareness about the convention at all levels to achieve a greater political impact. he said that ramsar was legitimate in the eyes of the world and that, while iops are global, they act locally as well, through distributed networks, technical programmes and civil society engagement.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4422619770296938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.352311"}
{"text": "convention at all levels to achieve a greater political impact. he said that ramsar was legitimate in the eyes of the world and that, while iops are global, they act locally as well, through distributed networks, technical programmes and civil society engagement. cop9 president otafiire congratulated participants on a successful cop and noted additional ramsar sites recently designated by uganda. the meeting was gaveled to a close at 7 : 20 pm. a brief analysis of cop9 \u201c the times they are a changin \u2019 \u201d bob dylan opening the cop with this 1960s song by bob dylan seemed fitting for a convention that has undergone a remarkable transformation in its 34 - year - long history. from a north - centric convention focused on the technical and scientific aspects of the conservation of wetlands and waterfowl, the ramsar convention has become one that actively addresses a broad range of often political issues related to conservation and wise use of wetlands throughout the world, from cultural diversity to water management to ecosystem services. cop9, the first ramsar cop held in africa, is indicative of this evolution to accommodate broader concerns such as poverty alleviation. in addition, cop9 served to underscore ramsar \u2019 s drive to become a more active player in the international agenda, reflected in the adopted resolutions addressing avian flu, natural disasters and water issues. this brief analysis focuses on the key theme of cop9, that of streamlining the convention, highlighting its most hotly debated issues, and looks ahead to the convention \u2019 s future. streamlining the convention in his opening statement, ramsar secretary general peter bridgewater referred to \u201c quality, not quantity, \u201d a theme that was echoed throughout the conference. while the convention \u2019 s strategic plan includes listing 2, 500 ramsar sites by the year 2010, many believe that the rush to list too many sites may take energy away from the management of already existing sites, which could result in many listed sites lacking adequate management plans, and becoming less attractive to donors. cop9 attempted to find a way to expand the number of ramsar sites without compromising their effective management. the secretariat also attempted to streamline the organization of the cop itself. cop9 was two days shorter than cop8 and adopted far fewer resolutions, 25 rather than 45. the number of resolutions at this cop was partly due to preparatory work by the secretariat to consolidate submissions by parties, but some delegates felt that the \u201c streamlining \u201d was superficial, noting that this consolidation resulted in a \u201c mega - resolution \u201d on additional scientific and technical guidance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4971752789390008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.353824"}
{"text": "resolutions at this cop was partly due to preparatory work by the secretariat to consolidate submissions by parties, but some delegates felt that the \u201c streamlining \u201d was superficial, noting that this consolidation resulted in a \u201c mega - resolution \u201d on additional scientific and technical guidance, which ended up consuming a great deal of time. unlike cops for other conventions, where budget issues plague debates and often stall progress, budget discussions at cop9 were relatively straightforward with no late - night negotiating sessions. for instance, currency conversion issues, which have posed problems for some other conventions, were not a problem here as contributions are paid in swiss francs. instead, the budget debate focused on how to allocate funds, with regional initiatives coming into play. the functioning of the convention is being streamlined and decentralized through regional initiatives and national focal points, which have become more prominent. ramsar has a historically small and centralized secretariat with a narrow mandate, so addressing issues at the regional level frees up some of the burdens on the secretariat and allows for more focus on specific issues and needs of different regions. the recent opening of the ramsar regional center for training and research on wetlands western and central asia shows that ramsar is mature and robust enough to incorporate this evolution and that parties are serious about decentralization. many other initiatives are formally recognized by the cop as having potential, such as the himalayan initiative and the nordic - baltic wetlands initiative, and others were proposed for future consideration. emerging issues : rising tides ramsar \u2019 s broadening scope has resulted in increased calls to include emerging issues on the agenda. this was particularly prominent at cop9, as demonstrated by the emergency resolution on avian flu and ramsar \u2019 s active involvement in the recently established scientific task force on avian influenza, under the auspices of the convention on migratory species ( cms ). one delegate pointed out that the avian flu resolution would give more prominence to ramsar \u2019 s bird experts who might be able to access funding to study links between migratory patterns of birds and avian flu. he suggested that while billions of dollars are being put into developing drugs to combat human strains of avian flu before it has even reached humans, much more could be done stop the flu at its source. in a gesture of support, the cms executive director robert hepworth dropped in on his way to the cms cop to be held next week in nairobi. in a year marked by tsunamis, hurricanes and droughts, a draft resolution on natural phenomena and the acknowledgement of wetlands as buffers against flooding and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46636626741235543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.355214"}
{"text": "adoption of this resolution, however, delegates debated the role culture should play in determining site designation. politicized issues such as trade and conflict with national interests crept into the debate on whether culture should be a separate criterion for designating a site, with a number of european delegates strongly supporting this proposal, and others advocating that ramsar is primarily an ecologically - based convention. officials from ministries of foreign affairs, who wished they had been in valencia to help stop the convention from going into \u201c dangerous waters \u201d and to \u201c steer the culture issue in the right direction, \u201d showed up in uganda, mainly to avoid the subsidization in agriculture and fisheries that they felt the culture - related protectionist measures by governments could bring about. in the end, delegates concerned with trade implications insisted on adding language on consistency with obligations under other international agreements to the resolution on culture, an implicit reference to the wto which takes into account concerns that protecting culture could have impacts on trade. navigating ramsar \u2019 s future before docking at cop10 cop9 proved to be less contentious than cop8, where delegates debated at length such issues as agriculture, invasive species and the report of the world commission on dams and negotiated the convention \u2019 s strategic plan. this time, cop9 addressed a broad range of issues that show the increased ability of ramsar to respond to broader sustainable development goals and targets. it was noted for example that, at cop9, there was less talk of waterfowl than at any other cop. ramsar \u2019 s contributions to achieving millennium development goal 7 on environmental sustainability, the upcoming 4th world water forum, achievement of the 2010 biodiversity target, and implementation of decisions from the thirteenth session of the commission on sustainable development on water and sanitation were recognized in the framework for implementing the strategic plan. since it is not a un convention, ramsar avoids some of the bureaucratic red tape that often bogs down other conventions, with one impressed delegate pointing out that cop9 participants refrained from \u201c engaging in endless dialectic \u201d much to the chagrin of \u201c contact groupies. \u201d this should hopefully enable the convention to continue to address broader issues and link wetland ecosystems with human well - being \u2013 an issue that will no doubt be examined in more depth at cop10. the fact that some contentious issues were not discussed or were deferred to cop10 does not mean that these issues will continue to be sidelined in the future. history shows that emerging issues may need to \u201c simmer, \u201d allowing parties to warm up to them. for instance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4576865249956704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.357661"}
{"text": "were not discussed or were deferred to cop10 does not mean that these issues will continue to be sidelined in the future. history shows that emerging issues may need to \u201c simmer, \u201d allowing parties to warm up to them. for instance, water issues were first addressed at cop6, but have only now gained the full attention of all delegates at cop9. one likely issue to rise again to the surface is transboundary ramsar sites, which was deferred to cop10. culture was more comprehensively addressed during this cop than at previous ones, so while progress may seem slow at times, there is no doubt that ramsar \u2019 s methodical and scientific approach has proven to be effective. now that a ramsar cop has been held in africa, the impetus may exist for more countries in the region to further engage in the convention. the oceania region is diving deeper into the process, and asia is gearing up to host cop10. at cop9, several developing countries announced that they will soon ratify the convention. as noted by the secretary general, there could very well be 160 ramsar contracting parties by the next cop. this not only signals the increasing importance of the convention, but also demonstrates developing countries \u2019 recognition of the role of wetlands, and their desire to play a more integral role in the process. with this steady growth in the number of parties and sites as well as its geographical, cultural and topical diversification, the convention \u2019 s transformation into a modern and mainstream sustainable development agreement seems to have \u201c whet \u201d the appetite of the parties. eighth conference of parties to the convention on migratory species ( cms ) : the eighth meeting of the conference of the parties to cms will convene from 16 - 25 november 2005, in nairobi, kenya, with the theme \u201c on the move to 2010. \u201d for more information, contact : unep / cms secretariat ; tel : + 49 - 228 - 815 - 2401 ; fax : + 49 - 228 - 815 - 2449 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet : http : / / www. cms. int / bodies / cop / cop8 / cop8 _ mainpage. htm seventh gulf water conference : this meeting will be held from 19 - 23 november 2005, in kuwait city, kuwait. this conference aims to review and assess the progress made in the gulf cooperation council countries towards the adoption and implementation of comprehensive policies and strategies for integrated water resources management and their active", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46570924292925797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.359029"}
{"text": "will be held from 19 - 23 november 2005, in kuwait city, kuwait. this conference aims to review and assess the progress made in the gulf cooperation council countries towards the adoption and implementation of comprehensive policies and strategies for integrated water resources management and their active implementation. for more information, contact : muhammad al - rashed, kuwait institute for scientific research and water sciences ; tel : + 965 - 483 - 6100 ; fax : + 965 - 483 - 4712 ; e - mail : email @ example. com ; internet : http : / / www. kisr. edu. kw / conference _ details. asp? id = 29 international workshop on practical implications of international conventions on wetland management : this workshop will take place from 21 - 23 november 2005, in venice, italy, with focus on practical implications of international conventions on wetland management. for more information, contact : dwight peck, ramsar secretariat ; tel : + 41 - 22 - 999 - 0170 ; fax : + 41 - 22 - 999 - 0169 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet : http : / / ramsar. org / wn / w. n. italy _ servolo. htm xii world water congress : this conference will be held from 22 - 25 november 2005, in new delhi, india. the theme is \u201c water for sustainable development \u2013 towards innovative solutions. \u201d for more information, contact : g. n. mathur, member secretary, adhering committee of international water resources association ; tel : + 91 - 11 - 2611 - 5984 ; fax : + 91 - 11 - 2611 - 6347 ; e - mail : email @ example. com ; internet : http : / / www. worldwatercongress. org international symposium on recent advances in water resources development and management ( rawrdm - 2005 ) : this meeting will take place from 23 - 25 november 2005, in roorkee, uttaranchal, india. for more information, contact : deepak khare, indian institute of technology ; tel : + 91 - 1332 - 285393 ; fax : + 91 - 1332 - 271073 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet : http : / / www. iitr. ernet. in / departments / wrt / rawdrm. pdf first international dialogue on the worldwide water crisis : this meeting will take place from 24 - 25", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48299881056923455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.360006"}
{"text": "31 - 317 - 478850 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet : http : / / www. wetlands. org / news & / newsitems / wwlworkshop _ files / second _ ann. htm sharing the fish conference 2006 : this conference will be held from 23 february - 2 march 2006, in perth, australia. this conference will focus on resource allocation and the sustainability of fisheries and will provide a neutral forum for the multi - disciplinary discussion of the elements of effective allocation of fisheries resources to ensure their sustainability. for more information, contact : conference secretariat ; tel : + 61 - 8 - 9387 - 1488 ; fax : + 61 - 8 - 9387 - 1499 ; e - mail : email @ example. com ; internet : http : / / www. fishallocation. com. au / fourth world water forum : local actions for a global challenge : the fourth world water forum will take place from 16 - 22 march 2006, in mexico city, mexico. this conference aims to raise awareness on water issues all over the world. for more information, contact : secretariat of the 4th world water forum ; tel : + 52 - 55 - 5174 - 4480 ; fax : + 52 - 55 - 5174 - 4722 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet : http : / / www. worldwaterforum4. org. mx eighth conference of the parties of the convention on biological diversity : cop - 8 will take place from 20 - 31 march 2006, in curitiba, brazil. for more information, contact : the cbd secretariat ; tel : + 1 - 514 - 288 - 2220 ; fax : + 1 - 514 - 288 - 6588 ; e - mail : email @ example. com ; internet : http : / / www. biodiv. org international symposium on water and land management for sustainable irrigated agriculture : this symposium will meet from 4 - 8 april 2006, in adana, turkey. the symposium will seek to identify best management practices to harmonize the sustainable use of water for agricultural production and livelihoods with well - functioning ecosystems. for more information, contact : attila yazar, cukurova university ; tel : + 90 - 322 - 3386516 ; fax : + 90 - 322 - 3386386 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4831940221144871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.368536"}
{"text": "attila yazar, cukurova university ; tel : + 90 - 322 - 3386516 ; fax : + 90 - 322 - 3386386 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet : http : / / symp2006. cu. edu. tr / 22nd international commission on world dams congress : this meeting will be held from 18 - 23 june 2006, in barcelona, spain. this meeting will address : technical solutions to reduce time and costs in dam design and construction ; management of the downstream impacts of dam operation ; and flood and drought evaluation and management. for more information, contact : icold secretariat ; tel : + 34 - 93 - 4016 - 478 ; fax : + 34 - 93 - 4017 - 357 ; e - mail : email @ example. com ; internet : http : / / www. icold - barcelona2006. org tenth conference of the parties to the ramsar convention : cop10 will be held in changwon, gyeongsangnam - do province, south korea in 2008. for more information, please contact : ramsar secretariat ; tel + 41 22 999 0170 ; fax : + 41 22 999 0169 ; e - mail :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4714539910163496, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a93352b-af3d-42ea-a5b7-70ef3e41edd2>", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.369100"}
{"text": "one of the basic tenets of teaching is that the student must learn the basics and foundation of a subject in order for them to master it eventually and reach full human potential. new research from the university of missouri supports this notion, revealing that kids who understood numbers and quantity in the first grade were more likely to get good grades in math when they hit fifth grade. \u201c this study reinforces the idea that math knowledge is incremental, and without a good foundation, a student won \u2019 t do well because the math gets more complex, \u201d said researcher david geary. \u201c the kids that can go back and forth easily and quickly in translating numerals, the number five, for example, into quantities and in breaking complex problems into smaller parts had a very good head start. \u201d the study involved 177 elementary school students from kindergarten. researchers hope to follow the group until they reach 10th grade algebra classes in an attempt to gain a deeper understanding of how kids learn, especially when it comes to math. additionally, the findings may help educators discover better methods of teaching. personal growth activities such as studying, doing homework and attending school are integral to a young person ' s development and can even set them on the right path toward a fulfilled life. philosopher, educator and trailblazer ilchi lee believes that human potential is limitless and that individuals can push the boundaries of their abilities with practice and hard work. results of this study support such thoughts, providing further proof that the brain works gradually. students may want to consider ridding their minds of distractions and negativity before engaging in study sessions or attending class in order to reap the full benefits of education.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5516604455783963, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:513a84c9-3d3f-460a-87c7-d93d6bdabc54>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.371357"}
{"text": "leaf characteristics ( pk1 ) this set introduces simple vocabulary to describe the physical features of 40 north american tree, garden, and house plant leaves. first - the child sorts 9 leaf characteristics cards ( 3 \" x 4 \" ) onto 3 control cards ( 10 - 3 / 8 \u201d x 5\u00bc \u201d ) that identify characteristics of leaf types, leaf veins, and leaf margins. second - after learning the 9 characteristics of leaves, it is time to describe the 3 characteristics of just one leaf. a leaf card is selected from the 40 leaf cards provided ( 3 \" x 4 \" ). the child selects the 3 characteristics cards ( type, venation, margin ) that describe that leaf, and places them on the blank leaf identification card ( 10 - 3 / 8 \u201d x 5\u00bc \u201d ). real leaves can be used in this exercise as well. background information is included for the teacher. leaves ( pk1c ) this set consists of 40 duplicate leaf cards ( 80 cards total ). one group of 20 cards illustrates familiar leaves such as dandelion, marigold, and ivy. the second group illustrates common north american tree leaves such as oak, maple, and cottonwood. these are the same leaf cards found in in - print for children ' s \u201c leaf characteristics \u201d activity. flowers ( fl1 ) this set is designed to help children recognize and to name 20 common flowers, many of which are commercially available throughout the year. this duplicate set of picture cards can be used in simple matching exercises, or in 3 - part matching activities if one set is cut apart. the 40 photocards ( 3\u00bc \u201d x 4 \" ) are in full - color and laminated. flower background information is included for the teacher. nuts ( pk3 ) nuts are nourishing snacks and learning how they grow will make eating them all the more fun! this set of 22 two - color cards ( 5\u00bd \u201d x 3\u00bd \u201d ) of plant and nut illustrations represents eleven edible nuts / seeds. the child pairs the illustration cards of the nuts in their growing stage to the cards of the nuts in and out of their shells. make the activity even more successful by bringing the real nuts into the classroom. kitchen herbs & spices ( pk5 ) this set help children to learn about 20 plants that give us herbs and spices. the delicately drawn, 2 - color illustrations clearly show the parts of the plants that give us edible leaves, seeds, stems, bark, bulbs, and berries. create an aromatic and tasty exercise by having the children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48630430180543394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8d399d3-71ef-4f88-8432-8aa6553e707a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.390459"}
{"text": "that give us herbs and spices. the delicately drawn, 2 - color illustrations clearly show the parts of the plants that give us edible leaves, seeds, stems, bark, bulbs, and berries. create an aromatic and tasty exercise by having the children pair real herbs and spices with these cards ( 4\u00bd \u201d x 6\u00bc \u201d ). plants we eat ( pk9 ) learn more about food plants and their different edible parts. this set classifies 18 plant foods into six groups : roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. a duplicate set of 18 labeled picture / definition cards ( 6 \" x 6 \" ) shows plants in their growing stage with only their \u201c food \u201d portion in color. one set of picture / definition cards is spiral bound into 6 control booklets that include definitions of the root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, and seed. the other set of picture / definition cards are to be cut apart for 2 or 3 - part matching exercises. plant description cards can be used for \u201c who am i? \u201d games with our plant picture cards or with real foods. both cards and booklets are laminated. plants we eat replicards ( pk9w ) six replicards are photocopied to produce worksheets for an extension exercise using our set plants we eat ( pk9 ). children color and label the worksheets, which illustrate three plant examples for each of the following groups : roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. the plants we eat booklets serve as controls. after worksheets ( 8\u00bd \u201d x 11 \" ) are colored and labeled, they can be cut apart, stapled together, and made into six take - home booklets. these booklets may generate lively family dinner - table discussions : \u201c a potato is a what? \u201d plants - who am i? ( wp ) this beginning activity for lower elementary strengthens both reading and listening skills, and provides children with simple facts about 10 plants. the set consists of duplicate, labeled picture cards with descriptive text and features plants different from those in the first knowledge : plant stories ( see below ). the set of cards with text ending in \u201c who am i? \u201d is cut apart into 10 picture cards, 10 plant name cards, and 10 text cards. the other set is left whole. cards are used for picture - to - text card matching exercises and for playing the \u201c who am i \u201d game. cards measure 6\u00bd \u201d x 4 \" and are in full color", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5102653922672562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8d399d3-71ef-4f88-8432-8aa6553e707a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.392187"}
{"text": "cards, and 10 text cards. the other set is left whole. cards are used for picture - to - text card matching exercises and for playing the \u201c who am i \u201d game. cards measure 6\u00bd \u201d x 4 \" and are in full color and laminated. first knowledge : plant stories ( pk7 ) this set consists of 19 duplicate plant picture / text cards. one set is cut apart for 3 - part matching activities, and the other set is placed in the green, 6 - ring mini - binder labeled plants. the teacher has the option of changing the cards in the binder as needed. the children can match the 3 - part cards ( 6 \" x 3\u00be \u201d ) to the cards in the binder, practice reading, learn about the diverse characteristics of these plants, and then play \u201c who am i? \u201d the eight angiosperms picture cards can be sorted beneath two cards that name and define monocots and dicots. these activities prepare children for later work with our plant kingdom chart & cards ( see below ), which illustrates the same plants. plant kingdom chart and cards ( pk6 ) our 4 - color plastic paper chart and cards represents the current classification of the plant kingdom ( not illustrated here ) \u2013 the same as is used in secondary and college level biology courses. this classification organizes the plant kingdom in a straightforward manner with simple definitions and examples under each heading. firs the plants are categorized as either nonvascular plants ( bryophytes ) or vascular plants. then the vascular plants are divided into two groups : seedless plants or seed plants. seed plants are divided into two groups : gymnosperms and angiosperms with sub - categories. nineteen picture cards ( 2\u00bc \u201d x 3 \" ) illustrate the currently recognized phyla of the plant kingdom. children match the 19 plant picture cards to the pictures on the chart ( 18 \" x 32 \" ). text on the back of the picture cards describes each plant. advanced students can recreate the chart with the title cards provided, using the chart as a control of error. background information is provided. parts of a mushroom parts of a gilled mushroom are highlighted and labeled on six 2 - color cards ( 3 \" x 5 \" ). photocopy the replicard ( 8\u00bd \u201d x 11 \" ) to make quarter page worksheets. the child colors and labels the worksheets, using the picture cards as a guide. completed worksheets can be stapled together to make a booklet for \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5060832109784619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8d399d3-71ef-4f88-8432-8aa6553e707a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.393163"}
{"text": "##rd ( 8\u00bd \u201d x 11 \" ) to make quarter page worksheets. the child colors and labels the worksheets, using the picture cards as a guide. completed worksheets can be stapled together to make a booklet for \u201c parts of a mushroom \u201d. ( in - print product code fk1 ) fungi ( fk4 ) members of the fungus kingdom have a wide variety of forms. children see fungi everywhere, such as mold on food, or mushrooms on the lawn. this duplicate set of labeled picture cards shows 12 common fungi found indoors and out. fungi illustrated : blue cheese fungus, bolete, coral fungus, cup fungus, jelly fungus, lichens, mildew, milky mushrooms, mold, and morel. background information is included. pictures cards ( 3\u00bd \u201d x 4\u00bd \u201d ) are in full color and laminated. classification of the fungus kingdomchart and cards ( fk3 ) this classification of the fungus kingdom organizes 18 representative fungi into four major groups and two important fungal partnerships : chytrids, yoke fungi, sac fungi, club fungi, lichens, mycorrhizae. children match the 18 picture cards ( 2 - 7 / 8 \u201d x 2 - 3 / 8 \u201d ) to the pictures on the 2 - color chart ( 18 \" x 16 \" ). after this activity, they can sort the picture cards under the label cards for the 5 fungus groups, using the chart as the control. description of each fungus type is printed on the back of the picture cards. background information is included for the teacher. this chart is printed on vinyl and does not need to be laminated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49720995068290663, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8d399d3-71ef-4f88-8432-8aa6553e707a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.393782"}
{"text": "education for sustainable diversity ( esd ), as defined by the office for inclusion, is the practice of acquiring knowledge about and becoming aware of ways in which our beliefs and biases impact the quality of relationships among people from different cultural groups around the world. the goal of the office for inclusion is to support a campus community that understands how to fully integrate the university \u2019 s core values of diversity and inclusion into campus work and learning environments. esd serves to provide opportunities for people to better understand the complexities of and synergies between, the issues threatening our intercultural sustainability and assess their own values and those of the society in which they live in. esd seeks to engage people in negotiating a sustainable future, making decisions and acting on them. to do this effectively, the following skills are essential to esd : - envisioning - - being able to imagine a better future. the premise is if we recognize and begin to understand the issues that obstruct intercultural respect, we will be better able to work through issues and find ways to respect each other. - critical thinking and reflection - - learning to question our current belief systems and to recognize the assumptions underlying our knowledge, perspective and opinions. critical thinking skills help people learn to examine social and cultural structures in the context of sustainable intercultural development. - systemic thinking - - acknowledging complexities and looking for links and synergies when trying to find solutions to problems. - building partnerships - - promoting dialogue and negotiation, learning to work together. - participation in decision - making - - empowering people. - interactive theatre uses customized and uniquely designed sketches performed by actors to address specific issues, and allow for open and guided discussion between the audience and actors to find solutions to issues. - customized small - group workshops, large - group presentations, and symposia featuring themes around diversity, inclusion and social justice. - e - learning tools custom designed for large audiences on specific topics - topics include : msu ' s anti - discrimination policies, diversity / inclusion, best practices for more information or to request a service, please contact the main office at 517 - 353 - 3922.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4913033692482704, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c9f4e73-1cdf-478b-9eec-7d653882b9d9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.396395"}
{"text": "eggs are an excellent source of choline, a little - known but essential nutrient that contributes to fetal brain development and helps prevent birth defects. the national academy of sciences recommends increased choline intake for pregnant and breastfeeding women. two eggs - including the yolks - contain about 250 milligrams of choline, or roughly half the recommended daily amount. the national academy of sciences recommends that pregnant women consume 450 milligrams of choline per day and that breastfeeding women consume 550 milligrams per day. in addition to choline, eggs have varying amounts of three other nutrients that pregnant women need most. eggs are a good source of the highest quality protein, which helps to support fetal growth. eggs also have a b vitamin that is important for normal development of nerve tissue and can help reduce the risk of serious birth defects that affect the baby ' s brain and spinal cord development. the type of iron in eggs ( a healthy mixture of heme and non - heme iron ) is particularly well - absorbed, making eggs a good choice for pregnant and breastfeeding women who are at higher risk for anemia. to learn more about choline and stay up - to - date on the latest research visit, www. cholineinfo. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4671717035596211, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b64a2a39-b311-4ecb-83ca-4ee6f3063727>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.399728"}
{"text": "there is perhaps no sound so recognizable as the first drone of a bagpipe. that sustained note acts as harmony to the melody, which is fingered by the piper on the chanter. these days, bagpipes are most commonly connected with the scots, but pipes have a long history in ireland, as well. the great irish warpipes, which are nearly identical to scottish highland bagpipes, appear in historical reference as early as the 1400s. as the name implies, the instrument was played by irish soldiers as they marched into battle. in 1581, the italian music theorist vincenzo galilei \u2014 galileo \u2019 s father \u2014 described the bagpipe as \u201c much used by the irish : to its sound this unconquered fierce and warlike people march their armies and encourage each other to deeds of valor. with it they also accompany the dead to the grave making such sorrowful sounds as to invite, nay to compel the bystander to weep. \u201d while the warpipes continued to be used in battle, by the 1700s, a new kind of pipe appeared in ireland \u2014 the uilleann pipe ( \u201c pipes of the elbow \u201d ). an ancestor of the pastoral pipes, the uilleann pipe is smaller ; its bellow is filled with air by pumping the elbow rather than blowing with the mouth ; it can produce many notes thanks to its two - octave range ; it is quieter and sweeter sounding than its warrior kin ; and it is played sitting down. its dulcet tones make it a lovely ensemble instrument and so it can be heard quite a lot in traditional irish music. perhaps the best known uilleann piper of today is paddy moloney of the chieftains, who performed to a sold - out crowd last month in santa barbara. although the uilleann pipe is the national pipe of ireland, its makeup doesn \u2019 t lend itself to leading the charge \u2014 or parades. therefore, it is the great irish warpipes or generally the more common scottish bagpipe that folks see and hear in st. patrick \u2019 s day parades. in fact, this paddy \u2019 s day, several area bagpipers will be leading the annual santa barbara independent st. paddy \u2019 s day stroll down state street.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4160796649126516, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:359b3a47-5387-49d0-8c97-d70292cf3664>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.403702"}
{"text": "everybody has heard the rumor : alcohol kills brain cells ( just the weak ones, joked a comedian ). and if the rumor were true, surely the effect would show up after decades of drinking. with the same large group of twins that they are using in the duke alzheimer ' s disease study ( see article ), joe christian and his colleagues recently studied the connection between long - term alcohol intake and cognitive functioning in aging men. they divided the twins up into nondrinkers, past drinkers ( those who had quit drinking ), and five categories of social drinkers, from light to heavy. it turns out that moderate drinkers ( eight to sixteen drinks per week ) scored higher on a test of mental acuity than everyone else. what ' s more, if one of a pair of identical twins was a moderate drinker and the other a light drinker, the moderately drinking twin scored higher. \" no evidence was found, \" writes christian, \" for negative effects on cognitive function related to the consumption of moderate amounts of alcohol. \" this is not to downplay the risks of heavy drinking, christian warned. subjects in his study who drank more than sixteen drinks per week scored significantly lower than moderate drinkers. what ' s more, the other physical problems associated with heavy drinking - - cirrhosis, high blood pressure, and strokes - - are well known. still, this study should reassure the millions of moderate drinkers in america that an occasional cold beer will not impair their ability to think as they grow older. see additional sidebar on twins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48007626596695796, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f10d4ab2-dd6a-4a08-9759-3a1317891063>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.406270"}
{"text": "the water runs low at lake harbor park in norton shores, mich. lake michigan ' s water levels set record lows in january. / kimberly p. mitchell, detroit free press new buffalo, mich. - this town has 1, 884 residents and almost 1, 000 boat slips filled by summer visitors, so low water levels in lake michigan threaten its economic stability and its identity as \" the heart of harbor country. \" no wonder jim oselka, who runs oselka marina, a family business founded here in 1957, says, \" every time i see it raining, i ' m like ' yes! ' \" the water lapping against the marina ' s 150 boat slips is 15 inches lower than it was a year ago, forcing oselka to consider dredging for the first time since the 1960s. he has to have enough clearance to accommodate sailboats with 5 - foot keels. \" i ' m anticipating a good season. and i ' m hoping and praying that water levels have hit their low, and they ' re going to go back the other way, \" oselka says. that wish is shared by communities and businesses all along the coasts of lake michigan and lake huron, which set record lows in january and are expected to stay 2 feet below long - term averages at least through august. blame the extended drought and hot weather that speeds evaporation, says keith kompoltowicz, chief of watershed hydrology for the army corps of engineers ' detroit district. the mean water level in january was 576. 02 feet above sea level, he says, breaking the previous record of 576. 05 in march 1964. the corps started keeping records in 1918. declining lake levels are causing problems across the region, says chuck may of the great lakes small harbors coalition, which represents small harbors authorized and maintained by the federal government. michigan has 56 of the 112 great lakes small harbors. \" it gives me chills just to think about what will happen if we don ' t do something about it, \" he says. \" harbor after harbor is in danger of shutting down this summer. \" inaccessible harbors mean trouble for marinas, restaurants, resorts and almost every other business in waterfront towns, may says, and commercial shippers must lighten their loads, increasing costs for their customers and consumers. a lack of army corps of engineers funding means communities must rely on state and local money for dredging, he says. the organization supports pending federal legislation that would require the corps to spend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3827123454395224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c210e58-8757-4d4d-b9c5-3478f3637f59>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.413749"}
{"text": "lighten their loads, increasing costs for their customers and consumers. a lack of army corps of engineers funding means communities must rely on state and local money for dredging, he says. the organization supports pending federal legislation that would require the corps to spend the $ 1. 5 billion raised annually through harbor maintenance taxes on harbors ; much of the money now goes into the treasury. the problem extends beyond lakes michigan and huron. mike waterhouse, sportfishing coordinator for orleans county tourism in new york state, says its lake ontario harbor has less than half its usual 8 - foot depth and there ' s little chance of dredging this year. that endangers the area ' s 33 charter boats and a fishing fleet that contributes $ 7 million annually to the local economy, he says. \" last year we had 12 reported incidents of boats either going aground coming into our harbor or doing damage to their drive structures, \" he says, \" and that was just the reported incidents. something has to be done. \" new buffalo used to get federal funds for dredging its harbor, but this year ' s project - which could cost more than $ 1 million - is being paid for by state money, a city emergency dredging fund, local businesses and the pokagon band of potawatomi indians, which operates the four winds casino here. the city is seeking bids now for dredging the waterway from the city boat launch through a channel by april 30, says ryan fellows, assistant to the city manager. the michigan legislature is considering bills that would cut costs for dredging permit fees and allocate $ 21 million for emergency dredging of 49 public harbors. fellows says dredging alone won ' t fix new buffalo ' s problems : in a few years, dredging could expose the bottom of the seawall, allowing water to flow beneath it. new buffalo harbor master robin abshire says this spring ' s dredging is essential. sailboats with 5 - foot keels would be unable to access the city marina now. some slips were unusable last fall because low water left a stretch of lake bottom exposed, she says, and some vehicles were damaged by a gap between the city boat launch and the water. abshire says a long - term plan to keep harbors open and the money to pay for maintenance are essential. the harbor generates $ 7. 7 million in annual revenue for the area and supports 130 jobs that produce $ 2. 5 million in labor income every year. \" if this harbor were closed, \" she says,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3883656146073444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c210e58-8757-4d4d-b9c5-3478f3637f59>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.416653"}
{"text": "| primary immunodeficiency ( pi ) affects as many as 1 million americans and 10 million worldwide. yet, it is just beginning to receive widespread attention. when a defect in the immune system is carried through the genes, it is called a primary immunodeficiency. more than 150 primary immunodeficiency diseases have been identified to date. they range widely in severity. primary immunodeficiency diseases are characterized by infections that can often be recurring, persistent, debilitating, and chronic. everyone should know the following vital facts about pi : the result of research in this area of immunology is that our progress is quickly yielding positive benefits for victims of cancer, aids, asthma, autoimmunity and a wide range of pulmonary and allergic conditions. - primary immunodeficiency diseases can go undetected because they do not have unique symptoms of their own. rather, they appear as \" ordinary \" infections, often of the sinuses, ears, or lungs. they can also cause gastrointestinal problems or inflammation of the joints. families and doctors are often unaware that the troubling conditions they are dealing with are actually rooted in a defect of the immune system. - the infections can be chronic. this means they keep coming back, sometimes frequently, and can be severe. they tend to require prolonged recovery, and the patient may respond poorly to a conventional course of antibiotics. - the diseases can strike males and females of all ages, though they frequently present themselves early in life. the more severe immunodeficiency diseases are detected most frequently in children. - early diagnosis and treatment of primary immunodeficiency disease is essential to preventing the infections from causing permanent damage. - research in primary immunodeficiency is central to progress in immunology. as medical science further illuminates the complexities of the immune system, patients are benefiting from a host of cutting - edge diagnostic tools and treatments. the problems presented by genetic immunodeficiency disease have challenged researchers and immunologists to reach improved diagnoses, treatments, and innovative new therapies. promising results are being reported for immunodeficient patients using intravenous gamma globulin, bone marrow transplantation, enzyme replacement and genetically engineered proteins such as gamma interferon. how is primary immunodeficiency diagnosed? correct diagnosis of a pi disease begins with awareness of the 10 warning signs and the first step in diagnosing a primary immunodeficiency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47866508197266194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98963063-6a55-4b2f-b5e2-4f0f01dbf2f4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.423044"}
{"text": "and genetically engineered proteins such as gamma interferon. how is primary immunodeficiency diagnosed? correct diagnosis of a pi disease begins with awareness of the 10 warning signs and the first step in diagnosing a primary immunodeficiency disease is a good evaluation. an immune system specialist ( immunologist ) can help with diagnosis and treatment. if you need help finding an immunologist, the find an expert section of this website can help you locate a physician or medical center in your area. evaluation of the immune system may include : at the time of the evaluation, your doctor will ask questions about your health. frequent or unusual infections, prolonged diarrhea, and poor childhood growth are some symptoms of a possible primary immunodeficiency. because some primary immunodeficiencies run in families, you may also be asked questions about your family history. - detailed medical history - physical exam - blood tests - vaccines to test the immune response if a primary immunodeficiency is suspected, a series of blood tests and vaccines may be required. blood tests will show if any part of the immune system is missing or not working properly. vaccines may be given to test the immune system ' s response, i. e. its ability to fight invaders. see the 4 stages of immunologic testing for more on this process. how is pi treated? there are a variety of treatment choices for immunodeficient patients. at a minimum, the recurring infections can be treated with antibiotics. these can help prevent damage caused by chronic illness, improving a patient ' s chances for long - term survival while enhancing the quality of life. another important treatment intervention is antibody replacement therapy, often referred to as ivig therapy. ivig works by replacing the antibodies that the body cannot make on its own. ivig is now an accepted treatment protocol for a range of primary immunodeficiency diseases. individuals can learn more about antibody replacement therapy or ivig, by visiting the following websites : baxter healthcare, csl behring, grifols, and octapharma. in other cases, bone marrow transplants, gene therapy, or other alternative treatments may be appropriate. what are the goals of treatment? doctors believe people with a primary immunodeficiency can lead active and full lives. a guiding objective of the jeffrey modell foundation is to help people with pi regain or maintain control of their lives by : additional information on pi - participating in work, school, family, and social activities ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48008938962425596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98963063-6a55-4b2f-b5e2-4f0f01dbf2f4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.424366"}
{"text": "republic of panama the southernmost of the central american nations, panama is south of costa rica and north of colombia. the panama canal bisects the isthmus at its narrowest and lowest point, allowing passage from the caribbean sea to the pacific ocean. panama is slightly smaller than south carolina. it is marked by a chain of mountains in the west, moderate hills in the interior, and a low range on the east coast. there are extensive forests in the fertile caribbean area. explored by columbus in 1502 and by balboa in 1513, panama was the principal shipping point to and from south and central america in colonial days. in 1821, when central america revolted against spain, panama joined colombia, which had already declared its independence. for the next 82 years, panama attempted unsuccessfully to break away from colombia. between 1850 and 1900 panama had 40 administrations, 50 riots, 5 attempted secessions, and 13 u. s. interventions. after a u. s. proposal for canal rights over the narrow isthmus was rejected by colombia, panama proclaimed its independence with u. s. backing in 1903. for canal rights in perpetuity, the u. s. paid panama $ 10 million and agreed to pay $ 250, 000 each year, which was increased to $ 430, 000 in 1933 and to $ 1, 930, 000 in 1955. in exchange, the u. s. got the canal zone \u2014 a 10 - mile - wide strip across the isthmus \u2014 and considerable influence in panama ' s affairs. on sept. 7, 1977, gen. omar torrijos herrera and president jimmy carter signed treaties giving panama gradual control of the canal, phasing out u. s. military bases, and guaranteeing the canal ' s neutrality. nicolas ardito barletta, panama ' s first directly elected president in 16 years, was inaugurated on oct. 11, 1984, for a five - year term. he was a puppet of strongman gen. manuel noriega, a former cia operative and head of the secret police. noriega replaced barletta with vice president eric arturo delvalle a year later. in 1988, noriega was indicted in the u. s. for drug trafficking, but when delvalle attempted to fire him, noriega forced the national assembly to replace delvalle with manuel solis palma. in dec. 1989, the assembly named noriega \u201c maximum leader \u201d and declared the u. s. and panama to be in a state of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4201217839641609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77534f74-5087-4380-90a9-e0fb7dfe686e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.428028"}
{"text": "him, noriega forced the national assembly to replace delvalle with manuel solis palma. in dec. 1989, the assembly named noriega \u201c maximum leader \u201d and declared the u. s. and panama to be in a state of war. in dec. 1989, 24, 000 u. s. troops seized control of panama city in an attempt to capture noriega after a u. s. soldier was killed in panama. on jan. 3, 1990, noriega surrendered himself to u. s. custody and was transported to miami, where he was later convicted of drug trafficking. guillermo endara, who probably would have won an election suppressed earlier by noriega, was installed as president. on dec. 31, 1999, the u. s. formally handed over control of the panama canal to panama. meanwhile, colombian rebels and paramilitary forces have made periodic incursions into panamanian territory, raising security concerns. panama has also faced increased drug and arms smuggling. in may 2004 presidential elections, martin torrijos herrera, the son of former dictator omar torrijos, won 47. 5 % of the vote. he took office in september. panamanians approved a plan to expand the panama canal in 2006. it will likely double the canal ' s capacity and is expected to be completed by2015. defying the current latin american trend for left - leaning governments, panama elected millionaire businessman ricardo martinelli as its president on may 3, 2009. after a period of rapid economic growth, panama had succumbed to the global recession. trading on his personal record of success \u2014 and utilizing his fortune to get his message out \u2014 martinelli promised to encourage foreign investment and help the poor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.36082348604416126, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77534f74-5087-4380-90a9-e0fb7dfe686e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.428764"}
{"text": "capital : honolulu ( on oahu ) state abbreviation / postal code : hawaii / hi governor : neil abercrombie, d ( to dec. 2014 ) lieut. governor : shan tsutsui ( to dec. 2014 ) senators : mazie hirono ( d ) ( to jan. 2019 ) ; brian schatz, d ( to dec. 2014 ) u. s. representatives : 2 historical biographies of congressional members atty. general : david m. louie, d ( appt ' d. by gov. ) organized as territory : 1900 entered union ( rank ) : aug. 21, 1959 ( 50 ) motto : ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono ( the life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness ) | flower | | hibiscus ( yellow ) ( 1988 ) | | song | | \u201c hawaii ponoi \u201d ( 1967 ) | | bird | | nene ( hawaiian goose ) ( 1957 ) | | tree | | kukui ( candlenut ) ( 1959 ) | nickname : aloha state ( 1959 ) origin of name : uncertain. the islands may have been named by hawaii loa, their traditional discoverer. or they may have been named after hawaii or hawaiki, the traditional home of the polynesians. 10 largest cities1 ( 2010 ) : honolulu, 387, 170 ; pearl city, 47, 698 ; hilo, 43, 263 ; kailua, 38, 635 ; waipahu, 38, 216 ; kaneohe, 34, 597 ; mililani town, 27, 629 ; kahului, 26, 337 ; kihei, 20, 881 ; wahiawa, 17, 821. land area : 6, 423 sq mi. ( 16, 637 sq km ) geographic center : between islands of hawaii and maui number of counties : 5 ( kalawao non - functioning ) largest county by population and area : honolulu, 953, 207 ( 2010 ) ; hawaii, 4, 028 sq mi. state forests : 19 natural area reserves ( over 109, 000 ac. ) state park : 52 ( 25, 000 ac. ) residents : hawaiian, also kamaaina ( native - born nonethnic hawaiian ), malihini ( newcomer ) 2010 resident population : 1, 360, 301 2010 resident census population ( rank ) : 1, 360, 301 ( 40 ). male : 681, 243 ( 50. 1 % ) ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4006546073252324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1104d41-a366-449c-9cae-9ffa3a2ce2fb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.435539"}
{"text": "nonethnic hawaiian ), malihini ( newcomer ) 2010 resident population : 1, 360, 301 2010 resident census population ( rank ) : 1, 360, 301 ( 40 ). male : 681, 243 ( 50. 1 % ) ; female : 679, 058 ( 49. 9 % ). white : 336, 599 ( 24. 7 % ) ; black : 21, 424 ( 1. 6 % ) ; american indian : 4, 164 ( 0. 3 % ) ; asian : 525, 078 ( 38. 6 % ) ; native hawaiian and other pacific islander : 135, 422 ( 10. 0 % ) ; other race : 16, 985 ( 1. 3 % ) ; two or more races : 320, 629 ( 23. 6 % ) ; hispanic / latino : 120, 842 ( 8. 9 % ). 2010 population 18 and over : 1, 056, 483 ; 65 and over : 195, 138 ( 14. 3 % ) ; median age : 38. 6. see additional census data 1. census designated places. first settled by polynesians sailing from other pacific islands between a. d. 300 and 600, hawaii was visited in 1778 by british captain james cook, who called the group the sandwich islands. hawaii was a native kingdom throughout most of the 19th century, when the expansion of the sugar industry ( pineapple came after 1898 ) meant increasing u. s. business and political involvement. in 1893, queen liliuokalani was deposed, and a year later the republic of hawaii was established with sanford b. dole as president. following annexation ( 1898 ), hawaii became a u. s. territory in 1900. the japanese attack on the naval base at pearl harbor on dec. 7, 1941, was directly responsible for u. s. entry into world war ii. hawaii, 2, 397 mi west - southwest of san francisco, is a 1, 523 - mile chain of islets and eight main islands \u2014 hawaii, kahoolawe, maui, lanai, molokai, oahu, kauai, and niihau. the northwestern hawaiian islands, other than midway, are administratively part of hawaii. the temperature is mild, and cane sugar, pineapple, and flowers and nursery products are the chief products. hawaii also grows coffee beans, bananas, and macadamia nuts. the tourist business is hawaii ' s largest source of outside income. hawaii ' s highest peak is mauna kea ( 13", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4437237920608962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1104d41-a366-449c-9cae-9ffa3a2ce2fb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.436405"}
{"text": ", and flowers and nursery products are the chief products. hawaii also grows coffee beans, bananas, and macadamia nuts. the tourist business is hawaii ' s largest source of outside income. hawaii ' s highest peak is mauna kea ( 13, 796 ft ). mauna loa ( 13, 679 ft ) is the largest volcanic mountain in the world by volume. among the major points of interest are hawaii volcanoes national park ( hawaii ), haleakala national park ( maui ), puuhonua o honaunau national historical park ( hawaii ), polynesian cultural center ( oahu ), the uss arizona and uss missouri memorial at pearl harbor, the national memorial cemetery of the pacific ( oahu ), and iolani palace ( the only royal palace in the u. s. ), bishop museum, and waikiki beach ( all in honolulu ). hawaii - born barack obama was elected president of the united states. see more on hawaii : monthly temperature extremes all u. s. states : geography & climate printable outline maps record highest temperatures record lowest temperatures highest, lowest, and mean elevations land and water area all u. s. states : population & economy historical population statistics, 1790 \u2013 present per capita personal income minimum wage rates federal government expenditure percent of people in poverty births and birth rates percentage of uninsured by state all u. s. states : society & culture : most livable states most dangerous states residency requirements for voting compulsory school attendance laws national public radio stations information please\u00ae database, \u00a9 2012 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. more on hawaii from infoplease : - alaska - hawaii time : meaning and definitions - alaska - hawaii time : definition and pronunciation - university of hawaii - hawaii, university of hawaii, university of, at honolulu ( manoa campus ), hilo, and pearl city ( west... - hawaii, island, united states - hawaii hawaii, island ( 1990 pop. 120, 217 ), 4, 037 sq mi ( 10, 456 sq km ), largest and southernmost... - hawaii : temperature extremes - hawaii : temperature extremes month maximum \u00b0f year place minimum \u00b0f year place jan. 93 1963... - hawaii : meaning and definitions - hawaii : definition and pronunciation 24 x 7 | | 24 x 7 tutor availability | | unlimited online tutoring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48128685831309076, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1104d41-a366-449c-9cae-9ffa3a2ce2fb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.437246"}
{"text": "imagineyou \u2019 re at the helm of a 747 commercial airliner, cruising over the rocky mountains. alone in the cockpit, you \u2019 re on your third cup of coffee, having long since resorted to taping your eyelids open to keep from falling asleep. you \u2019 re exhausted. above your head, one of the vast constellation of instruments surrounding you begins to flash rhythmically. looks kind of serious, doesn \u2019 t it? you try to slap yourself awake and think, think! maybe that light knows something you don \u2019 t. maybe those other silent instruments should be registering distress. is there a dead fuse somewhere? are we all going to die? in a panic, you bank hard left and smash into the mountains. this may be how the brain tends to malfunction when it hasn \u2019 t gotten enough sleep \u2014 it freaks out over the unimportant details. we believe this now because of research conducted by the team of hans van dongen at washington state university spokane over the last three years \u2014 the results of which were published earlier this year. granted, van dongen, the principal investigator in the study, wasn \u2019 t researching pilots, specifically. ( and, yes, the faa takes precautions to keep drowsy pilots away from the yoke \u2014 if not away from their laptops ). but the work that van dongen and his crew of researchers and students conducted has overturned the common wisdom about sleeplessness \u2014 the old thinking that it impaired the brain \u2019 s ability to make decisions based on input, to strategize, to execute. the study introduced groups of four nominally paid volunteers at a time to the university \u2019 s sleep lab \u2014 an apartment - like space with couches and food and beds, but no natural light, television or internet. each volunteer was hooked up to a battery of electrodes that monitor brain waves and other vital signs. then they were tucked into bed for the first two nights. following the second night, they were kept awake for the next 62 hours. throughout this time, the four volunteers were tested for various cognitive functions. in one task, subjects had to decode numbers and letters. another was something like scattergories, in which subjects had to name, for example, as many animals that begin with \u201c b \u201d as possible. a third tested their scanning working memory by having them memorize a series of letters and then asking if certain other letters were in that original series. what they found was surprising. while the sleepless subjects did lousy on most of the tasks, they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.541816615368401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24f82c5b-733a-4e60-bf32-628cadc0676d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.445024"}
{"text": "a third tested their scanning working memory by having them memorize a series of letters and then asking if certain other letters were in that original series. what they found was surprising. while the sleepless subjects did lousy on most of the tasks, they did just as well on the executive function, or decision - making, aspects of the tasks when they were sleepy as they did when they first showed up to the lab. \u201c sleep deprivation did nothing to slow you down, \u201d says van dongen. \u201c that came as a complete surprise. our prediction, based on the knowledge of the field, was that it would be affected. it turned out completely the opposite. \u201d these results should shake up the sleep research community. but they also pose another question : why, if our decision - making abilities are so intact when we \u2019 re sleep - deprived, do we still make bad decisions? \u201c something else in the chain of information processing must go wrong, \u201d van dongen says. \u201c we think you have trouble encoding the information. but that \u2019 s something we have yet to prove. \u201d he says that the sleep - deprived brain does a lousy job of gathering the information needed to make a decision. information that \u2019 s relevant to the decision may not get as much attention as data that are merely salient \u2014 in other words, the brain focuses more on the louder info than the correct info. that brings us back to our cockpit. our drowsy pilot made a bad decision because he mistakenly perceived that big flashing light to be a really big deal, when in fact it was merely alerting him that it was time for the in - flight movie to begin. clearly, that big screaming signal was more salient than relevant to the decisions needed to fly the plane. so what if, given our new understanding of the brain, we re - design the cockpit? less important things get little tiny light indicators. big game - changing information ( altitude, airspeed, cabin pressure ) gets a big display. now the important things are both salient and relevant. that could take a huge load off the weary mind of our drooping pilot. or, for that matter, anybody who runs long shifts with heavy responsibilities. \u201c we know what that \u2019 s like, \u201d van dongen says. \u201c all the people who work here are really busy. twenty - four - hour operations add to the complexity. \u201d asked what he does when he feels that 3 pm nap coming on, he shrugs and motions to the other side of his wall. \u201c we have a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4998294615099632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24f82c5b-733a-4e60-bf32-628cadc0676d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.446212"}
{"text": "a box girder bridge is a bridge in which the beams are made up of box shaped girders. the box girders consist of concrete, steel or a combination of both. most of the modern elevated structures are built on the basis of the box girder bridge. most of us have travel on the box girder bridges regularly. the most common examples are the flyovers and the structures built for light rail transport. they can sustain heavy weight and hence used in the construction of flyovers. these are used to construct crossways for pedestrians. box girders are used on cable styled bridges and other forms but generally they are a form of beam bridges. the support beams of the girders are tightly coupled together to form a hollow box. this hollow box can have the shape of a rectangle, tightly coupled triangles or trapezium. the box girder bridges offer a stronger support for bridges constructed with an arch. the most famous bay bridge in california, connecting san francisco and oakland is a classic example of the box girder bridge. the box girder bridges are made of prefabricated steel which are manufactured in the factory and assembled onsite. the girders can also be made up ( edit : these are still being made so i think it should be are made of than can also be made of ) of high performance, prestressed, reinforced concrete or a mixture of both concrete and steel. both the girders and bridges can be manufactured elsewhere and installed at a different place as they are prefabricated. that is the beauty of this construction. the bridge can be installed in its position by incremental launching. huge cranes are used to place the new segments onto the completed portions of the bridge until the whole structure is completely assembled. box girder bridges have a number of key advantages when compared to the i - beam girders. box girders offer better resistance to torsion. this is beneficial especially for a curved bridge. larger girders and stronger flanges can be used as this allows for a longer span between the support posts that hold the bridge. the huge hollow boxes can be used to place the water lines, telephone cables and other utility lines. box girders are more expensive to fabricate and difficult to maintain because of the need of a confined space inside the box. there were major disasters that occurred when the west gate bridge of australia and cleddau bridge of uk collapsed. but these disasters gave rise to a new design in the box girder bridges", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5029339982945531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1220ee64-a221-434f-bddd-c335c6cb5626>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.451366"}
{"text": "scientists gets further evidence that mars once had oceans mars, our neighbor, once the dreams of science fiction writers and astronomers, one of which only wrote about the live that could have lived on mars, and still might ; while the other seeks to prove that there might actually have been life on that red planet eons ago. part of proving that idea is being able to show that there was water on the surface of mars, water that would have been the foundation of life, just as it is here on earth. to help find the facts behind whether there was, or even still is, water on mars the european space agency ( esa ) mars express space craft which houses the mars advanced radar for subsurface and ionsphere sounding ( marsis ) has detected sediment on the planet, the type of sediment that you would find on the floor of an ocean. it is within the boundaries of features tentatively identified in images from various spacecraft as shorelines that marsis detected sedimentary deposits reminiscent of an ocean floor. \u201c marsis penetrates deep into the ground, revealing the first 60 \u2013 80 meters ( 197 \u2013 262 ft ) of the planet \u2019 s subsurface, \u201d says wlodek kofman, leader of the radar team at the institut de planetologie et d \u2019 astrophysique de grenoble ( ipag ). \u201c throughout all of this depth, we see the evidence for sedimentary material and ice. \u201d the sediments detected by marsis are areas of low radar reflectivity, which typically indicates low - density granular materials that have been eroded away by water and carried to their final resting place. scientists are interpreting these sedimentary deposits, which may still be ice - rich, as another indication that there once an ocean in this spot. at this point scientists have proposed that there were two main oceans on the planet. one was aroun the 4 billion year ago range with the second at around 3 billion years ago. for the scientist the marsis findings provide some of the best evidence yet that mars did have large bodies of water on its surface and that the water played a major role in the planet \u2019 s geological history.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4585418135914976, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40e4be34-8172-4949-b887-cd566fea95cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.454160"}
{"text": "its an interesting question. but since doctors dont really know the answer, youve caught the scientific community napping as well. even so, several things come to mind. the first thing to consider is the possibility that you nap because you have daytime sleepiness. if so, then what might be the cause? - do you take any medicine that might make you sleepy? review your prescriptions with your pharmacist or next time you visit your doctor. - have you started having problems sleeping at night? if you sleep well at night and wake up refreshed, dont worry. but if you feel groggy or have early morning headaches, you may have sleep apnea or some other cause of interrupted sleep. - could you be depressed? ask yourself if you no longer enjoy activities that previously gave you pleasure, and whether you are feeling low. it sounds as if your nap is voluntary and enjoyable. so it probably does not reflect an underlying sleep disturbance. if it refreshes your day without making it hard for you to sleep at night, snooze away. for most people, a 20 - to 40 - minute nap between noon and 4 : 00 p. m. is the best way to catch a few winks without disturbing the sleep - wake cycle. but remember to give yourself a good 10 minutes to wake up gently before you engage in mentally or physically demanding tasks. when nasa and the faa studied napping in airline pilots, they found that napping improved mental alertness and performance. many night shift workers are also perked up by naps as brief as 1520 minutes. do naps improve overall health? napping is the exception in america. but afternoon siestas are the rule in many mediterranean and latin american countries. scientists have learned that blood pressure drops during a siesta. but it rises abruptly on awakening. is this meaningful? probably not, but we cant be sure. until doctors dream up a way to resolve the contradiction, there is no reason for you to deprive yourself of a pleasurable nap.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44581178123704346, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d2bde1e-1e7e-474a-836e-2062e6902a13>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.457598"}
{"text": "what is it? a morton ' s neuroma is a benign ( noncancerous ) swelling along a nerve in the foot that carries sensations from the toes. the reason the nerve starts to swell is unknown. but once swelling begins, the nearby bones and ligaments put pressure on the nerve, causing more irritation and inflammation. this produces burning pain, numbness, tingling and other abnormal sensations in the toes. a morton ' s neuroma also is called an interdigital neuroma, intermetatarsal neuroma or a forefoot neuroma. a morton ' s neuroma usually develops between the third and fourth toes. less commonly, it develops between the second and third toes. other locations are rare. it also is rare for a morton ' s neuroma to develop in both feet at the same time. the condition is much more common in women than men, probably as a result of wearing high - heeled, narrow - toed shoes. this style of shoe tends to shift the bones of the feet into an abnormal position, which increases the risk that a neuroma will form. being overweight also increases the risk of a morton ' s neuroma. a morton ' s neuroma usually causes burning pain, numbness or tingling at the base of the third, fourth or second toes. pain also can spread from the ball of the foot out to the tips of the toes. in some cases, there also is the sensation of a lump, a fold of sock or a \" hot pebble \" between the toes. typically, the pain of a morton ' s neuroma is relieved temporarily by taking off your shoes, flexing your toes and rubbing your feet. symptoms may be aggravated by standing for prolonged periods or by wearing high heels or shoes with a narrow toe box. your doctor will suspect that you have a morton ' s neuroma based on the nature and location of your foot pain. he or she may ask questions about your shoes - - what type of shoes you usually wear and whether these shoes have narrow toes or high heels. to rule out other causes of foot pain, your doctor may ask questions about your medical history, especially any history of arthritis, nerve and muscle problems or previous injury to your foot or leg. to confirm the diagnosis, your doctor will examine your feet. he or she will look for areas of tenderness, swelling, calluses, numbness, muscle weakness and limited motion. to check for a morton ' s neuroma,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4786914755932605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10a70c5c-3de5-4dbd-a194-8bb505303930>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.462486"}
{"text": "or leg. to confirm the diagnosis, your doctor will examine your feet. he or she will look for areas of tenderness, swelling, calluses, numbness, muscle weakness and limited motion. to check for a morton ' s neuroma, your doctor will squeeze the sides of your foot. squeezing should compress the neuroma and trigger your typical pain. in some cases, your doctor will find numbness in the webbed area between the affected toes. pain in two or more locations on one foot, such as between both the second and third toes and the third and fourth toes, more likely indicates that the toe joints are inflamed rather than a morton ' neuroma. based on the physical examination, your doctor usually can diagnose a morton ' s neuroma without additional testing. a foot x - ray may be ordered to make sure that there isn ' t a stress fracture, but it will not show the actual neuroma. if the diagnosis is in doubt, your doctor may request magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) of the foot. a morton ' s neuroma will not disappear on its own. usually, the symptoms will come and go, depending on the type of shoes you wear and how much time you spend on your feet. sometimes, the symptoms will go away completely. it is not always possible to prevent a morton ' s neuroma. however, you probably can reduce your risk by wearing comfortable shoes that have low heels, plenty of toe space and good arch support. if your morton ' s neuroma is painful, your doctor usually will begin treatment with conservative therapies, including : - a switch to shoes with low heels, wide toes and good arch support - padding techniques, including metatarsal pads or toe crest pads - shoe inserts ( orthotics ) to help correct any mechanical imbalance in the foot - anti - inflammatory medication, such as ibuprofen ( advil, motrin and other brand names ) or naproxen ( aleve, naprosyn and other brand names ) - a local injection of anesthetic and corticosteroid medication into the affected area inflamed or injured nerves can take months to improve, even after the underlying problem has been corrected. if your pain continues despite several months of conservative treatment, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove the neuroma or to widen the space through which the affected nerve travels. these types of surgery often are done under local anesthesia. if your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42013287218783835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10a70c5c-3de5-4dbd-a194-8bb505303930>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.463467"}
{"text": "corrected. if your pain continues despite several months of conservative treatment, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove the neuroma or to widen the space through which the affected nerve travels. these types of surgery often are done under local anesthesia. if your doctor removes a portion of the affected nerve along with the neuroma, you may develop permanent numbness between the toes. when to call a professional make an appointment to see a health care professional if you have symptoms of a morton ' s neuroma that do not improve when you wear comfortable, wide shoes. more than 80 % of people with a morton ' s neuroma will respond to conservative treatment. for the minority of people who have persistent, disabling symptoms, surgery may be an option. national institute of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases national insitutes of health 1 ams circle bethesda, md 20892 - 3675 american podiatric medical association ( apma ) 9312 old georgetown road bethesda, md 20814 american orthopedic foot and ankle society 2517 eastlake ave. e seattle, wa 98102 american academy of podiatric sports medicine american college of foot and ankle surgeons 8725 west higgins road chicago, il 60031 - 2724", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4300938625267328, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10a70c5c-3de5-4dbd-a194-8bb505303930>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.464045"}
{"text": "the current surface analysis map shows current weather conditions, including frontal and high / low pressure positions, satellite infrared ( ir ) cloud cover, and areas of precipitation. a surface weather analysis is a special type of weather map that provides a view of weather elements over a geographical area at a specified time based on information from ground - based weather stations. weather maps are created by plotting or tracing the values of relevant quantities such as sea level pressure, temperature, and cloud cover onto a geographical map to help find synoptic scale features such as weather fronts. the first weather maps in the 19th century were drawn well after the fact to help devise a theory on storm systems. after the advent of the telegraph, simultaneous surface weather observations became possible for the first time, and beginning in the late 1840s, the smithsonian institution became the first organization to draw real - time surface analyses. use of surface analyses began first in the united states, spreading worldwide during the 1870s. use of the norwegian cyclone model for frontal analysis began in the late 1910s across europe, with its use finally spreading to the united states during world war ii. surface weather analyses have special symbols which show frontal systems, cloud cover, or other important information. for example, an h may represent high pressure, implying good and fair weather. an l on the other hand may represent low pressure, which frequently accompanies precipitation. various symbols are used not just for frontal zones and other surface boundaries on weather maps, but also to depict the present weather at various locations on the weather map. areas of precipitation help determine the frontal type and location.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5162599880072716, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bf6a042-4fef-41c6-a3c8-799ab5420858>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.467339"}
{"text": "the african continent has not benefited adequately from its vast natural resources, including water, due to lack of sound policy and governance frameworks to ensure sustainable and equitable allocation as well as use and management of the available resources. this was said yesterday by zanzibar second vice - president seif ali iddi on behalf of zanzibar president dr. ali mohamed shein at the opening of the fourth international hydrological programme ( ihp ) - unesco africa water, science, policy and management conference. \u201c we must accept that not all countries in africa have water policies and where they exist few of them address management issues adequately. i wish to stress that for sound management frameworks to function there is need for reliable and timely data and information. this is a prerequisite for informed decision making at the appropriate level, \u201d he noted. he said data collection networks however are expensive to establish, operate and maintain, adding that even where such networks had been established, quite a number of them are not operational due to inadequate financial resources allocated for the purpose. shein added that as water storage and structures and pipelines require heavy investments, there is now a need for consideration of water as an infrastructure issue and hence requiring investment financing by the private sector. however, he said in tanzania, for instance, the shortfall in meeting the mdg ' s full access of water by rural communities needs great support. currently, the coverage stands at 58. 7 per cent for rural and 86 percent for urban areas, while the mdg \u2019 s targets are 65 per cent and 90 per cent for rural and urban areas, respectively. \u201c there is need for allocating adequate financial resources to the water sector accompanied by good governance for africa to make significant and sustainable socio - economic development. the moment of decision is now, \u201d he insisted. moreover, he said, unfortunately the freshwater situation in africa was not encouraging. by 2025, about 18 african countries, including tanzania, were experiencing water stress. presently, it is estimated that more than 300 million people in africa live in a water - scarcity environment. the amount of freshwater available for each person in africa is about one - quarter of what it was in 1950. in many countries, requirements for domestic freshwater use, sanitation, industry and agriculture can \u2019 t be met. for his part, minister for education and vocational training dr. shukuru kawambwa commended unesco and ihp for organizing the conference at a time when the whole world was yet to recover from the global financial crisis and rising food prices. \u201c these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4003396130444625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05aa1124-c650-4d10-99f7-2606a5fda389>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.470414"}
{"text": "ektiarat ( choices, elections ), a term used in islamic divination and astrology in at least four principle meanings : 1. it refers to hemerologies in which each of the thirty days of a month, either synodic or conventional ( e. g., the persian hemerology ), is characterized as being good ( sa\u02bfd ) or bad ( nahs ) for undertaking specified activities. 2. the goodness or badness of the time for activities depends on the lunar station ( manzel al - qamar ) occupied by the moon. 3. the goodness or badness of the time for activities depends on the zodiacal sign occupied by the moon. 4. the type of astrology usually denominated catarchic ( hokm al - nojum ) is often associated with the word ektiarat ; in islamic astrology, following a sasanian precedent, this is confounded with interrogations ( masa\u02beel ). 1. the earliest hemerologies are those of mesopotamia, in which each day of each month is usually given a religious significance as well as a number of activities to be undertaken or avoided ( labat, 1939 ). there also exists a far simpler form in which each day in each month is either favorable or unfavorable, or is associated with a single activity ( labat, 1943 ; for further mesopotamian sources see reiner, pp. 111 - 12 ). a persian hemerology that may be related to this mesopotamian tradition is found in the andarz i adurbad imahraspandan ( secs. 119 - 48, i, pp. 58 - 71, tr. in zaehner, pp. 101 - 10 ). in this text the thirty days of a persian month are identified by their associated deities, and one or two activities are advised to be engaged in or avoided on each. perhaps related to a persian tradition, though not to the andarz of adurbad, is the mandaean hemerology in chapter 8 of the book of the zodiac ( drower, pp. 88 - 92 ). this is a combination of three sources, excerpted for each of the thirty days of a month, and listing activities to be undertaken or avoided and prognostications for one who becomes ill and for one who is born on that day. close to this is a greek text published in catalogus codicum astrologorum graecorum ( xi / 1, pp. 134 - 44", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48810041655645525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2aa40811-65f4-4142-a46f-f88bbce46b30>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.484399"}
{"text": "and prognostications for one who becomes ill and for one who is born on that day. close to this is a greek text published in catalogus codicum astrologorum graecorum ( xi / 1, pp. 134 - 44 ; this text cites melampus, for whom see the lunarium conflated from melampus and another \u201c egyptian \u201d book in viii / 4, pp. 105 - 07 ). reflecting to some extent the contents of the andarz of adurbad is an arabic bookattributed to imam ja\u02bffar al - sadeq ( see sezgin, gas vii, pp. 323 - 24, 373 ). it is also very close in content to the chapter of the mandaean book of the zodiac referred to above ; but in addition contains parts of the associations of the thirty days of the month with stories from the old testament found in many similar byzantine hemerologies ( catalogus iii, pp. 32 - 39, x, pp. 121 - 26, ascribed to david and solomon, 196 - 200, 243 - 47, xi / 2, pp. 157 - 62 ). the mandaean and the byzantine hemerologies along with ja\u02bffar al - sadeq \u2019 s ketab all share a common source. also attributed to ja\u02bffar al - sadeq are the short hemerologies which, like the second mesopotamian text ( labat, 1943 ), do little more than indicate that the day is favorable or unfavorable ( see, e. g., ruska, ii, pp. 35 - 36 ; for similar works in syriac and greek, see budge, ii, pp. 557 - 59 ; ccag 8 / 4, pp. 102 - 04 ). ebied and young ( p. 296, n. 3 ) mention a long hemerology in arabic attributed to daniel, salman the persian, and ja\u02bffar al - sadeq, which, they say, has a number of features reflecting zoroastrian concepts. they state that they are preparing an edition ; it seems not yet to have appeared. 2. the second type of elections originated in india, where it is the basic form of their science of catarchic astrology ( muhurtasastra ) ; there the operative variable is the naksatra in which the moon is located ( pingree, jyotihsastra, chap. 6, pp. 101 - 09", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5028314963703269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2aa40811-65f4-4142-a46f-f88bbce46b30>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.485468"}
{"text": "catarchic astrology ( muhurtasastra ) ; there the operative variable is the naksatra in which the moon is located ( pingree, jyotihsastra, chap. 6, pp. 101 - 09 ). in sasanian persia there seems to have been an adaptation of this methodology in which the naksatras were given persian names ( for these names, see henning, esp. pp. 242 - 46 ). later, they were identified with the arabic manazel al - qamar ; and there exists in the ketab al - bare\u02bffi ahkam al - nojum of \u02bfali b. abi \u2019 l - rejal ( sezgin, gas vii, pp. 186 - 87 ), a chapter ( 21 of book 7 ) in which for each manzel ( station ) occupied by the moon are given the elections according to the indians, to dorotheus ( in part concocted from the fifth book of his work ), and to the persians, as well as the fates of male and female natives and a description of the manzel \u2019 s image for use in astral magic ; there is a byzantine translation of this astrological text ( catalogus ix / 1, pp. 141 - 56 ). such a text also appears in the gayat at al - hakim ascribed to abu maslama majriti ( ed. h. ritter, leipzig, 1933, bk. 1, chap. 4, pp. 14 - 26 ; byzantine texts are found in catalogus v / 3, pp. 90 - 93, viii / 1, pp. 218 - 19 ). 3. the judgement that it is or it is not propitious to begin a specified activity when the moon is in a designated zodiacal sign occurs first in akkadian texts of the seleucid period ( reiner, pp. 108 - 11 ). the principal greek source of such teachings was the astrological poem of dorotheus of sidon ( bk. 5 passim ), which had been translated into pahlavi in the third century, and from that language was translated into arabic by \u02bfomar b. farrokan tabari ( dorothei sidonii carmen astrologicum, ed. d. pingree, leipzig, 1976 ) and, at least in part, by masa\u02be - allah ( d. pingree, \u201c masha\u02beallah \u201d ). other elements of this form of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4711510062578374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2aa40811-65f4-4142-a46f-f88bbce46b30>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.486433"}
{"text": "carmen astrologicum, ed. d. pingree, leipzig, 1976 ) and, at least in part, by masa\u02be - allah ( d. pingree, \u201c masha\u02beallah \u201d ). other elements of this form of elections are found in the apotelesmatica of hephaestio of thebes ( ed. d. pingree, leipzig, 1973, bk. 3, chap. 5, pp. 240 - 51 ; cf. also catalogus v / 3, pp. 94 - 96 ). hephaestio was read by theophilus ( tawfil b. tuma ) of edessa, and introduced by him to masa\u02be - allah ( both were at the \u02bfabbasid court during the last half of the 8th century ). from these greek sources \u2014 dorotheus and hephaestio \u2014, as filtered through masa\u02be - allah, elections based on the zodiacal sign occupied by the moon became an integral part of astrology as practiced in the islamic world. thus, for example, nasir - al - din tusi came to write in persian an ektiarat masir al - qamar, otherwise known as the ektiarat - e qamar fi boruj - e etnay \u02bfasar ( storey, ii, pp. 54 - 55 ). 4. dorotheus of sidon initiated a more complex method of practicing catarchic astrology in which the astrologer must search for the most propitious moment for undertaking an activity, basing his judgment on the full horoscope of that time. after this form of catarchic astrology reached india in the second century, it was paralleled by the indian development of interrogational astrology ( prasnajnana ), in which the judgment concerning an activity was based on the horoscope of the moment at which the question was posed to the astrologer. both indian muhurtasastra and prasnajnana were transmitted to persia during the sasanian era, and there blended with the pahlavi translations of dorotheus and vettius valens into an ambiguous science of elections, which was partly catarchic, partly interrogational. to the subject normally addressed by the greek astrologers, the indians added military astrology, by which kings and generals may be advised. to the subjects addressed by both greek and indian astrologers, the persians added political astrology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48343772039699406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2aa40811-65f4-4142-a46f-f88bbce46b30>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.487427"}
{"text": "interrogational. to the subject normally addressed by the greek astrologers, the indians added military astrology, by which kings and generals may be advised. to the subjects addressed by both greek and indian astrologers, the persians added political astrology, by which both the governors and their potential or actual rivals may be advised ( this dangerous aspect of astrology had long been banned in the roman empire ; see cramer ). the pahlavi books on elections are now all lost, but we know of them through the greek works of theophilus of edessa, the arabic translations of dorotheus and valens ( walis ), the writings attributed to zoroaster and to bozorgmehr ( q. v. ), and the arabic works of a number of astrologers of persian background who wrote in the late eighth and ninth centuries, notably masa\u02be - allah, \u02bfomar b. farrokan tabari, and sahl b. besr ( ketab al - ektiarat \u02bfala \u2019 l - boyut al - etnay \u02bfasar ). based on this early arabic tradition are several treatises written in persian. none of them has yet been published or studied, so that little more can be done here than to name them. the earliest is a ketab - e ektiarat composed at the order of sultan sanjar saljuqi ( r. 511 - 52 / 1117 - 57 ; storey, ii, p. 46 ). in the first decade of the thirteenth century fakr - al - din mohammad b. \u02bfomar razi ( d. 606 / 1209 ) composed a ketab al - ektiarat al - \u02bfala\u02beiya fi \u2019 l - ektiaratal - sama\u02beiya for sultan \u02bfala\u02be - al - din mohammad ( r. 596 - 617 / 1200 - 20 ). razi himself later translated this into arabic ( storey, ii, p. 49 ). and on either 20 rajab 663 / 8 may 1265 or 9 jomada i 670 / 13 december 1271 nasir - al - din tusi completed, at maraga, a persian translation of and commentary on the ketab al - tamara of pseudo - ptolemy ; he had undertaken this work at the request of baha\u02be - al - din mohammad joveyni ( storey, ii, pp. 36 - 37 ). andarz i adurbad imahraspandan in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4996007872546481, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2aa40811-65f4-4142-a46f-f88bbce46b30>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.488965"}
{"text": "tamara of pseudo - ptolemy ; he had undertaken this work at the request of baha\u02be - al - din mohammad joveyni ( storey, ii, pp. 36 - 37 ). andarz i adurbad imahraspandan in j. m. jamasp - asana, ed., the pahlavi texts contained in the codex mx i, bombay, 1897. e. a. w. budge, the syriac book of medicines, 2 vols., london, 1913. catalogus codicum astrologorum graecorum, 12 vols. in 20 parts, brussels, 1898 - 1954. f. h. cramer, astrologyin roman law and politics, philadelphia, 1954. e. s. drower, the book of thezodiac, london, 1949. t. fahd, \u201c ikhtiyarat \u201d in ei \u00b2 iii, pp. 1063 - 64. w. b. henning, \u201c an astrological chapter of the bundahishn, \u201d jras, 1942, pp. 229 - 48. imam ja\u02bffar al - sadeq, ketab ektiarat ayyam al - sahr, ed. and tr. r. y. ebied and m. j. l. young as a treatise on hemerology ascribed to ga\u02bffar al - sadiq, arabica 23, 1976, pp. 296 - 307. r. labat, hemerologies et menologies d \u2019 assur, paris, 1939. idem, un almanach babylonien ( vr 48 - 49 ), paris 1943. d. n. mackenzie, \u201c zoroastrian astrology in the bundahisn, \u201d bso ( a ) s 27, 1964, pp. 511 - 29. d. pingree, jyotihsastra, wiesbaden, 1981. idem, \u201c masha\u02beallah. greek, pahlavi, arabic, and latin astrology, \u201d forthcoming in arabic science and philosophy. e. reiner, astral magic in babylonia, philadelphia, 1995. j. ruska, arabische al - chemisten ii. ga\u02bffar al - sadiq, der sechste imam, heidelberg, 1924, pp. 35 - 36. sezgin, gas vii, pp. 32 - 38, 49 - 50, 80 - 87, 125 - 28, 324 - 25. r. c. zaehner, the teachings of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5035370895470602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2aa40811-65f4-4142-a46f-f88bbce46b30>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.490502"}
{"text": "breakthroughs bring the next two major leaps in computing power into sight breakthroughs might make quantum computing, replacement for silicon practical within a decade one of the best things about covering technology is that you ' re always on the edge of a completely new generation of stuff that will make everything completely different than it ever was before, even before the last generation made everything different. \" completely different \" always seems pretty much the same, with a few more complications, higher costs and a couple of cool new capabilities, of course. unless you look back a decade or two and see that everything is completely different from the way it was then \u2026 must be some conceptual myopia that keeps us in happy suspense over the future, nostalgic wonder at the past and bored annoyance with the present. the next future to get excited about is going to be really cool, though. you know how long scientists have been working on quantum computers that will be incomparably more powerful than the ones we have now because don ' t have to be built on a \" bit \" that ' s either a 1 or a zero? they would use a piece of quantum data called a qubit ( or qbit, consistent with everything in the quantum world, the spelling wants to be two things at once ), that can exist in several states at the same time. that would turn the most basic function in computing from a toggle switch to a dial with many settings. multiply the number of pieces of data in the lowest - level function of the computer and you increase its power logarithmically. making it happen has been a trick ; they ' ve been under development for 20 years and probably won ' t show up for another 10. teams of austrian scientists may cut that time down a bit with a system they developed they say can create digital models of quantum - computing systems to make testing and development of both theory and manufacturing issues quicker and easier. they did it the same way lord of the rings brought gollum to life : putting a living example in front of cameras and taking detailed pictures they could use to recreate the image in any other digital environment. rather than an actor, the photo subject was a calcium atom, drastically cooled to slow its motion, then manipulated it using lasers, putting it through a set of paces predicted by quantum - mechanical theory, and recorded the results. abstracting those results lets the computer model predict the behavior of almost any other quantum particle or environment, making it possible to use the quantum version of a cad / cam system to develop and test new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6195495396485462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ca19734-477a-46c8-bb68-c661817a1a5c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.495627"}
{"text": "by quantum - mechanical theory, and recorded the results. abstracting those results lets the computer model predict the behavior of almost any other quantum particle or environment, making it possible to use the quantum version of a cad / cam system to develop and test new approaches to the systems that will actually become quantum computers, according to a paper published in the journal science by researchers from the university of innsbruck and the institute for quantum optics and quantum information ( iqoqi ). far sooner than quantum computers will blow our digitized minds, transistors made from grapheme rather than chunkier materials will allow designers to create processors far more dense \u2013 and therefore more potentially powerful \u2013 than anything theoretically possible using silicon and metallic alloys we rely on now. graphene is a one - atom - thick layer of carbon that offers almost no resistance to electricity flowing through it, but doesn ' t naturally contain electrons at two energy levels, as silicon does. silicon transistors flip on or off by shifting electrons from one energy level to another. even silicon doesn ' t work that way naturally. it has to be \" doped \" with impurities to change its properties as a semiconductor. for graphene to work the same way, researchers have to add inverters that that mimic the dual energy levels of silicon. so far they only work at 320 degrees below zero fahrenheit ( 77 degrees kelvin ). researchers at purdue ' s birck nanotechnology center built a version that operates at room temperature, removing the main barrier to graphene as a practical option for computer systems design the researchers, led by doctoral candidate hong - yan chen presented their paper at the device research conference in santa barbara. calif. in june to publicize their results with the inverter. real application will have to wait for chen or others to integrate the design into a working circuit based on graphene rather than silicon. systems built on graphene have the potential to boost the computing power of current processors by orders of magnitude while reducing their size and energy use, but only if they operate in offices not cooled to 77 degrees kelvin. it will still be a few years before graphene starts showing up in airline magazines, let alone in it budgets. we ' ll probably be tired of them, too, by the time quantum computers show up, but there ' s just no satisfying some people. read more of kevin fogarty ' s coreit blog and follow the latest it news at itworld. follow kevin on twitter at @ kevinfogarty. for the latest it news, analysis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6553249091288375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ca19734-477a-46c8-bb68-c661817a1a5c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.496718"}
{"text": "and wallace was impetuous. while darwin fully understood the implications of his theory, holding back publication because he knew he would upset believers, including his wife, wallace plunged in, happy to upset society. he didn \u2019 t give a damn, said jonathan rosen, in an essay on wallace in the new yorker magazine last year. \u201c this utter independence from public opinion is one of several reasons that he has all but vanished from popular consciousness. \u201d in addition, wallace believed in spiritualism ( which darwin and his friends detested ) and later campaigned against vaccination. \u201c wallace was an admirable man and was almost saintly in his treatment of others, \u201d says david attenborough. \u201c however, as a scientist, he was no match for darwin. wallace came up with the idea of natural selection in a couple of weeks in a malarial fever. darwin not only worked out the theory, he amassed swathes of information to support it. \u201d this point is backed by historian jim endersby. \u201c natural selection was a brilliant idea but it was the weight of evidence, provided by darwin, that made it credible. that is why we remember darwin as its principal author. \u201d on his round - the - world voyage on the beagle, between 1831 and 1836, he had filled countless notebooks with observations, particularly those of the closely related animals he saw on the different islands of the galapagos. and then, in his vast garden at downe, darwin had crossbred orchids, grown passionflowers and on one occasion played a bassoon to earthworms to test their response to vibrations. he collected masses of data about plant and animal breeding to support his arguments in \u201c the origin of species. \u201d wallace could provide nothing like this. this has not stopped accusations that darwin and his supporters used some very dirty tricks indeed to scupper wallace. according to these ideas, darwin received wallace \u2019 s paper from ternate several weeks earlier than he later claimed, filched its contents and then used them as his own in \u201c the origin of species. \u201d this argument is outlined in two american books \u2014 by arnold brackman and by john langdon brooks \u2014 that were published 20 years ago and depict darwin as an unscrupulous opportunist and intellectual thief. neither book provides anything like a convincing case, however, and the vast majority of academics have since concluded their claims are neither fair nor credible. as wallace \u2019 s own biographer peter raby concludes : \u201c never has an intriguing theory been built on slender", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4728710066523822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7599b1a-e0c6-440e-86a4-4a3e25d9ac45>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.509838"}
{"text": ". neither book provides anything like a convincing case, however, and the vast majority of academics have since concluded their claims are neither fair nor credible. as wallace \u2019 s own biographer peter raby concludes : \u201c never has an intriguing theory been built on slenderer evidence. as for the human factor, there is nothing in darwin \u2019 s life to suggest that he was capable of such massive intellectual dishonesty, even if he was not especially generous in acknowledging his sources and debts. \u201d indeed, historians argue that had it not been for darwin, the idea of natural selection would have suffered grievously. if he had not been the first to develop natural selection, and wallace had been the one to get the kudos and attention, the theory would have made a very different impact. \u201c in the end, wallace came to believe evolution was sometimes guided by a higher power, \u201d adds endersby, who has edited the forthcoming cambridge university press edition of \u201c the origin of species. \u201d \u201c he thought natural selection could not account for the nature of the human mind and claimed humanity was affected by forces that took it outside the animal kingdom. \u201d this is perilously close to the idea of intelligent design, the notion \u2014 put forward by modern creationists \u2014 that a deity had a hand in directing the course of evolution. by contrast, darwin \u2019 s vision was austere and indicated humanity as a mere \u201c twig on the enormously arborescent bush of life which, if replanted from seed, would almost surely not grow this twig again, \u201d as stephen jay gould describes it. according to darwin, there are no get - out clauses for humans. we are as bound to the laws of natural selection as a bacterium or a tortoise. the roots of this unforgiving doctrine have a very human face, however. darwin meshed his life and career tightly together. he was a family man to his core and while he was grief - stricken by the death of baby charles in 1858, he had been left utterly shattered by the death from tuberculosis of his 10 - year - old daughter, annie, in 1851, as his great - great grandson, randal keynes points out in his book \u201c annie \u2019 s box : charles darwin, his daughter and human evolution. \u201d mustard poultices, brandy, chloride of lime and ammonia were all that medicine could then offer annie when she started to sicken. none had any effect on her worsening bouts of vomiting and delirium until annie \u201c expired without a sigh \u201d on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49504913507703074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7599b1a-e0c6-440e-86a4-4a3e25d9ac45>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.512289"}
{"text": "poultices, brandy, chloride of lime and ammonia were all that medicine could then offer annie when she started to sicken. none had any effect on her worsening bouts of vomiting and delirium until annie \u201c expired without a sigh \u201d on april 23, 1851, darwin recalled. \u201c we have lost the joy of the household and the solace of our old age. \u201d keynes argues persuasively that annie \u2019 s death had a considerable impact on darwin \u2019 s thinking. \u201c in her last days, he had watched as her face was changed beyond recognition by the emaciation of her fatal illness. you could only understand the true conditions of life if you held on to a sense of the true ruthlessness of natural forces. \u201d thus darwin \u2019 s eyes had been opened to the unforgiving processes that drive evolution. \u201c we behold the face of nature bright with gladness, \u201d he wrote years later. \u201c we do not see, or we forget, that the birds which are idly singing around us mostly live on insects or seeds, and are thus constantly destroying life, or we forget how largely these songsters, or their eggs, or their nestlings, are destroyed by birds or beasts of prey. \u201d or as he wrote elsewhere : \u201c all nature is war. \u201d this pitiless vision \u2014 which stressed blind chance as the main determiner in the struggle for survival and the course of evolution \u2014 was upsetting for victorians who put such faith in self - help and hard work. nevertheless, this is the version of natural selection that has since been supported by a century and a half of observation and which is now accepted by virtually every scientist on earth. i t has not been a happy process, of course. even today, natural selection holds a special status among scientific theories as being the one that it is still routinely rejected and attacked by a significant \u2014 albeit small \u2014 segment of society, mainly fundamentalist christians and muslims. such individuals tend to have few views on relativity, the big bang, or quantum mechanics, but adamantly reject the idea that humanity is linked to the rest of the animal world and descended from ape - like ancestors. \u201c twenty years ago, this was not a problem, \u201d says steve jones, a professor of genetics at university college london. \u201c today, i get dozens of students who ask to be excused lectures on evolution because of their religious beliefs. they even accuse me of telling lies when i say natural selection is backed by the facts. so i ask if they believe in mendel \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5178741217048018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7599b1a-e0c6-440e-86a4-4a3e25d9ac45>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.513698"}
{"text": "\u201c today, i get dozens of students who ask to be excused lectures on evolution because of their religious beliefs. they even accuse me of telling lies when i say natural selection is backed by the facts. so i ask if they believe in mendel \u2019 s laws of genetics? they say yes, of course. and the existence of dna? again, yes. and genetic mutations? yes. the spread of insecticide resistance? yes. the divergence of isolated populations on islands? yes. and do you accept that 98 percent of dna is shared by humans and chimps? again yes. so what is wrong with natural selection? it \u2019 s all lies, they say. it beats me, frankly. \u201d this dismay is shared by dawkins. \u201c these people claim the world is less than 10, 000 years old, which is wrong by a great many orders of magnitude. earth is several billion years old. these individuals are not just silly, they are colossally, staggeringly ignorant. i am sure sense will prevail, however. \u201d and jones agrees. \u201c it \u2019 s a passing phase. in 20 years, this nonsense will have gone. \u201d natural selection is simply too important for society to live without it, he argues. it is the grammar of the living world and provides biologists with the means to make sense of our planet \u2019 s myriad plants and animals, a view shared by attenborough whose entire life on earth programs rests on the bed - rock of darwinian thinking. \u201c opponents say natural selection is not a theory supported by observation or experiment ; that it is not based on fact ; and that it cannot be proved, \u201d attenborough says. \u201c well, no, you cannot prove the theory to people who won \u2019 t believe in it any more than you can prove that the battle of hastings took place in 1066. however, we know the battle happened then, just as we know the course of evolution on earth unambiguously shows that darwin was right. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5120625380426764, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7599b1a-e0c6-440e-86a4-4a3e25d9ac45>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.514935"}
{"text": "no holiday as joyous tu b \u2019 av ( the fifteenth of av ) is no longer the well - known holiday on the jewish calendar that it was in ancient times. in fact, in talmudic times it was said : \u201c there were no holidays so joyous for the jewish people as the fifteenth of av \u2026 \u201d ( ta \u2019 anit 26b ). on tu b \u2019 av, the unmarried maidens of jerusalem would go out to the vineyards to dance together under the gaze of the unmarried men ( sort of a sadie hawkins day! ). each young lady would be dressed in white clothing borrowed from her neighbor so that those who came from wealthy families would not stand out and none would be embarrassed. as they danced, the ladies would call out : \u201c young man, lift your eyes and choose wisely. don \u2019 t look only at physical beauty \u2013 look rather at the family [ values ], \u2018 for charm is false, and beauty is deceitful. a god - fearing woman is the one to be praised \u2026 \u2019 \u201d ( proverbs 31 : 30 ). while in ancient times the same ceremony also took place on yom kippur, the day of tu b \u2019 av was specifically set aside for this celebration because it was the anniversary of the date on which inter - tribal marriages were permitted after the israelites had entered the land of israel. today is tu b \u2019 av. copyright \u00a9 2011 national jewish outreach program. all rights reserved. email this post", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3740187570418584, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:741ccae2-1cf8-4e92-96ac-e48a9ec62d32>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.518758"}
{"text": "alexander the great : ( redirected from gebiha b. pesisa. ) - \u2014 in jewish legend : - samaritan intrigue. - the ten questions of alexander to the sages of the south ( tamid, 31b et seq. ) : - alexander ' s journey to the regions of darkness ( tamid, 32a ) : - the amazons ( tamid, ibid. ; pesik. ix. 74. 74a etseq. ; lev. r. xxvii. ; tan., emor, 6 ; hibbur ma ' asiot ) : - the gold bread ( ibid. ) : - king kazia and his judgment ( yer. b. m. ii. 8c ; gen. r. xxxiii. ; pesik. ; lev. r. ; tan., emor, as above ) : - alexander at the gate of paradise ; the eye : - alexander ' s ascent into the air ( yer. ' ab. zarah, iii. 42c ; num. r. xiii. ) : - alexander ' s descent into the sea ( ps. r. 103 ; compare pseudo - callisthenes, ii. xxxviii. ) : the celebrated conqueror of the east, 356 - 323 the only historical event connecting alexander the great with the jews is his visit to jerusalem, which is recorded by josephus in a somewhat fantastic manner. according to \" ant. \" xi. 8, \u00a7 \u00a7 4 - 6, alexander went to jerusalem after having taken gaza. jaddua, the high priest, had a warning from god received in a dream, in which he saw himself vested in a purple robe, with his miter \u2014 that had the golden plate on which the name of god was engraved \u2014 on his head. accordingly he went to meet alexander at sapha ( \" view \" [ of the temple ] ). followed by the priests, all clothed in fine linen, and by a multitude of citizens, jaddua awaited the coming of the king. when alexander saw the high priest, he reverenced god ( lev. r. xiii., end ), and saluted jaddua ; while the jews with one voice greeted alexander. when parmenio, the general, gave expression to the army ' s surprise at alexander ' s extraordinary act \u2014 that one who ought to be adored by all as king should adore the high priest of the jews \u2014 alexander replied : \" i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38476536631201985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8200ed33-61b1-44a3-8882-dd4e206f71fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.533655"}
{"text": ". when parmenio, the general, gave expression to the army ' s surprise at alexander ' s extraordinary act \u2014 that one who ought to be adored by all as king should adore the high priest of the jews \u2014 alexander replied : \" i did not adore him, but the god who hath honored him with this high - priesthood ; for i saw this very person in a dream, in this very habit, when i was at dios in macedonia, who, when i was considering with myself how i might obtain dominion of asia, exhorted me to make no delay, but boldly to pass over the sea, promising that he would conduct my army, and would give me the dominion over the persians. \" alexander then gave the high priest his right hand, and went into the temple and \" offered sacrifice to god according to the high priest ' s direction, \" treating the whole priesthood magnificently. \" and when the book of daniel was shown him [ see dan. vii. 6, viii. 5 - 8, 20 - 22, xi. 3 - 4 ], wherein daniel declared that one of the greeks [ all the accounts which the talmud and midrash give concerning alexander mukdon ( the macedonian ) are of a legendary character. some of them pretend to be historical, as the following baraita in yoma, 69a ( identical with megillat ta ' anit, iii. ) : \" when the samaritans had obtained permission from alexander to destroy the temple in jerusalem, the high priest simon the just, arrayed in his pontifical garments and followed by a number of distinguished jews, went out to meet the conqueror, and joined him at antipatris, on the northern frontier. at sight of simon, alexander fell prostrate at his feet, and explained to his astonished companions that the image of the jewish high priest was always with him in battle, fighting for him and leading him to victory. simon took the opportunity to justify the attitude of his countrymen, declaring that, far from being rebels, they offered prayers in the temple for the welfare of the king and his dominions. so impressed was alexander that he delivered up all the samaritans in his train into the hands of the jews, who tied them to the tails of horses and dragged them to the mountain of gerizim ; then the jews plowed the mountain [ demolished the samaritan temple ]. \" it is evident that this account wrongly assigns to the times of alexander an event which occurred two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4183091240390123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8200ed33-61b1-44a3-8882-dd4e206f71fe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.534805"}
{"text": "the tails of horses and dragged them to the mountain of gerizim ; then the jews plowed the mountain [ demolished the samaritan temple ]. \" it is evident that this account wrongly assigns to the times of alexander an event which occurred two centuries later, in the reign of john hyrcanus i. it must therefore have been written at a late period, when the memory of historical incidents had become confused. the legend presents a striking resemblance to the narrative of josephus ( \" ant. \" xi. 8, \u00a7 1 et seq. ). the point of the fable is the honor conferred by alexander upon the high priest and the cause thereof ; and, furthermore, the contrast between his good - will to the jews and his hostility to the samaritans. both the narrative in the talmud and that of josephus are derived from an \" apology \" of the jews which aimed at discrediting the members of the samaritan sect. it is even possible that this apology, as buchler thinks ( \" rev. et. juives, \" lxxxvi. 1 ), had its origin in alexandria, where the attitude of alexander was of decisive importance in the eyes of the greek public : \" in gen. r. ( lxi., end ) the samaritans are accused of playing a role equally despicable with that imputed to them in the above legend. when alexander advanced toward jerusalem, they informed him that the jews would forbid his entrance to the holy of holies. a jew, gebi ' ah ben kosem [ identical with gebia ben pesisa, a legendary character ], asked the king, on the hill of the temple, to remove his shoes and to put on the slippers ornamented with precious stones that he had brought for him, lest he should slip on the pavement of the temple. alexander complied with the request, and thus avoided a violation of the rabbinic law. when they arrived at the holy of holies, gebi ' ah said to the king, ' we are not permitted to proceed farther ' ( neither we nor you ). ' when i have left the temple, ' replied the king, ' i will straighten your hump ' ( gebi ' ah signifies humpback ). ' if you do, ' answered gebi ' ah, ' you are a great physician, and deserving of high remuneration. ' \" this anecdote is one of those naive inventions of which many are found in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42406248090715615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8200ed33-61b1-44a3-8882-dd4e206f71fe>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.535880"}
{"text": "group of legends is of a more popular character ; they have nothing specifically jewish, and are connected with the general legendary tales of alexander. they may be given as follows : the ten questions of alexander to the sages of the south ( tamid, 31b et seq. ) : this account is written in certain parts in a classical aramaic, proving that it was borrowed from some written record ; it is quite analogous to the conversations which, according to plutarch ( \" life of alexander \" ), alexander was reported to have had with ten gymnosophists who had rebelled against him ; there the account continues with ten questions, some of which are identical with those of the talmud. this episode seems, therefore, to be the fragment of a non - jewish narrative, parallel with that of the greek historian. alexander ' s journey to the regions of darkness ( tamid, 32a ) : alexander makes a journey into the region of darkness riding on young libyan asses. there he stops at a fountain, which reanimates a dead fish that he has dipped into it. the same story is found in pseudo - callisthenes, ii. chaps. xxxix. - xli. ( version b ). the legend as reproduced in the talmud is the popular altered form of a later period. the amazons ( tamid, ibid. ; pesik. ix. 74. 74a etseq. ; lev. r. xxvii. ; tan., emor, 6 ; hibbur ma ' asiot ) : alexander comes to a place which is inhabited only by women. they say to him : \" if you kill us, people will accuse you of murdering women. if we kill you, people will say : behold a king who was overcome by women! \" this is the well - known story of the amazons, but reduced to its simplest expression. in the pesikta the town inhabited by the women is called kartagene, derived by folk - ety - mology from the aramaic karta ( town ) and the greek \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7 ( woman ). the gold bread ( ibid. ) : alexander asked the amazons for bread, and they brought him, on a golden table, a loaf of gold bread. \" do you eat gold bread? \" the king then said. \" well, if your desire be for ordinary bread, could you not get it in your own country without coming hither? \" answered the amazons.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4318856661014358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8200ed33-61b1-44a3-8882-dd4e206f71fe>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.538102"}
{"text": "a loaf of gold bread. \" do you eat gold bread? \" the king then said. \" well, if your desire be for ordinary bread, could you not get it in your own country without coming hither? \" answered the amazons. this satire on the ambition of conquerors recurs frequently in jewish legends. it does not appear in pseudo - callisthenes and in the accounts derived from it ; but is found in plutarch ' s essay on the virtuous deeds of women. pythes, a rich greek in the times of xerxes, who forces his fellow citizens to work for him in a gold - mine, is served by his wife with gold bread to demonstrate the absurdity of his greed. this moral is connected with alexander also in another form : instead of the amazons it was the king kazia who gave the lesson to alexander. king kazia and his judgment ( yer. b. m. ii. 8c ; gen. r. xxxiii. ; pesik. ; lev. r. ; tan., emor, as above ) : king kazia ( ruler of a country situated behind the \" dark \" mountains ) invited alexander to hear a lawsuit. the plaintiff declared that he had bought a piece of land and found in it a treasure ; he wanted to return the treasure to the original owner, since, he claimed, he had bought the field only. the defendant replied that he had sold the field with everything that it contained. then the king inquired of one of them : \" have you a son? \" ; of the other, \" have you a daughter? \" \" marry them, and let the treasure be theirs. \" alexander laughed at this judgment. \" is my decision a wrong one? \" inquired the king. \" no ; but in our country we would have put the two parties to death and confiscated the treasure. \" \" do you have rain in your country? \" \" yes. \" \" and have you animals also? \" \" yes. \" \" then it is surely for their sake and not for yours that the rain falls and the sun shines upon you. \" this satirical account seems to be of jewish origin, although it is, in part, based on a popular theme \u2014 marriage as the solution of a lawsuit ( compare a cambodian tale in \" revue des traditions populaires, \" xv. 133 ). the jewish form of the fable was embodied in the \" dicta philosophorum \" of abu al wafa mu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4164753888891855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8200ed33-61b1-44a3-8882-dd4e206f71fe>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.539739"}
{"text": "the solution of a lawsuit ( compare a cambodian tale in \" revue des traditions populaires, \" xv. 133 ). the jewish form of the fable was embodied in the \" dicta philosophorum \" of abu al wafa mubashshir ibn fakih ( 1053 - 54 ), a work which was translated into spanish, latin, english, and french ( see knust, \" mittheilungen aus dem eskurial, \" tubingen, 1879 ). in other arabic texts the trial takes place before david and solomon ( weil, \" biblische legenden, \" p. 215 ). the anecdote seems to have been brought to europe by a priest in 1083 ( \" chronique de l ' abbaye de st. hubert \" ; pertz, \" monumenta germanica, scriptores, \" viii. 599 ). alexander at the gate of paradise ; the eye : the talmud ( tamid, 32b ) concludes with this narrative : alexander arrived at the gate of paradise and asked that it be opened to him. \" only the just can enter here, \" came the reply. \" i am a renowned king ; present me with something. \" a little ball was given to him. he put it in a scale ; and it outweighed all the gold and silver in his possession. in his astonishment he turned to the rabbis, who explained to him that it was an eyeball, which could never be satiated ; but if covered with a handful of dust ( buried ) it would weigh nothing. this satire on greed, or the ambition to acquire wealth, seems likewise to be genuinely jewish. this allegory, as it appears in the talmud, is reproduced in better shape in \" alexandri magni iter ad paradisum, \" a little work of the twelfth century, which has even preserved traces of its jewish origin. in this it is an old jew, of the name of papas, who lectures the king. both forms of the legend are evidently connected with a lost original. alexander ' s ascent into the air ( yer. ' ab. zarah, iii. 42c ; num. r. xiii. ) : this appears to be a reminiscence of a narrative in pseudo - callisthenes ( ii. xli. ). alexander ' s descent into the sea ( ps. r. 103 ; compare pseudo - callisthenes, ii. xxxviii. ) : in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4746754650953729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8200ed33-61b1-44a3-8882-dd4e206f71fe>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.541706"}
{"text": "of a narrative in pseudo - callisthenes ( ii. xli. ). alexander ' s descent into the sea ( ps. r. 103 ; compare pseudo - callisthenes, ii. xxxviii. ) : in the middle ages the jews confined themselves to translations of the romance of alexander from the arabic or the latin, particularly in the form which it had received in the \" historia de proeliis. \" a hebrew translation of this work, made by an unknown writer after an arabic version, was edited and published by israel levi under the title \" toledot alexander \" ( life of alexander ), paris, 1887. another translation from a latin text, by immanuel ben jacob de tarascon, exists only in manuscript. a recension, the origin of which has not yet been clearly ascertained, was surreptitiously included in certain manuscripts of the josippon ( perhaps by judah mosconi ). another romance of alexander, quite different from the rest, was written by a jew in the west of europe before the thirteenth century ; it was published by israel levi in steinschneider ' s \" festschrift. \" some portions of the legend were known to scholars by the hebrew translation of \" sod ha - sodot \" ( secret of secrets ) and of \" musare ha - filosofim \" ( dicta of the philosophers ), containing whole chapters touching upon the legendary life of alexander. - rev. et. juives, iii. 239 et seq., iv. 279 ; - steinschneider, hebr. uebers. pp. 894 - 898 ; - noldeke, beitrage zur gesch. des alexander - romans, in denkschriften der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften, philosophisch - historische classe, xxxviii. ch. iv., vienna, 1890 ; - frankel, in z. d. m. g. liv. 322 ; - jew. quart. rev. iv. 635 ; - bacher, nizami ' s lehen und werke und der zweite theil des nizamischen alexanderbuches, pp. 63 et seq., leipsic, 1871.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4021262606977165, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8200ed33-61b1-44a3-8882-dd4e206f71fe>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.556105"}
{"text": "the jewish month by chaim issacson the world has two time measuring cycles, the sun and the moon. as all know, the sun takes some 365 and a quarter days to make a yearly cycle. the moon, on the other hand, makes a cycle every 29 and a half days. this means that it difficult to measure years using the lunar cycle. the world is divided as to how to use these two cycles. whereas the western world uses the solar year, the muslim world uses the lunar year. the muslims add twelve months together and that is a year. therefore it happens that a muslim baby born in the winter will celebrate an adult birthday in the summer since the lunar year is some 354 days and the solar year is 365. each year the muslim calendar \" loses \" 11 days or his year \" slips \" back by 11 days in relation to the solar calendar. whereas the christian holidays always fall in the same date according to the solar calendar, they have no relation to the lunar influence. the muslim holiday, on the other hand, ramidan, for example, will move through the yearly cycle, but be fixed by the moon. we jews, of course, have our own way of fixing the calendar. we use a combo of solar and lunar measurements. one of the first commandments that was given to the jews, even before they left egypt, was to fix the calendar to observe the month of the passover in the appointed time, the spring. thus, the requirement of having a monthly calendar that is adjusted to meet the solar cycle is a biblical injunction. it should not be overlooked that two of the major jewish festivals begin on the full moon, passover and succoth. rosh hashanah, the jewish new year is different, it is the first day of the seventh month. the jewish month is based on the seeing the new moon. when two persons saw the new moon they would come to the jewish high court and give testimony that they had saw the moon. this did not mean that the court did not know when the moon was scheduled to appear, but rather that the sanctification of the moon had to be made according to eyewitness reports. the court would question the witnesses to ascertain that they indeed did see the moon. afterwards, the court proclaimed that a new month had begun. even if the court knew by its own calculations that the new moon was scheduled to appear on a certain day, but due to weather conditions it was not seen, they did not declare the new moon until", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4591890075057169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ceab59d0-0f0c-4d90-acd7-ec863e66c5bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.580099"}
{"text": "the court proclaimed that a new month had begun. even if the court knew by its own calculations that the new moon was scheduled to appear on a certain day, but due to weather conditions it was not seen, they did not declare the new moon until the next day when witnesses arrived. it was conceivable that the new month would be delayed a day. also the courts were empowered to add an extra month to the yearly cycle to insure that the holiday of passover would be in the spring. for this purpose they would add another month to the yearly cycle. the year would then have thirteen months ( as in this year 2000, or as we say, 5760 ). since the spotting of the moon and declaration of the new month had ramifications as to when the jewish holidays would be, many tried to thwart the actions of the courts in order to prevent the jews from observing their holidays. aside from dishonest ' witnesses ', the ancient greeks, during the time of chanukah, tried to prevent the jews from declaring new months through various decrees. this was in hopes to prevent the jews from observing their holidays. in addition, during the time after the first exile, when many jews still resided in babylon, the courts set up a relay system of lighting fires on the tops of mountains. in this manner the declaration of the month was related quickly to the jews in the diaspora so that they could observe the festival of passover and the holy fast of yom kippur in its proper time. the samaritans, who inhabited the mountainous area, would lite fires in order to confuse the jews in the diaspora. the courts were then obligated to send out messengers to bring the news to those jews who lived so far away. although the new moon is not a ' religious ' holiday, it does have religious significance. the day, during the time of the holy temple, was marked with an additional sacrifice. today, a special prayer called \" hallel, \" or praise, is said and many have the custom to eat something special in honor of the new month. in olden times, we had a court that would declare the new month according to the sightings. this court was made up of judges who were empowered through a direct chain from moses. this was a requirement. today, no one has such authority to declare a new month. thanks to the farsightedness of rabbi hillel the prince, who was the last of the princes from the house of david, we have a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5102826721354279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ceab59d0-0f0c-4d90-acd7-ec863e66c5bf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.581320"}
{"text": "moses. this was a requirement. today, no one has such authority to declare a new month. thanks to the farsightedness of rabbi hillel the prince, who was the last of the princes from the house of david, we have a calendar that has all of the months and holidays figured until the jewish year 6000. according to the jewish tradition, the messiah will come by the year 6000 and the continuation of the calendar will be addressed then. rabbi hillel, who lived during the turbulent time of the destruction of the temple, saw that the troubles of the jewish people were increasing and the ability of the courts became diminished. using the calculations that were known to the jewish sages from the time of moses, he publicized the calendar through his efforts it was accepted. this calendar is the one we use today. this calendar basically uses a 19 - year cycle of twelve regular ( 12 month ) years and seven intercalated ( 13 month ) years. the order of the intercalated years in each cycle is the 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years. the month that is added is the month of adar ( the month that precedes the month that has the passover holiday ). the year then has two adars, adar 1 and adar 2. the holiday of purim is then celebrated in the second adar. the jewish people are often compared in rabbinical literature to the moon. just as the moon has periods of being full and being lacking, so do the jewish people. just as the moon receives its light from the sun, so the jewish people receive their sustenance from g - d directly. from the february 2000 edition of the jewish magazine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44963286701944993, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ceab59d0-0f0c-4d90-acd7-ec863e66c5bf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.585385"}
{"text": "me and my mom are having an agrument about how to solve this problem. 27 / ( 5 + 4 ) * 19 = she says the answer is 57 and i say the answer is 6 with a remainder of 9.. can you please tell me who is right. thank you. i need help labeling complements in my sentences. i am not sure if i am doing this correctly or not. could you please check to see if i have the following parts of speech labeled correctly? i must identify the subject, verb and complements. i must determinit if the complement... what is a vibration? what is the relationship between period and frequency? summer assignment : would you say do you know who will replace erica and _ i _ next week? which word would you put in place if i is the wrong pronoun? me or myself, maybe? i have an english 10 summer assignment about grammar and such. one of the questions is : in the following sentence, which words are verbs? melissa was worried about her job interview. a. was, worried b. worried c. worried, about i know that it ' s not c., and i don ' t thin... what is the kcalorie value of a meal supplying 110g of carbs, 25g of protein, 20g of fat, and 5g of alcohol? please help show work yes those are the answers i got too! i just wanted to see if i was right.. thanks ( daddy warbucks employs workers in his perfectly competitive factory. mr. smith employs workers in his monopolistic factory as the only producer of the thing you really want. given the following information, determine how many workers each firm will employ : the weekly salary... chemical reaction formulas of : 1. ) fe + h2so4 2. ) fes + h2so4 3. ) cs2 + s what happens if you heat jic and iron together? what happens if you heat jic and iron sulphide together / for further reading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5168931662621927, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6bae380-2b1f-4c18-acc6-578454b7dfad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.591226"}
{"text": "some school districts are returning to an old idea, ap reports. they \u2019 re grouping students by performance rather than age. the boldest experiment will start in kansas city, missouri schools this fall when 17, 000 students will switch to the new system. students \u2014 often of varying ages \u2014 work at their own pace, meeting with teachers to decide what part of the curriculum to tackle. teachers still instruct students as a group if it \u2019 s needed, but often students are working individually or in small groups on projects that are tailored to their skill level. for instance, in a classroom learning about currency, one group could draw pictures of pennies and nickels. a student who has mastered that skill might use pretend money to practice making change. students who progress quickly can finish high school material early and move forward with college coursework. alternatively, in some districts, high - schoolers who need extra time can stick around for another year. advocates say the approach cuts down on discipline problems because advanced students aren \u2019 t bored and struggling students aren \u2019 t frustrated. kansas city \u2019 s traditional public schools have seen enrollment fall by half as students move to suburbs or enroll in charter or private schools ; 40 percent of schools are closing. the district spent $ 2 billion in state desegregation case funds without raising test scores. kansas city is desperate. superintendent john covington will start the new system in elementary schools. \u201c this system precludes us from labeling children failures, \u201d covington said. \u201c it \u2019 s not that you \u2019 ve failed, it \u2019 s just that at this point you haven \u2019 t mastered the competencies yet and when you do, you will move to the next level. \u201d in a marzano research laboratory study of 15 school districts in alaska, colorado and florida, \u201c researchers found that students who learned through the different approach were 2. 5 times more likely to score at a level that shows they have a good grasp of the material on exams for reading, writing, and mathematics. \u201d greg johnson, director of curriculum and instruction for the bering strait school district in alaska, recalled that before the switch there were students who had been on honor roll throughout high school then failed a test the state requires for graduation. now, he said if students are on pace to pass a class like algebra i, the likelihood of them passing the state exam covering that material is more than 90 percent. teachers love the new approach, johnson says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43033059723343053, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a7b90ba-eed4-41d7-a644-0c07f7f1e18e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.596462"}
{"text": "the library of congress has recently digitalized a collection of over 10, 000 photographs, taken by the \" american colony \" in jerusalem, a group of christian utopians who lived in jerusalem between 1881 and the 1940s. the photographers returned to the us, and bequeathed their massive collection to the library of congress in 1978. the collection includes winston churchill ' s visit to jerusalem, jewish expulsions from the old city during riots, and the building of tel aviv. by some accounts, the valero family arrived in jerusalem in the 18th or 19th centuries from turkey. researchers have even suggested that the family were once conversos - secret jews who were forced to convert to christianity in spain. they later traveled to turkey and returned to their jewish faith. in jerusalem, the family took up residence in the old city of jerusalem. according to a monograph by hebrew university ' s prof. ruth kark and joseph glass, ya ' akov valero arrived in jerusalem in 1835 from istanbul. originally a ritual slaughterer, valero opened a private bank - the first in palestine - in 1848, located inside jaffa gate in the old city. when ya ' akov died in 1874, the banking and real estate enterprise was eventually taken over by his son chaim aharon. among the valeros ' land holdings were tracts outside of the old city on jaffa road, the area that eventually became the mahane yehuda market, the grounds of the bikur holim hospital, and several acres around damascus gate, a hub of commerce in the 18th and early 19th centuries. prior to world war i chaim aharon built and leased stores at the entrance of damascus gate, seen in the pictures above. in the 1930s, the british authorities ruled that the area should be zoned for use as \" open spaces \" and they demolished the shops in 1937. the valeros were not compensated. more photos can be viewed at http : / / www. israeldailypicture. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45024191162811766, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38bbdf59-c1e9-45e1-9c0e-d5393a4246c8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.601022"}
{"text": "ever promised yourself that this year you were definitely going to give that bad habit the flick, only to give into your vice again after only a couple of hours? well, the good news is that \u2018 bad \u2019 habit may not actually be as harmful as you think. here are 10 common \u2018 bad \u2019 habits that are actually good for your health. most of us love a good gossip, whether we \u2019 re giggling over a colleague \u2019 s new romance or passing an opinion on someone \u2019 s outfit choice or behaviour, and the good news is that gossiping could actually be good for us. not only does listening to gossip help us to learn more about the characters of those around us, bonding and having a laugh with your peers also releases feel - good hormones which help to relieve stress and anxiety. although drinking too much coffee can be detrimental to your health, in smaller quantities the popular hot drink can actually be good for you. when drunk in moderation ( no more than three cups per day ), caffeine can speed up your metabolism, boost exercise endurance and reduce your risk of gallstones and kidney stones. a study by the harvard medical school has also found that women who drink two or more cups of coffee a day are less likely to be depressed, while separate research has shown that drinking three cups cuts risk of age - related diabetes. it \u2019 s the bane of school teachers everywhere, yet research suggests that fidgeting may be no bad thing \u2013 at least in us adults. research suggests that fidgeting can burn up to 350 extra calories a day, helping you to keep off those excess pounds. to further increase your calorie burn, try to squeeze in more incidental exercise, such as getting up to change the channel rather than using the remote control. swearing : it \u2019 s not big and it \u2019 s not clever \u2026 but studies suggest that in certain situations it may actually be good for you. according to a study by the university of east anglia, swearing at work could help employees cope with stress and maintain solidarity. meanwhile, researchers at keele university \u2019 s school of psychology found that swearing can provide effective short - term relief from pain. however, the study also notes that swearing should be reserved for crises only, as the higher the daily swearing frequency was for participants, the less pain relief they experienced. skipping a shower ok, so repeatedly missing showers may not win you any friends, but if you are ever tempted to skip a shower here and there, research suggests that you could be doing your health ( and the environment ) a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4287178209826888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14244c9a-1874-4a3f-9790-abe13ac8dfc6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.607775"}
{"text": "pain relief they experienced. skipping a shower ok, so repeatedly missing showers may not win you any friends, but if you are ever tempted to skip a shower here and there, research suggests that you could be doing your health ( and the environment ) a favour. daily washing not only strips your skin of the natural oils that keep it hydrated and supple, it could also strip your skin of good bacteria that help to prevent disease. if you do decide to skip a shower, just try to do it on a day when you won \u2019 t be vigorously working out! losing your temper many of us have been brought up to believe that losing our temper is the ultimate social faux pas. to an extent this is true ( nobody wants to hang out with that person who is always losing their cool and shouting their mouth off ), however research has found that losing your temper could actually be good for your health. venting your emotions is believed to reduce the effects of stress, while a swedish study found that men who bottled up their anger when unfairly treated at work doubled their risk of having a heart attack. in recent years, official advice has been that we should cover up in the sun at all times to protect ourselves from skin cancer. however, more recently experts have stated that actually little and frequent sun exposure is good for us. in the uk, where vitamin d deficiency is common, seven leading health groups and charities have issued a statement advising everyone to spend 10 minutes in the midday sun without sunblock in order to avoid rickets. meanwhile, a us study has stated that the vitamin d produced by the sun could help ward off colds and flu. however, experts have stressed that people should cover up after 10 minutes, and skin should never be red at the end of the day. having a lie - in feeling guilty about your weekend lie - in? don \u2019 t be! research has found that sleep can help you live longer, boost your memory and reduce stress, while not getting enough can lead to accidents, weight gain, and increased risk of heart disease. furthermore, delaying your morning workout in favour of some shut - eye may have health benefits, as research from brunel university found that heavy training sessions early in the morning can compromise the immune system. giving in to your cravings although constantly giving into junk food cravings is a sure - fire way to sabotage your healthy eating success, allowing yourself the odd treat will not only boost your happiness, it will also help you keep motivated to stay on track. also, as many people cr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4417569174412103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14244c9a-1874-4a3f-9790-abe13ac8dfc6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.610158"}
{"text": "constantly giving into junk food cravings is a sure - fire way to sabotage your healthy eating success, allowing yourself the odd treat will not only boost your happiness, it will also help you keep motivated to stay on track. also, as many people crave the foods that they most attempt to resist, allowing yourself a little of what you fancy can actually help to reduce cravings. if you have imposed extreme restrictions on your diet and cut out entire food groups, cravings could also be a sign of a nutrient deficiency in your diet. many of us view daydreaming as a sign of laziness or form of procrastination ; however, researchers at the university of british columbia have found that letting your mind wander can actually help boost your problem - solving abilities. the study found that when participants minds wandered, the parts of their brain associated with problem - solving became more active than when focused on routine tasks. so, while daydreaming can increase the time it takes to complete your present task, it can allow you to unconsciously sort through other important problems in your life. realbuzz. com is a healthy lifestyle blog which will keep you informed on most aspects of a healthy lifestyle. you can visit their site or follow them on twitter here : http : / / twitter. com / #! / realbuzzcom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4612198438840128, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14244c9a-1874-4a3f-9790-abe13ac8dfc6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.610781"}
{"text": "when you are injected with the flu vaccine, your body reacts as if it has been infected with the actual living virus and makes antibodies that provide immunity against the real virus. these antibodies remain at high levels for only six to nine months. these waning antibody levels are one reason why you need to be revaccinated each year. the main reason you should be revaccinated yearly is the flu virus is constantly changing and evolving into new strains. each year the cdc attempts to predict which flu strain will be predominant. the cdc works with vaccine manufacturers to produce the specific vaccine that will combat the predicted strain. if you are concerned about the cost of a flu immunization, check with your local health department for locations in your area where free flu shots are given. treating yourself at home when you are exposed to the flu, the virus incubates for three to five days before symptoms begin. you probably have the flu if you come down with a high fever, sore throat, muscle aches, a runny or stuffy nose, and a cough ( usually dry ). the symptoms in children may also include vomiting, diarrhea and ear infections. flu is usually self - treatable but has to run its course. you can treat symptoms by getting bed rest, drinking plenty of fluids, taking acetaminophen for aches and pains, and using a humidifier to keep nasal passages moist. expect the flu to last about five days, which is the time it takes your body to produce the antibodies that finally beat the infection. you will be protected from that strain of influenza for the rest of the season. some people continue to feel ill and cough for more than two weeks. in some cases, the flu can make health conditions such as asthma or diabetes worse or lead to complications such as bacterial pneumonia. adults older than 65 and people with chronic health conditions have the greatest risk for complications from the flu, the cdc says. antiviral medications are also recommended to treat the flu - - amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir and oseltamivir - - but must be taken within the first two days of illness to be effective, the cdc says. they can reduce the length of time flu symptoms are present. these medications usually are used in hospitals, nursing homes and other institutions where people are at high risk for complications of the flu. some side effects may result from taking these medications, such as nervousness, lightheadedness, or nausea. individuals with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4589862964492903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0dc5ab8e-e503-4e91-9dd3-8ac1550828bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.613732"}
{"text": "' huge ' gaps in mental health care for children, experts warn nbcnews. com - the u. s. mental health system has huge gaps that prevent many children with psychological problems from receiving effective treatment that could prevent tragic consequences later in life, experts told u. s. lawmakers on thursday. just over a month after the shooting rampage in newtown, connecticut, mental health experts said psychological disorders usually emerge before people enter high school but that only one - quarter of children with problems see trained professionals and often the care is not \" we see the results of insufficient mental health care in school failure and suicide. how do we do better? \" michael hogan, head of the president ' s new freedom commission on mental health, said in written testimony to the senate health, education, labor and pensions committee. \" while the gaps in children ' s mental health care are huge, there is also reason for hope, \" he added. \" in part, this is because we know more about what works, and what doesn ' t. \" hogan, a former new york mental health commissioner, was scheduled to appear with two other experts thursday at the senate committee ' s first hearing on mental health issues since the presidency of republican george w. bush, who set up the commission hogan now chairs. the hearing was scheduled in response to the shootings at newtown ' s sandy hook elementary school where adam lanza, a young man described as having mental issues, gunned down 26 people including 20 young children with an ar - 15 - type assault rifle on dec. 14. the tragedy and other mass shootings in recent years have ignited a debate about gun control and mental health, including a push by president barack obama for stronger gun controls and better mental health training for schools and communities. robert vero, chief executive of a network of tennessee clinics called cornerstone, said mental health professionals who work with children also lack access to parents and other relatives whose problems may contribute to a child ' s troubles, sometimes due to inadequate insurance \" we need to be able to teach parenting skills if we want the child ' s behavior to change, \" said vero. \" we need to be able to address the parent ' s depression or addiction. \" the experts credited obama ' s healthcare reform law, the patient protection and affordable care act, with making a step forward by requiring insurers including medicaid to provide coverage for mental but they said the american social safety net still fails to provide adequate access for the poor and elderly, noting that state mental health funding declined $ 4 billion from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4452606035303016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4dbc3504-6278-46f8-b75c-47ee2a11012b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.624083"}
{"text": "with making a step forward by requiring insurers including medicaid to provide coverage for mental but they said the american social safety net still fails to provide adequate access for the poor and elderly, noting that state mental health funding declined $ 4 billion from 2009 to 2012 as a result of budget constraints posed by recession and the weak economic recovery. monday, may 20 2013 11 : 47 pm edt2013 - 05 - 21 03 : 47 : 27 gmt khq. com - time - lapsed video of a massive 2 - mile - wide tornado rips through southern oklahoma city on monday. this footage has been sped up by 10x. > > khq. com - time - lapsed video of a massive 2 - mile - wide tornado rips through southern oklahoma city on monday. this footage has been sped up by 10x. so far more than 50 people have died, including 20 children, following the tornado that tore through moore, oklahoma monday. officials say that number is expected rise as crews work through the night to find people buried in the rubble. > > sunday, may 19 2013 7 : 54 pm edt2013 - 05 - 19 23 : 54 : 08 gmt khq. com - the 2013 spokane lilac festival armed forces torchlight parade is in the books. > > khq. com - the 2013 spokane lilac festival armed forces torchlight parade is in the books. with tens of thousands of people in downtown spokane watching the parade, the floats, the marching bands, we know you took plenty of pictures! well, we want to see them! > >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4227534260976715, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4dbc3504-6278-46f8-b75c-47ee2a11012b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.628235"}
{"text": "kidney stones in children on this page : - what is a kidney stone? - what is the urinary tract? - are kidney stones common in children? - what causes kidney stones in children? - what are the signs and symptoms of kidney stones in children? - what types of kidney stones occur in children? - how are kidney stones in children diagnosed? - how are kidney stones in children treated? - how are kidney stones in children prevented? - eating, diet, and nutrition - points to remember - hope through research - for more information what is a kidney stone? a kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in a kidney when substances that are normally found in the urine become highly concentrated. a stone may stay in the kidney or travel down the urinary tract. kidney stones vary in size. a small stone may pass out of the body causing little or no pain. a larger stone may get stuck along the urinary tract and can block the flow of urine, causing severe pain or blood that can be seen in the urine. what is the urinary tract? the urinary tract is the body \u2019 s drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. the urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. the kidneys are a pair of bean - shaped organs, each about the size of a fist and located below the ribs, one on each side of the spine, toward the middle of the back. every minute, a person \u2019 s kidneys filter about 3 ounces of blood, removing wastes and extra water. the wastes and extra water make up the 1 to 2 quarts of urine an adult produces each day. children produce less urine each day ; the amount produced depends on their age. the urine travels from the kidneys down two narrow tubes called the ureters. the urine is then stored in a balloonlike organ called the bladder. when the bladder empties, urine flows out of the body through a tube called the urethra at the bottom of the bladder. are kidney stones common in children? no exact information about the incidence of kidney stones in children is available, but many kidney specialists report seeing more children with this condition in recent years. while kidney stones are more common in adults, they do occur in infants, children, and teenagers from all races and ethnicities what causes kidney stones in children? kidney stones can form when substances in the urine \u2014 such as calcium, magnesium, oxalate,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4906898708426074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcf7010c-0b3f-40fd-94b3-e259272dfc2d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.650230"}
{"text": "stones are more common in adults, they do occur in infants, children, and teenagers from all races and ethnicities what causes kidney stones in children? kidney stones can form when substances in the urine \u2014 such as calcium, magnesium, oxalate, and phosphorous \u2014 become highly concentrated due to one or more causes : - defects in the urinary tract may block the flow of urine and create pools of urine. in stagnant urine, stone - forming substances tend to settle together into stones. up to one - third of children who have stones have an anatomic abnormality in their urinary tract. - kidney stones may have a genetic cause. in other words, the tendency to form stones can run in families due to inherited factors. - an unhealthy lifestyle may make children more likely to have kidney stones. for example, drinking too little water or drinking the wrong types of fluids, such as soft drinks or drinks with caffeine, may cause substances in the urine to become too concentrated. similarly, too much sodium, or salt, in the diet may contribute to more chemicals in the urine, causing an increase in stone formation. some doctors believe increases in obesity rates, less active lifestyles, and diets higher in salt may be causing more children to have kidney stones. - sometimes, a urinary tract infection can cause kidney stones to form. some types of bacteria in the urinary tract break down urea \u2014 a waste product removed from the blood by the kidneys \u2014 into substances that form stones. - some children have metabolic disorders that lead to kidney stones. metabolism is the way the body uses digested food for energy, including the process of breaking down food, using food \u2019 s nutrients in the body, and removing the wastes that remain. the most common metabolic disorder that causes kidney stones in children is hypercalciuria, which causes extra calcium to collect in the urine. other more rare metabolic conditions involve problems breaking down oxalate, a substance made in the body and found in some foods. these conditions include hyperoxaluria, too much oxalate in the urine, and oxalosis, characterized by deposits of oxalate and calcium in the body \u2019 s tissues. another rare metabolic condition called cystinuria can cause kidney stones. cystinuria is an excess of the amino acid cystine in the urine. amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. what are the signs and symptoms of kidney stones in children? children with kidney stones may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4532100976258277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcf7010c-0b3f-40fd-94b3-e259272dfc2d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.652611"}
{"text": "safe, painless sound waves off organs to create an image of their structure. an abdominal ultrasound can create images of the entire urinary tract. the procedure is performed in a health care provider \u2019 s office, outpatient center, or hospital by a specially trained technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist \u2014 a doctor who specializes in medical imaging ; anesthesia is not needed. the images can show the location of any stones. this test does not expose children to radiation, unlike some other imaging tests. although other tests are more useful in detecting very small stones or stones in the lower portion of the ureter, ultrasound is considered by many health care providers to be the best screening test to look for stones. - computerized tomography ( ct ) scans use a combination of x rays and computer technology to create threedimensional ( 3 - d ) images. a ct scan may include the injection of a special dye, called contrast medium. ct scans require the child to lie on a table that slides into a tunnel - shaped device where the x rays are taken. the procedure is performed in an outpatient center or hospital by an x - ray technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist ; anesthesia is not needed. ct scans may be required to get an accurate stone count when children are being considered for urologic surgery. because ct scans expose children to a moderate amount of radiation, health care providers try to reduce radiation exposure in children by avoiding repeated ct scans, restricting the area scanned as much as possible, and using the lowest radiation dose that will provide the needed diagnostic information. - x - ray machines use radiation to create images of the child \u2019 s urinary tract. the images can be taken at an outpatient center or hospital by an x - ray technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist ; anesthesia is not needed. the x rays are used to locate many kinds of stones. a conventional x ray is generally less informative than an ultrasound or ct scan, but it is less expensive and can be done more quickly than other imaging procedures. how are kidney stones in children treated? the treatment for a kidney stone usually depends on its size and what it is made of, as well as whether it is causing symptoms of pain or obstructing the urinary tract. small stones usually pass through the urinary tract without treatment. still, children will often require pain control and encouragement to drink lots of fluids to help move the stone along. pain control may consist of oral or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.511302837348226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcf7010c-0b3f-40fd-94b3-e259272dfc2d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.654964"}
{"text": "\u2019 s back. using a wire - thin viewing instrument called a nephroscope, the doctor locates and removes the stone. for large stones, an ultrasonic probe that acts as a lithotripter may be needed to deliver shock waves that break the stone into small pieces that can be removed more easily. children receive general anesthesia for percutaneous nephrolithotomy. often, children stay in the hospital for several days after the procedure and may have a small tube called a nephrostomy tube inserted through the skin into the kidney. the nephrostomy tube drains urine and any residual stone fragments from the kidney into a urine collection bag. the tube usually is left in the kidney for 2 or 3 days while the child remains in how are kidney stones in children prevented? to prevent kidney stones, health care providers and their patients must understand what is causing the stones to form. especially in children with suspected metabolic abnormalities or with recurrent stones, a 24 - hour urine collection is obtained to measure daily urine volume and to determine if any underlying mineral abnormality is making a child more likely to form stones. based on the analysis of the collected urine, the treatment can be individualized to address a metabolic problem. in all circumstances, children should drink plenty of fluids to keep the urine diluted and flush away substances that could form kidney stones. urine should be almost clear. eating, diet, and nutrition families may benefit from meeting with a dietitian to learn how dietary management can help in preventing stones. depending on the underlying cause of the stone formation, medications may be necessary to prevent recurrent stones. dietary changes and medications may be required for a long term or, quite often, for life. some common changes include the following : - children who tend to make calcium oxalate stones or have hypercalciuria should eat a regular amount of dietary calcium and limit salt intake. a thiazide diuretic medication may be given to some children to reduce the amount of calcium leaking into the urine. - children who have large amounts of oxalate in the urine may need to limit foods high in oxalate, such as chocolate, peanut butter, and dark - colored soft drinks. - children who form uric acid or cystine stones may need extra potassium citrate or potassium carbonate in the form of a pill or liquid medication. avoiding foods high in purines \u2014 such as meat, fish, and shellfish \u2014 may also help prevent uric acid stones. points to remember", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4503242464429976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcf7010c-0b3f-40fd-94b3-e259272dfc2d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.657043"}
{"text": "may need extra potassium citrate or potassium carbonate in the form of a pill or liquid medication. avoiding foods high in purines \u2014 such as meat, fish, and shellfish \u2014 may also help prevent uric acid stones. points to remember - a kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in a kidney when some substances that are normally found in the urine become highly concentrated. - kidney stones occur in infants, children, and teenagers from all races and ethnicities. - kidney stones in children are diagnosed using a combination of urine, blood, and imaging tests. - the treatment for a kidney stone usually depends on its size and composition as well as whether it is causing symptoms of pain or obstructing the urinary tract. - small stones usually pass through the urinary tract without treatment. still, children will often require pain control and encouragement to drink lots of fluids to help move the stone along. - children with larger stones, or stones that block urine flow and cause great pain, may need to be hospitalized for more urgent treatment. - hospital treatments may include shock wave lithotripsy ( swl ), removal of the stone with a ureteroscope, lithotripsy with a ureteroscope, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy. - to prevent recurrent kidney stones, health care providers and their patients must understand what is causing the stones to form. - in all circumstances, children should drink plenty of fluids to keep the urine diluted and flush away substances that could form kidney stones. urine should be almost clear. hope through research the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases ( niddk ), one of the national institutes of health, supports research aimed at better understanding and preventing kidney stones in children. researchers supported by the niddk have identified three proteins that inhibit the formation of calcium oxalate stones. conventional urine tests do not provide information about the presence or absence of these proteins. developing a test for these proteins that can be used in the clinical setting will help health care providers identify children at risk for stone formation so they can manage that risk. participants in clinical trials can play a more active role in their own health care, gain access to new research treatments before they are widely available, and help others by contributing to medical research. for information about current studies, visit www. clinicaltrials. gov. for more information national kidney foundation 30 east 33rd street new york, ny 10016 phone : 1 \u2013 800 \u2013 622 \u2013 9010 or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4800492725792058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcf7010c-0b3f-40fd-94b3-e259272dfc2d>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.658264"}
{"text": "others by contributing to medical research. for information about current studies, visit www. clinicaltrials. gov. for more information national kidney foundation 30 east 33rd street new york, ny 10016 phone : 1 \u2013 800 \u2013 622 \u2013 9010 or 212 \u2013 889 \u2013 2210 publications produced by the clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both niddk scientists and outside experts. this publication was reviewed by the following members of the american society of pediatric nephrology clinical affairs committee : michael somers, m. d., children \u2019 s hospital boston ; deepa chand, m. d., m. h. s. a., akron children \u2019 s hospital ; john foreman, m. d., duke university ; jeffrey fadrowski, m. d., m. h. s., the johns hopkins university ; kevin meyers, m. d., children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia ; greg nelsen, m. s. s. w., university of virginia health system ; michelle baum, m. d., children \u2019 s hospital boston ; and ann guillot, m. d., university of vermont. national kidney and urologic diseases information clearinghouse the national kidney and urologic diseases information clearinghouse ( nkudic ) is a service of the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases ( niddk ). the niddk is part of the national institutes of health of the u. s. department of health and human services. established in 1987, the clearinghouse provides information about diseases of the kidneys and urologic system to people with kidney and urologic disorders and to their families, health care professionals, and the public. the nkudic answers inquiries, develops and distributes publications, and works closely with professional and patient organizations and government agencies to coordinate resources about kidney and urologic diseases. this publication is not copyrighted. the clearinghouse encourages users of this publication to duplicate and distribute as many copies as desired. nih publication no. 11 \u2013 7383 page last updated march 28, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47707099178189455, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcf7010c-0b3f-40fd-94b3-e259272dfc2d>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.659121"}
{"text": "our last blog post in which we discussed our favourite animated films prompted us to think back to animations we have enjoyed from childhood. some of the best loved animations of all time date back to the 1920s where walt disney and warner brothers revolutionised the industry. the earliest version of mickey mouse was created in 1928 followed closely by the warner brothers cartoons in 1930. but what about even earlier than that? where did animation begin, when and how? so, we asked kurobot to share his knowledge and teach us all about the origin of animation. motion in art can date back as far as paleolithic cave paintings, a very very long time ago! paintings of animals with many legs in various positions is noted as the first attempt at conveying motion. other pieces include sequences and phases of movement in both animals and people painted onto bowls, plates and murals. animation before film dates back to the 1600s where numerous devices were used to display animated images. the magic lantern, invented 1650, used a translucent oil painting and a lamp to project images onto adjacent flat surfaces. it was often used to display monsters and demons to convince people they were witnessing supernatural events. ( we have ours ready for halloween ) the thaumatrope, invented 1824, was one of the first devices to demonstrate the phi phenomenon, the human ( and kurobot ) brains ability to persistently perceive an image. the device used a small circular piece of card with different images on each side, strung onto a central cord. when the cord is spun between the fingers the images appear to merge into one creating a moving image. possibly the most well known origin of motion picture is the humble flip book. invented 1868, a flip book features a sequence of animated images on the unbound edge of each page of the book. when bending the pages back and flicking through the book the images merge due to the rapid replacement of each image with the next, forming a short animation. the silent era of animation began in the late 1800s with the production of short stop motion animations, the most famous of which, produced in 1920 was felix the cat. felix was the first merchandised cartoon character and became a household name. 1923 marked the beginning of the golden age of animation when a small studio \u201c laugh - o - grams \u201d went bankrupt, and its owner, walt disney opened a new studio in los angeles. this was possibly one of the most significant events in the history of animation. the first disney productions include \u201c the alice comedies \u201d series, \u201c song car tunes \u201d and \u201c dinner time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45433354893426964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0bc4c4b2-8f03-4ea8-9e69-249bd8360b74>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.666076"}
{"text": "caster semenya, the south african runner who won the women \u2019 s 800 - meter race at the world track championships in berlin last month, has been unofficially declared intersexed. if she is, it means that she was born with some discrepancy between her external genitals, internal sex anatomy ( ovaries or testes and her hormones and chromosomes ). the international association of athletic federations ( iaaf ) will not make its official ruling as to whether it considers semenya a woman until november, but an increasing number of news outlets around the world have reported that she \u2019 s \u201c a hermaphrodite. \u201d what does this mean, exactly? the media \u2019 s terminology itself reflects the ignorance and confusion surrounding intersex. doctors and lay people no longer use the word hermaphrodite because it is vague, demeaning and sensationalistic. \u201c hermaphrodite \u201d continues to conjure images of mythical creatures, perhaps even monsters and freaks. it \u2019 s thus not surprising that most have rejected the label. historically, hermaphrodite has been one of the more neutral descriptors of those born with atypical sex development. derogatory terms such as \u201c freak of nature, \u201d \u201c hybrid, \u201d \u201c impostor, \u201d \u201c sexual pervert, \u201d and \u201c unfortunate creature \u201d pervade early american medical literature. in one standard 19th - century text on malformations, one doctors referred to \u201c these mortifying and disgusting imperfections. \u201d intersex bodies have always aroused suspicion. but many people \u2019 s distrust of them has not been limited to the playing fields, nor is it new. throughout american history, doctors and lay people in authority have assumed that those born with atypical bodies were dishonest and fraudulent ( say, in illegally voting when the franchise was limited to men ), or were seeking illegal sexual relations. these authorities persistently tried to define ambiguous bodies as either male or female. yet over the years doctors \u2019 evaluations of intersex bodies have shifted. in the 1920s and 1930s, for example, a person with a female - appearing body would have been counseled to undergo surgery in order to appear more like a man because of her internal testes, particularly if doctors discovered that she was sexually attracted to women. in the 1940s, doctors turned to the new field of psychology to guide their decisions and determined that it was more sensible to let such an individual continue living as a woman, if she so chose.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5128798111371362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:702bbc2b-e859-4151-82ee-ac9afd8873dd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.680584"}
{"text": "if doctors discovered that she was sexually attracted to women. in the 1940s, doctors turned to the new field of psychology to guide their decisions and determined that it was more sensible to let such an individual continue living as a woman, if she so chose. these \u201c medical \u201d decisions were informed by social anxieties and therapeutic trends, not scientific findings. from the 1950s onward, doctors have tried to intervene surgically at infancy, before patients had a chance to develop an identity as female or male. doctors would decide an intersex baby \u2019 s gender primarily by how well they thought the external genitals could be surgically reshaped to appear \u201c normal. \u201d the thinking was that there was a window of opportunity in which a baby \u2019 s gender could go either way. all it took was the parents \u2019 unwavering commitment toward raising either a boy or a girl, and this could only happen, doctors believed, if the baby \u2019 s genitals looked distinctly male or female. nurture, they believed, trumped nature, particularly when nature seemed confused. in each era, attitudes toward intersex bodies have expressed the social norms of their time and place. today, the response to caster semenya highlights the pervasive yet misguided insistence that the sexes are unambiguously distinct and easily distinguishable. as some declare semenya too manly to compete, for example, a popular south african magazine features a glamorously feminine semenya on its cover, as if she were oprah. real life is more complicated. if semenya has female external anatomy but male internal anatomy, as the recent reports suggest, is she a woman or a man? medical authorities have pondered such cases for years, and only one thing seems clear : interpretation of these findings is as much ( or even more ) social than scientific. today authorities ( like the iaaf ) have spent much time trying to determine intersexed people \u2019 s \u201c true sex. \u201d their efforts have been invasive and sometimes degrading and embarrassing to women like caster semenya. and what \u2019 s the point? our two - gendered world forces all people to be classified as male or female even when the boundaries are more blurred than we imagine. we simply do not have a social category for intersex people, despite the fact that intersex occurs in one out of every 2000 births. we necessarily make social decisions about whether to raise an intersex baby as a boy or a girl. once these decisions have been made", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4683523054093659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:702bbc2b-e859-4151-82ee-ac9afd8873dd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.684598"}
{"text": "category for intersex people, despite the fact that intersex occurs in one out of every 2000 births. we necessarily make social decisions about whether to raise an intersex baby as a boy or a girl. once these decisions have been made, we should honor a family \u2019 s judgment. caster semenya was raised as a girl, considers herself a woman, and is regarded as a woman by her community. yet now she has had to submit to a humiliating public inspection and deal with new knowledge about her body that casts doubt upon her identity as well as her integrity. intersex people have endured such scrutiny for years because their bodies posed a threat to our assumption that the male and female are completely distinct categories. perhaps semenya \u2019 s test results with her public defense will challenge this notion. in recent years, the medical world has made strides in letting intersex bodies stay as they are by holding off on infant surgeries and by letting people decide for themselves about their own bodies when they are adults. this autonomy is a good thing ; it gives credit to the person himself or herself. let \u2019 s give semenya some credit too and congratulate her on a good race. elizabeth reis is the author of bodies in doubt : an american history of intersex ( 2009 ). she is an associate professor of women \u2019 s and gender studies and history at the university of oregon in eugene and a writer for the history news service. republished with permisson from the history news service.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4594855608812372, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:702bbc2b-e859-4151-82ee-ac9afd8873dd>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.686056"}
{"text": "introduction to layout designing. hello, & welcome back to firewire, your friendly guide to the exciting world of web - design & web - solutions! while developing a website or any design we have to take some precautions of aesthetic aspect. behind every good design there is a good layout. in case, we are wondering about how to move ahead we must know the basics of the layout. means arrangement of different objects in different media, which conveys your message easily to the viewer. here are some basic points for designing a good layout. to create a good layout you must have a good observation : to see layouts around you, observe all the objects such as tress, flowers, mountains, animals, pets, childrens etc. minutely. refer to magazines, books, advertisement etc. and try to understand how graphics are and what color schemes have been used? why and which type of fonts have been used? why and how do they give treatment to the images? lot of observation you come to know what is good and what is bad. to increase the power of observation you have to create an idea or mental picture of the object or the situation exactly as you want. this will help you in designing. actually it is a never - ending process. sense : many times good layouts get spoiled because of the wrong selection of color schemes. in real sense, color scheme is a good weapon to enhance a layout. if you use colors carefully you can make wonders out of it. a color depends on the viewability. in case, female related subjects the colors normally used are pink, lavender, light blue and peach. children related subjects the colors generally used is warm yellow, sky blue, orange, red, leaf green and violet. for medical related subjects the colors is sea green, turquoise blue, dull and grey shades. nature related subjects, cool color schemes are preferred as against that social institutes you can use warm color schemes like red, black, bright yellow etc. color schemes may vary according to the subject. for ready availability of color schemes you can visit the initially you can even start with color books, which are readily available in the market, as they contain various color schemes for various purposes. sense : after color schemes, the one and only tool to express your emotions perfectly and properly is the \" font \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5071781869459435, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b4ff07e-761d-432d-949e-9f45ca4872de>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.691469"}
{"text": "september 5, 2008 tracking down the menace in mexico city smog contact : paul preuss, ( 510 ) 486 - 6249 berkeley, ca \u2013 a new report by scientists who are part of the international milagro campaign indicates that some of the most harmful air pollution in mexico city may not come from motor vehicles but instead originates with industrial sources \u2013 and that the culprit may be garbage incineration. the milagro campaign ( megacity initiative : local and global research observations ) monitored air quality in the mexico city metropolitan area throughout the month of march, 2006. headed by the molina center for energy and the environment in la jolla, california, milagro \u2013 the acronym means \" miracle \" in spanish \u2013 is an international scientific collaboration supported by the u. s. department of energy, the national science foundation, nasa, and other agencies in the u. s., mexico, and europe. five doe labs contributed to the study, including lawrence berkeley national laboratory. beamline 11. 0. 2 at berkeley lab ' s advanced light source ( als ) was used for scanning transmission x - ray microscopy ( stxm ) of aerosol particles, in work led by mary gilles of the lab ' s chemical sciences division. ryan moffet, now a seaborg postdoctoral fellow at berkeley lab, was a member of a team monitoring a rooftop collection station at the mexican institute of petroleum in the northern part of mexico city, a site designated t0 ( t - zero ) ; the evidence gathered there was among that analyzed by gilles and her colleagues. \" the t0 site is in the industrial heart of the city, but the neighborhood is also a densely populated residential area. children who live here have 11 percent higher levels of lead in their blood than children from the opposite side of town, \" says moffet, who was a doctoral student at the university of california at san diego during the milagro campaign. moffet is first author of a report in environmental science & technology on the research at the t0 site. \" although researchers had noted the high levels of lead, no one before us had analyzed the aerosol compounds for clues to its origins. \" airborne particles of varying size, shape, and chemical composition are an important constituent of the smog in mexico city, one of the largest cities in the world and one of the most polluted. the aerosols come from motor vehicles, industries, and residences ; their sources include the burning of fossil fuels and biomass, and industrial emissions. because of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47527672257908526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1345c696-60cb-42b1-8f52-276e51b35451>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.710106"}
{"text": "city, one of the largest cities in the world and one of the most polluted. the aerosols come from motor vehicles, industries, and residences ; their sources include the burning of fossil fuels and biomass, and industrial emissions. because of the city ' s high elevation in a basin walled by mountains, air pollution in the metropolitan area is often trapped in the basin and chemically altered by ultraviolet radiation and other processes. metal - containing aerosols in particular are implicated in adverse effects on health. size and solubility affect their mobility in the body ; for example, small particles with compact shapes penetrate deep into the lungs, where they are likely to stay. soluble compounds readily enter the bloodstream. and a metal ' s oxidation state affects its toxicity. measuring airborne particles many different instruments were used to collect the aerosol samples at several sites : one, a davis rotating drum, captured particles of three different sizes on teflon tapes ; another, a time resolved aerosol impactor, collected single particles. in situ measurements were made with an aerosol time - of - flight mass spectrometer ( atofms ), which sucked particles into a vacuum chamber, determined their size, and analyzed the mass spectra of their constituent chemicals on the fly, by zapping each with a laser pulse. spectra from tens of thousands of particles were stored for later analysis. the rotating drum and atofms yielded time series, allowing the researchers to determine how size, shape, chemical composition, and the changing mix of chemicals in the aerosol particles varied with the time of day and other factors like weather. \" when we started the study, we were interested in what fraction of the aerosols was from traffic, since many scientists believed that traffic was the worst source of the pollution, \" says moffet. \" but when i looked at the mass spectrometry data, the first thing that jumped at me was the lead spikes. we wondered what the source of the lead was. lead has been completely banned in gasoline sold in the city since 1997, which meant the aerosols were coming from something else. \" many anthropogenic ( human caused ) sources contribute to the metal - containing aerosols in mexico city air. nickel and vanadium are associated in particles from fossil - fuel burning. smelting and other metallurgical processes produce emissions rich in heavy metals. burning waste emits particles containing lead, zinc, and many other metals, plus chlorine. activities like construction and traffic stir up dust and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49041982776871107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1345c696-60cb-42b1-8f52-276e51b35451>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.711419"}
{"text": "- fuel burning. smelting and other metallurgical processes produce emissions rich in heavy metals. burning waste emits particles containing lead, zinc, and many other metals, plus chlorine. activities like construction and traffic stir up dust and send large metal - containing particles into the atmosphere. all these sources can be identified by their characteristic compositions. \" in many of the spikes the lead was associated with chlorine and zinc, \" moffet says. \" the nature of the chemical associations of these metals could give us valuable clues as to the origin of the particles and their subsequent processing. \" mass spectrometry results were available on the spot, while additional informative data came from later laboratory analyses, including proton - induced x - ray emission and computer - controlled scanning electron microscopy directed by alexander laskin at the w. r. wiley environmental molecular sciences laboratory at doe ' s pacific northwest national laboratory in washington state, the stxm studies by mary gilles at berkeley lab ' s als, and other researchers using additional techniques. narrowing the suspects by comparing the mixing of lead, zinc, and chloride in the t0 particles to previous studies characterizing the sources of metal - containing aerosols, clues to the source of the mexico city particles quickly emerged. both nonferrous ( non - iron ) smelters and municipal waste incinerators emit particles that contain lead and zinc, and both have similar compositions \u2013 except that smelter particles do not contain phosphorus and chlorine, while incinerator particles do. the particles that contained lead and zinc in the t0 aerosols did contain phosphorus and chlorine, and had other species in common with incinerator samples, including soot. particles from smelting typically have more iron ; moreover, smelter emissions do not have large amounts of chlorine but do have high concentrations of sulfates, which were missing in the t0 samples. als beamline 11. 0. 2 helped further zero in on the chemical makeup of particles containing zinc. incinerators produce metal chlorides, which in the atmosphere can react with acidic gases and become other species like nitrates : many of the zinc - containing particles from t0 were zinc nitrates, suggesting their origin in incinerator emissions. zinc oxides were also among the particles collected at t0 ; nitrates, chlorides, and sulfates are partitioned on zinc oxide surfaces, and all are found in the lead and zinc - rich aerosols from t0. the occurrence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48481708595178435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1345c696-60cb-42b1-8f52-276e51b35451>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.712744"}
{"text": "zinc oxides were also among the particles collected at t0 ; nitrates, chlorides, and sulfates are partitioned on zinc oxide surfaces, and all are found in the lead and zinc - rich aerosols from t0. the occurrence of lead and zinc particles at different times of day \u2013 and even different days of the month \u2013 added more evidence for incineration as the principal source of the airborne metals. on most days, metal - rich particles at the t0 site peaked early in the morning, as early morning air masses from the northeastern part of the city carried them to other neighborhoods. the lag time of metal nitrates behind metal chlorides matched the time needed for reactions with nitric acid in the air. perhaps most telling, during the month - long collection, the lowest concentration of metal - rich particles occurred on a holiday weekend when most industrial processes were shut down. the lead - bearing aerosol particles found in mexico city are small, many of them needle - shaped, making them easy to inhale and likely to stay in the lungs. as time passes, the initial metal chlorides are converted to lead nitrates, which are soluble and readily enter the blood stream. can garbage incineration be unequivocally identified as the source of the worst pollution in the mexico city metropolitan area? not quite yet, says moffet. \" at present the government is not keeping track of emissions from incinerators, and incineration is not even listed in the emissions inventory for the metropolitan area, \" he says, \" although we saw garbage incinerators in the northern part of mexico city. but even short of absolute proof of bad health effects, incineration \u2013 especially of discarded electronics, which are loaded with heavy metals and chlorine \u2013 is a dangerous process and a growing problem in developing countries. \" \" characterization of aerosols containing zn, pb, and cl from an industrial region of mexico city, \" by ryan moffet, yuri desyaterik, rebecca hopkins, alexei tivanski, mary gilles, vaithiyalingam shutthanandan, luisa molina, r. gonzalez abraham, kenneth johnson, violeta mugica, mario molina, alexander laskin, and kimberly prather, appears in environmental science & technology and is available to subscribers at http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1021 / es7030483. berkeley lab is a u. s. department of energy national laboratory located in berkeley, california. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47678063582509134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1345c696-60cb-42b1-8f52-276e51b35451>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.714247"}
{"text": "revelation on church organization and government, given through joseph smith the prophet, at or near fayette, new york. portions of this revelation may have been given as early as summer 1829. the complete revelation, known at the time as the articles and covenants, was likely recorded soon after april 6, 1830 ( the day the church was organized ). the prophet wrote, \u201c we obtained of him [ jesus christ ] the following, by the spirit of prophecy and revelation ; which not only gave us much information, but also pointed out to us the precise day upon which, according to his will and commandment, we should proceed to organize his church once more here upon the earth. \u201d 1 the a of the b of christ in these last days, being one thousand eight hundred and thirty years since the c of our lord and savior jesus christ in the flesh, it being regularly d and established agreeable to the e of our country, by the will and commandments of god, in the fourth month, and on the sixth day of the month which is called april \u2014 2 which commandments were given to joseph smith, jun., who was a of god, and b an c of jesus christ, to be the d e of this church ; 3 and to oliver cowdery, who was also called of god, an apostle of jesus christ, to be the a elder of this church, and ordained under his hand ; 4 and this according to the a of our lord and savior jesus christ, to whom be all glory, both now and forever. amen. 5 after it was truly manifested unto this first elder that he had received a a of his sins, he was b again in the c of the world ; 6 but after a, and humbling himself sincerely, through faith, god ministered unto him by an holy b, whose c was as lightning, and whose garments were pure and white above all other whiteness ; 7 and gave unto him a which inspired him ; 8 and a him power from on high, by the b which were before prepared, to translate the book of mormon ; 9 which contains a a of a fallen people, and the b of the c of jesus christ to the gentiles and to the jews also ; 10 which was given by inspiration, and is confirmed to a by the ministering of angels, and is b unto the world by them \u2014 11 proving to the world that the holy scriptures are a, and that god does b men and call them to his c work in this age and generation,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40082788996819174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cf9bcb9-a981-4412-bb18-2fdc8a201eb7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.731342"}
{"text": "confirmed to a by the ministering of angels, and is b unto the world by them \u2014 11 proving to the world that the holy scriptures are a, and that god does b men and call them to his c work in this age and generation, as well as in generations of old ; 12 thereby showing that he is the a god yesterday, today, and b. amen. 13 therefore, having so great witnesses, by a shall the world be judged, even as many as shall hereafter come to a knowledge of this work. 14 and those who receive it in faith, and work a, shall receive a b of eternal life ; 15 but those who a their hearts in b, and c it, it shall turn to their own d \u2014 16 for the lord god has spoken it ; and we, the elders of the church, have heard and bear a to the words of the glorious majesty on high, to whom be glory forever and ever. amen. 17 by these things we a that there is a b in heaven, who is infinite and c, from everlasting to everlasting the same d god, the framer of heaven and earth, and all things which are in them ; 18 and that he a man, male and female, after his own b and in his own likeness, created he them ; 19 and gave unto them commandments that they should a and b him, the only c and true d, and that he should be the only being whom they should worship. 20 but by the a of these holy laws man became b and c, and became d man. 21 wherefore, the almighty god gave his a, as it is written in those scriptures which have been given of him. 22 he a b but gave no heed unto them. 23 he was a, b, and c again the third day ; 24 and a into heaven, to sit down on the right hand of the b, to c with almighty power according to the will of the father ; 25 that as many as would a and be baptized in his holy name, and b in faith to the end, should be saved \u2014 26 not only those who believed after he came in the a, in the b, but all those from the beginning, even as many as were before he came, who believed in the words of the holy prophets, who c as they were inspired by the d of the holy ghost, who truly e of him in all things, should have eternal life, 27 as well as those who should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44991194216808295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cf9bcb9-a981-4412-bb18-2fdc8a201eb7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.733953"}
{"text": "were before he came, who believed in the words of the holy prophets, who c as they were inspired by the d of the holy ghost, who truly e of him in all things, should have eternal life, 27 as well as those who should come after, who should believe in the a and callings of god by the holy ghost, which b record of the father and of the son ; 28 which father, son, and holy ghost are a, infinite and eternal, without end. amen. 29 and we know that all men must a and b on the name of jesus christ, and worship the father in his name, and c in d on his name to the end, or they cannot be e in the kingdom of god. 30 and we know that a through the b of our lord and savior jesus christ is just and true ; 31 and we know also, that a through the grace of our lord and savior jesus christ is just and true, to all those who b and serve god with all their c, minds, and strength. 32 but there is a possibility that man may a from b and depart from the living god ; 33 therefore let the church take heed and pray always, lest they fall into a ; 34 yea, and even let those who are a take heed also. 35 and we know that these things are true and according to the revelations of john, neither a to, nor diminishing from the prophecy of his book, the holy scriptures, or the revelations of god which shall come hereafter by the gift and power of the holy ghost, the b of god, or the ministering of angels. 36 and the lord god has a it ; and honor, power and glory be rendered to his holy b, both now and ever. amen. 37 and again, by way of commandment to the church concerning the manner of baptism \u2014 all those who a themselves before god, and desire to be baptized, and come forth with broken hearts and b, and witness before the church that they have truly repented of all their sins, and are willing to take upon them the c of jesus christ, having a d to serve him to the end, and truly manifest by their e that they have received of the f unto the g of their sins, shall be received by baptism into his church. 38 the a of the elders, priests, teachers, deacons, and members of the church of christ \u2014 an b is an c, and it is his calling to d ; 39 and to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44881043732189274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cf9bcb9-a981-4412-bb18-2fdc8a201eb7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.735716"}
{"text": "sins, shall be received by baptism into his church. 38 the a of the elders, priests, teachers, deacons, and members of the church of christ \u2014 an b is an c, and it is his calling to d ; 39 and to a other elders, priests, teachers, and deacons ; 40 and to administer a \u2014 the b of the flesh and blood of christ \u2014 41 and to a those who are baptized into the church, by the laying on of b for the baptism of fire and the holy ghost, according to the scriptures ; 42 and to teach, expound, exhort, baptize, and watch over the church ; 43 and to confirm the church by the laying on of the hands, and the giving of the holy ghost ; 44 and to take the a of all meetings. 45 the elders are to a the b as they are c by the holy ghost, according to the commandments and revelations of god. 46 the a duty is to preach, b, expound, exhort, and baptize, and administer the sacrament, 47 and visit the house of each member, and exhort them to a b and in secret and attend to all c duties. 48 and he may also a other priests, teachers, and deacons. 49 and he is to take the a of meetings when there is no elder present ; 50 but when there is an elder present, he is only to preach, teach, expound, exhort, and baptize, 51 and visit the house of each member, exhorting them to pray vocally and in secret and attend to all family duties. 52 in all these duties the priest is to a the elder if occasion requires. 53 the a duty is to b over the c always, and be with and strengthen them ; 54 and see that there is no iniquity in the church, neither a with each other, neither lying, b, nor c d ; 55 and see that the church meet together often, and also see that all the members do their duty. 56 and he is to take the lead of meetings in the absence of the elder or priest \u2014 57 and is to be assisted always, in all his duties in the church, by the a, if occasion requires. 58 but neither teachers nor deacons have authority to baptize, administer the a, or lay on b ; 59 they are, however, to warn, expound, exhort, and teach, and invite all to come unto christ. 60 every a, b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4397422242198374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cf9bcb9-a981-4412-bb18-2fdc8a201eb7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.736663"}
{"text": "nor deacons have authority to baptize, administer the a, or lay on b ; 59 they are, however, to warn, expound, exhort, and teach, and invite all to come unto christ. 60 every a, b, teacher, or deacon is to be c d to the gifts and callings of god unto him ; and he is to be e by the power of the holy ghost, which is in the one who ordains him. 61 the several elders composing this church of christ are to a in conference once in three months, or from time to time as said conferences shall direct or appoint ; 62 and said conferences are to do whatever church business is necessary to be done at the time. 63 the elders are to receive their licenses from other elders, by a of the church to which they belong, or from the conferences. 64 each priest, teacher, or deacon, who is ordained by a priest, may take a certificate from him at the time, which a, when presented to an elder, shall entitle him to a license, which shall authorize him to perform the duties of his calling, or he may receive it from a conference. 65 no person is to be a to any office in this church, where there is a regularly organized branch of the same, without the b of that church ; 66 but the presiding elders, traveling bishops, high councilors, high priests, and elders, may have the privilege of ordaining, where there is no branch of the church that a vote may be called. 67 every president of the high priesthood ( or presiding elder ), a, high councilor, and b, is to be ordained by the direction of a c or general conference. 68 the a of the members after they are received by b \u2014 the elders or priests are to have a sufficient time to expound all things concerning the church of christ to their c, previous to their partaking of the d and being confirmed by the laying on of the e of the elders, so that all things may be done in f. 69 and the members shall manifest before the church, and also before the elders, by a a walk and conversation, that they are worthy of it, that there may be works and b agreeable to the holy scriptures \u2014 walking in c before the lord. 70 every member of the church of christ having a is to bring them unto the elders before the church, who are to lay their b upon them in the name of jesus christ, and bless them in his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43599226103368083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cf9bcb9-a981-4412-bb18-2fdc8a201eb7>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.737621"}
{"text": "scriptures \u2014 walking in c before the lord. 70 every member of the church of christ having a is to bring them unto the elders before the church, who are to lay their b upon them in the name of jesus christ, and bless them in his name. 71 no one can be received into the church of christ unless he has arrived unto the years of a before god, and is capable of b. 72 a is to be administered in the following manner unto all those who repent \u2014 73 the person who is called of god and has authority from jesus christ to baptize, shall go down into the water with the person who has presented himself or herself for baptism, and shall say, calling him or her by name : having been commissioned of jesus christ, i baptize you in the name of the father, and of the son, and of the holy ghost. amen. 74 then shall he a him or her in the water, and come forth again out of the water. 75 it is expedient that the church a together often to b of c in the d of the lord jesus ; 76 and the elder or priest shall administer it ; and after this a shall he administer it \u2014 he shall kneel with the church and call upon the father in solemn prayer, saying : 77 o god, the eternal father, we ask thee in the name of thy son, jesus christ, to bless and sanctify this a to the souls of all those who partake of it, that they may eat in remembrance of the body of thy son, and b unto thee, o god, the eternal father, that they are willing to take upon them the name of thy son, and always remember him and keep his c which he has given them ; that they may always have his d to be with them. amen. 78 the a of administering the wine \u2014 he shall take the b also, and say : 79 o god, the eternal father, we ask thee in the name of thy son, jesus christ, to bless and sanctify this a to the souls of all those who drink of it, that they may do it in remembrance of the blood of thy son, which was shed for them ; that they may witness unto thee, o god, the eternal father, that they do always remember him, that they may have his spirit to be with them. amen. 80 any member of the church of christ a, or being b in a fault, shall be dealt with as the scriptures direct. 81 it shall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4010353396661333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cf9bcb9-a981-4412-bb18-2fdc8a201eb7>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.739528"}
{"text": "that they do always remember him, that they may have his spirit to be with them. amen. 80 any member of the church of christ a, or being b in a fault, shall be dealt with as the scriptures direct. 81 it shall be the duty of the several churches, composing the church of christ, to send one or more of their teachers to attend the several conferences held by the elders of the church, 82 with a list of the a of the several members uniting themselves with the church since the last conference ; or send by the hand of some priest ; so that a regular list of all the names of the whole church may be kept in a book by one of the elders, whomsoever the other elders shall appoint from time to time ; 83 and also, if any have been a from the church, so that their names may be blotted out of the general church b of names. 84 all members removing from the church where they reside, if going to a church where they are not known, may take a letter a that they are regular members and in good standing, which certificate may be signed by any elder or priest if the member receiving the letter is personally acquainted with the elder or priest, or it may be signed by the teachers or deacons of the church.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4572795074568686, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cf9bcb9-a981-4412-bb18-2fdc8a201eb7>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.740630"}
{"text": "william faulkner was quite an incredible man as well as a talented and cutting edge writer of his era. by the time he wrote as i lay dying, he had published five others and was receiving much acclaim for his works. it is no wonder that such an incredible figure in american literature would feel a deep connection to the classical works of homer. one intruiging passage from the odyssey lends itself to the novel ' s name. agamemnon speaks to odysseus, \" as i lay dying, the woman with the dog ' s eyes would not close my eyes as i descended into hades. \" faulkner was known to recite this quote from memory throughout his entire life. i believe that he was drawn into the story of odysseus, because it is an epic quest of incredible odds, set in a gothic tone of never - ending despair. odysseus is trying to return to his wife and son after battle, while receiving a series of set backs caused by an angry array of gods. it is possible that faulkner took this idea of epic proportions and found the religious and almost magical tones to be easily displaced upon a southern scene. of course, as i lay dying is itself an epic quest. with keeping in the tradition of? \" journey stories? \", it is told from 15 different perspectives. trials and tribulations occur, as well as loss, suffering, and an active portrayal into the interior motives behind each traveler. similar to odysseus? ' s betrayal by poseidon, it feels as if god has abandoned this helpless rural family. a mother has been left for dead, never knowing the enjoyment of life because of the forced suffering of motherhood and wifedom. and with her death comes a pack of children, lost to the warmth of a mother? ' s love. other similarities between the two stories exist. for instance, both begin in the middle of the drama, using flashbacks or digressions to fill in the missing gaps for the reader. both stories focus on exotic characters, with outlandish behavior to set a different scene than what might have been expected of a journey narrative. both stories have an almost magical feeling. it seems that the children of as i lay dying could never really be, although they seem genuine with their eloquent and sometimes bizarre commentary. this same mystical quality occurs in the odyssey, with cyclopes, nymphs, and gods, carrying human qualities, in an attempt to provide answers for the mysteries that plagued the world of antiquity. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4794919493629786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc8d3fa8-137b-4461-93fa-ba256bf7f7fd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.746977"}
{"text": "the sonata in b - flat minor, op. 35, was written in 1839 and published the following year. unusually, chopin initially approved the sonata funebre title, but later took out the adjective in the 3rd french edition. he described the work in an august 1839 letter to julian fontana thus : \u201c here i am writing a sonata in b - flat minor, containing the march that you know. there is an allegro, then a scherzo in e - flat minor, the march and short finale, perhaps 3 of my pages ; the left hand in unison with the right, gossiping after the march. \u201d as is apparent from this remark, the funeral march was composed earlier, probably in 1837, as witnessed by an album leaf containing the first eight bars of the trio and dated \u201c paris, 28. september 1837 \u201d. this movement was orchestrated by henri reber to be played in the madeleine \u2019 s church in paris at chopin \u2019 s own funeral in october 1849. the other three movements were concluded in the summer of 1839, in george sand \u2019 s manor house at nohant, right after their return from majorca. while quickly gaining popularity, the work was misunderstood by critics from the very beginning. thus, while anton rubinstein called the piece \u201c death poem \u201d, robert schumann was baffled by it, admitting it possessed beauty, but apparently misunderstanding its musical ideas and the structure, since he referred to it as \u201c four of chopin \u2019 s maddest children under the same roof \u201d and to the last movement, devoid of melody and clear key, as \u201c a jeer, but not music \u201d. it has been suggested that this sonata was modelled on beethoven \u2019 s sonata op. 26 in a - flat major, also known as the \u201c funeral march \u201d, which chopin often played and taught. written five years after the second sonata and published in 1845, the sonata in b minor, op. 58, lies on the other side of the transition period that many see as pivotal in chopin \u2019 s life. this work was completed a few months after the berceuse, and was written in times of tranquillity and relatively good health. the largest of all of chopin \u2019 s works for piano solo, it represents \u2013 together with the fantasie and the 4th ballade \u2013 the apotheosis of his creativity. called \u201c the most beautiful nocturne of all \u201d by a. hedley, \u201c ravishing \u201d by j. rink, \u201c messianic \u201d by k. stromenger and \u201c stunning \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42717987254819567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01bfb6dc-0b60-46b9-a778-49affbf4e8ca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.755197"}
{"text": "apotheosis of his creativity. called \u201c the most beautiful nocturne of all \u201d by a. hedley, \u201c ravishing \u201d by j. rink, \u201c messianic \u201d by k. stromenger and \u201c stunning \u201d by h. leichentritt, chopin \u2019 s barcarolle was also greatly admired by artists such as von bulow and was found by m. ravel to be \u201c the synthesis of the expressive and sumptuous art of this great slav \u201d, and to express \u201c languor in excessive joy \u201d by a. gide. the barcarolle represents a case in point of chopin \u2019 s ornamental genius. ravel wrote : \u201c chopin was not content merely to revolutionize piano technique. his figurations are inspired. through his brilliant passages one perceives profound, enchanting harmonies. always there is the hidden meaning which is translated into poetry of intense despair. \u201d chopin may have begun his work on the barcarolle because he suddenly found himself with time on his hands, an idea of a trip to italy in the autumn of 1845 having been cancelled due to the opposition of george sand \u2019 s son, maurice. the work carried over into the next year, which is when the piece was finalized and published. originally the typical song of venetian gondoliers, the barcarolle was often used in the romantic period due to its exotic ambience and the 6 / 8 or 12 / 8 lilting rhythm. j. chantavoine suggested that chopin \u2019 s barcarolle may have been a result of george sand \u2019 s stories about venice. chopin constructed it formally as one of his nocturnes, in three sections, where the middle one draws particularly on the boat - song 12 / 8 rhythm and imagery. harmonically, it is one of his most advanced works and it also explores trills in a way that beethoven has done in his late sonatas. \u00a9 2005 robert andres recorded at potton hall, uk, 17 - 24th june 2004 produced by philip hobbs engineered by julia thomas post production at finesplice, uk photographs of artur pizarro by sven arnstein", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4823557070138223, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01bfb6dc-0b60-46b9-a778-49affbf4e8ca>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.757469"}
{"text": "linux bridge + firewall mini - howto version 1. 2. 0 - 3. 1 software - 3. 2 prior reading. - 3. 3 boot configuration - 3. 4 kernel configuration - 3. 5 network addresses - 3. 6 network routing - 3. 7 card configuration - 3. 8 additional routing - 3. 9 bridge configuration - 3. 10 try it out - 3. 11 checks - 4. 1 software and reading - 4. 2 preliminary checks - 4. 3 default rule - 4. 4 holes per address - 4. 5 holes per protocol - 4. 6 checks a bridge is an intelligent connecting wire betwen two network cards. a firewall is an intelligent insulator. you might want a bridge if you have several computers : - to save the price of a new hub when you just happen to have an extra ethernet card available. - to save the bother of learning how to do ip - forwarding and other tricks when you _ have _ two cards in your computer. - to avoid maintenance work in the future when things change around! ` ` several computers ' ' might be as few as three if those are routing or bridging or just moving around the room from time to time! you also might want a bridge just for the fun of finding out what it does. 2 was what i wanted a bridge for. you want a firewall if - you are trying to protect your network from external accesses, or - you are trying to deny access to the world outside from your network. curiously, i needed 2 here too. policy at my university presently is that we should not act as internet service providers to undergraduates. i started out bridging the network cards in a firewalling machine and ended up firewalling without having cut the bridge. it seems to work and is more flexible than either configuration alone. i can take down the firewall and keep bridging or take down the bridge when i want to be more circumspect. i would guess that the bridge code lives just above the physical device layer and the firewalling code lives one layer higher up, so that the bridging and firewalling configurations effectively act as though they are running connected together ` ` in sequence ' ' and not ` ` in parallel ' ' ( ouch! ). diagram : - > bridge - in - > firewall - in - > kernel - > firewall - out - > bridge - out - > there is no other way to explain how one machine can be a ` `", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5029501358310933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ce404f2-e0c9-4d84-9e6b-ebece3ec8d8f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.778673"}
{"text": "( ouch! ). diagram : - > bridge - in - > firewall - in - > kernel - > firewall - out - > bridge - out - > there is no other way to explain how one machine can be a ` ` conductor ' ' and an ` ` insulator ' ' at the same time. there are a few caveats but i ' ll come to those later. basically you must route packets that you want to firewall. anyway, it all seems to work together nicely for me. here is what you do... get the bridge configuration utility from alan cox ' s home pages. this is the same reference as in chris ' document. i just didn ' t realize that it was an ftp and not an http url... read the multiple ethernet howto for some advice on getting more than one network card recognized and configured. yet more details of the kind of boot magic that you may need are in the boot prompt howto. you may be able to get away without the net - 2 howto. it is a good long read and you will have to pick from it the details you need. the reading material above will tell you that you need to prepare the kernel to recognize a second ethernet device at boot up by adding this to your / etc / lilo. conf, and then re - run lilo : append = \" ether = 0, 0, eth1 \" note the \" eth1 \". \" eth0 \" is the first card. \" eth1 \" is the second card. you can always add the boot parameters in your response to the line that lilo offers you. this is for three cards : linux ether = 0, 0, eth1 ether = 0, 0, eth2 i use loadlin to boot my kernel from dos : loadlin. exe c : \\ vmlinuz root = / dev / hda3 ro ether = 0, 0, eth1 ether = 0, 0, eth2 note that this trick makes the kernel probe at bootup. that will not happen if you load the ethernet drivers as modules ( for safety since the probe order can ' t be determined ) so if you use modules you will have to add the appropriate irq and port parameters for the driver in your / etc / conf. modules. i have at least alias eth0 3c509 alias eth1 de620 options 3c509 irq = 5 io = 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5033668229154494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ce404f2-e0c9-4d84-9e6b-ebece3ec8d8f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.779588"}
{"text": "appropriate irq and port parameters for the driver in your / etc / conf. modules. i have at least alias eth0 3c509 alias eth1 de620 options 3c509 irq = 5 io = 0x210 options de620 irq = 7 bnc = 1 you can tell if you use modules by using ` ` ps - aux ' ' to see if kerneld is running and checking that there are. o files in a subdirectory of your / lib / modules directory. you want the directory named with what uname - r tells you. if you have kerneld and / or you have a foo. o then edit / etc / conf. modules and read the man page for depmod carefully. note also that until recently ( kernel 2. 0. 25 ) the 3c509 driver could not be used for more than one card if used as a module. i have seen a patch floating around that fixes the oversight. it may be in the kernel when you read this. recompile the kernel with bridging enabled. i also compiled with firewalling and ip - forwarding and - masquerading and the rest enabled. only if you want firewalling too... config _ firewall = y config _ net _ alias = y config _ inet = y config _ ip _ forward = y config _ ip _ multicast = y config _ ip _ firewall = y config _ ip _ firewall _ verbose = y config _ ip _ masquerade = y you don ' t need all of this. what you do need apart from this is the standard net configuration : and i do not think you need worry about any of the other networking options. i have any options that i did not actually compile into the kernel available through kernel modules that i can add in later. install the new kernel in place, rerun lilo and reboot with the new kernel. nothing should have changed at this point! chris says that a bridge should not have an ip address but that is not the setup to be described here. you are going to want to use the machine for connecting to the net so you need an address and you need to make sure that you have the loopback device configured in the normal way so that your software can talk to the places they expect to be able to talk to. if loopback is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4939103051446979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ce404f2-e0c9-4d84-9e6b-ebece3ec8d8f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.780539"}
{"text": "for connecting to the net so you need an address and you need to make sure that you have the loopback device configured in the normal way so that your software can talk to the places they expect to be able to talk to. if loopback is down the name resolver or other net sevices might fail. see the net - 2 - howto, but your standard configuration should already have done this bit : ifconfig lo 127. 0. 0. 1 route add - net 127. 0. 0. 0 you will have to give addresses to your network cards. i altered the / etc / rc. d / rc. inet1 file in my slackware ( 3. x ) to setup two cards and you should also essentially just look for your net configuration file and double or treble the number of instructions in it. suppose that you already have an address at ( that is in the private net reserved address space, but never mind - it won ' t hurt anybody if you use this address by mistake ) then you probably already have a line like ifconfig eth0 192. 168. 2. 100 netmask 255. 255. 255. 0 metric 1 in your configuration. the first thing you are going to probably want to do is cut the address space reached by this card in half so that you can eventually bridge or firewall the two halves. so add a line which reduces the mask to address a smaller number of machines : ifconfig eth0 netmask 255. 255. 255. 128 try it too. that restricts the card to at most the address space between. 0 and. 127. now you can set your second card up in the other half of the local address space. make sure that nobody already has the address. for symmetry i set it at 228 = 128 + 100 here. any address will do so long as it is not in the other card ' s mask, and even then, well, maybe. avoid special addresses like. 0,. 1,. 128 etc. unless you really know what you are doing. ifconfig eth1 192. 168. 2. 228 netmask 255. 255. 255. 128 metric 1 that restricts the second card to addresses between. 128 and. 255. this is where i have to announce the caveats in the bridging + firewalling scheme : you cannot firewall packets which are not routed. no routes, no firewall. at least this appears to be true in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5188540010489836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ce404f2-e0c9-4d84-9e6b-ebece3ec8d8f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.783280"}
{"text": "and. 255. this is where i have to announce the caveats in the bridging + firewalling scheme : you cannot firewall packets which are not routed. no routes, no firewall. at least this appears to be true in the 2. 0. 30 and more recent kernels. the firewalling filters are closely involved with the ip - forwarding code. that does not mean that you cannot bridge. you can bridge between two cards and firewall them from a third. you can have only two cards and firewall both of them against an outside ip such as a nearby router, provided that the router is routed by you to exactly one of the cards. in other words, since i will be doing firewalling, so i want to precisely control the physical destination of some packets. i have the small net of machines attached to a hub hanging off eth0, so i configure a net there : route add - net 192. 168. 2. 128 netmask 255. 255. 255. 128 dev eth0 the 128 would be 0 if i had a full class c network there. i don ' t, by definition, since i just halved the address space. the \" dev eth0 \" is not necessary here because the cards address falls within the mask, but it may be necessary for you. one might need more than one card holding up this subnet ( 127 machines on one segment, oh yeah ) but those cards would be being bridged under the same netmask so that they appear as one to the routing code. on the other card i have a line going straight through to a big router that i trust. client 129 _ _ | _ _ client 1 \\. 0. 128 | / net 1 client 2 - - - hub - eth0 - kernel - eth1 - hub - router - - - net 2 client 3 _ _ /. 100. 228. 2 | \\ _ _ net 3 | client 254 i attach the address of the router to that card as a fixed ( \" static \" ) route because it would otherwise fall within the first cards netmask and the kernel would be thinking wrongly about how to send packets to the big router. i will want to firewall these packets and that is another reason fow wanting to route them specifically. route add 192. 168. 2. 2 dev eth1 i don ' t need it, since i don ' t have any more machines in that half", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5218141086577168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ce404f2-e0c9-4d84-9e6b-ebece3ec8d8f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.785001"}
{"text": "to firewall these packets and that is another reason fow wanting to route them specifically. route add 192. 168. 2. 2 dev eth1 i don ' t need it, since i don ' t have any more machines in that half of the address space, but i declare a net also on the second card. separating my interfaces into two sets via routing will allow me to do very tight firewalling eventually, but you can get away with far less routing than this. route add - net 192. 168. 2. 128 netmask 255. 255. 255. 128 dev eth1 i also need to send all non - local packets out to the world so i tell the kernel to send them to the big router route add default gw 192. 168. 2. 2 so much was standard networking setup, but we are bridging so we also have to listen on both (? ) cards for packets that are not aimed at us. the following should go into the network configuration file. ifconfig promisc eth0 ifconfig promisc eth1 the man page says allmulti = promisc, but it didn ' t work for me. one thing that i noticed was that i had to put at least the second card into a mode where it would respond to the big router ' s questions about which machines i was hiding in my local net. ifconfig arp eth1 for good measure i did this to the other card too. ifconfig arp eth0. put bridging enabling on and into your configuration file : you should have been trying this out in real time all along, of course! the bridge configure will bring up some numbers. you can experiment with turning on and off the ports one at a time brcfg - port 0 - disable / - enable brcfg - port 1 - disable / - enable you get status reports anytime by just running without any parameters. you will see that the bridge listens, learns, and then does forwarding. ( i don ' t understand why the code repeats the same hardware addresses for both my cards, but never mind.. chris ' howto say that is ok ) if you are still up and running as things are, try out your configuration script for real by taking down both cards and then executing it : ifconfig eth0 down ifconfig eth1 down / etc / rc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.488662813435882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ce404f2-e0c9-4d84-9e6b-ebece3ec8d8f>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.786594"}
{"text": ") if you are still up and running as things are, try out your configuration script for real by taking down both cards and then executing it : ifconfig eth0 down ifconfig eth1 down / etc / rc. d / rc. inet1 with any luck the various subsystems ( nfs, ypbind, etc. ) won ' t notice. do not try this unless you are sitting at the keyboard! if you want to be more careful than this, you should take down as many daemons as possible beforehand, and unmount nfs directories. the worst that can happen is that you have to reboot in single - user mode ( the \" single \" parameter to lilo or loadlin ), and take out your changes before rebooting with things the way they were before you started. verify that there is different traffic on each interface : tcpdump - i eth0 ( in one window ) tcpdump - i eth1 ( in another window ) you should get used to using tcpdump to look for things that should not be happening or that are happening and should not. for instance look for packets that have gone through the bridge to the second card from the internal net. here i am looking for packets from the machine with address. 22 : tcpdump - i eth1 - e host 192. 168. 2. 22 then send a ping from the. 22 host to the router. you should see the packet reported by tcpdump. at this stage you should have a bridge ready that also has two network addreses. test that you can ping them from outside and inside your local net, and that you can telnet and ftp around between inside and outside too. you should read the firewall - howto. that will tell you where to get ipfwadm if you don ' t already have it. there are other tools you can get but i made no progress until i tried ipfwadm. it is nice and low level! you can see exactly what it is doing. you have compiled ip - forwarding and masquerading into the kernel so you will want to check that the firewall is in its default ( accepting ) state with ipfwadm - i - l ipfwadm - o - l ipfwadm - f - l that is respectively, \" display the rules affecting the.. \" incoming or outgoing or forwarding ( masquerading ) \"..", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4695983854718969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ce404f2-e0c9-4d84-9e6b-ebece3ec8d8f>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.789085"}
{"text": "the clients / etc / resolv. conf nameserver 123. 456. 789. 31 \" on a separate line ). ipfwadm - i - i accept - p tcp - s 192. 168. 2. 0 / 255. 255. 255. 128 \\ - d 123. 456. 789. 31 / 255. 255. 255. 255 54 you can find which port number and protocol a service requires with tcpdump. trigger the service with a an ftp or a telnet or whatever to or from the internal machine and then watch for it on the input and output ports of the firewall with tcpdump : tcpdump - i eth1 - e host client04 for example. the / etc / services file is another important source of clues. to let telnet and ftp in to the firewall from outside, you have to allow the local clients to call out on a specific port. i understand why this is necessary for ftp - it ' s the server that establishes the data stream in the end - but i am not sure why telnet also needs this. ipfwadm - i - i accept - p tcp - s 192. 168. 2. 0 / 255. 255. 255. 128 ftp telnet \\ - d 0. 0. 0. 0 / 0. 0. 0. 0 there is a particular problem with some daemons that look up the hostname of the firewalling machine in order to decide what is their networking address. rpc. yppasswdd is the one i had trouble with. it insists on broadcasting information that says it is outside the firewall ( on the second card ). that means the clients inside can ' t contact it. rather than start ip aliasing or change the daemon code, i mapped the name to the inside card address on the clients in their / etc / hosts. you want to test that you can still telnet, rlogin and ping from the outside. from the inside you should be able to ping out. you should also be able to telnet to the firewall machine from the inside and the latter should be able to do anything. that is it. at this point you probably want to learn about rpc / yellow pages and the interaction with the password file. the firewalled network wants to run without its unprivileged users being able to log on to the firewall - and thus get out. some other howto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44683882317834034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ce404f2-e0c9-4d84-9e6b-ebece3ec8d8f>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.793812"}
{"text": "user management is a very basic administrative task on any operating system. performing that task on linux is just as simple as on any other os. experienced users already know how to do this, but if you are a new convert to linux, and are using zenwalk 6. 2, the latest edition of zenwalk, this tutorial provides a step - by - step guide on how to add a user on a running system. unless you have granted user management rights to a regular user, adding a user on zenwalk requires root privileges ( zenwalk uses the root account for access to performing admin tasks on the system ). you can access the user management application from the control panel, itself accessible from zenwalk menu > settings > control panel. on the control panel, click on the user profiles icon on the user management screen, select create user and click ok. type in the username. the username is the name that the user will use to log into the system. by default, the user belongs to the users group. no need to change anything here. by default, the user \u2019 s home directory is / home / < username >. again, no need to change anything here. aside from the users default group, the user also belong to certain system groups. membership in these additional groups allows the user to perform certain tasks on the system. unless you know what you are doing, don \u2019 t change anything here. bash, bourne again shell, is the default shell interpreter on linux. and the path to bash is usually / bin / bash. ok. sometimes, you want to create a temporary account for a guest, or you are very security conscious and want to implement password aging. in such cases, you can set the password to expire. select the desired password expiration date and click ok, or click on never if you do not want to implement password aging.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.444762109360353, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c15d335c-4a09-428e-9a52-f33e806bde2e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.796211"}
{"text": "by dave phillips openal, the open audio library, is an initiative from creative labs and loki entertainment designed to provide a cross - platform open source solution for programming 2d and 3d audio. it is licensed under the gnu lesser general public license ( lgpl ), with current implementations supporting windows, the macintosh os, linux, freebsd, os / 2, and beos. the openal api has been designed for portability of applications between supported platforms, particularly games and other multimedia applications using opengl for 3d graphics. as its name implies, openal is analogous in many ways to sgi ' s opengl, a widely implemented standard for specifying high - quality 3d graphics ( see chris halsall ' s article for more information regarding opengl ). the analogy extends far beyond the name : many of the design considerations for openal are derived from similar considerations for the visual effects possible from opengl, particularly with regard to movement in three dimensions and proximity - dependent texture variance. because the openal api is so similar to opengl, programmers employing opengl for graphics can more easily bind sonic activity to visuals, leading to exciting possibilities for games and other graphics - intensive applications. as with opengl, a little openal code does a lot. developers can simply place their sounds into a scene and let openal render the changes of the sounds relative to the positional changes of the listener. the programming interface is hardware - independent. it can be deployed on virtually any soundcard usable on the supported platforms, though of course its potential will be most fully realized on cards with multichannel audio output. the api is a relatively higher - level interface that provides a communication protocol with the sound card driver. for linux users it should make no difference whether the card driver comes from the kernel sources, alsa, or oss / linux. the openal library is designed to act in coordination with the low - level routines of the driver. at this time the api and library focus only on pcm audio, although it is possible that future revisions will address cd audio and hardware midi synthesis. openal also follows recommendations put forth by the interactive audio special interest group ( iasig ). the current api has been written to accommodate at least the following iasig level 1 guidelines : - distance - based attenuation - - the strengthening or weakening of a sound ' s dynamic level as it approaches or leaves the listener. - position - based panning - - the location of a sound is calculated relative to the listener, not merely shifting between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4628692326034729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d0f813d-7d1e-4f27-93bc-de88209a2b8f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.803722"}
{"text": "- based attenuation - - the strengthening or weakening of a sound ' s dynamic level as it approaches or leaves the listener. - position - based panning - - the location of a sound is calculated relative to the listener, not merely shifting between speakers. - doppler effects - - the perceived rise and fall of a sound ' s pitch as a source approaches and leaves the listener. - sound radiation - - control of a sound ' s dispersion through the acoustic field. openal resources on - line the author would like to thank joseph i. valenzuela, michael vance, bernd kreimeier, fotis hadginikos, and derrick story for their vast assistance. this series of articles could not have been written without their help. the iasig level 2 guidelines specify a set of environment parameters for reverberation. work has already begun to incorporate those parameters into the openal api. the current openal api reference can be found in the openal / docs directory, but it is in sgml format. you will need the docbook tools to compile the api documentation into readable html. the reference documentation is also available on - line here. i should emphasize that the documentation is directed only to developers at this time. as an open source project with corporate blessings, openal seems assured of widespread implementation. it offers an open source solution to the problem of highly portable cross - platform support for 3d audio in games and other multimedia applications, making it of great interest to developers and end - users alike. even while the 1. 0 specification is being ratified, some developers are already employing openal ' s services. openal is not without its contenders, but those solutions are proprietary or locked into a single architecture. openal is already a working multi - platform interface for audio ( especially 3d audio ) services, and with hardware acceleration, openal could revolutionize computer audio in the same way as opengl revolutionized computer graphics, an exciting prospect indeed. as a final reminder, please note that openal is a community effort, and community involvement is encouraged. see the openal web site for complete details on getting involved in the project. in the last article we will take a deeper look at the internals of the api, but first we ' ll discuss 3d audio and then see what real - world applications have already employed the openal specification. discuss this article in the o ' reilly network linux forum. return to the linux devcenter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5613189984321509, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d0f813d-7d1e-4f27-93bc-de88209a2b8f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.804983"}
{"text": "how to start rock climbing when thinking about how to start rock climbing, many people assume that you need a physique of sylvester stallone in \" cliffhanger \". but if you take the right steps in preparing yourself for this mentally and physically stimulating work out, you will surprise yourself with how good you can be. this work out can be incredibly challenging both physically and mentally. however, the end reward makes it all very worth it. to start rock climbing you will need the following items : - climbing shoes - climbing rope - a harness - a belay device - chalk ( optional ; used by some climbers to help with their grip ) the number one lesson in beginning your adventure is that you can never stop learning. - take a professional lesson in belaying, harness and rope safety, and the terminologies of rock climbing. if you go to any indoor rock climbing facility they should have the staff to provide you with such a lesson, they should also have equipment that you can rent. be sure to wear comfortable but tighter clothing that you can move around in easily. you need to feel very comfortable at an indoor facility before you should attempt to rock climb in the outdoors. rocks are much less forgiving on beginners mistakes and so are the elements of nature. - learn how to do \" top rope \" climbing. this form of climbing is the safest form. the rope that is connected to you ( the climber ) goes up and through a hold at the very top of the wall and back down to your belayer ( the person on the ground who holds the rope ). be sure to utilize the person you have belaying. they can instruct you on where to look for good holds and can be a great source of encouragement if you start to struggle. with this form of climbing it is very difficult for you to fall far and you can take breaks easier. rock climbing, even in the elementary stages, is a very intense cardio work out as well as a mental challenge. but the more often you participate in rock climbing, the better you will be physically and at finding good holds for your hands and feet. - start to challenge yourself by following precise routes after practicing the basics that you ' ve learned from your lesson, its time to make it real. the wall at the indoor facility will have these routes marked off by coloured tape. trying to stay on these routes will give you a better concept of climbing outdoors as there aren ' t options or cheats on the side of a rock face. the routes are also rated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39227945647964085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f924ae12-af82-4c8e-907d-be7b5633cb71>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.813754"}
{"text": "the indoor facility will have these routes marked off by coloured tape. trying to stay on these routes will give you a better concept of climbing outdoors as there aren ' t options or cheats on the side of a rock face. the routes are also rated on a scale. try to master a few of the easiest routes and then push yourself to the next level of the scale. the higher the number the higher the difficulty of the route. - consider taking a course on \" lead \" climbing. once you feel comfortable at the indoor facility on top rope, try this type of climbing. it requires you to hook the rope through caribbeaners as you, is a slightly more intense and much more skillful form of climbing. you need to absolutely feel secure in your abilities and the person you have handling your belay in order to participate in lead climbing. - consider going to an outdoor rock face. after mastering lead climbing, try this. be sure to research the location you ' re going to so you know some hints before trying to go on your own. red river gorge in kentucky is a great location for a plethora of different types of routes. as with any new skill, practice makes perfect. you shouldn ' t expect to be mr. stallone within your first few attempts. just continue trying and pushing yourself psychically and mentally at climbing. it ' s an incredibly rewarding activity in both sense.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4562075705560714, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f924ae12-af82-4c8e-907d-be7b5633cb71>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.814487"}
{"text": "los angeles \u2014 researchers have some new advice for high school students who want to improve their grades : become friends with academically oriented classmates. it may sound obvious, but researchers went to considerable effort to prove it. they surveyed all members of the junior class at maine - endwell high school in endwell, n. y., and asked students to rate each of their classmates as either a \" best friend, \" a \" friend, \" an \" acquaintance \" or someone they didn ' t know. they got responses from 92 percent of students and used them to reconstruct the social networks among 158 11th - graders as of jan. 11, 2011. the research team also obtained the grade point averages for all 158 students in january 2011 and january 2012, so they could track how their academic performance changed over time. for the analysis, those gpas were converted into class rankings. then they compared the rankings of each student to those of their best friends, friends and acquaintances. sure enough, the researchers found a linear relationship between a student ' s grades and the academic environment of their social network. if a student ' s class ranking at the start of the study was higher than usual for her social network, it tended to fall over the course of the year. conversely, if a student ranked below the rest of her group, her class ranking tended to rise. the most significant influence appeared to be the grades of those labeled as \" friends. \" to explain this, the researchers hypothesized that the grades of \" best friends \" made little difference in the equation because they were probably very similar to start with. but the gaps between students and their \" friends \" were bigger, so there was more opportunity for influence. the findings were published recently in the journal plos one. the results are in line with other studies showing that happiness, obesity and other traits can spread through social networks. of note : six of the study authors are students at maine - endwell high. the senior author is hiroki sayama, director of the collective dynamics of complex systems research group at binghamton university in binghamton, n. y.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4896778653501753, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:843969ac-25a2-4f76-9ae8-131550c09e8c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.821536"}
{"text": "send scsi read long command to device. the read buffer is output in hex and ascii to stdout or placed in a file. note that the data returned includes the logical block data ( typically 512 bytes for a disk ) plus ecc information ( whose format is proprietary ) plus optionally other proprietary arguments to long options are mandatory for short options as well. uses a scsi read long ( 16 ) command. the default action is to use a scsi read long ( 10 ) command. the read long ( 10 ) command has a 32 bit field for the lba while read long ( 16 ) has a 64 bit field. sets the ' corrct ' bit in the scsi read long command. when set the data is corrected by the ecc before being transferred back to this utility. the default is to leave the ' corrct ' bit clear in which case the data is output the usage message then exit. where lba is the logical block address of the sector to read. assumed to be in decimal unless prefixed with ' 0x ' ( or has a trailing ' h ' ). defaults to lba 0. if the lba is larger than can fit in 32 bits then the - - 16 option should be used. instead of outputting ascii hex to stdout, send it in binary to the file called of. if ' - ' is given for of then the ( binary ) output is sent to stdout. note that all informative and error output is sent to stderr. sets the ' pblock ' bit in the scsi read long command. when set the physical block ( plus ecc data ) containing the requested logical block address is read. the default is to leave the ' pblock ' bit clear in which case the logical block ( plus any ecc data ) is read. opens the device read - only rather than read - write which is the default. the linux sg driver needs read - write access for the scsi read long command but other access methods may require read - only increase the level of verbosity, ( i. e. debug output ). print the version string and then exit. where btl is the byte transfer length ( default to 520 ). if the given value ( or the default ) does not match the \" long \" block size of the device, the appropriate btl is deduced from the error response and printed ( to stderr ). the idea is that the user will retry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46767992460843305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5000b17e-514d-4ff0-8a68-5e00bbfc850b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.824653"}
{"text": "the given value ( or the default ) does not match the \" long \" block size of the device, the appropriate btl is deduced from the error response and printed ( to stderr ). the idea is that the user will retry this utility with the correct transfer length. if a defective block is found and its contents, if any, has been retrieved then \" sg _ reassign \" could be used to map out the defective block. associated with such an action the number of elements in the \" grown \" defect list could be monitored ( with \" sg _ reassign - - grown \" ) as the disk could be nearing the end of its useful lifetime. various numeric arguments ( e. g. lba ) may include multiplicative suffixes or be given in hexadecimal. see the \" numeric arguments \" section in the sg3 _ utils ( 8 ) man page. as a data point, fujitsu uses a 54 byte ecc ( per block ) which is capable of correcting up to a single burst error or 216 bits \" on the fly \". [ information obtained from mav20xxrc product manual. ] the exit status of sg _ read _ long is 0 when it is successful. otherwise see the sg3 _ utils ( 8 ) man page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5001801309377264, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5000b17e-514d-4ff0-8a68-5e00bbfc850b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.825146"}
{"text": "the patrick administration has been working to enhance its long - term financial planning based on best practices prescribed by the government finance officers association ( gfoa ). best practices include the use of a sound conceptual approach, ensuring that near - term decisions measure long - term impacts, and developing a solution framework that is aligned with policy goals. the commonwealth has implemented a conceptual approach of \u201c structural balance \u201c that is designed to delineate among different causes of fiscal imbalance. the application of this approach identifies three critical challenges facing the commonwealth : a remaining structural deficit due to the significant reduction in tax revenue since the recession, cost inflation on safety net and health care programs, and the need to improve policy measures to address economic volatility. each of these challenges is a central feature of our fy12 budget proposal as further described in the conclusion to this section. structural balance approach and analysis the goal of structural balance is to base spending on policy priorities and a predictable level of sustainable revenue. our supporting analysis includes a five - year forecast for revenue and spending based on historical trends as well as the outlook for the state economy. the forecast includes a projection of tax revenue, based on input from local economists, that also provides the basis to develop an estimated long - term trend - line for tax revenue. the forecast indicates that the state economy will be below trend during a four year recovery period beginning in fiscal year 2012 before reaching a \u201c steady - state \u201d level of long - term tax revenue growth of approximately 5 % in 2016. the imputed trend - line was developed using the tax revenue figures from 2016 and discounting revenue back by the estimated 5 % annually. a similar approach was taken to develop a pre - recession revenue trend - line and select results of this analysis are highlighted in the exhibit below. ( note : the time horizon in the exhibit has been truncated in order to emphasize the key findings discussed below ). the results of this analysis provide three useful insights into our near - term fiscal challenges. first, tax revenue in fy07 ( i. e. pre - recession ) was approximately $ 2 billion greater than the then current trend - line. second, the impact of the recession on this trend - line after fy09 was a significant downward shift of an additional $ 2 billion. finally, the outlook for the economy suggests that recovery in tax revenue will be only modest : approximately $ 500 million based on the difference between the trend and forecast for tax revenue in fy12. the combined impact of these effects is that the fy12 budget will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5307388116107712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:286419c9-3de6-4925-8166-9267d5a59abe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.837575"}
{"text": "outlook for the economy suggests that recovery in tax revenue will be only modest : approximately $ 500 million based on the difference between the trend and forecast for tax revenue in fy12. the combined impact of these effects is that the fy12 budget will have approximately $ 5 billion less in available resource than we had in fy07 on an inflation adjusted basis, with an expectation that only 10 % of this amount will be re - couped during the recovery. the estimates of tax revenue were done in tandem with trend based projections for spending that are largely influenced by health care cost inflation. health care costs in the state have been growing at 8 - 9 % which has had the effect of increasing the share of health care costs from 31 % to 38 % over the four year period ending with fy10 ( exhibit 2 ). the impact of this increase combined with the reduction in revenue sources described above, is that the commonwealth will have approximately 25 % less in resource available for non - health care spending in fy12 than was available in fy07. the growth rate of health care costs also suggests that there could be a further squeeze on other spending and a risk of increasing structural deficits if health care cost inflation cannot be addressed. if current trends continue, for example, the growth in total state spending by fy15 would be approximately 6 % ( driven by an 8 - 9 % spending rate for health care and a 3 % rate for most other programs ) as compared to an estimated revenue growth rate of 5 %. the 1 % differential would result in additional structural deficits of nearly $ 400 million annually, providing a clear indication that the current levels of health care cost inflation are not sustainable. the application of long - term planning to inform near - term decisions the structural balance analysis has informed our understanding of the state \u2019 s fiscal imbalances and our recommendations to address these challenges in the fy12 budget. the revenue forecast and trend - line allows us to employ the $ 500million cyclical shortfall as a guideline on the maximum use of one time resources that are sustainable over time. any spending in excess of this amount would continue to sustain a structural deficit or require budgetary spending that is not sustainable. the fy12 budget includes use of $ 385 million in one time resources, well within the sustainable level based on our cyclical shortfall. this is based in part on the assumption that the state would also restrain spending during a strong economy when tax revenue is above the then current trend - line ( see managing economic vol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46734535610866756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:286419c9-3de6-4925-8166-9267d5a59abe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.840003"}
{"text": "definitionby mayo clinic staff click to enlarge a broken rib, or fractured rib, is a common injury that occurs when one of the bones in your rib cage breaks or cracks. the most common cause of broken ribs is trauma to the chest, such as from a fall, motor vehicle accident or impact during contact sports. many broken ribs are merely cracked. while still painful, cracked ribs aren ' t as potentially dangerous as ribs that have been broken. in these situations, a jagged piece of bone could damage major blood vessels or internal organs, such as the lungs. in most cases, broken ribs heal on their own in one or two months. adequate pain control is important, so you can continue to breathe deeply and avoid lung complications, such as pneumonia. - karlson ka. rib fractures. http : / / www. uptodate. com / home / index. html. accessed feb. 7, 2011. - brunett ph, et al. pulmonary trauma. in : tintinalli je, et al. tintinalli ' s emergency medicine : a comprehensive study guide. 7th ed. new york, n. y. : the mcgraw - hill companies ; 2011. http : / / www. accessmedicine. com / content. aspx? aid = 6389704. accessed feb. 5, 2011. - fractures. the merck manuals : the merck manual for healthcare professionals. http : / / www. merckmanuals. com / professional / sec21 / ch309 / ch309b. html # sec21 - ch309 - ch309b - 141. accessed feb. 8, 2011. - preventing falls and related fractures. national institute of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases. http : / / www. niams. nih. gov / health _ info / bone / osteoporosis / fracture / prevent _ falls. asp. accessed feb. 8, 2011. - laskowski er ( expert opinion ). mayo clinic, rochester, minn. feb. 8, 2011.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4627193590572367, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ef3ba15-8d7b-470a-a60c-3ff7087944d7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.844263"}
{"text": "range : vancouver - baja calif. depth : 6 - 18 ( 38 ) m. table of contents the sea grape commonly known as \" sea grapes, \" botryocladia ( botryo = grape, cladia = branches ) pseudodichotoma is an abundant member of the rhodophyta ( red algae ). the following phylogeny consists of links to list of common characteristics which justify botryocladia ' s inclusion : - thallus is 10 - 30 cm. tall - elongate, pyriform ( pear - shaped ), sacchate ( sack - like ) branches - sacchate branches are 4 - 7 cm long and 6 - 25 mm in diameter - branches contain a colorless, acidic, polysaccharide and protein mucilage which makes them bouyant and therefore better able to compete for light - 3 cell layers - pigmented cortical cells - unpigmented medium sized gelatinous cells - unpigmented large gelatinous medullar cells ( & specialized gland cells cluster in groups of 10 - 20 on the inward facing surface of medullar cells which in pseudodichotoma are noticeably smaller than its neighbors. it is easy to view secretory cells under a microscope by making cross - sections with a razorblade. with all florideophyceae, b. pseudodichotoma has a tri - phasic life cells of the diploid tetrasporophyte undergo meiosis to create cruciate tetraspores ( 3. 88 million / day ). each of the 4 spores can grow into a haploid gametophyte ( male or female ). mature male gametophyte emits spermatia which fertilize cells on the female gametophyte. where fertilization has succeeded, a diploid carposporophyte grows on the female gametophyte. carposporophyte has a pore opening to the outside through which it releases diploid carpospores. these carpospores settle and grow into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46142849868326286, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5af214eb-c261-4fff-a47c-c2ca3a8e2822>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.846159"}
{"text": "breaking the cox code using the team approach editor \u2019 s note : this story, first published in 2004, has been updated. prostaglandins, which were first isolated from the prostate gland in 1936, are very rapidly metabolized, or broken down, making measurement in the blood difficult. researchers at vanderbilt led by john oates, m. d., developed methods for measuring levels of prostaglandin metabolites ( breakdown products ) in the urine using mass spectrometry. using this technique, the research team \u2014 which by the late 1970s included l. jackson roberts, m. d. \u2014 identified prostaglandin d2 as a product of the human mast cell and demonstrated its release during allergic asthma. with colleagues including garret a. fitzgerald, m. d., now chair of pharmacology at the university of pennsylvania, oates and roberts showed that low doses of aspirin blocked the production of thromboxane, a prostaglandin made by platelets that causes blood clotting and constriction of blood vessels. their findings supported the use of low dose aspirin to prevent heart attacks. in the early 1990s, vanderbilt researchers led by ray dubois, m. d., ph. d., discovered a link between the cox - 2 enzyme and colon cancer. that work helped lead to current tests of cox - 2 inhibitors as a potential way to prevent cancer. in 2004 another group led by the late jason morrow, m. d., and david h. johnson, m. d., director of the hematology - oncology division at vanderbilt, reported that urine levels of a prostaglandin metabolite called pge - m could predict the effectiveness of a cox - 2 inhibitor in patients with non - small cell lung cancer. this suggests, morrow said in 2004, \u201c that the measurement of these inflammatory \u2018 mediators \u2019 and their suppression may be useful in the treatment of lung cancer. \u201d cox enzymes also may play a role in alzheimer \u2019 s disease. in addition to prostaglandins, the cox pathway can lead to the production of highly reactive molecular compounds called levuglandins, which, in turn, can form \u201c adducts, \u201d or irreversible attachments to proteins that may be toxic to nerve cells. also in 2004, oates and his colleagues at vanderbilt and johns hopkins university reported that they found a 12 - fold increase in the level of adducts in the brains of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4816876184527623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0428aaca-1b84-4407-9b6f-93b230a692b3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.855056"}
{"text": "characteristics of first urinary tract infection with fever in children : a prospective clinical and imaging study the pediatric infectious disease journal, 04 / 18 / 2011 ismaili khalid et al. - girls represent 63 % of cases with first urinary tract infection ( uti ). for 91 % of utis, escherichia coli is held responsible with a high rate of resistance to ampicillin and trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole. us is an excellent screening tool that allows avoidance of unjustified voiding cystourethrography studies. methods - the authors prospectively followed ( median, 20 months ) 209 children treated for first febrile uti. - renal ultrasound ( us ) and voiding cystourethrography examinations were performed in all patients. - among the children, 63 % were females and 37 % were males, and 75 % of them had their first uti before the age of 2 years. - the most common causative agent was escherichia coli ( 91 % of cases ) with high rate resistance to ampicillin ( 58 % ) and trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole ( 38 % ). - of these children, 25 % had evidence of vur ( 15 boys and 38 girls ). vur was of low grade in 85 % of cases. - the overall performance of renal us as a diagnostic test to detect significant uropathies excluding low - grade vesicoureteral reflux ( vur ) was excellent ; the sensitivity attained 97 % and the specificity 94 %.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47266113377674746, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fc73805-8ab2-440e-aff9-277e9a6bf523>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.858368"}
{"text": "fragile x syndrome ( cont. ) a variety of professionals can help individuals with fragile x and their families deal with symptoms of the disorder. such assistance is usually most effective when provided by health care professionals experienced with fragile x. - speech - language therapists can help people with fragile x to improve their pronunciation of words and sentences, slow down speech, and use language more effectively. they may set up social or problem - solving situations to help a child practice using language in meaningful ways. for the minority of children who fail to develop functional speech, this type of specialist may work with other specialists to design and teach nonverbal ways of communication. for example, some children may prefer to use small picture cards arranged on a key ring to express themselves ; or they may learn to use a hand - held computer that is programmed to \" say \" words and phrases when a single key is pressed. - occupational therapists help find ways to adjust tasks and conditions to match a person ' s needs and abilities. for example, this type of therapist might teach parents to swaddle or massage their baby who has fragile x to calm him or her. or the therapist might find a specially designed computer mouse and keyboard or a pencil that is easier for a child with poor motor control to grip. at the high school level, an occupational therapist can help a teenager with fragile x identify a job, career, or skill that matches his or her interests and individual capabilities. 17 - physical therapists design activities and exercises to build motor control and to improve posture and balance. they can teach parents ways to exercise their baby ' s muscles. at school, a physical therapist may help a child who is easily over - stimulated or who avoids body contact to participate in sports and games with other children. - behavioral therapists try to identify why a child acts in negative ways and then seek ways to prevent these distressing situations, and to teach the child to cope with the distress. this type of specialist also works with parents and teachers to find useful responses to desirable and undesirable behavior. during puberty, rising and changing hormone levels can cause adolescents to become more aggressive. a behavioral therapist can help a teenager recognize his or her intense emotions and teach healthy ways to calm down. the services of these specialists may be available to pre - school and school - aged children, as well as to teens, through the local public school system. in a school setting, several specialists often work together to assess each child ' s particular strengths and weaknesses, and to plan a program that is specially tailored", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5034415627381084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8adf213e-4f89-4b5a-b492-ed61d4f2ee65>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.864552"}
{"text": "weight gain & cancer risk medical author : melissa conrad stoppler, md medical editor : william c. shiel jr., md, facp, facr excess weight is a known risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as diabetesand heart disease. obesityhas also been linked an increased risk for developing some cancers. to clarify the effects of weight gain on cancer risk, researchers in 2007 conducted an analysis of many studies reported in medical journals that describe 282, 137 cases of cancer. the researchers wanted to see if weight gain had an effect on the risk for certain cancer types. in particular, the researchers looked at the risk of cancer associated with a weight gain corresponding to an increase of 5 kg / m2 in body mass index ( bmi ). in terms of actual pounds gained, a man with a normal - range bmi of 23 would need to gain 15 kg ( 33 lbs. ) of weight, while a woman with a bmi of 23 would need to gain 13 kg ( 28. 6 lbs. ) to correspond to an increase of 5 in the bmi. the results, published in the lancet in february 2008, revealed that weight gain is positively associated with the risk of developing a variety of types of cancer as described below. for women, a weight gain corresponding to an increase of 5 in the bmi resulted in a significant increase in risk for developing four cancer types : - esophageal adenocarcinoma ( double the risk ), - endometrial cancer ( slightly more than double the risk ), - gallbladder cancer ( slightly more than double the risk ), and - kidney ( renal ) cancer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4263412064276949, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a105f1fe-9a74-4a87-ab7b-154da7960b8d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.870974"}
{"text": "improve community infrastructure, health, resiliency and economic opportunities in indonesia \u2019 s most challenging urban and coastal areas. about half of all indonesians live on less than a dollar a day. employment growth has been slower than population growth. public services remain inadequate by middle - income standards, and health indicators are poor. - economic opportunity : providing technical assistance, training and financial services to microfinance institutions throughout the country - health : raising awareness and supporting mothers to practice and promote exclusive breastfeeding - children & youth : addressing childhood malnutrition through healthy, affordable food carts in jakarta - water : improving sanitation and hygiene in crowded urban areas with a mobile sludge removal service - disaster preparedness : identifying and mapping areas at risk and helping those communities plan, train and practice how to respond when disasters occur - emergency response : maintaining a response team ready to quickly deploy and provide immediate relief to survivors during the critical first months after a disaster strikes all stories about indonesia indonesia : mercy corps program in indonesia issues 500th grant june 10, 2003 in may 2003, in maluku province, indonesia mercy corps issued its 500th grant to yayassan ina hasa laut, a local ngo to rehabilitate a water system in desa paperu, saparua island. this project will improve the lives of over 249 conflict - affected families. indonesia : a glass of hope april 30, 2003 indonesia : sewing a brighter future march 3, 2003 indonesia : reaching her dreams january 21, 2003 indonesia : where there is a will, there is a way december 16, 2002 indonesia : when mothers speak, milk prices come down - and so does a government november 7, 2002 traditionally, women in indonesia are often not involved in decision making, even over everyday household and community issues. but in 1998, small groups of indonesian women initiated protests that helped to change the history of the world ' s fifth most populous nation. indonesia : peaceful water to cool conflict october 2, 2002 indonesia : microfinance for the poor august 28, 2002 microfinance is considered to be one of the most effective tools to combat poverty, but the question that one needs to ask is : \" do poor people get access to financial services through microfinance? \" indonesia : making peace in maluku june 20, 2002 for over two years, mercy corps has been working in maluku province in eastern indonesia, where communal conflict has been ongoing since early 1999. indonesia : heavy rains leave 300, 000 homeless in indonesia february 1, 2002 torrential monsoon rains have caused widespread", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4415240772589023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:474fd89a-1233-4a2c-b50b-c762e3d8fb7e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.879400"}
{"text": "this later nineteenth - century tabernacle frame of ebony - veneered soft wood was designed to house reverse - painted glass. the technique of reverse painting on glass, often called \" verre eglomise \", dates to the roman era, and was widely practiced in europe by the early sixteenth century. essentially, an image is painted on the back of a transparent glass or polished rock crystal support and meant to be viewed through it, the substrate becoming an integral part of the painting. the lehman glass panels were probably painted in lombardy in the second half of the sixteenth century. this tabernacle house altar has a semicircular pediment and rock crystal columns with silver - gilt corinthian capitals and bases. a cast silver - gilt relief of god the father in benediction fills the pediment, which is surmounted by an agate urn with silver - gilt mounts flanked by two pointed agate finials. cast silver - gilt appliques decorate the entablature, the columns and the predella. the reverse - painted central arched panel represents the adoration of the shepherds while below, a narrow frieze of smaller vertical plaques shows the adoration of the magi in the center, flanked by the angel gabriel and the virgin of the annunciation. the outer panels show the eucharistic host, chalice, and paten on the left and the \" arma christi \" on the right. although its style dates from the early seventeenth century, the wooden framework for this house altar was built in the nineteenth century, probably by reinhold vasters ( 1827 - 1909 ) or someone in his workshop. vasters was a highly skilled german silversmith and goldsmith who for a time served as restorer at the aachen cathedral treasury. there, in the spirit of nineteenth - century historicism, he not only restored but also replaced worn or damaged liturgical objects. it is likely that the lehman tabernacle house altar was made expressly to house a set of sixteenth - century reverse - painted panels. the unified program and the similarity of the style of the painting on the ten rock crystal panels suggest that they were scavenged from a single piece.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4722267921520663, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:417a3d44-8ebe-401c-96c0-e2385e6d12f9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.915541"}
{"text": "1 significant figure 2 significant figures 3 significant figures 4 significant figures 5 significant figures 6 significant figures 7 significant figures 8 significant figures note : fractional results are rounded to the nearest 1 / 64. for a more accurate answer please select ' decimal ' from the options above the result. note : you can increase or decrease the accuracy of this answer by selecting the number of significant figures required from the options above the result. note : for a pure decimal result please select ' decimal ' from the options above the result. before approximately the 14th century there were two hundredweights in england, one of 100 pounds, and one of 108 pounds. in 1340, king edward iii changed the value of the stone from 12 pounds to 14 pounds. since a hundredweight is 8 stones, the 100 - pound hundredweight became 112 pounds. a unit of mass equal to one - millionth of a gram. long hundredweights ( uk ) to micrograms mobile phone converter app whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the metric calculators and charts given on this site, we cannot make a guarantee or be held responsible for any errors that have been made. if you spot an error on this site, we would be grateful if you could report it to us by using the contact link at the top of this page and we will endeavour to correct it as soon as possible. created : fri 31 oct 2003 this page last updated : : wed 08 feb 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4891172206493697, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e70284c-9ca7-43d0-806d-423eb01c432f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.921240"}
{"text": "the early years in 1927, mfah director james chillman introduced the idea of building a library at the museum. he stated that \" the purpose of the library was to furnish information for judging the arts. \" he reported that the library was \" proving quite popular \u2014 particularly in view of the fact that it is not of a circulating character. almost any bright day there may be found a generous sprinkling of readers \u2014 housewives, professionals and rice institute students. \" ( post dispatch, january 22, 1928 ) the library was situated in the basement of the west wing of the museum, and furnished with windsor chairs and a single reading table. a public fund drive for money for books started the library ' s collection ; thereafter, a budget for the library was included within the museum ' s budget each year. in 1960, the mfah hired its first professionally trained librarian. by the 1970s, the library ' s collection had outgrown its space, and in 1974 a new area for the library was created in the ludwig mies van der rohe addition to the museum. the modern, spacious reading room adjacent to the alice pratt brown sculpture garden was welcoming to the staff as well as the public. maurice and winifred hirsch in september of 1981, an endowment was established for the library by two long - time museum supporters : general maurice and winifred busby hirsch. this generous bequest was designated to be used for, \" the maintenance, repair, embellishment of the present or subsequently substituted premises of the museum library and for the purchase of fixtures, furnishings, books, manuscripts, book illustrations, periodicals, appropriate art objects and any other use pertinent to a museum library. \" ( letter from maurice hirsch to the chairman of the board of trustees, dated september 23, 1981 ). the library was named the hirsch library that year, as a lasting tribute to these two museum patrons. the hirsch family had been involved with the mfah since it opened in 1924. general maurice hirsch ' s father, jules hirsch, was an early contributor to the museum building fund that year. in 1947 maurice and winifred were married, and became active participants as a couple in the city ' s cultural life. in the early 1950s they carried on the family ' s support of the museum with generous financial contributions and donations of works of art to the museum ' s collection. maurice became a museum trustee in 1960. winifred played an active role in the museum ' s auxiliary and volunteer groups, and from 1954 to 1955 she was the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4222906381845846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76abfa28-2819-4706-bc49-7e5d3b0576b2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.937108"}
{"text": "with generous financial contributions and donations of works of art to the museum ' s collection. maurice became a museum trustee in 1960. winifred played an active role in the museum ' s auxiliary and volunteer groups, and from 1954 to 1955 she was the first chair of the \" art cart \" program that took works of art from the museum to houston ' s veterans administration hospital. the hirsches traveled the world many times, and during a trip to egypt in 1952, they bought several egyptian art objects for the museum ' s collection. the most treasured of their gifts to the collection is an outstanding greek vase, or hydria ( 470 \u2013 460 bc ) by the painter of the yale oinochoe. this lovely black vase depicts scenes of daily life painted in red. general hirsch died while on a trip to hong kong on august 5, 1983, after a lifetime of work as a lawyer and philanthropist. mrs. hirsch continued to actively support the hirsch library until her death in 1990 aboard her yacht, athena. mrs. hirsch bequeathed her jewelry collection to the hirsch library, and its sale at christie ' s, new york, on april 25, 1991, added significantly to the library ' s endowment. hirsch library renovation and expansion by 1989, the library ' s stacks were overflowing. a renovation in september of that year added high - density compact shelving and reduced the number of periodicals in storage, enabling the library collection to double in size. this was a temporary measure, however, with a plan for an expansion of the library scheduled to coincide with the opening of the new audrey jones beck building in 2000. in 1991, the library subscribed to its first online periodical index, art index, which greatly simplified searching for citations to art periodicals. meanwhile, a plan for the library \u2019 s own online system was in the works. by 1998, the library established its first fully automated online catalog, which provided access to the library ' s holdings at your fingertips \u2014 both within the library and via the internet. in the fall of 2000, a renovation of the hirsch library began that would significantly increase its physical size from 3, 900 to 8, 400 square feet. the library opened to the public in may of 2001 with an elegantly enlarged reading room on the main floor of the museum overlooking the alice pratt brown garden, and a downstairs area housing the main stacks, vertical files, rare book collection, and cataloging offices. the original space on the main floor was redesigned to incorporate an online resources room, an expanded current periodicals area, and work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4566035316281787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76abfa28-2819-4706-bc49-7e5d3b0576b2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.941171"}
{"text": "alice pratt brown garden, and a downstairs area housing the main stacks, vertical files, rare book collection, and cataloging offices. the original space on the main floor was redesigned to incorporate an online resources room, an expanded current periodicals area, and work space for the library staff. kitty king powell library and study center at bayou bend shortly after the completion of hirsch library \u2019 s new facility in 2001, tropical storm allison caused significant damage to the bayou bend visitor center, necessitating the temporary relocation of 5, 000 books and periodicals from the bayou bend library to the hirsch library at the mfah, where it received full - time supervision and maintenance by library staff. in september of 2010, the completion of the lora jean kilroy visitor and education center and the establishment of the newly named kitty king powell library and study center at bayou bend enabled the return of the bayou bend library and hogg family collections to their proper home. now staffed with its own librarian and library assistant, the powell library and study center is available to the general public, docents, and staff in a location only a short walk from the actual artworks and artifacts on display at bayou bend. kitty king powell \u2019 s support of this new library facility reflects her love of libraries and her years of service as a bayou bend docent. today, more than 7, 000 patrons visit the hirsch and powell libraries annually. the libraries provide reference assistance and bibliographic instruction to museum professional staff, docents, and members, as well as to college and university art history students, teachers, and the general public. please contact us to arrange a tour of one of the libraries, or if you need research assistance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.401818940388863, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76abfa28-2819-4706-bc49-7e5d3b0576b2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.945132"}
{"text": "by allen c. guelzo what ' s in a name? a great deal, if it happens to be stephen a. douglas. a hundred and fifty years ago, stephen arnold douglas was the most powerful politician in america. he had begun his political career as a hyper - loyal andrew jackson democrat, snatched up one of illinois ' u. s. senate seats in 1846, and rose from there to the heights of congressional stardom by helping the great henry clay cobble together the compromise of 1850 - which effectively averted civil war over the expansion of slavery into the west for another decade. no man was a more obvious presidential candidate than douglas, and in 1860, he won his party ' s nomination to the presidency. that, unhappily for douglas, was when the cheering stopped. he made the magnificent mistake, when running for re - election to the senate in 1858, of agreeing to debate the new republican party ' s anti - slavery candidate, abraham lincoln. although douglas managed to win the election, lincoln handled him so relentlessly, exposing the failure of douglas ' s policies on slavery during the duo ' s seven open - air debates, that lincoln emerged as a national contender, while douglas lost legions of disappointed supporters. when douglas faced lincoln again in the presidential campaign of 1860, douglas ' s party fractured into three pieces and guaranteed lincoln ' s election by default. douglas died only eight months later. still, douglas ' s name was revered by illinois democrats for a generation afterward. in the 1920s, progressive democrats adopted douglas as a model of moderate statesmanship, trying to hold off the destructive fanaticism of both pro - and anti - slavery radicals. biographers of lincoln and douglas alike - albert beveridge on the lincoln side, robert johannsen on douglas ' s side - praised douglas for taking the practical road to compromise, unlike the ideologues whose fervor eventually triggered the civil war. in 1963, illinois governor otto kerner, who would later chair the famous national advisory commission on civil disorders, praised douglas for creating the illinois central railroad and the university of chicago, and in 1975, chicago mayor richard daley, a life - long admirer of douglas, founded a stephen a. douglas association to promote the observation of douglas ' s birthday. and, on top of it all, a residence hall - one of three named for famous illinois politicians - was built at eastern illinois university with douglas ' s name on it. douglas hall, a 200 - bed residence hall built in the 1950s, may have been the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4556695842003633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7400a54f-3f74-429e-97a2-826e17850061>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.991011"}
{"text": "top of it all, a residence hall - one of three named for famous illinois politicians - was built at eastern illinois university with douglas ' s name on it. douglas hall, a 200 - bed residence hall built in the 1950s, may have been the most innocuous of all the memorializations of stephen a. douglas. but not after november 9th. that ' s when the eiu faculty senate, acting on a proposal from associate professor of english christopher hanlon, voted to remove douglas ' s name from the residence hall. this was not the first time the \" douglas \" in douglas hall had been challenged, but this time, hanlon cast his objections as a statement on race. stephen a. douglas, hanlon argued, \" gave voice to a contemptuous view of african americans, a view that has long since been recognized as incompatible with modern american democracy. \" and it is true that douglas supported the fugitive slave law of 1850 ( it was part of the compromise ), backed legislation which tore up laws banning the expansion of slavery into the western territories, and in his debates with lincoln, spoke of blacks in terms so demeaning they would make a klansman blush. douglas addressed illinoisans in 1858 with the ringing affirmation that \" this government of ours is founded on the white basis. \" during the debates with lincoln douglas made a specialty of race - baiting in the most foul - mouthed fashion : i ask you, are you in favor of conferring upon the negro the rights and privileges of citizenship? do you desire to strike out of our state ' s constitution that clause which keeps slaves and free negroes out of the state, and allow the free negroes to flow in, and cover your prairies with black settlements? do you desire to turn this beautiful state into a free negro colony in order that when missouri abolishes slavery, she can send one hundred thousand emancipated slaves into illinois to become citizens and voters on an equality with yourselves? if you desire negro citizenship, if you desire to allow them to come into the state and settle with the white man, if you desire them to vote on an equality with yourselves, and to make them eligible to office, to serve on juries, and to judge your rights, then support mr. lincoln and the black republican party, who are in favor of the citizenship of the negro. and although he tried to distract notice from it, douglas was even the legal owner of slaves, which had come to him through the estate of his father - in - law", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40693197508060064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7400a54f-3f74-429e-97a2-826e17850061>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.994186"}
{"text": "the black republican party, who are in favor of the citizenship of the negro. and although he tried to distract notice from it, douglas was even the legal owner of slaves, which had come to him through the estate of his father - in - law and which he managed as a trust for his two under - age sons. it is easy to read hanlon ' s charge that douglas \" bears a dishonorable record of public service and is hence undeserving of public acclaim and honor \" as simply another sanctimonious exercise in air - brushing the racially - insensitive and diversity - intolerant out of college and university histories. and this has provoked some equally - predictable push - back from historians like eiu ' s mark summers, who argues that \" trying to find historical actors who fully abided my own moral judgments was a fruitless exercise... because our world today is too different from the world occupied by predecessors who spoke and acted in the past. \" douglas was, in other words, a man of his time, when white supremacist attitudes were actually mainstream, and should not be judged by \" presentist \" attitudes. in the case of stephen a. douglas, however, i ' m on the side of removing the name, and not just because of race. douglas ' s entire policy toward race and slavery arose from an even more toxic assumption, which douglas deified as the principle of \" popular sovereignty. \" in douglas ' s dictionary, democracy is an end in itself, and democratic process amounts entirely to consulting what a majority of the people want at any given time. if the voters wanted to legalize slavery, so be it ; if not, that was up to them, too, so long as they did not attempt to force this conviction on others. \" the principle of self - government is, that each community shall settle this question for itself... and we have no right to complain, either in the north or the south, whichever they do. \" douglas liked to speak of this as an example of what he called \" diversity ; \" but in the context of the crisis over slavery in the 1850s, what it meant in practical terms was that \" if kansas wants a slave - state constitution she has a right to it.... i do not care whether it is voted down or voted up. \" lincoln, by contrast, believed that democracy was a means, not an end in itself, and that it was a means toward realizing in the fullest fashion the natural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48266088078730135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7400a54f-3f74-429e-97a2-826e17850061>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.995826"}
{"text": "... i do not care whether it is voted down or voted up. \" lincoln, by contrast, believed that democracy was a means, not an end in itself, and that it was a means toward realizing in the fullest fashion the natural rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness which nature and nature ' s god had hard - wired into every human being. there was a line, drawn by natural right, beyond which no majority and no democracy could or should go, and on the far side of that line was slavery. douglas ' s politics were the politics of the pitchfork, devoid of moral principle and respecting nothing except force. lincoln believed that \" moral principle is all that unites us, \" and that douglas ' s popular sovereignty was merely a kind face on mob rule. wed that notion to white supremacy, and you get the real offense of stephen a. douglas. in the long run, the eiu resolution is little more than pin - prick. it would have been far better if they had gone to the root of douglas ' s problem, which was his utter political amorality. that ' s what needs banishing, not only from the addresses of residence halls, but from our halls of representatives, too. allen c. guelzo, a prominent lincoln scholar, is william garwood visiting professor of politics at princeton.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4377391084258952, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7400a54f-3f74-429e-97a2-826e17850061>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:58.996825"}
{"text": "the genus solenopsis includes both the \" fire ants \", known for their aggressive nature and potent sting, and the minute \" thief ants \", many of which are lestobiotic subterranaen or arboreal species that are rarely collected. many species may be polygynous. generic level identification of solenopsis is relatively straight forward, although sizes are greatly variable ranging from approximately 1. 0 mm to over 4. 0 mm. the genus can be basically characterized by the following : mandible with four teeth ( usually ), bicarinate clypeus with 0 - 5 teeth, median part of clypeus with a pair of longitudinal carinae medially or at lateral edges, 10 - segmented antennae that terminates in a distinctive 2 - segmented club, overall shiny appearance and general lack of or reduced sculpture ( when present usually restricted to rugulae or striae on the head, alitrunk, petiole, and postpetiole ), lack of propodeal spines or other protuberances on the alitrunk, well developed petiole and postpetiole, and a well developed sting. workers are either polymorphic ( especially in the fire ant group ) or monomorphic ( especially thief ants ). the thief ant group shares these characteristics, but workers are minute ( usually under 2. 0 mm in total length ), usually have minute eyes ( usually with only 1 - 5 ommatidia ( rarely more than 18, except for s. globularia in our region ), minor funicular segments 2 - 3 typically wider than long ( usually longer than wide in the fire ant group ). biology and economic importance discover life images", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46935941823544675, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a797adf-7747-41ba-9596-f22493eb5470>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.005064"}
{"text": "the second generation titans prometheus ( the son of iapetus and a cousin of zeus ) and epimetheus were initially not punished, as their relatives such as atlas who participated in the titanomachy, a fight with the father of all gods zeus. prometheus and his brother epimetheus ( \u201c gifted with afterthought \u201d ) were asked of forming man from water and earth ( prometheus formed the shape while athena breathed life into the figure ), which he did, but in the process, became fonder of men than zeus had anticipated. zeus didn ' t share prometheus ' feelings and wanted to keep men from having power, especially of fire. the fire symbolizes knowledge and knowledge and intelligence together with arrogance ( \u201c blessed are the poor in spirit \u201d ) would probably make zeus and the other gods obsolete. prometheus cared more for man than for the wrath of the increasingly powerful and autocratic zeus, so he stole fire from zeus ' lightning, concealed it in a hollow stalk of fennel, and brought it to man. he also stole skills from hephaestus and athena to gave to man. zeus reacted by presenting to man pandora ( also called anesidora \u201c sender up of gifts \u201d ), the first woman. while prometheus may have crafted man, woman was a different sort of creature. she came from the forge of hephaestus, beautiful as a goddess and beguiling. note that she is not like her jewish counterpart : eve was created to soothe adam ' s loneliness, and to help him as a partner. pandora, the first woman in greek myth, was created as a punishment to mankind. her name does not mean \" giver of all gifts \" - rather \" she to whom all gifts were given \" - the gods gave her beauty ( aphrodite ), skill ( athena ), while hermes gave her a doglike ( bitch - like? ) mind and a thieving nature. \" all ( pantes ) the gods gave her gifts ( dora ), a sorrow to men who live on bread. \" zeus wanted to punish mankind for prometheus ' theft of fire - he decided to give them a \" beautiful evil \" ( kalon kakon ) \" to pay for fire \" ( anti pyros ). hephaestus makes the woman out of earth and water, to look like a goddess. thus pandora - and through her all women, who are her descendants - has a beautiful exterior, but is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46577019810871145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05852e18-3372-4937-8780-75bcac0ec7b5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.036214"}
{"text": "for fire \" ( anti pyros ). hephaestus makes the woman out of earth and water, to look like a goddess. thus pandora - and through her all women, who are her descendants - has a beautiful exterior, but is worthless inside. prometheus, whose name means \u201c forethought, \u201d or \u201c he who thinks ahead, \u201d is a figure whom steiner refers to as the greek lucifer. prometheus awakened a consciousness in humans that was too dangerous in the eyes of zeus, so zeus had prometheus chained to a rock in the caucasus mountains. but prometheus is patient, for he knows a secret that is not known to zeus. in the future, zeus will lie with a mortal woman, io, and she will give birth to a son, who will start a line of descent leading to the birth of hercules or heracles, meaning \u201c he who is called by hera. \u201d this great hero, whom steiner indicates is a portent of christ jesus, will grow up to succeed zeus in his position of authority as law - giver in the heavens. heracles will also kill the vulture that eats prometheus ' liver, and then liberate the great greek lucifer. tom mellett albert einstein ' s theory of relativity as rudolf steiner ' s final \u201c riddle of philosophy, journal for anthroposophy, number 60, spring 1995 issue, pp. 51 - 63 ) zeus presented her as a bride to prometheus ' brother epimetheus ( whom prometheus, expecting retribution for his audacity, had warned against accepting gifts from zeus ), along with a box that they were instructed to keep closed. epimetheus was dazzled by pandora and forgot the advice of his prescient brother. unfortunately, one day while her husband was away, pandora opened the box. in the process, she unleashed all the evils now known to man, but retaining hope. no longer could man loll about all day, but he would have to work and would succumb to illnesses. so for the greeks the woman was crated as a punishment for man. what is the reason of the creation of the woman according to the bible? why did god produce male and female versions of all animals but only a man adam initially. why did he not create also eve separately and why did he use material from adam? both stories, the greek and the christian version are mythological stories to explain the superiority of mens over women. the greek", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49329098065927235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05852e18-3372-4937-8780-75bcac0ec7b5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.038669"}
{"text": "all animals but only a man adam initially. why did he not create also eve separately and why did he use material from adam? both stories, the greek and the christian version are mythological stories to explain the superiority of mens over women. the greek version says that people were created by throwing stones, in the bible eve and adam had two sons but how were their children produced? her act ends the golden age. she serves the same mythic function as eve in genesis. in both the bible and greek myth, humanity pays a price for knowledge : loss of innocence, peace and loss of paradise. \u201c while saving him from mental darkness, prometheus brought to man all the tortures which accompany self - consciousness : the knowledge of his responsibility to the whole of nature ; the painful results of all wrong choices made in the past, since free - will and the power of choice go hand in hand with self - consciousness ; all of the sorrows and sufferings - - physical, mental and moral - - to which thinking man is heir. prometheus accepted these tortures as inevitable under the law, knowing that the soul can develop only through its own experience, willing to pay the price for every experience gained \u201d. theosophy, vol. 27, no. 12, october, 1939 deucalion and pyrrha, metamorphoses bk i : 367 - 415, solis eventually hercules rescued prometheus, and zeus and the titan were reconciled. zeus became angry enough with conditions on earth that he summoned other gods to a conference at his heavenly palace. zeus ( like the christian god ) decided to destroy humankind and to provide the earth with a new race of mortals more worthy of life and more reverent to him. zeus feared that the destruction of humankind by fire might set heaven itself aflame, so he called for assistance from a god of the sea, and humankind was instead swept away by a great flood. the great flood is a common mythological story in many cultures, for example the myth of noah in the old testament, and probably there was once such a great flood in reality, an event that was incrorporated in various mythological stories. meanwhile, prometheus had sired the human deucalion ( some say as his son with clymene or celaeno ) one of the noble couple whom zeus had spared when he caused the creatures of the earth to be destroyed by a flood. deucalion was married to his cousin pyrrha, the daughter of ep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44146954103401215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05852e18-3372-4937-8780-75bcac0ec7b5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.043619"}
{"text": "with clymene or celaeno ) one of the noble couple whom zeus had spared when he caused the creatures of the earth to be destroyed by a flood. deucalion was married to his cousin pyrrha, the daughter of epimetheus and pandora. during the flood, deucalion and pyrrha had stayed safe on a boat. when all the other evil humans had been destroyed zeus caused the waters to recede so that deucalion and pyrrha could come to land on mount parnassus. while they had each other for company, and they could produce new children, they were lonely and sought help from the oracle of themis. he was told to \u201c toss the bones of his mighty mother over his shoulder \u201d, that he and pyrrha understood to be \u201c gaia \u201d the mother of all living things and the bones to be rocks. following the advice, they threw stones over their shoulders. from those thrown by deucalion sprang men and from those thrown by pyrrha came women. that is why people are called laoi, from laas, \" a stone. \" [ apollodorus 1. 7. 2 ] \"... i remember in plutarch ' s works, what is worth relating that i read there, that by the pigeon sent forth of the ark, in deucalions flood, was shown, that the waters were sunk down, and the storms past.... \" then they had their own child, a boy whom they called hellen and after whom the greeks were named hellenes... other children were thyia, and the leleges all forming the various groups of greeks ( see map below ). for greeks it is left as an exercise to find out the corresponding group they belong and their corresponding root! for others, i. e. barbarians : - ) see their corresponding myth ( noah,...., etc ). from myth back to history. between 1900 and 1600 bc greeks or hellenes, a branch of the indo - european speaking people, were simple nomadic herdsmen. they came from the east of the caspian sea and entered the greek peninsula from the north in small groups. the first invaders were the fair - haired achaeans of whom homer wrote. the dorians came 3 - 4 centuries later and subjugated their achaean kinsmen. other tribes, the aeolians and the ionians, found homes chiefly on the islands in the aegean sea and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4309270865870961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05852e18-3372-4937-8780-75bcac0ec7b5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.045368"}
{"text": "##ans of whom homer wrote. the dorians came 3 - 4 centuries later and subjugated their achaean kinsmen. other tribes, the aeolians and the ionians, found homes chiefly on the islands in the aegean sea and on the coast of asia minor. the land that these tribes invaded was the site of a well - developed civilization. the people who lived there had cities and palaces. they used gold and bronze and made pottery and paintings. the greek invaders were still in the barbarian stage. they plundered and destroyed the aegean cities. gradually, as they settled and intermarried with the people they conquered, they absorbed some of the aegean culture. about the etymology of prometheus it could be derived from pramanthas, a member of the vedic family of fire - worshipping priests of the fire god agni. adam. in greek this word is compounded of the four initial letters of the cardinal quarters : arktos, [ greek : arktos ]. north. the hebrew word adm forms the anagram of a [ dam ], d [ avid ], m [ essiah ]. adam, how made. god created the body of adam of salzal, i. e. dry, unbaked clay, and left it forty nights without a soul. the clay was collected by azrael from the four quarters of the earth, and god, to show his approval of azrael ' s choice, constituted him the angel of death. \u2014 rabadan. adam, eve, and the serpent. after the fall adam was placed on mount vassem in the east ; eve was banished to djidda ( now gedda, on the arabian coast ) ; and the serpent was exiled to the coast of eblehh. after the lapse of 100 years adam rejoined eve on mount arafaith [ place of remembrance ], near mecca. \u2014 d ' ohsson. death of adam. adam died on friday, april 7, at the age of 930 years. michael swathed his body, and gabriel discharged the funeral rites. the body was buried at ghar ' ul - kenz [ the grotto of treasure ], which overlooks mecca. apollodorus. the library, sir james g. frazer ( transl. ), harvard university press, cambridge, 1921, 1976.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4630854862848961, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05852e18-3372-4937-8780-75bcac0ec7b5>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.049684"}
{"text": "mdh fact sheet / brochure why does my water smell like rotten eggs? hydrogen sulfide and sulfur bacteria in well hydrogen sulfide gas ( h2s ) can occur in wells anywhere in minnesota, and gives the water a characteristic \" rotten egg \" taste or odor. this brochure provides basic information about hydrogen sulfide gas and sulfur bacteria and discusses actions that you can take to minimize their effects. what are the sources of hydrogen sulfide in well water and the water distribution system? hydrogen sulfide gas can result from a number of different sources. it can occur naturally in groundwater. it can be produced by certain \" sulfur bacteria \" in the groundwater, in the well, or in the water distribution system. it can be produced also by sulfur bacteria or chemical reactions inside water heaters. in rare instances, it can result from pollution. the source of the gas is important when considering treatment options. are sulfur bacteria or hydrogen sulfide in most cases, the rotten egg smell does not relate to the sanitary quality of the water. however, in rare instances the gas may result from sewage or other pollution. it is a good idea to have the well tested for the standard sanitary tests of coliform bacteria and nitrate. sulfur bacteria are not harmful, but hydrogen sulfide gas in the air can be hazardous at high levels. it is important to take steps to remove the gas from the water, or vent the gas to the atmosphere so that it will not collect in low - lying spaces, such as well pits, basements, or enclosed spaces, such as well houses. only qualified people who have received special training and use proper safety procedures should enter a well pit or other enclosed space where hydrogen sulfide gas may be present. are there other problems associated with sulfur bacteria or hydrogen sulfide? yes. sulfur bacteria produce a slime and can promote the growth of other bacteria, such as iron bacteria. the slime can clog wells, plumbing, and irrigation systems. bacterial slime may be white, grey, black or reddish brown if associated with iron bacteria. hydrogen sulfide gas in water can cause black stains on silverware and plumbing fixtures. it can also corrode pipes and other metal components of the water distribution system. what causes hydrogen sulfide gas to form in groundwater? decay of organic matter such as vegetation, or chemical reactions with some sulfur - containing minerals in the soil and rock, may naturally create hydrogen sulfide in gas in groundwater. as groundwater moves through soil and rock formations containing minerals of sulfate, some of these minerals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49324733488945566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40d03d22-3b01-482b-8b64-302cde04dd0b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.068142"}
{"text": "of organic matter such as vegetation, or chemical reactions with some sulfur - containing minerals in the soil and rock, may naturally create hydrogen sulfide in gas in groundwater. as groundwater moves through soil and rock formations containing minerals of sulfate, some of these minerals dissolve in the water. a unique group of bacteria, called \" sulfur bacteria \" or \" sulfate - reducing bacteria \" can change sulfate and other sulfur containing compounds, including natural organic materials, to hydrogen sulfide gas. how is hydrogen sulfide gas produced in a water heater? a water heater can provide an ideal environment for the conversion of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide gas. the water heater can produce hydrogen sulfide gas in two ways - creating a warm environment where sulfur bacteria can live, and sustaining a reaction between sulfate in the water and the water heater anode. a water heater usually contains a metal rod called an \" anode, \" which is installed to reduce corrosion of the water heater tank. the anode is usually made of magnesium metal, which can supply electrons that aid in the conversion of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide gas. the anode is 1 / 2 to 3 / 4 inches in diameter and 30 to 40 inches long. how can i find the source of a hydrogen sulfide problem, and what can i do to eliminate it? the odor of hydrogen sulfide gas can be detected in water at a very low level. smell the water coming out of the hot and cold water faucets. determine which faucets have the odor. the \" rotten egg \" smell will often be more noticeable from the hot water because more of the gas is vaporized. your sense of smell becomes dulled quickly, so the best time to check is after you have been away from your home for a few hours. you can also have the water tested for hydrogen sulfide, sulfate, sulfur bacteria, and iron bacteria at an environmental testing laboratory. the cost of testing for hydrogen sulfide ranges from $ 20 to $ 50 depending on the type of test. - if the smell is only from the hot water faucet the problem is likely to be in the water heater. - if the smell is in both the hot and cold faucets, but only from the water treated by a water softener and not in the untreated water the problem is likely to be sulfur bacteria in the water - if the smell is strong when the water in both the hot and cold faucets is first turned on, and it diminishes or goes away after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5109120644627008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40d03d22-3b01-482b-8b64-302cde04dd0b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.069390"}
{"text": "in the untreated water the problem is likely to be sulfur bacteria in the water - if the smell is strong when the water in both the hot and cold faucets is first turned on, and it diminishes or goes away after the water has run, or if the smell varies through time the problems is likely to be sulfur bacteria in the well or distribution system. - if the smell is strong when the water in both the hot and cold faucets is first turned on and is more or less constant and persists with use the problem is likely to be hydrogen sulfide gas in the groundwater. what can i do about a problem water unless you are very familiar with the operation and maintenance of the water heater, you should contact a water system professional, such as a plumber, to do - replace or remove the magnesium anode. many water heaters have a magnesium anode, which is attached to a plug located on top of the water heater. it can be removed by turning off the water, releasing the pressure from the water heater, and unscrewing the plug. be sure to plug the hole. removal of the anode, however, may significantly decrease the life of the water heater. you may wish to consult with a reputable water heater dealer to determine if a replacement anode made of a different material, such as aluminum, can be installed. a replacement anode may provide corrosion protection without contributing to the production of hydrogen sulfide gas. - disinfect and flush the water heater with a chlorine bleach solution. chlorination can kill sulfur bacteria, if done properly. if all bacteria are not destroyed by chlorination, the problem may return within a few weeks. - increase the water heater temperature to 160 degrees fahrenheit ( 71 degrees celsius ) for several hours. this will destroy the sulfur bacteria. flushing to remove the dead bacteria after treatment should control the odor problem. caution : increasing the water heater temperature can be dangerous. before proceeding, consult with the manufacturer or dealer regarding an operable pressure relief valve, and for other recommendations. be sure to lower the thermostat setting and make certain the water temperature is reduced following treatment to prevent injury from scalding hot water and to avoid high energy costs. what if sulfur bacteria are present in the well, the water distribution system, or the water softener? - have the well and distribution system disinfected by flushing with a strong chlorine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4706041745474704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40d03d22-3b01-482b-8b64-302cde04dd0b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.070417"}
{"text": "sources & references according to the american psychiatric association, a phobia is an uncontrollable, irrational, and persistent fear of a specific object, situation, or activity. the fear experienced by people with phobias can be so great that some individuals go to extreme lengths to avoid the source of their fear. one extreme response to the source of a phobia can be a panic attack. every year, approximately 19 million americans experience one or more phobias that range from mild to severe. phobias can occur in early childhood, but usually are first evident between the ages of 15 and 20 years. they affect both genders equally, although men are more likely to seek treatment for phobias. research suggests that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the onset of phobias. specific phobias have been associated with a fearful first encounter with the phobic object or situation. the question still exists, however, whether this conditioning exposure is necessary or if phobias can develop in genetically predisposed individuals. | specific phobia | | what is specific phobia? | specific phobia is characterized by extreme fear of an object or situation that is not harmful under general conditions. examples may include a fear of the following : - flying ( fearing the plane will crash ) - dogs ( fearing the dog will bite / attack ) - closed - in places ( fear of being trapped ) - tunnels ( fearing a collapse ) - heights ( fear of falling ) what are the characteristics of specific phobia? people with specific phobias know that their fear is excessive, but are unable to overcome their emotion. the disorder is diagnosed only when the specific fear interferes with daily activities of school, work, or home life. approximately 19 million american adults ages 18 to 54, in a given year, have some type of specific phobia. there is no known cause, although they seem to run in families and are slightly more prevalent in women. if the object of the fear is easy to avoid, people with phobias may not feel the need to seek treatment. sometimes, however, they may make important career or personal decisions to avoid a situation that includes the source of the phobia. treatment for specific phobia there is currently no proven drug treatment for specific phobias, however, in some cases, certain medications may be prescribed to help reduce anxiety symptoms before someone faces a phobic situation. when phobias interfere with a person ' s life, treatment can help,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5385046803027908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f37f9f35-5a81-4a2e-8d61-677cd5bc45f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.179814"}
{"text": "proven drug treatment for specific phobias, however, in some cases, certain medications may be prescribed to help reduce anxiety symptoms before someone faces a phobic situation. when phobias interfere with a person ' s life, treatment can help, and usually involves a kind of cognitive - behavioral therapy called desensitization or exposure therapy. in this, patients are gradually exposed to what frightens them until the fear begins to fade. relaxation and breathing exercises also help to reduce anxiety symptoms. | social phobia | | what is social phobia? | social phobia is an anxiety disorder in which a person has significant anxiety and discomfort related to a fear of being embarrassed, humiliated, or scorned by others in social or performance situations. even when they manage to confront this fear, persons with social phobia usually : - feel very anxious before the event / outing - feel intensely uncomfortable throughout the event / outing - have lingering unpleasant feelings after the event / outing social phobia frequently occurs with the following : - public speaking - meeting people - dealing with authority figures - eating in public - using public restrooms what are the characteristics of social phobia? although this disorder is often thought of as shyness, the two are not the same. shy people can be very uneasy around others, but they do not experience the extreme anxiety in anticipating a social situation, and, they do not necessarily avoid circumstances that make them feel self - conscious. in contrast, people with social phobia are not necessarily shy at all, but can be completely at ease with some people most of the time. most people experiencing social phobia will try to avoid situations that provoke dread or otherwise cause them much distress. diagnosing social phobia social phobia is diagnosed when the fear or avoidance significantly interferes with normal, expected routines, or is excessively upsetting. social phobia disrupts normal life, interfering with career or social relationships. it often runs in families and may be accompanied by depression or alcoholism. social phobia often begins around early adolescence or even younger. approximately 15 million american adults ages 18 to 54 experience social phobia in a given year. treatment for social phobia people who suffer from social phobia often find relief from their symptoms when treated with cognitive - behavioral therapy, or medications, or a combination of the two. | agoraphobia | | what is agoraphobia? | agoraphobia is a greek word that literally means \" fear of the marketplace", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5272897250130864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f37f9f35-5a81-4a2e-8d61-677cd5bc45f8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.181678"}
{"text": "symptoms when treated with cognitive - behavioral therapy, or medications, or a combination of the two. | agoraphobia | | what is agoraphobia? | agoraphobia is a greek word that literally means \" fear of the marketplace. \" this anxiety disorder involves the fear of experiencing a panic attack in a place or situation from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing. the anxiety associated with agoraphobia is so severe that panic attacks are not unusual, and individuals with agoraphobia typically try to avoid the location or cause of their fear. agoraphobia involves fear of situations such as, but is not limited to, the following : - being alone outside his or her home - being at home alone - being in a crowd - traveling in a vehicle - being in an elevator or on a bridge people with agoraphobia typically avoid crowded places like streets, crowded stores, churches, and theaters. what are the characteristics of agoraphobia? most people with agoraphobia develop the disorder after first suffering a series of one or more panic attacks. the attacks occur randomly and without warning, and make it impossible for a person to predict what situations will trigger the reaction. this unpredictability of the panic causes the person to anticipate future panic attacks and, eventually, fear any situation in which an attack may occur. as a result, they avoid going into any place or situation where previous panic attacks have occurred. people with the disorder often become so disabled that they literally feel they cannot leave their homes. others who have agoraphobia, do go into potentially \" phobic \" situations, but only with great distress, or when accompanied by a trusted friend or family member. persons with agoraphobia may also develop depression, fatigue, tension, alcohol or drug abuse problems, and obsessive disorders, making seeking treatment crucial. approximately 1. 8 million american adults ages 18 to 54 experience agoraphobia in a given year. click here to view the online resources of mental health disorders", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5551760434170779, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f37f9f35-5a81-4a2e-8d61-677cd5bc45f8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.183496"}
{"text": "how would our lives be different if we could only buy foods native to new york state? this and similar questions are the focus of a museum - wide quest where students work in teams to gather data about the things they use each day. after collecting the data, each team creates a graphic representation of its findings and leads a discussion about interdependence around the globe. please divide your students into three different research teams and assign each team at least one chaperon or teacher. each team will be going to a separate area of the museum to gather data : the \u201c foods \u201d team will work in super kids market ; the \u201c fashions \u201d team in the museum \u2019 s collections ; and the \u201c fads \u201d team in timelab. after collecting data, each team will prepare a brief presentation to share its findings. all three groups will gather together for the presentations. lesson extensions for before or after your visit the following activities are designed for your class to enjoy before or after your museum visit. familiarizing students with the lesson concepts can enrich your museum experience. how do the choices we make reflect the concept of globalization? review maps of the united states and the world prior to your visit. here \u2019 s one way to do that : post the four cardinal directions in your room : north, south, east, and west. give each student an index card and the instruction to write the name of one of the 50 states on the card. when everyone is ready, ask students to stand where they think their state would be if the room was the u. s. allow students to make adjustments to their positions after talking with each other. provide a real map for students to use as a reference if needed. once in position, ask students to describe their thinking in deciding where to stand. do the same thing using continents, oceans, and countries with a map of the world. ask students to spend one week keeping a \u201c globalization journal. \u201d they should record each piece of evidence they see to suggest that globalization is occurring. this evidence may appear in items they have at home or have seen at stores ; things they \u2019 ve heard about in news stories ; music they listen to ; food they eat at restaurants ; holiday customs their family has adopted ; or other sources. some examples of what they might find include : - imported cheese in the grocery store - imported cds in a music store - a television program produced in another country - a television news story about international business or another topic related to globalization post a large map of the world in the classroom. invite students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5385322975759684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e1f5725-dfc7-493a-b043-d9a45382ea84>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.190264"}
{"text": "advance decision, or living will an advance decision, more commonly known as a living will, allows you to make important choices to be carried out when end of life medical decisions have to be taken. jessica tomlin describes the benefits. what is an advance decision? an advance decision - formerly known as a ' living will ' - is a document that enables health care professionals to know your treatment wishes should you no longer be able to communicate them. advance decision can also be known as advance directive. the most relevant feature of an advance decision is the section that enables you to state that you wish to refuse treatment, including life - sustaining treatment, should you lose the capacity to make these decisions in the future. compassion in dying have produced an advance decision document, including very helpful guidance notes. my last song suggest you download the form. before you fill it in, discuss your decisions with your gp and close family members. why make an advance decision? there are many benefits associated with making an advance decision, or more commonly, having a living will : - taking control : advance decisions give you more control of your end of life care and treatment ; - peace of mind : advance decisions provide you and your family with the peace of mind that your wishes will be respected and that, in certain circumstances, your life will not be prolonged against their wishes ; - legally binding : advance decisions have been given statutory force under the mental capacity act in october 2007 so that any decision to refuse treatment is legally binding ; - better decision making : making an advance decision is a good opportunity to discuss your wishes with close family and your doctor. limitations of advance decisions an advance decision can ' t be used to : - ask for your life to be ended ; - force doctors to act against their professional judgement ; - nominate someone else to decide about treatment on your behalf. as with advance statements, bear in mind that new drugs or treatments may be introduced in the future so you may wish to allow for new treatments even if refusing a current one. who can make an advance decision? anyone who is mentally competent and over 18 can make an advance decision. you should review your advance decision regularly - perhaps every couple of years - to check that you are still happy with what it contains. you may want to change certain treatment requests or change your mind about refusing treatment. who should have a copy? five copies may seem a lot, but as with a will, it is vital that this document is found as soon as it is required to ensure your wishes are carried out. these are the people who you should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46820723013361454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0092222-02e2-40dc-9391-2e31f7cc72dc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.210433"}
{"text": "treatment. who should have a copy? five copies may seem a lot, but as with a will, it is vital that this document is found as soon as it is required to ensure your wishes are carried out. these are the people who you should give a copy to : - one copy to your gp ; - one copy to a trusted friend ; - one copy to a trusted family member ; - one copy with your solicitor ; - one copy to keep yourself. you can also carry a credit - card sized card stating that you have an advance decision. consider keeping a digital copy in your lifebox. you will be the only person able to access it, and then update it if required. you can give your second key holder permission to open your lifebox when you feel you losing the capacity to make cohesive decisions about your end of life care. remember to replace old copies with new copies if you update your advance decision. an advance decision enables you to state the scenarios in which you would or would not wish to receive further treatment. - if you are terminally ill with no reasonable prospect of recovery ; - if you suffer a serious mental impairment ; or - if you are persistently unconscious for x amount of weeks. in a pro - choice advance decision - which also lets you state which treatments you do consent to - you can also state any spiritual and personal wishes that you wish to be taken into account, although this section is purely advisory and not legally binding.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49504039731208216, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0092222-02e2-40dc-9391-2e31f7cc72dc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.212573"}
{"text": "higher education and ee on college campuses across north america, young people with passion for environmental causes are taking action to make the world more sustainable. how do we turn these motivated students into future environmental educators? naaee \u2019 s guidelines for the preparation and professional development of environmental educators provide the basis for these campus initiatives. pre - 12 teacher preparation naaee has partnered with national council for the accreditation of teacher education, which accredits more than half of the 1, 200 or so colleges of teacher education in the u. s. how does this impact universities? \u2022 sixty percent of all the colleges and universities that certify teachers are accredited by ncate. naaee \u2019 s partnership with ncate demonstrates acceptance of ee as an important part of formal education training. as teachers are better trained, they will be more comfortable teaching about the environment, particularly in interdisciplinary teams. \" adding naaee standards to the ncate protocols will encourage teacher education programs to take environmental education seriously. the issues facing our society require teachers that are prepared to teach about the environment, based upon the standards of our profession. \u201d dean of the college of education, western kentucky university training in the ee standards is offered each year at the naaee annual conference. nonformal educator preparation \u2013 departments other than the college of education offer training for future environmental educators. ee providers lead activities for children and adults at nonformal educational institutions such as nature centers, zoos, museums, and parks. they develop curriculum materials and administer national, state, and local community ee programs. they work in corporate sustainability departments, teaching employees and customers about the environment, or in media reaching millions of readers and viewers. regardless of the setting, naaee \u2019 s guidelines for the preparation and professional development of environmental educators outlines the experiences and learning that will help them deliver their messages in ways that effectively foster environmental literacy. naaee is drafting ee standards to provide recognition to these programs through a mechanism known as a certificate of distinction.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43338313836226827, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e9215f13-18fc-464a-85ef-6139756ce756>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.217851"}
{"text": "recovery is a process, beginning with diagnosis and eventually moving into successful management of your illness. successful recovery involves learning about your illness and the treatments available, empowering yourself through the support of peers and family members, and finally moving to a point where you take action to manage your own illness by helping others. untreated mental illness : a needless human tragedy severe mental illnesses are treatable disorders of the brain. left untreated, however, they are among the most disabling and destructive illnesses known to humankind. millions of americans struggling with severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression, know only too well the personal costs of these debilitating illnesses. stigma, shame, discrimination, unemployment, homelessness, criminalization, social isolation, poverty, and premature death mark the lives of most individuals with the most severe and persistent mental illnesses. mental illness recovery : a reality within our grasp the real tragedy of mental illness in this country is that we know how to put things right. we know how to give people back their lives, to give them back their self - respect, to help them become contributing members of our society. nami ' s in our own voice, a live presentation by consumers, offers living proof that recovery from mental illness is an ongoing reality. science has greatly expanded our understanding and treatment of severe mental illnesses. once forgotten in the back wards of mental institutions, individuals with brain disorders have a real chance at reclaiming full, productive lives, but only if they have access to the treatments, services, and programs so vital to recovery. - newer classes of medications can better treat individuals with severe mental illnesses and with far fewer side effects. eighty percent of those suffering from bipolar disorder and 65 percent of those with major depression respond quickly to treatment ; additionally, 60 percent of those with schizophrenia can be relieved of acute symptoms with proper medication. - assertive community treatment, a proven model treatment program that provides round - the - clock support to individuals with the most severe and persistent mental illnesses, significantly reduces hospitalizations, incarceration, homelessness, and increases employment, decent housing and quality of life. - the involvement of consumers and family members in all aspects of planning, organizing, financing, and implementing service - delivery systems results in more responsiveness and accountability, and far fewer grievances. resources for recovery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5187377965993711, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04da894f-84c5-4cf7-bf0d-22b3545279aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.223272"}
{"text": "joined : 16 mar 2004 | posted : tue aug 04, 2009 2 : 40 pm post subject : immune responses jolted into action by nanohorns | the immune response triggered by carbon nanotube - like structures could be harnessed to help treat infectious diseases and cancers, say researchers. the way tiny structures like nanotubes can trigger sometimes severe immune reactions has troubled researchers trying to use them as vehicles to deliver drugs inside the body in a targeted way. white blood cells can efficiently detect and capture nanostructures, so much research is focused on allowing nanotubes and similar structures to pass unmolested in the body. but a french - italian research team plans to use nanohorns, a cone - shaped variety of carbon nanotubes, to deliberately provoke the immune system. they think that the usually unwelcome immune response could kick - start the body into fighting a disease or cancer more effectively. to test their theory, alberto bianco and helene dumortier at the cnrs institute in strasbourg, france, in collaboration with maurizio prato at the university of trieste, italy, gave carbon nanohorns to mouse white blood cells in a petri dish. the macrophage cells ' job is to swallow foreign particles. after 24 hours, most of the macrophages had swallowed some nanohorns. but they had also begun to release reactive oxygen compounds and other small molecules that signal to other parts of the immune system to become more active. the researchers think they could tune that cellular distress call to a particular disease or cancer, by filling the interior of nanohorns with particular antigens, like ice cream filling a cone. \" the nanohorns would deliver the antigen to the macrophages while also triggering a cascade of pro - inflammatory effects, \" dumortier says. \" this process should initiate an antigen - specific immune response. \" \" there is still a long way to go before this interesting approach might become safe and effective, \" says ruth duncan at cardiff university, uk. \" safety would ultimately depend on proposed dose, the frequency of dose and the route of administration, \" she says. dumortier agrees more work is needed, but adds that the results so far suggest that nanohorns are less toxic to cells than normal nanotubes can be. \" no sign of cell death was visible upon three days of macrophage culture in the presence of nanohorns, \" dumortier says. recent headline - grabbing results suggest that nanotubes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5691427421200518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5cade7be-722d-4875-86c2-cdb3dd43ad4f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.227985"}
{"text": "in this study, ni and cu nanowire arrays and ni / cu superlattice nanowire arrays are fabricated using standard techniques such as electrochemical deposition of metals into porous anodic alumina oxide templates having pore diameters of about 50 nm. we perform optical measurements on these nanowire array structures. optical reflectance ( or ) of the as - prepared samples is recorded using an imaging spectrometer in the wavelength range from 400 to 2, 000 nm ( i. e., from visible to near - infrared bandwidth ). the measurements are carried out at temperatures set to be 4. 2, 70, 150, and 200 k and at room temperature. we find that the intensity of the or spectrum for nanowire arrays depends strongly on the temperature. the strongest or can be observed at about t = 200 k for all samples in visible regime. the or spectra for these samples show different features in the visible and near - infrared bandwidths. we discuss the physical mechanisms responsible for these interesting experimental findings. this study is relevant to the application of metal nanowire arrays as optical and optoelectronic devices. keywords : nanowire array ; optical properties ; visible and near - infrared ; temperature dependence in recent years, quasi one - dimensional ( 1d ) nanostructured materials have received much attention attributed to their interesting physical properties in sharp contrast to the bulk ones and to the potential applications as electronic, magnetic, photonic, and optoelectronic devices [ 1 - 4 ]. from a viewpoint of physics, the basic physical properties of nanostructured materials differ significantly from those of bulk materials with the same chemical components. in particular, quantum confinement effects can be observed in the dimensionally reduced nanomaterial systems. therefore, nanowires have been a major focus of research on nanoscaled materials which can be taken as a fundamental building block of nanotechnology and practical nanodevices. it should be noticed that metal nanowires have displayed unique optical and optoelectronic properties due to surface plasmon resonance ( spr ) which is a resonant oscillation of the conducting electrons within the metallic nanostructures. the spr effect in nanowire structures can cause a tremendous enhancement of the electromagnetic near - field in the immediate vicinity of the particles and can give rise to enhanced scattering and absorption of light radiation. the spr in metal nanowires and related phenomena ( such as the surface - enhanced raman spectroscopy, nonlinear optic response, plas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6099373861538191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e12f310-414f-43f9-a2fb-66b9ce4ccbc0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.251481"}
{"text": "- field in the immediate vicinity of the particles and can give rise to enhanced scattering and absorption of light radiation. the spr in metal nanowires and related phenomena ( such as the surface - enhanced raman spectroscopy, nonlinear optic response, plasmonic excitation, to mention but a few ) contributes greatly to their promising applications in biosensors, optical devices, and photonic and plasmonic devices [ 5 - 8 ]. moreover, metal nanowire wave guides can excite and emit terahertz ( 1012 hz or thz ) surface plasmon polaritons, which can fill the gap of terahertz electronics and optoelectronics. on the other hand, superlattice nanowires have even richer physical properties owing to further quantum confinement of electron motion along the wire direction. they have been proposed as advanced electronic device systems to observe novel effects such as giant magnetoresistance and even high thermoelectric figure of merit [ 10, 11 ]. furthermore, with the rapid development of nanotechnology, it is now possible to fabricate nanowire arrays and superlattice nanowire arrays [ 12, 13 ]. one of the major advantages to apply nanowire arrays and superlattice nanowire arrays as optic and optoelectronic devices is that the optical response of the array structures can be tuned and modulated via varying sample parameters such as the diameter of the wire and the pattern of the array structure. due to potential applications of the nanowire arrays and superlattice nanowire arrays as optical devices, it is of importance and significance to examine their basic optical properties. in this article, we present a detailed experimental study on the optical properties of three kinds of nanowire array structures such as ni and cu nanowire arrays and ni / cu superlattice nanowire arrays. we would like to examine how these advanced nanostructured material systems can respond to light radiation, how their optical properties depend on temperature and radiation wavelength, and why the optical properties of the nanowire arrays differ from those observed in bulk materials. samples and measurements in this study, three kinds of nanowire array structures are fabricated, including ni arrays, cu arrays, and ni / cu superlattice arrays. samples are prepared by direct current electrodeposition [ 14 - 16 ] of metal into the holes of porous anodic alumina membrane ( paam ) with the pore size of about 50 nm. noteworthy is the diameter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6050266454361306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e12f310-414f-43f9-a2fb-66b9ce4ccbc0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.252865"}
{"text": "is used for the detection of 400 - to 800 - nm wavelength regime, and the ingaas photodetector is employed for the measurement of 1 - to 2 - \u03bcm wavelength regime. for measurements in the visible regime, the temperatures are set at 4. 2, 70, 150, and 200 k and at room temperature. the change of temperature is achieved in an oxford cooling system. the measurements in the near - infrared regime are undertaken at room temperature. results and discussion the or spectra for ni and cu nanowire arrays and ni / cu superlattice nanowire arrays are shown in figure 2 in visible bandwidth for different temperatures at 4. 2, 70, 150, 200, and 297 k, respectively. as can be seen, the intensity of or in nanowire array structures depends strongly on temperature. when temperature ( t ) < 200 k, the intensity of or for a ni nanowire array sample increases with temperature. when t > 200 k, the or intensity decreases with increasing temperature. the strongest or can be observed at about 200 k. a similar phenomenon can be found for a ni / cu superlattice nanowire array sample. in contrast, the or spectra for cu nanowire arrays ( see figure 2c ) show different temperature dependence. with increasing temperature, the intensity of or for a cu nanowire array first decreases in the 4. 2 - to 70 - k regime, then increases in the 70 - to 200 - k regime, and decreases again when t > 200 k. again, the strongest or for cu nanowire arrays can be observed at about t = 200 k. these experimental findings suggest that 200 k is an appropriate temperature for the enhancement of optical reflection from cu, ni, and ni / cu superlattice nanowire array structures. this can provide a basis for further investigation into other optical properties such as optical absorption and emission from metal nanowire arrays in visible regime. we find that when t > 200 k, the or spectrum for ni / cu superlattice nanowire array lies between those for cu and ni nanowire arrays. however, at lower temperatures ( e. g., at 150 k ), the intensity of the or spectrum for ni / cu superlattice nanowire array is lower than those for cu and ni nanowire arrays. figure 2. the spectra of optical reflection for nanowire arrays measured at different temperatures of 4. 2, 70, 150, 200, and 297 k as indicated. the results for a ni nanowire array ( a ), a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6165711362439397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e12f310-414f-43f9-a2fb-66b9ce4ccbc0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.256009"}
{"text": "nanowire arrays. figure 2. the spectra of optical reflection for nanowire arrays measured at different temperatures of 4. 2, 70, 150, 200, and 297 k as indicated. the results for a ni nanowire array ( a ), a ni / cu superlattice nanowire array ( b ), and a cu nanowire array ( c ) are shown. in figure 3, the or spectra are shown at room temperature for three metal nanowire array samples in visible and near - infrared bandwidths. in the visible regime ( see figure 3a ), two relatively wide reflection peaks can be observed for all samples at about 500 to 650 nm and 650 to 700 nm, respectively. the 650 - to 700 - nm peaks for the three samples appear at almost the same position ( at about 667 nm ), while the 500 - to 650 - nm ones redshift slightly with respect to that of the incident light source. the peak position of the light source is at about 554 nm, whereas the peaks for cu and ni / cu superlattice nanowire arrays are at about 585 nm and that for ni nanowire arrays is at about 600 nm. it should be noted that the visible light source provided by the tungsten halogen lamp has two main peaks in the 400 - to 800 - nm wavelength regime. the intensity of infrared light source given by the si carbide rod decreases when the radiation wavelength approaches 2 \u03bcm. the variation of the intensity of the light sources is enhanced via measurement systems. we notice that ni nanowire arrays reflect more strongly the visible light ; cu nanowire arrays reflect relatively weakly, and the or spectrum for ni / cu superlattice nanowire arrays is just in between them. in the near - infrared range of 1, 000 to 2, 000 nm ( see figure 3b ), the peaks of or spectra for cu nanowire arrays and ni / cu superlattice nanowire arrays are at about 1, 808 nm, and ni nanowire arrays and light source are at about 1, 727 nm. the or spectra for nanowire arrays redshift slightly with respect to the spectrum of the light source. in contrast to the visible regime, the cu nanowire array reflects more strongly the infrared radiation than ni nanowire array. interestingly, the or spectrum for ni / cu superlattice nanowire array is below that for ni nanowire array when radiation wavelength is less than 1, 730 nm, and it is located in between the or spectra for ni", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6161640395168817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e12f310-414f-43f9-a2fb-66b9ce4ccbc0>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.257050"}
{"text": "arrays do. because the quantum confinement effect affects mainly the electronic states in different bands in the array structure, the main features of or due to interband electronic transition does not change very significantly. this is why ni nanowire arrays can reflect more strongly the visible radiation than cu arrays can, as shown in figure 3a and similar to the case for bulk materials. moreover, our results show that in the visible regime and when t > 200 k, the or spectrum for ni / cu superlattice nanowire arrays lies between those for cu and ni nanowire arrays. however, at relatively lower temperatures ( e. g., at 150 k ), the intensity of the or spectrum for ni / cu superlattice nanowire array is lower than those for cu and ni nanowire arrays. we believe that this may have resulted from different features of the phonon modes and electron - phonon scattering in nanowire and superlattice nanowire structures. in superlattice nanowire systems formed by different host materials, the phonon modes can be quantized and the conducting electrons are confined along the wire direction. the quantized phonon modes can weaken the electron - phonon scattering because a scattering event requires momentum and energy conservation. on the other hand, the localized electrons can interact more strongly with phonons. our results suggest that when t > 200 k, the former case is dominant, and when t 150 k, the latter effect is stronger. in this study, cu, ni, and ni / cu nanowire arrays have been fabricated using state - of - the - art nanotechnology. the optical measurements on these nanowire arrays have been carried out in visible and near - infrared bandwidths for different temperatures. we have found that the optical reflection spectra of these samples depend strongly on temperature and on radiation wavelength. in particular, ( 1 ) the strongest or in the visible regime can be observed at about 200 k for all samples, and ( 2 ) the or for cu nanowire arrays show a different dependence on temperature and radiation wavelength from that for ni nanowire arrays. these results indicate that the surface plasmon resonances induced by inter - and intraband electronic transitions, the electron - phonon interaction, and the quantum confinement effect can play important roles in affecting optical properties of the metal nanowire array structure. we hope that the interesting experimental findings from this study can provide an in - depth understanding of optical properties of cu and ni nanowire arrays and cu / ni superlattice nano", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6302140106913676, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e12f310-414f-43f9-a2fb-66b9ce4ccbc0>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.261805"}
{"text": "important roles in affecting optical properties of the metal nanowire array structure. we hope that the interesting experimental findings from this study can provide an in - depth understanding of optical properties of cu and ni nanowire arrays and cu / ni superlattice nanowire arrays and can provide a physical base for the application of metal nanowire arrays as advanced optical and optoelectronic devices. the authors declare that they have no competing interests. wx proposed the research work, coordinated the collaboration, and carried out the analyses of experimental results. yyz designed the experiment and experimental setup, carried out the measurements, and drafted the manuscript. shx and gtf fabricated the nanowire and superlattice nanowire array samples. ymx and jgh participated in experimental measurements, results and discussion, and analyses. all authors read and approved the final manuscript. this work was supported by the national natural science foundation of china ( grant no. 10974206 ), department of science and technology of yunnan province, and by the chinese academy of sciences. j crystal growth 2003, 254 : 14. publisher full text j appl phys 2002, 91 : 4590 - 4594. publisher full text appl surf sci 2008, 255 : 1901. publisher full text surf coat technol 2010, 205 : 2432 - 2437. publisher full text c r physique 2008, 9 : 215 - 231. publisher full text appl phys lett 1994, 65 : 2484. publisher full text appl phys lett 1994, 65 : 3019. publisher full text nano lett 2002, 2 : 83. publisher full text", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5951130389304189, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e12f310-414f-43f9-a2fb-66b9ce4ccbc0>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.262802"}
{"text": "the knowledge, skills and understandings relating to students \u2019 writing have been drawn from the statements of learning for english ( mceecdya 2005 ). students are taught to write a variety of forms of writing at school. the three main forms of writing ( also called genres or text types ) that are taught are narrative writing, informative writing and persuasive writing. in the writing tests, students are provided with a \u2018 writing stimulus ' ( sometimes called a prompt \u2013 an idea or topic ) and asked to write a response in a particular genre or text type. in 2013, students will be required to complete a persuasive writing task. the writing task targets the full range of student capabilities expected of students from years 3 to 9. the same stimulus is used for students in years 3, 5, 7 and 9. the lines in the response booklet for year 3 students are more widely spaced than for years 5, 7 and 9 and more capable students will address the topic at a higher level. the same marking guide is used to assess all students ' writing, allowing for a national comparison of student writing capabilities across these year levels. assessing the writing task students \u2019 writing will be marked by assessors who have received intensive training in the application of a set of ten writing criteria summarised below. the full persuasive writing marking guide ( 5. 7 mb ) and the writing stimulus used to prompt the writing samples in the marking guide are both available for download. descriptions of the writing criteria | | description of marking criterion | the writer \u2019 s capacity to orient, engage and persuade the reader | | the organisation of the structural components of a persuasive text ( introduction, body and conclusion ) into an appropriate and effective text structure | | the selection, relevance and elaboration of ideas for a persuasive argument | | the use of a range of persuasive devices to enhance the writer \u2019 s position and persuade the reader | | the range and precision of contextually appropriate language choices | | the control of multiple threads and relationships across the text, achieved through the use of grammatical elements ( referring words, text connectives, conjunctions ) and lexical elements ( substitutions, repetitions, word associations ) | | the segmenting of text into paragraphs that assists the reader to follow the line of argument | | the production of grammatically correct, structurally sound and meaningful sentences | | the use of correct and appropriate punctuation to aid the reading of the text | | the accuracy of spelling and the difficulty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48054076813323643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:817d308c-adeb-427a-9b89-415a8f96d2ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.271322"}
{"text": "assists the reader to follow the line of argument | | the production of grammatically correct, structurally sound and meaningful sentences | | the use of correct and appropriate punctuation to aid the reading of the text | | the accuracy of spelling and the difficulty of the words used the narrative writing marking guide ( used in 2008 - 2010 ) is also available. use of formulaic structures beginning writers can benefit from being taught how to use structured scaffolds. one such scaffold that is commonly used is the five paragraph argument essay. however, when students becomes more competent, the use of this structure can be limiting. as writers develop their capabilities they should be encouraged to move away from formulaic structures and to use a variety of different persuasive text types, styles and language features, as appropriate to different topics. students are required to write their opinion and to draw on personal knowledge and experience when responding to test topics. students are not expected to have detailed knowledge about the topic. students should feel free to use any knowledge that they have on the topic, but should not feel the need to manufacture evidence to support their argument. in fact, students who do so may undermine the credibility of their argument by making statements that are implausible. example topics and different styles : city or country ( see example prompt ) a beginning writer could write their opinion about living in either the city or country and give reasons for it. a more capable writer might also choose to take one side and argue for it. however, this topic also lends itself to a comparative style response from a more capable writer. it can be argued there are benefits and limitations to living in the city and living in the country. a writer could also choose to introduce other options, for example living in a large country town that might have the benefits of city and rural life. positions taken on this topic are likely to elicit logical, practical reasons and anecdotes based on writers \u2019 experiences. books or tv ( see example prompt ) a beginning writer could write about their opinion of one aspect and give reasons for it. however, this topic lends itself to a comparative style response from a more capable writer. it can be argued there are benefits and limitations to both books and tv. the reasons for either side of the topic are likely to elicit logical, practical reasons and personal anecdotes based on the writer ' s experiences of both books and tv. it is cruel to keep animals in cages and zoos ( see example prompt ) a beginning writer could take on one side", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5033021613247457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:817d308c-adeb-427a-9b89-415a8f96d2ec>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.273658"}
{"text": "atomic oxygen, a corrosive space gas, finds many applications on earth. an atomic innovation for artwork oxygen may be one of the most common substances on the planet, but recent space research has unveiled a surprising number of new applications for the gas, including restoring damaged artwork. it all started with a critical problem facing would - be spacecraft : the gasses just outside the earth \u2019 s atmosphere are highly corrosive. while most oxygen atoms on earth \u2019 s surface occur in pairs, in space the pair is often split apart by short - wave solar radiation, producing singular atoms. because oxygen so easily bonds with other substances, it is highly corrosive in atomic form, and it gradually wears away the protective layering on orbiting objects such as satellites and the international space station ( iss ). to combat this destructive gas, nasa recreated it on earth and applied it to different materials to see what would prove most resistant. the coatings developed through these experiments are currently used on the iss. during the tests, however, scientists also discovered applications for atomic oxygen that have since proved a success in the private sector. breathing new life into damaged art in their experiments, nasa researchers quickly realized that atomic oxygen interacted primarily with organic materials. soon after, they partnered with churches and museums to test the gas \u2019 s ability to restore fire - damaged or vandalized art. atomic oxygen was able to remove soot from fire - damaged artworks without altering the paint. it was first tested on oil paintings : in 1989, an arson fire at st. alban \u2019 s episcopal church in cleveland nearly destroyed a painting of mary magdalene. although the paint was blistered and charred, atomic oxygen treatment plus a reapplication of varnish revitalized it. and in 2002, a fire at st. stanislaus church ( also in cleveland ) left two paintings with soot damage, but atomic oxygen removed it. buoyed by the successes with oil paints, the engineers also applied the restoration technique to acrylics, watercolors, and ink. at pittsburgh \u2019 s carnegie museum of art, where an andy warhol painting, bathtub, has been kissed by a lipstick - wearing vandal, a technician successfully removed the offending pink mark with a portable atomic oxygen gun. the only evidence that the painting had been treated \u2014 a lightened spot of paint \u2014 was easily restored by a conservator. a genuine difference - maker when the successes in art restoration were publicized, forensic analysts who study documents became curious about using atomic oxygen to detect forge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.537077026801291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:672eb588-eeaa-401f-81e0-1a0e5c9d984f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.279111"}
{"text": "the nature conservancy \u2019 s successful island restoration and innovative conservation practices have inspired countless scientists and conservationists around the world. and now, santa cruz island has motivated novelists as well. best - selling author t. c. boyle \u2014 author of such works as the women, the tortilla curtain, and a friend of the earth \u2014 has written a new novel principally set on santa cruz island and inspired by the conservancy \u2019 s and the national park service \u2019 s scientists work. the story of santa cruz island \u2014 and its incredible return from the brink of ecological collapse \u2014 is nothing short of remarkable. the conservancy is announcing a contest to win a trip to this iconic place. come meet the scientists who are saving santa cruz island and learn more about our work firsthand. you and a guest could win a trip to see animals like the island fox that exist nowhere else on earth and stay overnight at a historic ranch. to enter the contest to win an island adventure got to www. nature. org / sci or text \u201c tnc \u201d to 5055. at 96 square miles, santa cruz island is the largest and most biodiverse of california \u2019 s eight channel islands. it is graced with a nearly unimaginable 77 - mile stretch of california coastline surrounding two mountain ranges which flank a central valley. often referred to as the \u201c galapagos of north america, \u201d santa cruz island is home to animals and plants found nowhere else on earth, including the island fox and island scrub - jay. author t. c. boyle was inspired by his own trip to santa cruz island with the conservancy. view his interview at www. nature. org / sci. boyle \u2019 s new book, when the killing \u2019 s done, tells the fictionalized tale of the island \u2019 s restoration. what isn \u2019 t fictional is the conscious struggle scientists universally face as we attempt to exert control over the natural world for the good of the whole. this has been a real challenge for the conservancy \u2019 s scientists both personally and professionally on santa cruz island. \u201c it \u2019 s our job to preserve nature, but sometimes that requires making hard choices. there is nothing pleasant about having to kill an animal, \u201d said the nature conservancy santa cruz island director lotus vermeer. \u201c my love of nature is what brought me to this job in the first place. but what is very clear to me is that when native plants and animals like the santa cruz island fox are at risk, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4463232669870448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42d7589d-027c-4015-b8fe-563647364030>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.290711"}
{"text": "cruz island director lotus vermeer. \u201c my love of nature is what brought me to this job in the first place. but what is very clear to me is that when native plants and animals like the santa cruz island fox are at risk, and natural systems are threatened, we are morally obligated to take responsibility for undoing the damage that we have caused. \u201d the nature conservancy is proud to be featured in this book, which highlights our collaborative work with our partner the national park service on santa cruz island. since 1978, the nature conservancy has achieved extraordinary restoration success on santa cruz island, including the re - establishment of bald eagles, removal of all feral sheep and pigs, vaccinating island scrub - jays against west nile virus and bringing the native santa cruz island fox back from the brink of extinction. \u2022 to enter the contest visit www. nature. org / sci or text \u201c tnc \u201d to 5055 \u2022 official contest rules \u2014 http : / / www. nature. org / wherewework / northamerica / states / california / features / scisweepstakes. html \u2022 to learn more about the conservancy \u2019 s santa cruz island work \u2014 http : / / www. nature. org / wherewework / northamerica / states / california / preserves / art6335. html the nature conservancy is a leading conservation organization working around the world to protect ecologically important lands and waters for nature and people. the conservancy and its more than 1 million members have protected nearly 120 million acres worldwide. visit the nature conservancy on the web at www. nature. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43173595482834387, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42d7589d-027c-4015-b8fe-563647364030>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.291819"}
{"text": "is light made of waves, or particles? this fundamental question has dogged scientists for decades, because light seems to be both. however, until now, experiments have revealed light to act either like a particle, or a wave, but never the two at once. now, for the first time, a new type of experiment has shown light behaving like both a particle and a wave simultaneously, providing a new dimension to the quandary that could help reveal the true nature of light, and of the whole quantum world. the debate goes back at least as far as isaac newton, who advocated that light was made of particles, and james clerk maxwell, whose successful theory of electromagnetism, unifying the forces of electricity and magnetism into one, relied on a model of light as a wave. then in 1905, albert einstein explained a phenomenon called the photoelectric effect using the idea that light was made of particles called photons ( this discovery won him the nobel prize in physics ). [ what ' s that? your physics questions answered ] ultimately, there ' s good reason to think that light is both a particle and a wave. in fact, the same seems to be true of all subatomic particles, including electrons and quarks and even the recently discovered higgs boson - like particle. the idea is called wave - particle duality, and is a fundamental tenet of the theory of quantum mechanics. depending on which type of experiment is used, light, or any other type of particle, will behave like a particle or like a wave. so far, both aspects of light ' s nature haven ' t been observed at the same time. but still, scientists have wondered, does light switch from being a particle to being a wave depending on the circumstance? or is light always both a particle and a wave simultaneously? now, for the first time, researchers have devised a new type of measurement apparatus that can detect both particle and wave - like behavior at the same time. the device relies on a strange quantum effect called quantum nonlocality, a counter - intuitive notion that boils down to the idea that the same particle can exist in two locations at once. \" the measurement apparatus detected strong nonlocality, which certified that the photon behaved simultaneously as a wave and a particle in our experiment, \" physicist alberto peruzzo of england ' s university of bristol said in a statement. \" this represents a strong refutation of models in which the photon is either a wave or a particle. \" peruzzo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6754210650255893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2beee413-cfb4-4e4b-b8c0-5316c1b27634>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.297747"}
{"text": "a wave and a particle in our experiment, \" physicist alberto peruzzo of england ' s university of bristol said in a statement. \" this represents a strong refutation of models in which the photon is either a wave or a particle. \" peruzzo is lead author of a paper describing the experiment published in the nov. 2 issue of the journal science. the experiment further relies on another weird aspect of quantum mechanics \u2014 the idea of quantum entanglement. two particles can become entangled so that actions performed on one particle affect the other. in this way, the researchers were able to allow the photons in the experiment to delay the choice of whether to be particles or waves. mit physicist seth lloyd, who was not involved in the project, called the experiment \" audacious \" in a related essay in science, and said that while it allowed the photons to delay the choice of being particles or waves for only a few nanoseconds, \" if one has access to quantum memory in which to store the entanglement, the decision could be put off until tomorrow ( or for as long as the memory works reliably ). so why decide now? just let those quanta slide! \" - twisted physics : 7 mind - blowing findings - quantum weirdness goes big \u2013 molecules act like waves | video - wacky physics : the coolest little particles in nature \u00a9 2012 livescience. com. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6805393647765329, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2beee413-cfb4-4e4b-b8c0-5316c1b27634>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.301251"}
{"text": "take a $ 20 bill. now strike a match and watch the money go up in smoke. pretty crazy idea, right? yet many of us do something similar every time we drive. we fill up our gas tanks, then burn through extra fuel - and money - that we could be saving. the good news is that it doesn ' t take much to start saving money at the gas pump. by tweaking your driving habits and adopting a few simple car maintenance tips, you can easily cut your fuel consumption and get more mileage out of your vehicle. getting 30 mpg instead of 20 mpg saves the average driver about $ 990 per year in fuel costs! there are other benefits, too. reducing the amount of fuel you use improves air quality, since motor vehicles account for about half of all greenhouse gas emissions in north carolina and up to 70 percent in urban areas. that means everyone - you, your grandma, the family next door \u2013 can breathe easier. no matter what you drive, you can reduce carbon dioxide and save money - right now. this page will show you how to start driving green and saving green. download and print these free posters to spread the word about drive green, save green. every five miles per hour you go over 60 can cost you an extra 20 cents per gallon. notes that drivers can save $ 40 a year and help the environment by clearing out their trunks. learn how small changes in your driving habits, like going a little slower, using cruise control or cutting off the ac can add up to big savings. tips for simple, regular maintenance that can help you save on gas and avoid more costly repairs. find public transit in your area, locate a carpool buddy, and get information on biking and walking in north carolina. keeping tires properly inflated saves you one tank of gas a year? for every 5 mph you go over 60 mph, you \u2019 re paying 20 cents more per gallon for gas? your air conditioner can consume up to one gallon of gas per tank to cool the vehicle? using cruise control on 10, 000 of the miles driven in a year could save you nearly $ 200? you can lose 30 gallons of gasoline annually by not tightening your fuel cap? on a 10 - minute trip, rushing to get to your destination \u2013 i. e. flooring it at every green light and slamming on your brakes \u2013 will get you there only 24 seconds sooner, but reduce your fuel efficiency from 25 mpg to 17 mpg?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.464532851562698, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cfb3960c-bade-4aa4-beff-5c670555c33f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.305969"}
{"text": "fleas, mites, and chiggers fleas, mites, and chiggers often bite humans, but are not poisonous. it is sometimes difficult to assess which type of insect caused the bite, or if the rash is caused by poison ivy or other skin conditions. what are the symptoms of a flea, mites, or chigger bite? the following are the most common symptoms of a flea, mite, or chigger bite. however, each individual may experience symptoms differently. symptoms may include : small, raised skin lesions pain or itching dermatitis ( inflammation of the skin ) allergic - type reactions in hypersensitive persons with swelling or blistering the symptoms of a flea, mite, or chigger bite may resemble other conditions or medical problems. always consult your physician for a diagnosis. treatment for bites caused by fleas, mites, and chiggers : specific treatment for these insect bites will be determined by your health care provider. some general guidelines for treatment may include the following : clean the area well with soap and water. use an antihistamine, if needed, for itching. take acetaminophen, if needed, for discomfort. when should i call my health care provider? call your doctor if any, or all, of the following symptoms are present : persistent pain or itching signs of infection at the site such as increased redness, warmth, swelling, or drainage call 911 or your local emergency medical service ( ems ) if the individual has signs of a severe allergic reaction such as trouble breathing, tightness in the throat or chest, feeling faint, dizziness, hives, and / or nausea and vomiting.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3681837091986807, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ccfd0f9-35f4-4049-97fd-5f5c43fe919b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.312971"}
{"text": "dementia and the sniff magnitude test sniff test may signal disorders \u2019 early stages by elizabeth svoboda published : august 14, 2007 the sniff magnitude test, developed with the aid of a $ 1. 3 million grant from the national institutes of health, consists of a nasal tube called a cannula attached to a plastic container about the size and shape of a coffee thermos. chemical vapors inside the canister are released through the tube, exposing subjects to a series of smells, some more objectionable than others. \u201c people describe some of the smells as skunky or sewerlike, \u201d said jason bailie, a university of cincinnati graduate student working on the test. \u201c there \u2019 s also one that smells like banana. \u201d as patients take whiffs of each new fragrance, sensors in the thermos unit measure the negative pressure the inhalations produce. the size and intensity of these sniffs turn out to be important gauges of olfactory ability. after detecting a strong or disagreeable odor, people with a normal sense of smell take very small sniffs to avoid smelling it. subjects with an impaired sense of smell, on the other hand, continue taking deep whiffs, because the scent does not register in their brains. the cincinnati team \u2019 s efforts have piqued the interest of other researchers, including dr. doty and alan hirsch of the smell and taste research and treatment foundation, who is using the sniff test in his clinical practice. \u201c they \u2019 ve chosen some very good odors that stimulate the olfactory system effectively, \u201d dr. doty said. \u201c this is a very novel approach \u2014 it just needs to be tested more broadly. \u201d still, dr. doty added, the sniff magnitude test may not be the ideal way to assess every patient with cognitive deficits. \u201c very early in life, we make a connection between an odor and its source, \u201d he said. \u201c we give it a name. if the connection between the name of an odor and the odor itself is what \u2019 s breaking down in an alzheimer \u2019 s patient, this test might not be as helpful, \u201d because it does not tell evaluators how a patient identifies and categorizes smells. the sniff magnitude test is likely to raise red flags only if an impending cognitive disorder directly affects a patient \u2019 s olfactory abilities. [... read the full article... ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5049094029712734, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30ac8575-c560-4da8-894d-40dd32fda824>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.326422"}
{"text": "india info : india - more indian musical instruments by v. a. ponmelil ( feedback ) more indian musical instruments chitra veena / gotu vadhyam the chitraveena which is also referred to as the gotuvadhyam is one of the most exquisite instruments. it is a 21 stringed fretless lute similar to vichitraveena. it contains a flat top, two resonant chambers, and a hollow stem of wood. while the right hand plectrums pluck the strings, the left hand slides a piece of wood over the strings. it is one of the oldest instruments of the world and the forerunner of the fretted saraswati veena. the word jaltarang means \" waves in water \". the jaltarang is an interesting ancient musical instrument consisting of a series of tuned bowls arranged in a semicircle around the performer. the bowls are of different sizes and are tuned precisely to the pitches of various ragas by adding appropriate amounts of water. the instrument is played by striking the inside edge of the bowls with two small wooden sticks, one held in each hand. jal tarang is not very common and is normally found in the accompaniment of kathak dancers. the morsing is a tiny instrument which is held in the left hand, the prongs against the upper and lower front teeth. the tongue, which protrudes from the mouth, is made of spring steel. this is plucked with the index finger of the right hand ( backwards, not forwards ) while the tone and timbre are adjusted by changing the shape of the mouth cavity and moving the tongue. further control of the sound can be achieved with the breath. like the mridangam, the morsing is tuned to the shruti and fine tuning is achieved by placing small amounts of bee ' s wax on the end of the tongue. the shank is one of the ancient instruments of india. it is also referred to as the sushirvadya which is associated with religious functions. in india it is considered very sacred. it is being regarded as one of the attributes of lord vishnu. before using, the shankh is drilled in such a way as to produce a hole at the base taking care that the natural hole is not disturbed. in athar\u00acveda, one finds reference to shankh, though it existed long, before. in bhagvad gita, during the time of war, shankh had played an important role. it also has different", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4739740352639069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d883f592-7d49-4425-b333-5e5fa1fcfd30>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.331068"}
{"text": "on december 21, 2012, our calendar will align with the maya date 22. 214. 171. 124. 0, completing a great maya cycle of time. there ' s been a lot of hoopla that we are about to face a doomsday - - better known as the maya apocalypse. there are television specials and panic buying of disaster supplies in russia, a reminder of the stockpiling that took place for y2k back in 1999. while the maya date will coincide with the solstice, the shortest day of the year, will it also coincide with the end of the world? i ' m no seer, but i am confident that december 22 will see the dawn. the ancient maya of mexico, guatemala, belize and honduras were close keepers of time. they charted every day, organizing them into 20 - and 400 - year periods. using a base - 20 counting system ( ours is base 10 ) and zero, they easily calculated thousands of dates, some noting the existence of millions of years. during the height of their civilization in the 8th century, the maya recorded dates and deeds at dozens of city - states, from births and battles to the triumphant wrenching of trophies from enemies. artists inscribed their signatures on painted pots and stone sculptures. stucco inscriptions adorned monumental pyramids that crested over the rainforest canopy. but to continue building ever grander structures, the maya needed the natural resources. most of all, they needed timber to burn limestone in order to make cement. by the late 8th century, the rainforest was in retreat, fuel was scarce and recurrent drought led to desperation, which then led to chronic warfare. and so around 800 ad, one of the most extraordinary civilizations came to a crushing halt. small groups of desperate dwellers in some cities held out behind hastily thrown - up palisades. elsewhere, foes burned enemy cities to the ground and smashed monuments, leaving them scattered across the surface to be found in recent times. scrub jungle overtook what had been sparkling white plazas. compact ball courts that had seen raucous competition of a team sport played like soccer went silent. wildlife scavenged lavish furnishings for their nests and dens. the reasons were many, and the outcome was shocking. the maya civilization collapsed in most of its southern lowlands, leaving only abandoned pyramids in silent cities. this was the true face of apocalypse. did they see it coming? just a few years before the rot set in, maya painters at the site of bonampak, a small city in chiapas, mexico,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4621937753653156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:292822e7-c034-4d97-a0d9-9109396022c2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.342367"}
{"text": "pyramids in silent cities. this was the true face of apocalypse. did they see it coming? just a few years before the rot set in, maya painters at the site of bonampak, a small city in chiapas, mexico, covered the walls of a small three - room palace with extraordinary murals. they painted more individuals - - men, mainly, but women and children, too - - than had been rendered before, numbering more than 250. they deployed more fancy pigments than had been used before, more than would ever be used again in ancient mexico, some 47 vibrant blues, reds and yellows. the paintings reveal the social layers of courtiers and lords, musicians and dwarves, victims and their blade - wielding sacrificers. musicians, singers and performers lined up to perform on plazas and pyramids. none of these activities or materials was new, but what was new was the rapidly crumbling world around the bonampak painters. no one could change - - the paintings seem to tell us. the maya ignored the crisis in front of them, instead dancing with great panaches of precious quetzal feathers on pyramids, as if the present would forever hold. now in the 21st century, perhaps we have also reached a precipice. global warming is not just fearful thinking - - it ' s real. weeks after superstorm sandy, scientists are now predicting the near - term and long - term effects of global warming as more dire that previously thought. some, perhaps like our maya predecessors, would rather not see the writing on the walls of our flooded cities. the crises pile up in front of us, one after another, and we ignore them at our peril. acknowledging and doing something about the problems in front of us seems hard. give us more feathers. build more walls. stockpile canned goods and buy a generator. as for december 21, rest easy. this day will pass as if it were nothing more than the maya y2k, the nonevent of the decade. we ' ll wake up on december 22, and the world will still be here. and so will our pressing environmental challenges. we need to make some hard decisions and resolve that we will confront our own brewing apocalypse before it ' s too late. follow us on twitter @ cnnopinion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4714390404793981, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:292822e7-c034-4d97-a0d9-9109396022c2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.344449"}
{"text": "young goats learn new and distinctive bleating \" accents \" once they begin to socialise with other kids. the discovery is a surprise because the sounds most mammals make were thought to be too primitive to allow subtle variations to emerge or be learned. the only known exceptions are humans, bats and cetaceans \u2013 although many birds, including songbirds, parrots and hummingbirds have legendary song - learning or mimicry abilities. now, goats have joined the club. \" it ' s the first ungulate to show evidence of this, \" says alan mcelligott of queen mary, university of london. mcelligott and his colleague, elodie briefer, made the discovery using 23 newborn kids. to reduce the effect of genetics, all were born to the same father, but from several mothers, so the kids were a mixture of full siblings plus their half - brothers and sisters. the researchers allowed the kids to stay close to their mothers, and recorded their bleats at the age of 1 week. then, the 23 kids were split randomly into four separate \" gangs \" ranging from five to seven animals. when all the kids reached 5 weeks, their bleats were recorded again. \" we had about 10 to 15 calls per kid to analyse, \" says mcelligott. some of the calls are clearly different to the human ear, but the full analysis picked out more subtle variations, based on 23 acoustic parameters. what emerged was that each kid gang had developed its own distinctive patois. \" it probably helps with group cohesion, \" says mcelligott. \" people presumed this didn ' t exist in most mammals, but hopefully now, they ' ll check it out in others, \" says mcelligott. \" it wouldn ' t surprise me if it ' s found in other ungulates and mammals. \" erich jarvis of duke university medical center in durham, north carolina, says the results fit with an idea he has developed with colleague gustavo arriaga, arguing that vocal learning is a feature of many species. \" i would call this an example of limited vocal learning, \" says jarvis. \" it involves small modifications to innately specified learning, as opposed to complex vocal learning which would involve imitation of entirely novel sounds. \" journal reference : animal behaviour, doi : 10. 1016 / j. anbehav. 2012. 01. 020 if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4793980162735987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:072e317e-2d2a-4c8e-97c1-335b8f03bdb2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.349136"}
{"text": "walter bagehot ( february 3, 1826 \u2013 march 24, 1877 ) was a british journalist, political analyst and economist, famous for his analysis of british parliament and money market. under his leadership the economist became one of world \u2019 s leading business and political journals. bagehot recognized that economics in not just a matter of the external, material aspects of financial transactions, but also involves the internal aspects of people ' s desires, motivations, and personality. thus, he always emphasized social issues in his writings, and endeavored to make issues of government transparent to the public. bagehot had an original and insightful mind, recognizing that the character of leaders was often more important than their political affiliation or beliefs. his work has continued to inform and inspire debate, contributing to our understanding of the functioning of human society and its improvement. walter bagehot was born in on february 3, 1826, in langport, somerset, england, the son of a local banker. he attended the university college london, where he earned a master ' s degree in mathematics in 1848. he studied law and was called to the bar, but decided not to practice, instead joining his father in the banking business, in stuckey & co. in the west of england. while still working as a banker, bagehot started to write, first for some periodicals, and then for the national review. he soon became the editor of the paper. in 1857, he met james wilson, founder and editor of the economist, a political and financial weekly newsmagazine. bagehot married wilson \u2019 s daughter in 1858. in 1860, bagehot succeeded his father - in - law, james wilson, as editor of the economist. after taking over he expanded the publication ' s reporting on the united states and on politics, and is considered to have increased its influence among policymakers. bagehot became influential in both politics and economics, among whose friends were statesmen george cornewall lewis and grant duff, lord carnarvon, prime minister william ewart gladstone, and the governor and directors of the bank of england. bagehot made several attempts to be elected as a member of parliament, but without success. he remained at the head of the economist for the rest of his life. he died suddenly on march 24, 1877 in his home in langport, somerset, england, at the age of 51. bagehot was a person with a whole variety of interests. he wrote on the topics of economics, politics, law, literature,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3974397018080631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc871262-6e2e-4e4f-a909-b3fd012a101a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.362438"}
{"text": "suddenly on march 24, 1877 in his home in langport, somerset, england, at the age of 51. bagehot was a person with a whole variety of interests. he wrote on the topics of economics, politics, law, literature, and so forth. he remains most famous however for his three books : the english constitution ( 1867 ), physics and politics ( 1872 ), and lombard street ( 1873 ). in addition to these volumes, he commanded substantial influence through his editorship of the economist. the english constitution in 1867, bagehot wrote the english constitution which explored the constitution of the united kingdom, specifically the functioning of the british parliament and the british monarchy, and the contrasts between british and american government. bagehot revealed how the parliament operated as it were \" behind a curtain, \" hidden from public knowledge. he divided the constitution into two components : - the dignified \u2013 symbolic side of the constitution, and - the efficient - the real face of the constitution, the way things actually work and get done. instead of describing the constitution from the point of the law, as a lawyer would, bagehot focused on the practical implications of the constitution, as experienced by the common man. the book soon became widely popular, ensuring bagehot worldwide fame. he criticized american presidential system, claiming that it lacked flexibility and accountability. while in the english parliament real debates took place, after which changes could take place, in the american congress debates had no power, since the president made the final decision. in bagehot ' s view : a parliamentary system educates the public, while a presidential system corrupts it. ( the english constitution 1867 ) he also criticized the way american presidents are chosen, saying : under a presidential constitution the preliminary caucuses that choose the president need not care as to the ultimate fitness of the man they choose. they are solely concerned with his attractiveness as a candidate. ( the english constitution, 1867 ) physics and politics bagehot wrote physics and politics in 1872, in which he tried to apply the principles of evolution to human societies. the subtitle of the book reads : thoughts on the application of the principles of \" natural selection \" and \" inheritance \" to political society. the book represented a pioneering effort to make a relationship between the natural and the social sciences. bagehot explained the functioning of the market, and how it affects the behavior of the people. for example, he believed that people tend to invest money when the mood of the market is positive, and restrain from it when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5289882362939665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc871262-6e2e-4e4f-a909-b3fd012a101a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.363511"}
{"text": "and the social sciences. bagehot explained the functioning of the market, and how it affects the behavior of the people. for example, he believed that people tend to invest money when the mood of the market is positive, and restrain from it when it comes to a negative phase. in this book bagehot also reflected on the psychology of politics, especially on the personality of a leader. he stressed two things as essential for leadership : the personality of a leader and his motivation. bagehot believed that motivation played one of the key roles in good leadership, and that the personality of a leader often counted more than the policy he endorsed : it is the life of teachers which is catching, not their tenets. \u201d ( physics and politics 1872 ) bagehot claimed that the personal example of the leader sets the tone for the whole governance. that is why \u201c character issues \u201d are so important for any government. character \" issues \" still play an important role in deciding the potential candidate for any leadership position in today \u2019 s modern world. bagehot coined the expression \" the cake of custom, \" denoting the sets of customs that any society is rooted in. bagehot believed that customs develop and evolve throughout human history, with the best organized groups overthrowing the poorly organized groups. in this sense bagehot \u2019 s views are a clear example of cultural selection, closer to lamarckian than darwinian evolution. the central problem in his book was to understand why europeans could break away from tradition and \u201c the cake of custom \u201d and instead focus on progress and novelty. he saw tradition as important in keeping societies cohesive, but also believed that diversity was essential for progress : the great difficulty which history records is not that of the first step, but that of the second step. what is most evident is not the difficulty of getting a fixed law, but getting out of a fixed law ; not of cementing ( as upon a former occasion i phrased it ) a cake of custom, but of breaking the cake of custom ; not of making the first preservative habit, but of breaking through it, and reaching something better. ( physics and politics 1872 ) in his famous lombard street ( 1873 ), bagehot explained the theory behind the banking system, using insights from the english money market. as with his analysis of the english constitution six years earlier, bagehot described the english banking system through the eyes of a simple person, as experienced in everyday life. bagehot showed that the english money system was solely relying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5665836464097118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc871262-6e2e-4e4f-a909-b3fd012a101a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.366796"}
{"text": "english money market. as with his analysis of the english constitution six years earlier, bagehot described the english banking system through the eyes of a simple person, as experienced in everyday life. bagehot showed that the english money system was solely relying on the central bank, the bank of england. bagehot had warned that the whole reserve was in the central bank, under no effectual penalty of failure. he proposed several ideas how to improve that system. bagehot \u2019 s work can be closely associated with the english historicist tradition. he did not directly oppose classical economics, but advocated for its reorganization. he claimed that economics needed to incorporate more factors in its theory, such as cultural and social factors, in order to be more accurate in theorizing about economic processes. bagehot was one of the first to study the relationship between physical and social sciences from a sociological perspective. in his contributions to sociological theory through historical studies, bagehot may be compared to his contemporary henry maine. he also developed a distinct theory of central banking, many points of which continue to be valued. with his analysis of english and united states political systems in the english constitution, bagehot influenced woodrow wilson to write his congressional government. in honor of his achievements and his work as its editor, the economist named its weekly column on british politics after him. every year the british political studies association awards the walter bagehot prize for the best dissertation in the field of government and public administration. - bagehot, walter. 1848. review of mill ' s principles of political economy. prospective review, 4 ( 16 ), 460 - 502. - bagehot, walter. 1858. estimates of some englishmen and scotchmen. london : chapman and hall. - bagehot, walter. 1875. a new standard of value. the economist, november 20. - bagehot, walter. 1879. literary studies. london : longmans, green and co. - bagehot, walter. 1998. ( original 1880 ). economic studies. augustus m kelley pubs. isbn 0678008523 - bagehot, walter. 2001. ( original 1867 ). the english constitution. oxford university press. isbn 0192839756 - bagehot, walter. 2001. ( original 1873 ). lombard street : a description of the money market. adamant media corporation. isbn 140210006x - bagehot, walter. 2001. ( original 1877 ). some articles on the depreciation of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5244137318124465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc871262-6e2e-4e4f-a909-b3fd012a101a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.368023"}
{"text": "2001. ( original 1873 ). lombard street : a description of the money market. adamant media corporation. isbn 140210006x - bagehot, walter. 2001. ( original 1877 ). some articles on the depreciation of silver and on topics connected with it. adamant media corporation. isbn 140216288x - bagehot, walter. 2001. ( original 1889 ). the works of walter bagehot. adamant media corporation. isbn 1421254530 - bagehot, walter. 2006. ( original 1881 ). biographical studies. kessinger publishing. isbn 1428608400 - bagehot, walter. 2006. ( original 1872 ). physics and politics. dodo press. isbn 1406504408 - bagehot, walter. 2006. ( original 1885 ). the postulates of english political economy. cosimo. isbn 1596053771 - barrington, russell. 1914. life of walter bagehot. longmans, green and co. - buchan, alastair. 1960. the spare chancellor : the life of walter bagehot. michigan state university press. isbn 087013051x - cousin, john william. 1910. a short biographical dictionary of english literature. new york, e. p. dutton. - morgan, forrest. 1995. the works of walter bagehot. routledge. isbn 0415131545 - orel, harold. 1984. victorian literary critics : george henry lewes, walter bagehot, richard holt hutton, leslie stephen, andrew lang, george saintsbury, and edmund goss. palgrave macmillan. isbn 0312843046 - sisson c. h. 1972. the case of walter bagehot. faber and faber ltd. isbn 0571095011 - stevas, norman. 1959. walter bagehot a study of his life and thought together with a selection from his political writings. indiana university press. - sullivan, harry r. 1975. walter bagehot. twayne publishers. isbn 0805710183 all links retrieved december 6, 2012. - bagehot and the age of discussion \u2013 commentary on bagehot \u2019 s physics and politics - major works \u2013 some full - text works of walter bagehot - quotations from walter bagehot - walter bagehot \u2013 biography - works by walter bagehot. project gutenberg new world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49719252291784766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc871262-6e2e-4e4f-a909-b3fd012a101a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.369092"}
{"text": "in january 1968, nixon decided to once again seek the nomination of the republican party for president. portraying himself as a figure of stability in a time of national upheaval, nixon promised a return to traditional values and \" law and order. \" he fended off challenges from other candidates such as california governor ronald reagan, new york governor nelson rockefeller, and michigan governor george romney to secure the nomination at the republican convention in miami. nixon unexpectedly chose governor spiro agnew of maryland as his running mate. nixon ' s campaign was helped by the tumult within the democratic party in 1968. consumed by the war in vietnam, president lyndon b. johnson announced on march 31 that he would not seek re - election. on june 5, immediately after winning the california primaries, former attorney general and then - u. s. senator robert f. kennedy ( brother of the late president john f. kennedy ) was assassinated in los angeles. the campaign of vice president hubert humphrey, the democratic nominee for president, went into a tailspin after the democratic national convention in chicago was marred by mass protests and violence. by contrast, nixon appeared to represent a calmer society, and his campaign promised peace at home and abroad. despite a late surge by humphrey, nixon won by nearly 500, 000 popular votes. third - party candidate george wallace, the once and future governor of alabama, won nearly ten million popular votes and 46 electoral votes, principally in the deep south. once in office, nixon and his staff faced the problem of how to end the vietnam war, which had broken his predecessor ' s administration and threatened to cause major unrest at home. as protesters in america ' s cities called for an immediate withdrawal from southeast asia, nixon made a nationally televised address on november 3, 1969, calling on the \" silent majority \" of americans to renew their confidence in the american government and back his policy of seeking a negotiated peace in vietnam. earlier that year, nixon and his defense secretary melvin laird had unveiled the policy of \" vietnamization, \" which entailed reducing american troop levels in vietnam and transferring the burden of fighting to south vietnam ; accordingly, u. s. troop strength in vietnam fell from 543, 000 in april 1969 to zero on march 29, 1973. nevertheless, the nixon administration was harshly criticized for its use of american military force in cambodia and its stepped - up bombing raids during the later years of the first term. nixon ' s foreign policy aimed to reduce international tensions by forging new links with old rivals. in february 1972, nixon traveled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4115203309105606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83e3cd95-9b04-47c5-bec6-208cac680d84>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.384079"}
{"text": "for its use of american military force in cambodia and its stepped - up bombing raids during the later years of the first term. nixon ' s foreign policy aimed to reduce international tensions by forging new links with old rivals. in february 1972, nixon traveled to beijing, hangzhou, and shanghai in china for talks with chinese leaders chairman mao zedong and premier zhou enlai. nixon ' s trip was the first high - level contact between the united states and the people ' s republic of china in more than twenty years, and it ushered in a new era of relations between washington and beijing. several weeks later, in may 1972, nixon visited moscow for a summit meeting with leonid brezhnev, general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union, and other soviet leaders. their talks led to the signing of the strategic arms limitation treaty, the first comprehensive and detailed nuclear weapons limitation pact between the two superpowers. foreign policy initiatives represented only one aspect of nixon ' s presidency during his first term. in august 1969, nixon proposed the family assistance plan, a welfare reform that would have guaranteed an income to all americans. the plan, however, did not receive congressional approval. in august 1971, spurred by high inflation rates, nixon imposed wage and price controls in an effort to gain control of price levels in the u. s. economy ; at the same time, prompted by worries over the soundness of u. s. currency, nixon took the dollar off the gold standard and let it float against other countries ' currencies. on july 19, 1969, astronauts neil armstrong and buzz aldrin became the first humans to walk on the earth ' s moon, while fellow astronaut michael collins orbited in the apollo 11 command module. nixon made what has been termed the longest - distance telephone call ever made to speak with the astronauts from the oval office. and on september 28, 1971, nixon signed legislation abolishing the military draft. in addition to such weighty affairs of state, nixon ' s first term was also full of lighter - hearted moments. on april 29, 1969, nixon awarded the presidential medal of freedom, the nation ' s highest civilian honor, to duke ellington - and then led hundreds of guests in singing \" happy birthday \" to the famed band leader. on june 12, 1971, tricia became the sixteenth white house bride when she and edward finch cox of new york married in the rose garden. ( julie had wed dwight david eisenhower ii, grandson of president eisenhower, on december 22, 1968, in new york '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4768712010139674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83e3cd95-9b04-47c5-bec6-208cac680d84>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.386002"}
{"text": ", 1971, tricia became the sixteenth white house bride when she and edward finch cox of new york married in the rose garden. ( julie had wed dwight david eisenhower ii, grandson of president eisenhower, on december 22, 1968, in new york ' s marble collegiate church, while her father was president - elect. ) perhaps most famous was nixon ' s meeting with elvis presley on december 21, 1970, when the president and the king discussed the drug problem facing american youth. re - election, second term, and watergate in his 1972 bid for re - election, nixon defeated south dakota senator george mcgovern, the democratic candidate for president, by one of the widest electoral margins ever, winning 520 electoral college votes to mcgovern ' s 17 and nearly 61 percent of the popular vote. just a few months later, investigations and public controversy over the watergate scandal had sapped nixon ' s popularity. the watergate scandal began with the june 1972 discovery of a break - in at the democratic national committee offices in the watergate office complex in washington, d. c., but media and official investigations soon revealed a broader pattern of abuse of power by the nixon administration, leading to his resignation. the watergate burglars were soon linked to officials of the committee to re - elect the president, the group that had run nixon ' s 1972 re - election campaign. soon thereafter, several administration officials resigned ; some, including former attorney general john mitchell, were later convicted of offenses connected with the break - in and other crimes and went to jail. nixon denied any personal involvement with the watergate burglary, but the courts forced him to yield tape recordings of conversations between the president and his advisers indicating that the president had, in fact, participated in the cover - up, including an attempt to use the central intelligence agency to divert the fbi ' s investigation into the break - in. ( for more information about watergate, please visit the ford presidential library and museum ' s online watergate exhibit. ) investigations into watergate also revealed other abuses of power, including numerous warrantless wiretaps on reporters and others, campaign \" dirty tricks, \" and the creation of a \" plumbers \" unit within the white house. the plumbers, formed in response to the leaking of the pentagon papers to news organizations by former pentagon official daniel ellsberg, broke into the office of ellsberg ' s psychiatrist. adding to nixon ' s worries was an investigation into vice president agnew ' s ties to several campaign contributors. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45537701436232414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83e3cd95-9b04-47c5-bec6-208cac680d84>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.387124"}
{"text": "pentagon papers to news organizations by former pentagon official daniel ellsberg, broke into the office of ellsberg ' s psychiatrist. adding to nixon ' s worries was an investigation into vice president agnew ' s ties to several campaign contributors. the department of justice found that agnew had taken bribes from maryland construction firms, leading to agnew ' s resigning in october 1973 and his entering a plea of no contest to income tax evasion. nixon nominated gerald ford, republican leader in the house of representatives, to succeed agnew. ford was confirmed by both houses of congress and took office on december 6, 1973. such controversies all but overshadowed nixon ' s other initiatives in his second term, such as the signing of the paris peace accords ending american involvement in the vietnam war in january 1973 ; two summit meetings with brezhnev, in june 1973 in washington and in june and july 1974 in moscow ; and the administration ' s efforts to secure a general peace in the middle east following the yom kippur war of 1973. the revelations from the watergate tapes, combined with actions such as nixon ' s firing of watergate special prosecutor archibald cox, badly eroded the president ' s standing with the public and congress. facing certain impeachment and removal from office, nixon announced his decision to resign in a national televised address on the evening of august 8, 1974. he resigned effective at noon the next day, august 9, 1974. vice president ford then became president of the united states. on september 8, 1974, ford pardoned nixon for \" all offenses against the united states \" which nixon \" has committed or may have committed or taken part in \" during his presidency. in response, nixon issued a statement in which he said that he regretted \" not acting more decisively and forthrightly in dealing with watergate. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4343385820384959, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83e3cd95-9b04-47c5-bec6-208cac680d84>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.387996"}
{"text": "an annular pancreas is a ring of pancreatic tissue that encircles the duodenum ( the first part of the small intestine ). normally, the pancreas sits next to, but does not surround, the duodenum. annular pancreas is a congenital defect, which means it is present at birth. symptoms occur when the ring of pancreas squeezes and narrows the small intestine so that food cannot pass easily or at all. newborns may have symptoms of complete blockage of the intestine. however, up to half of people with this condition do not have symptoms until adulthood. there are also cases that are not detected because the symptoms are mild. conditions that may be associated with annular pancreas include : newborns may not tolerate feedings. they may spit up more than normal, not drink enough breast milk or formula, and cry. adult symptoms may include : surgical bypass of the blocked part of the duodenum is the usual treatment for this disorder. the outcome is usually good with surgery. adults with an annular pancreas are at increased risk for pancreatic or biliary tract cancer. call for an appointment with your health care provider if you or your child has any symptoms of annular pancreas. semrin mg, russo ma. anatomy, histology, embryology, and developmental anomalies of the stomach and duodenum. in : feldman m, friedman ls, brandt lj, eds. sleisenger & fordtran ' s gastrointestinal and liver disease. 9th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2010 : chap 45. updated by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. copyright 1997 - 2013, a. d. a. m., inc. duplication for commercial use must be authorized in writing by adam health solutions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4584059073578941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c685bad5-da59-433c-992d-96246edc9d74>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.390614"}
{"text": "coastal clash : defining public property and the history of the public trust doctrine \" coastal clash \" is a one - hour documentary focusing on the urbanization of california ' s coastline. the activities and lesson plans for the film \" coastal clash \" target students at the high school level and align with the california state standards for government. in this lesson plan, students will do research and group work related to the concept of the public trust doctrine. enhancing modern languages teaching : student participation and motivation enhancing modern languages teaching : student participation and motivation the icarus syndrome : a history of american hubris the icarus syndrome tells a tale as old as the greek \u2013 a story about the seductions of success. in conversation with associate professor brendan o ' connor from the us studies centre, peter beinart portrays three extraordinary generations : the progressives... ( running time 60 : 06 ) oberlin history as american history this site offers exhibits that tell about the lives and histories of the people of oberlin, ohio. the website features the story of an amistad captive, oberlin women and the struggle for equality, and the city ' s cooperative tradition. it also includes city maps and pictures, letters and essays related to the city ' s founding and development, newspaper articles regarding the niagara movement, and census data. ancient and medieval philosophy, fall 2006 this course will concentrate on major figures and persistent themes in ancient and medieval philosophy. a balance will be sought between scope and depth, the latter ensured by a close reading of selected texts. ancient wisdom and modern love, spring 2007 built around plato ' s symposium, shakespeare ( including a midsummer night ' s dream ), catholic writings ( including humanae vitae ), and several movies, this course explores the nature of romance and erotic love. we will examine such topics as sexuality, marriage, and procreation with an eye towards how we can be better at being in love. the course generally tries to integrate the analytic approach of philosophy with the imaginative approach of literature. medicine and public health in american history, fall 2007 this course offers an introduction to differing conceptions of disease, health, and healing throughout american history, the changing role and image of medicine and medical professionals in american life, and the changing social and cultural meanings and entanglements of medical science and practice throughout american history. creating people centred schools : section two, school organization : a brief history this provides an overview of organizational styles and the importance of cultures as well as structures in organizational models and change. welsh history and its sources this unit is a teaching and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5156613398494632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64970b38-05dd-4d6e-b665-19273f009542>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.396601"}
{"text": "american history. creating people centred schools : section two, school organization : a brief history this provides an overview of organizational styles and the importance of cultures as well as structures in organizational models and change. welsh history and its sources this unit is a teaching and learning resource for anyone interested in welsh history. it contains study materials, links to some of the most important institutions that contribute to our understanding of the history of wales, and a pool of resources that great unsolved mysteries in canadian history this site includes a collection of nine historical mysteries which draw students into canadian history, critical thinking and archival research through the enticement of solving historical cold crimes. each of the mystery archives includes an average of 100, 000 words in english ( and in french ), as well as up to several hundred images plus maps. some of the mystery websites also include 3 - d recreations, videos and oral history interviews. site users can look at the collections of archival materia he who destroyes a good booke, kills reason itselfe : an exhibition of books which have survived fire in 1955, robert vosper of the university of kansas libraries put together what would become an internationally recognized exhibit of materials that have been banned and / or censored. this catalog of the exhibit explains why each item was of concern in its time, and includes images of many. works date from the 1500s to mid - 1950s. research guide for doing undergraduate history a website designed to help undergraduates use internet ( and printed ) resources in researching and writing history papers at a more sophisticated level than the traditional term paper based on secondary materials. history of migraine and risk of pregnancy induced hypertension this peer reviewed article studies the relationship between women who have a history of migraine headaches in relation to developing preeclampsia or gestrational hypertension during pregnancy. the study included 172 women with preeclampsia and 254 with gestrational hypertension. the control included 505 women with no history of hypertension before pregnancy. the study concluded that women who had a history of migraines may be at a higher risk for developing hypertension during pregnancy. history of science in latin american and the caribbean : a virtual archive this site is \" a comprehensive database of primary sources on the history of science in latin america and the caribbean. the site, launched in january 2010, provides a virtual archive of over 200 primary sources along with introductions based on the latest scholarly findings. \" according to the site, it \" is organized into topics that are organized approximately chronologically, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4967099717359671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64970b38-05dd-4d6e-b665-19273f009542>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.399309"}
{"text": "the caribbean. the site, launched in january 2010, provides a virtual archive of over 200 primary sources along with introductions based on the latest scholarly findings. \" according to the site, it \" is organized into topics that are organized approximately chronologically, but each one stands alone. the archive, or database of primary sources, is designed in a modular fashion, so viewers from east asia in world history this site is designed as a resource site for teachers of world history, world geography, and world cultures. it provides background information and curriculum materials, including primary source documents for students. the material is arranged in 14 topic sections. the topics and the historical periods into which they are divided follow the national standards in world history and the content outline for the advanced placement course in world history. seventeen moments in soviet history begins with the bolshevik seizure of power in 1917 & ends with the dissolution of the soviet union in 1991. it includes the kronstadt uprising ( 1921 ), the death of lenin ( 1924 ), the liquidation of the kulaks as a class ( 1929 ), the year of the stakhanovite ( 1936 ), the end of rationing ( 1947 ), the virgin lands campaign ( 1954 ), khrushchev ' s secret speech ( 1956 ), the first cosmonaut ( 1961 ), the intervention in czechoslovakia ( 1968 ), & chernobyl ( 1986 ). ( neh ) the mongols in world history a sophisticated web site on the history and impact of the mongols. separate pages deal with such topics as the nature of nomadic life, key figures, the mongol conquests, and the impact of the mongols on china and the world. an image gallery and set of historical maps as well as other class materials and readings add to the value of the site. that one of the leading experts on the mongols, morris rosabe, was a consultant gives the site much creditability. a radically modern approach to introductory physics volume 2 this is the second part ( chapters 13 - 24 ) of a pdf textbook for a one - year introductory physics course. the text was developed out of an alternate beginning physics course at new mexico tech designed for students with a strong interest in physics. a broad outline of the text is as follows : newton ' s law of gravitation ; forces in relativity ; electromagnetic forces ; generation of electromagnetic fields ; capacitors, inductors, and resistors ; measuring the very small ; atoms ; the standard mode ; atomic mactutor history of mathematics archive an award - winning site concerning the history of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5394479201970616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64970b38-05dd-4d6e-b665-19273f009542>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.401512"}
{"text": "ice core gateway : vostok ice core co2 data the vostok ice core has a long record of global carbon dioxide concentrations, with variations caused by factors other than photosynthesis and human activity. ice core data sets from three different authors are available for download. users can also link to other noaa paleoclimate projects and information. phases of the moon this site contains a series of visualizations of the sun, moon and earth system and how they relate to the changing face of the moon. animations are in the form of java applets, forms for field observation of the moon, and a collection of exercises and pdf versions of background material. there are practice questions and quizzes that discuss the animations. planetary climate exercise this ms word document explains roles for a planetary climate role - playing exercise dealing with the atmospheres of venus and the earth. roles include experts on coal, carbon dioxide, heat balance, spectroscopy, atmospheric transmission and the water cycle. starting out with earth history this activity asks students to place 6 - 10 events in earth history on a timeline, first working in small groups and then as a class. then, through questions, important points such as how certain events are dated, where humanity fits in, and so forth, can be brought up. the starting point website builds a context for the exercise by detailing the learning goals, teaching notes and materials ( downloadable ), and additional resources. japan ' s nuclear policy ambassador ryukichi imai - journalist, nuclear engineer, and general manager at japan atomic power company - was japanese ambassador to the united nations disarmament conference from 1982 to 1987. in this video segment, imai explains why he believes that japan will never embark on a nuclear - weapons program. he also predicts that, while japan stands alone in its reliance on nuclear energy, rising energy prices - even post - chernobyl - will revive worldwide interest in nuclear power. in the interview he co from mutual assured destruction to star wars caspar weinberger served as u. s. president ronald reagan ' s secretary of defense from 1981 to 1987. in this video segment, weinberger explains how deployment of the mx missile stopped the soviet union from believing it could successfully launch a first strike, which he feels is ' the essence of deterrence. ' a better alternative to ' mutual assured destruction, ' he argues, is the strategic defense initiative, the reagan administration ' s hotly contested proposal to design space - based weapons that cou bruce kent, ordained a catholic minister in 1958, became general secretary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5259471012176111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dba327cb-af78-4542-95aa-778bc4b82866>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.410469"}
{"text": "a better alternative to ' mutual assured destruction, ' he argues, is the strategic defense initiative, the reagan administration ' s hotly contested proposal to design space - based weapons that cou bruce kent, ordained a catholic minister in 1958, became general secretary of the campaign for nuclear disarmament ( cnd ) in 1980 and chairman in 1987, the year he resigned from the ministry. in this video segment, he challenges the damaging spin that secretary for defense lord michael heseltine used to undermine cnd rather than engage in public debate about nuclear policy. kent also refutes accusations that cnd was in support of ' one - sided, ' full unilateral disarmament. instead, he argues for ' s ' city archives ' was written and directed by richard foreman, founder and director of the ontological hysteric theater. he serves as the narrator for this work, discussing the power of ' the foreign ' and images, talking directly into a microphone in a purposely stilted manner and addressing questions to the viewer. a sort of classroom overpopulated by adults sets the stage for the work. phrases are written and erased on a blackboard, and women gaze out a window, physically supporting planks of woo femme a la cafetiere, la acclaimed theater director brings movement to cezanne ' s painting, reproduced in the studio for the camera. [ suzushi hanayagi, ] a dancer from the kabuki theater, performs the role of the woman, whose slight, almost imperceptible, facial and body movements - - together with mysteriously animated objects and strange apparitions - - bring the painting alive. a spoon stirs a cup of coffee without the benefit of human assistance. an off - camera figure manipulates objects. the woman eats green candies. a ' barbara two, ' by patrick ireland, features a close - up portrait of a woman ' s face, with light and shadow playing across it by the manipulation of the light source. the woman in the piece is barbara novak. no master material exists for this piece that is two minutes long. patrick ireland was the pseudonym of brian o ' doherty, a funder and critic of video art. sydney an der wupper ' sydney an der wupper ' is a film featuring the australian dancer meryl tankard. tankard goes through a day in the city, riding the subway, taking a singing lesson, and bathing at a public house. as the work progresses, it becomes harder and harder to distinguish between fantasy and reality.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46518257199719754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dba327cb-af78-4542-95aa-778bc4b82866>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.411644"}
{"text": "australian dancer meryl tankard. tankard goes through a day in the city, riding the subway, taking a singing lesson, and bathing at a public house. as the work progresses, it becomes harder and harder to distinguish between fantasy and reality. tankard ' s character imagines herself dancing with a man across train platforms and through streets. in one scene the two of them are dancing on a hockey rink, sliding across the icy surface. tankard climbs la ' hall ' s crossing ' refers to a place in the american west where natural rhythms collide with scenic cruisers and tour buses. ' hall ' s crossing ' is an electronic ' see america, ' set in a place where natural vistas and cultural myths overlap, a place where the canyon meets the road. scenes of the grand canyon portray both the beauty of the area and its invasion by tourists. the tourists attempt to capture the imagery through the medium of photography. at one point a narrator, dr. giselda benda, speak ellis island ( a work in progress ) ' ellis island ( a work in progress ) ' is a haunting, reflective piece on ellis island and the immigrants who passed through there. black - and - white, near - static shots of actors and actresses realistically portraying turn - of - the - century immigrants are combined with color shots of a modern - day tour guide conducting a tour of the buildings. re - creations of the medical examinations the immigrants underwent and the conditions they lived through are filmed in the run - down buildings of ellis island before artists beth b. and ida applebroog use videotaped performance combined with figurative drawing and captions to create a disturbing, provocative program about the unthinkable yet prevalent occurrence of child victimization. the script for the program is delivered in brief monologues by a cast of several men and women reading statements from various texts, including the writings of freud and the testimonies of josef mengele ' s victims. it is then intercut with a boy ' s voice repeating ' i am not a ba ofrece las ltimas noticias de la ciencia. la clase de jueves proporciona nuevos planes y actividades de la leccin basados en una historia actual del ttulo y conecta la ltima investigacin de nasa con la instruccin. pasados asuntos incluyen buck rogers, cuidado!, adis a la mir, despus de tres intentos, se retira la ni", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45038509396223547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dba327cb-af78-4542-95aa-778bc4b82866>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.412755"}
{"text": "la ltima investigacin de nasa con la instruccin. pasados asuntos incluyen buck rogers, cuidado!, adis a la mir, despus de tres intentos, se retira la nia?, y ms. robotics with the xbc controller this course offers a brief history of robotics, and a definition of robot and robotics. the course includes an introduction to ic and the xbc, downloading firmware, updating the bitstream, and ic environment and simulator. it concludes with an activity building a demo - bot. earth ' s magnetic field the poetry website explores solar storms and how they affect us, space weather, and the northern lights. a 64 - page workbook of hands - on activities examines earth ' s magnetosphere. create a classroom magnetometer. solve the space science problem of the week. foilsim : basic aerodynamics software this is an interactive simulation software that determines the airflow around various shapes of airfoils. this is is a primer on scientific efforts to understand the origin, evolution, and fate of the universe. among the questions it explores : what types of matter and energy fill the universe? what is the age and shape of the universe? how rapidly is it expanding? the website examines the big bang theory, as well as tests and limitations of the theory. center for educational resources ( ceres ) project this is an extensive library of on - line and interactive k - 12 science education materials for teaching astronomy. the site contains both classroom science projects and reference materials.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5798674532727641, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dba327cb-af78-4542-95aa-778bc4b82866>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.413374"}
{"text": "national teachers initiative the national teachers initiative is a project of storycorps, the american oral history project. each month this school year, \" weekend edition sunday \" will celebrate stories of public school teachers across the country. learning works charter school in california takes an unorthodox approach to getting young people to graduate. students who had previously dropped out get mentors who help with everything from getting to class on time to staying up late studying. now, some of those who graduated are helping others. december 25, 2011 teacher john hunter invented the world peace game to get his elementary students to think about major world issues. he also wanted to teach them compassion and kindness. at least two of his former students are on the path he helped to pave. october 30, 2011 ayodeji ogunniyi ' s family came to the u. s. from nigeria in 1990. his father worked as a cab driver in chicago, and he always wanted his son to become a doctor. but while ogunniyi was studying pre - med in college, his father was murdered on the job. at that point, he says, his life changed course. september 25, 2011 as a middle - school student in the ' 80s, lee buono stayed after school one day to remove the brain and spinal cord from a frog. he did such a good job that his science teacher told him he might be a neurosurgeon someday. that ' s exactly what buono did. september 25, 2011 storycorps is honing in on lessons about learning with a new project for the academic year called the national teachers initiative. it ' ll feature conversations with teachers across the country \u2014 teachers talking to each other, students interviewing the teachers who changed their lives, and more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44169686892731275, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1564cb48-4309-4426-b589-36b3b65e1630>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.417437"}
{"text": "why separation of powers matters : is freedom inevitable? the answer to that question is obvious but essential. freedom is not inevitable. historically, freedom is a temporary condition enjoyed by only a fraction of the earth ' s population. since freedom is not inevitable - indeed, the opposite is true ; freedom is rare - we must ask, \" why are we free when others or not? \" as a nation ( and state ) of immigrants, we can ' t claim we are free because of our genetics. our nation ( and state ) is blessed with natural resources, but so is russia. wealth does not produce freedom. in america ( and in nevada ), we are free, because our founders recognized that, as lord acton stated, \" power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely \" and designed a government with three branches of government. while these branches of government each have different functions, they also have the ability to check the power exercised by another branch. to ensure that no person or group would amass too much power, the founders established a government in which the powers to create, implement, and adjudicate laws were separated. each branch of government is balanced by powers in the other two coequal branches : the president can veto the laws of the congress ; the congress confirms or rejects the president ' s appointments and can remove the president from office in exceptional circumstances ; and the justices of the supreme court, who can overturn unconstitutional laws, are appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate. because we ' re so used to this system of government, it ' s easy to forget how important this system is to ensuring freedom. government is needed to secure an individual ' s right to life, liberty and property. but those wielding governmental power tend to corruption, which harms the very rights government was created to defend. but using the checks and balances contained within three separate branches of government, you have a system where the tendency of government officials to amass power is checked by other government officials who usually aren ' t interested in giving up their power. and it ' s also why it ' s so dangerous for one individual to work in two branches of government at the same time. both the separation of powers and the checks and balances in the system go out the window if one person has authority in two branches of government. instead of separating power, power is consolidated. instead of one branch checking another, it could collude with it. the idea of separating powers is so important that it ' s explicitly required in nevada ' s constitution in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47881336166208455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f05ae50-8446-4293-a426-f43dd2639c57>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.422431"}
{"text": "in two branches of government. instead of separating power, power is consolidated. instead of one branch checking another, it could collude with it. the idea of separating powers is so important that it ' s explicitly required in nevada ' s constitution in article 3, section 1. the powers of the government of the state of nevada shall be divided into three separate departments, - the legislative, - the executive and the judicial ; and no persons charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these departments shall exercise any functions, appertaining to either of the others... and that ' s exactly why npri ' s center for justice and constitutional litigation has sued mo denis, the public utilities commission, and the state of nevada for violating the separation - of - powers clause in nevada ' s constitution. even the smallest encroachment in the separation - of - powers clause opens the door for larger and larger encroachments. hello, wendell williams, chris giunchigliani, and mark manendo. once you remove the bright - line standard, it ' s only a matter of time before incremental \" exceptions \" render the provision meaningless. and once you ' ve removed the structural protections against, what james madison called, \" tyranny, \" you ' re left with a system of government dependent entirely on the character of its elected officials to keep it free from corruption and abuse of power. as \" power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely, \" this is a problem. freedom isn ' t inevitable. freedom is rare, and we should do everything in our power to protect the form and structure of our government - including a clear separation - of - powers provision - which provided us with freedom.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4898924936794898, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f05ae50-8446-4293-a426-f43dd2639c57>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.423445"}
{"text": "how to use reading 1 : three days of carnage at gettysburg ( refer to map 2 as you read the description of the battle. ) units of the union and the confederate armies met near gettysburg on june 30, 1863, and each quickly requested reinforcements. the main battle opened on july 1, with early morning attacks by the confederates on union troops on mcpherson ridge, west of the town. though outnumbered, the union forces held their position. the fighting escalated throughout the day as more soldiers from each army reached the battle area. by 4 p. m., the union troops were overpowered, and they retreated through the town, where many were quickly captured. the remnants of the union force fell back to cemetery hill and culp ' s hill, south of town. the southerners failed to pursue their advantage, however, and the northerners labored long into the night regrouping their men. throughout the night, both armies moved their men to gettysburg and took up positions in preparation for the next day. by the morning of july 2, the main strength of both armies had arrived on the field. battle lines were drawn up in sweeping arcs similar to a \" j, \" or fishhook shape. the main portions of both armies were nearly a mile apart on parallel ridges : union forces on cemetery ridge, confederate forces on seminary ridge, to the west. general robert e. lee, commanding the confederate troops, ordered attacks against the union left and right flanks ( ends of the lines ). starting in late afternoon, confederate general james longstreet ' s attacks on the union left made progress, but they were checked by union reinforcements brought to the fighting from the culp ' s hill area and other uncontested parts of the union battle line. to the north, at the bend and barb of the fishhook ( the other flank ), confederate general richard ewell launched his attack in the evening as the fighting at the other end of the fishhook was subsiding. ewell ' s men seized part of culp ' s hill, but elsewhere they were repulsed. the day ' s results were indecisive for both armies. in the very early morning of july 3, the union army forced out the confederates who had successfully taken culp ' s hill the previous evening. then general lee, having attacked the ends of the union line the previous day, decided to assail the union. the attack was preceded by a two hour artillery bombardment of cemetery hill and ridge. for a time, the massed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39289167626877325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d90f0c7-251b-47a6-816f-cabf014038b3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.427407"}
{"text": "the previous evening. then general lee, having attacked the ends of the union line the previous day, decided to assail the union. the attack was preceded by a two hour artillery bombardment of cemetery hill and ridge. for a time, the massed guns of both armies were engaged in a thunderous duel for supremacy. the union defensive position held. in a final attempt to gain the initiative and win the battle, lee sent approximately 12, 000 soldiers across the one mile of open fields that separated the two armies near the union center. general george meade, commander of the union forces, anticipated such a move and had readied his army. the union lines did not break. only every other southerner who participated in this action retired to safety. despite great courage, the attack ( sometimes called pickett ' s charge or longstreet ' s assault ) was repulsed with heavy losses. crippled by extremely heavy casualties in the three days at gettysburg, the confederates could no longer continue the battle, and on july 4 they began to withdraw from gettysburg. 1. which army had the advantage after the first day of fighting? what were some reasons for their success? could they have been even more successful? 2. what was the situation by the evening of july 2? 3. what evidence from the previous day ' s fighting brought general lee to decide on the strategy for pickett ' s charge on july 3? what was the result of that assault? 4. why did general lee decide to withdraw from gettysburg? reading 1 was adapted from the national park service ' s visitor ' s guide for gettysburg national military park.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37951420802569746, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d90f0c7-251b-47a6-816f-cabf014038b3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.428145"}
{"text": "biomass technology analysis conducting full life - cycle assessments for biomass products, including electricity, biodiesel, and ethanol, is important for determining environmental benefits. nrel analysts use a life - cycle inventory modeling package and supporting databases to conduct life - cycle assessments. these tools can be applied on a global, regional, local, or project basis. integrated system analyses, technoeconomic analyses, life - cycle assessments ( lcas ), and other analysis tools are essential to our research and development efforts. they provide an understanding of the economic, technical, and even global impacts of renewable technologies. these analyses also provide direction, focus, and support to the development and commercialization of various biomass conversion technologies. the economic feasibility and environmental benefits of biomass technologies revealed by these analyses are useful for the government, regulators, and the private sector. technoeconomic analyses ( teas ) are performed to determine the potential economic viability of a research process. evaluating the costs of a given process compared to the current technology can assess the economic feasibility of a project. these analyses can be useful in determining which emerging technologies have the highest potential for near -, mid -, and long - term success. the results of a tea are also useful in directing research toward areas in which improvements will result in the greatest cost reductions. as the economics of a process are evaluated throughout the life of the project, advancement toward the final goal of commercialization can be measured. teas performed in previous years have determined the technical and economic feasibility of various biomass - based systems, including : - direct combustion - gasification combined cycle power systems nrel ' s analysis capabilities include proficiency with the following software packages : | aspen plus\u00a9 | | models continuous processes to obtain material and energy balances | | gatecycle\u2122 | | performs detailed steady - state and off - design analyses of thermal power systems | | questimate\u00a9 | | performs detailed process plant cost estimates | | matlab\u00ae and mathcad\u00ae | | perform numeric calculations and mathematical solutions | | crystal ball\u00ae | | operates within microsoft excel\u00ae and incorporates uncertainties in forecasting analysis results | life - cycle assessment ( lca ) is an analytic method for identifying, evaluating, and minimizing the environmental impacts of emissions and resource depletion associated with a specific process. when such an assessment is performed in conjunction with a technoeconomic feasibility study, the total economic and environmental benefits and drawbacks of a process can be quantified. material and energy balances are used to quantify the emissions, resource depletion, and energy consumption", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5168112457497672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20b959d9-f123-487a-b3f3-b612ab4f12a6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.433423"}
{"text": "is performed in conjunction with a technoeconomic feasibility study, the total economic and environmental benefits and drawbacks of a process can be quantified. material and energy balances are used to quantify the emissions, resource depletion, and energy consumption of all processes, including raw material extraction, processing, and final disposal of products and by - products, required to make the process of interest operate. the results of this inventory are then used to evaluate the environmental impacts of the process so efforts can focus on mitigation. lca studies have been conducted on the following systems : - biomass - fired integrated gasification combined - cycle system using a biomass energy crop - pulverized coal boiler representing an average u. s. coal - fired power plant - cofiring biomass residue with coal - natural gas combined - cycle power plant - direct - fired biomass power plant using biomass residue - anaerobic digestion of animal waste biofuels production technologies : - ethanol from corn stover - comparison of biodiesel and petroleum diesel used in an urban bus hydrogen production technologies : - natural gas - hydrogen production for these analyses, the software package used to track the material and energy flows between the process blocks in each system was tools for environmental analysis and management ( team\u00ae ). learn more about our biomass capabilities and current projects in this area. access more information on all of our staff analysts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5187985853057651, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20b959d9-f123-487a-b3f3-b612ab4f12a6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.433985"}
{"text": "algorithm positions solar trackers, movie stars march 30, 2011 math and programming experts at a federal laboratory took an algorithm used to track the stars and rewrote its code to precisely follow the sun, even taking into consideration the vagaries of the occasional leap second. now, the algorithm and its software are helping solar power manufacturers build more precise trackers, orchards to keep their apples spotless and movie makers to keep the shadows off movie stars. the solar position algorithm ( spa ) was developed at the u. s. department of energy ' s national renewable energy laboratory to calculate the sun ' s position with unmatched low uncertainty of + / - 0. 0003 degrees at vertex, in the period of years from - 2000 to 6000 ( or 2001 b. c. until just short of 4, 000 years from now ). that ' s more than 30 times more precise than the uncertainty levels for all other algorithms used in solar energy applications, which claim no better than + / - 0. 01 degrees, and are only valid for a maximum of 50 years. and those uncertainty claims cannot be validated because of the need to add an occasional leap second because of the randomly increasing length of the mean solar day. the spa does account for the leap second. that difference in uncertainty levels is no small change, because an error of. 01 degrees at noon can throw calculations off by 2 or 3 percent at sunrise or sunset, said nrel senior scientist ibrahim reda, the leader on the project. \" every uncertainty of 1 percent in the energy budget is millions of dollars uncertainty for utility companies and bankers, \" reda said. \" accuracy is translated into dollars. when you can be more accurate, you save a lot of money. \" \" siemens industry inc. uses nrel ' s spa in its newest and smallest s7 - 1200 compact controller, \" says paul ruland of siemens industry, inc. \" siemens took that very complex calculation, systemized it into our code and made a usable function block that its customers can use with their particular technologies to track the sun in the most efficient way. the end result is a 30 percent increase in accuracy compared to other technologies. \" science, engineering and math all add to breakthroughs an algorithm is a set of rules for solving a mathematical problem in a finite number of steps, even though those steps can number in the hundreds or thousands. nrel is known more for its solar, wind, and biofuel researchers than for its work in advanced math. but algorithms are key to so many scientific", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.517190089803523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8675757-db5b-4acd-a245-0aceb7ed0441>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.443089"}
{"text": "a finite number of steps, even though those steps can number in the hundreds or thousands. nrel is known more for its solar, wind, and biofuel researchers than for its work in advanced math. but algorithms are key to so many scientific and technological breakthroughs today that a scientist well - versed in the math of algorithms is behind many of nrel ' s big innovations. since spa was published on nrel ' s website, more than 4, 000 users from around the world have downloaded it. in the european union, for the past three years, it has been the reference algorithm to calculate the sun ' s position both for solar energy and atmospheric science applications. it has been licensed to, and downloaded by, major u. s. manufacturers of sun trackers, military equipment and cell phones. it has been used to boost agriculture and to help forecast the weather. archaeologists, universities and religious organizations have employed spa, as have other national laboratories. fewer dropped cell - phone calls billions of cell - phone calls are made each day, and they stay connected only because algorithms help determine exactly when to switch signals from one satellite to another. cell - phone companies can use the spa to know exactly the moments when the phone, satellite, and the bothersome sun are in the same alignment, vulnerable to disconnections or lost calls. \" the cell phone guys use spa to know the specific moment to switch to another satellite so you ' re not disconnected, \" said reda, who has a master ' s degree in electrical engineering / measurement from the university of colorado. \" think of how many millions of people would be disconnected if there ' s too much uncertainty about the sun ' s position. \" from a tool for solar scientists to widespread uses spa sprang from nrel ' s need to calibrate solar measuring instruments at its solar radiation research laboratory. \" we characterize the instruments based on the solar angle, \" reda said. \" it ' s vital that instruments get a precise read on the amount of energy they are getting from the sun at precise solar angle. \" that will become even more critical in the future when utilities add more energy garnered from the sun to the smart grid. \" the smart grid has to know precisely what your budget is for each resource you are using \u2014 oil, coal, solar, wind, \" reda said. making an astronomy algorithm one for the sun reda borrowed from the \" astronomical algorithms, \" which is based on the variations seculaires des orbites planetaires theory ( vsop8", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5582260861321857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8675757-db5b-4acd-a245-0aceb7ed0441>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.444348"}
{"text": "coal, solar, wind, \" reda said. making an astronomy algorithm one for the sun reda borrowed from the \" astronomical algorithms, \" which is based on the variations seculaires des orbites planetaires theory ( vsop87 ) developed in 1982 then modified in 1987. astronomers trust it to let them know exactly where to point their telescopes to get the best views of jupiter, alpha centauri, the magellan galaxy or whatever celestial bodies they are studying. \" we were able to separate and modify that global astronomical algorithm and apply it just to solar energy, while making it less complex and easy to implement, \" said reda, highlighting the role of his colleague, afshin andreas, who has a degree in engineering physics from the colorado school of mines, as well as expertise in computer programming. they spent an intense three or four weeks of programming to make sure the equations were accurate before distributing the 1, 100 lines of code, andreas said. they used almanacs and historical data to ensure that what the algorithm was calculating agreed with what observers from previous generations said about the sun ' s position on a particular day. \" we did spot checks so we would have a good comfort level that the future projections are accurate, \" reda said. \" we used our independent math and programming skills to make sure that our results agreed, reda said. available for licensing, free public use the new spa algorithm simply served the needs of nrel scientists, until the day it was put on nrel ' s public website. \" a lot of people started downloading it, \" so nrel established some rules of use, reda said. individuals and universities could use spa free of charge, but companies with commercial interests would have to pay for the software. factoring in leap seconds improves accuracy nrel ' s spa knows the position of the sun in the sky over an 8, 000 year period partly because it has learned when to add those confounding leap seconds. solar positioners that don ' t factor in the leap second only can calculate a few years or a few decades. the length of an earth day isn ' t determined by an expensive watch, but by the actual rotation of the earth. almost immeasurably, the earth ' s rotation is slowing down, meaning the solar day is getting just a tiny bit longer. but it ' s not doing so at a constant rate. \" it happens in unpredictable ways, \" reda said. sometimes a leap second is added every year ; sometimes there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4844785816928525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8675757-db5b-4acd-a245-0aceb7ed0441>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.445334"}
{"text": "slowing down, meaning the solar day is getting just a tiny bit longer. but it ' s not doing so at a constant rate. \" it happens in unpredictable ways, \" reda said. sometimes a leap second is added every year ; sometimes there isn ' t a need for another leap second for three or four years. for example, the international earth rotation and reference systems service ( iers ) added six leap seconds over the course of seven years between 1992 and 1998, but has added just one extra second since 2006. the algorithm calculates exactly when to add a leap second because included in its equations are rapid, monthly, and long - term data on the solar day provided by iers, reda and andreas said. \" iers receives the data from many observatories around the world, \" reda added. \" each observatory has its own measuring instruments to measure the earth ' s rotation. a consensus correction is then calculated for the fraction of second. as long as we know the time, and how much the earth ' s rotation has slowed, we know the sun ' s position precisely. \" that precision has proved useful in unexpected fields. practical uses in agriculture, movie making one person who bought a license for the spa software has an apple orchard, and wanted to keep the black spots off the apples that turn off finicky consumers, thus making wholesale buyers hesitate, reda said. the black spots appear when too much sun hits a particular apple, a particular tree or a particular row of trees in an orchard. the spots can be prevented by showering the apples with water, but growers don ' t want to use more water than necessary. spa ' s precise tracking of the sun tells the grower exactly when the automatic sprinkler should spray for a few moments on a particular set of trees, and when it ' s ok to shut off that sprayer and turn on the next one. spa communicates with the sprinkler system so, \" instead of spraying the whole orchard, the spray moves minute by minute, \" reda said. \" he takes our tool and plugs it into the software that controls the sprinkler system. and he saves a lot of water. \" religious groups with traditions of praying at a particular time of day even have turned to spa to help with precision. a movie - camera manufacturer has purchased the spa software to help cinematographers combat the precious waste of money when shadows disrupt outdoor shooting. \" they have cameras on those big cranes and booms, and typically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5479061739143711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8675757-db5b-4acd-a245-0aceb7ed0441>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.446278"}
{"text": "new ulm a historical impersonator of st. paul ' s very first public school teacher provided a snapshot of a time and place in history saturday during the junior pioneers winter social. suzanne de la houssaye, of the minnesota historical society, performed as harriet bishop, who was instrumental in making st. paul ' s school into a public school, promoting the national profile of minnesota and pushing the temperance movement. she was also part of the initial rush of writers and intellectuals to write about the u. s. dakota conflict, writing her own record named \" dakota war whoop. \" bishop was an intensely religious baptist woman who believed in the imminent coming of the rapture and the need to exuberantly preach the gospel to all that could hear it. she was also considered an intellectual in the twin cities at that time and was instrumental in helping to build the major cities up. she started the st. paul school in 1847, starting in essentially a log cabin and rapidly growing the number of students until her successful efforts to make it the town ' s first public school. she even raised minnesota ' s profile as a healthy destination to settle due to its \" sturdy weather, \" erroneously claiming certain diseases of the time simply did not exist in minnesota. staff photo by josh moniz suzanne de la houssaye, of the minnesota historical society, performed as harriet bishop, st. paul ' s first public school teacher, on saturday at the junior pioneers winter social. she had several forms of compassion for the dakota people, but was equally a product of her time in believing the only right way forward was for them to wholly adopt european culture and traditions. she wrote her book from a very emotional standpoint, aimed at drawing up the image of women and children hiding in the basements in new ulm. her book also carried many inaccuracies believed at the time and tried to paint charles flandreau as the sole savior of the battle at new ulm at the start of the conflict. her spin on the conflict is largely believed to be due to its elements making a serious impact on her. but, she still fell in the middle of the white settler ' s beliefs after the conflict, neither advocating for the extermination of the dakota people nor being among those who fully accepted the dakota ' s right to an independent heritage. interestingly, she had an almost comically stern view of new ulm citizens at the time, believing the myths that they were all progressive atheists who forbid priests in their city limits. she", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37793381798929016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3d3940b-3455-4ba4-9827-4a83ccbbce54>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.452578"}
{"text": "accepted the dakota ' s right to an independent heritage. interestingly, she had an almost comically stern view of new ulm citizens at the time, believing the myths that they were all progressive atheists who forbid priests in their city limits. she literally referred to them as \" the infidel germans \" in her book and made indications to somewhat held belief at the time that the conflict was god ' s judgment on the town. she also judge new ulm for having dance halls, which some strict religious sects objected to around that time, and because she believed they would often perform the taboo act of drinking on holy days. she married a widower who served in the u. s. civil war. the common practice during the time was for widowers to quickly remarry, which was sometimes a sheer matter of survival. it was also a more common occurrence during that time due to the high rate of deaths during childbirth, which was often caused by doctors trying to help women without knowing about the deadly diseases hiding on their hands. however, she eventually undertook the uncommon act of divorcing her husband due to his abusive alcoholism. her husband ' s circumstance was frighteningly common, largely due to numerous civil war veterans returning without any help for psychological issues from their service. this led to her heavy advocacy for the temperance movement, which would eventually see prohibition passed after her death. she personally was one of the founding members of the christian women ' s temperance union. her cause in that infamous movement was aimed at combatting a very real issue of the day : the prospect of the husband, the only one allowed in that time to earn the living wages, drinking away all the month ' s food money due to alcoholism. the people of that time drank more than three times more alcohol per week on a normal basis than most people drink today. the movement believed the end of alcohol would address the majority of the terrible acts of abuse laid on women and children at the time. bishop ' s belief in the temperance movement even largely influenced how she saw alcohol negatively affecting the dakota people. she never lived long enough to see prohibition, but she did see a roughly one year implementation of the \" maine law \" that banned alcohol in select locations in the twin cities. the temperance movement was also intrinsically linked to intense advocacy for suffrage and abolition. suzanne de la houssaye said bishop was a fascinating woman of her time. she said the minnesota historical society is interested in telling her story, as well as not grazing over her issues in the depiction of the dakota", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4610651133915368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3d3940b-3455-4ba4-9827-4a83ccbbce54>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.454873"}
{"text": "tuberculosis ( tb ) is a chronic bacterial infection that usually infects the lungs, although other organs such as the kidneys, spine, or brain are sometimes involved. tb is primarily an airborne disease. there is a difference between being infected with the tb bacterium and having active tuberculosis disease. there are three important ways to describe the stages of tb. they are as follows : - exposure. this occurs when a person has been in contact with, or exposed to, another person who is thought to have or does have tb. the exposed person will have a negative skin test, a normal chest x - ray, and no signs or symptoms of the disease. - latent tb infection. this occurs when a person has the tb bacteria in his or her body, but does not have symptoms of the disease. the infected person ' s immune system walls off the tb organisms, and they remain dormant throughout life in 90 percent of people who are infected. this person would have a positive skin test but a normal chest x - ray. - tb disease. this describes the person who has signs and symptoms of an active infection. the person would have a positive skin test and a positive chest x - ray. the predominant tb bacterium is mycobacterium tuberculosis ( m. tuberculosis ). many people infected with m. tuberculosis never develop active tb and remain in the latent tb stage. however, in people with weakened immune systems, especially those with hiv ( human immunodeficiency virus ), tb organisms can overcome the body ' s defenses, multiply, and cause an active disease. tb affects all ages, races, income levels, and both genders. those at higher risk include the following : - people who live or work with others who have tb - medically underserved populations - homeless people - people from other countries where tb is prevalent - people in group settings, such as nursing homes - people who abuse alcohol - people who use intravenous drugs - people with impaired immune systems - the elderly - health care workers who come in contact with high - risk populations the following are the most common symptoms of active tb. however, each individual may experience symptoms differently. - cough that will not go away - chest pain - loss of appetite - unintended weight loss - poor growth in children - coughing blood or sputum - chills or night sweats the symptoms of tb may resemble other lung conditions or medical problems. consult a physician for a diagnosis. the tb bacterium is spread through the air when an infected person coughs, snee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5325801957290427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dfb4c79d-f6d9-4b8e-9c67-60687e4e62e0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.460082"}
{"text": "coughing blood or sputum - chills or night sweats the symptoms of tb may resemble other lung conditions or medical problems. consult a physician for a diagnosis. the tb bacterium is spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, speaks, sings, or laughs ; however, repeated exposure to the germs is usually necessary before a person will become infected. it is not likely to be transmitted through personal items, such as clothing, bedding, a drinking glass, eating utensils, a handshake, a toilet, or other items that a person with tb has touched. adequate ventilation is the most important measure to prevent the transmission of tb. tb is diagnosed with a tb skin test. in this test, a small amount of testing material is injected into the top layer of the skin. if a certain size bump develops within two or three days, the test may be positive for tuberculosis infection. additional tests to determine if a person has tb disease include x - rays and sputum tests. tb skin tests are suggested for those : - in high - risk categories. - who live or work in close contact with people who are at high risk. - who have never had a tb skin test. for skin testing in children, the american academy of pediatrics recommends : - if the child is thought to have been exposed in the last five years. - if the child has an x - ray that looks like tb. - if the child has any symptoms of tb. - if a child is coming from countries where tb is prevalent. yearly skin testing : - for children with hiv. - for children who are in jail. testing every two to three years : - for children who are exposed to high - risk people. consider testing in children from ages 4 to 6 and 11 to 16 : - if a child ' s parent has come from a high - risk country. - if a child has traveled to high - risk areas. - children who live in densely populated areas. specific treatment will be determined by your physician based on : - your age, overall health, and medical history - extent of the disease - your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies - expectations for the course of the disease - your opinion or preference treatment may include : - short - term hospitalization - for latent tb which is newly diagnosed : usually a six - to 12 - month course of an antibiotic called isoniazid will be given to kill off the tb organisms in the body. - for active tb :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4550394665741727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dfb4c79d-f6d9-4b8e-9c67-60687e4e62e0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.461121"}
{"text": "does thinness raise alzheimer ' s risk? < nov. 23, 2011 > - - in the search for early markers of alzheimer ' s disease - in hopes of eventually preventing it - researchers have found that low body weight may somehow play a role. in a study published this week in the journal neurology, people with early signs of alzheimer ' s disease were more likely to be underweight or have a low body mass index ( bmi ). earlier studies found that people who are overweight in middle age or earlier are at higher risk for alzheimer ' s later in life. other studies have shown that being overweight later in life seems to protect against the disease. more research needed what the latest study findings mean for diagnosing or preventing alzheimer ' s disease is unclear. \" a long history of declining weight or bmi could aid the diagnostic process, \" says study author eric vidoni, ph. d., at the university of kansas. but, he adds, it ' s too early \" to make body composition part of the diagnostic toolbox. \" dr. vidoni and colleagues studied brain imaging and analyzed cerebrospinal fluid in 506 people. study participants ranged from those with no memory problems to others with alzheimer ' s. impact of body weight people who had evidence of alzheimer ' s - either in brain scans or protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid - were more likely to have a lower bmi than those who did not show early evidence of the disease. the researchers aren ' t sure why body weight might have a bearing on alzheimer ' s risk. they speculate that the disease may affect the hippocampus, the area of the brain that controls metabolism and appetite. or, they say, perhaps inflammation is driving both the drop in bmi and the cognitive changes that are the hallmark of alzheimer ' s. for more information on health and wellness, please visit health information modules on this website. although you can ' t control certain risk factors for alzheimer ' s disease like advancing age, you can reduce your odds of developing the condition. the latest findings show you can reduce risk by : always talk with your health care provider to find out more information. ( our organization is not responsible for the content of internet sites. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4707213734899186, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02eab517-43e9-4b5b-a99e-db4f220d208d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.463593"}
{"text": "guide to tanzanian legal system and legal research by bahame tom nyanduga and christabel manning bahame tom nyanduga * is advocate of the high court of tanzania, and had been the president of the east africa law society between october 2004 - october 2006. the main research for this compilation has been conducted by ms. christabel manning, ll. b, a graduate of the university of dar es salaam currently working in the legal department at kpmg ( t ) limited and a member of the tanzania women lawyers association - tawla. read the update! table of contents the united republic of tanzania is situated on the eastern seaboard of the african continent, about one degree south of the equator. its eastern border is the indian ocean, it shares its northern border with the republic of kenya and uganda, and to the west it borders the democratic republic of the congo, the republic of rwanda and the republic of burundi. the republic of zambia and the republic of malawi share its borders on the southwest, while in the south it shares a border with mozambique ; it is the union of two historical countries, tanganyika and zanzibar. the united republic of tanzania was formed in 1964 through the union of two independent states, namely the republic of tanganyika and the peoples \u2019 republic of zanzibar. zanzibar is an autonomous part of the united republic, and is made up of two islands, namely unguja and pemba, which are found in the territorial waters of the united republic, in the indian ocean. another island to the south east of the tanzania, mafia, is an integral part of mainland tanzania. tanganyika gained its independence from the british, who administered her after the end of the wwii under the united nations trusteeship ; on 9th december 1961 she became a republic on 9th december 1962. zanzibar became independent on 12th december 1963. prior to her independence, zanzibar, which was ruled by an arab sultanate, and enjoyed a protectorate status under the british. one month after she gained independence, the arab sultanate regime of zanzibar was overthrown by a popular revolution on 12th january 1964, which led to the creation of the revolution government of zanzibar. the republic of tanganyika and the peoples \u2019 republic of zanzibar entered into a union on 26th april 1964 to form the united republic of tanganyika and zanzibar, which was later renamed on 29th october the united republic of tanzania. at the time of the union, tanganyika was governed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4224333242144951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d26ef91-2a8a-4341-aee0-f4b046edda6d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.485052"}
{"text": "zanzibar entered into a union on 26th april 1964 to form the united republic of tanganyika and zanzibar, which was later renamed on 29th october the united republic of tanzania. at the time of the union, tanganyika was governed by a political party know as the tanganyika african national union ( tanu ), the nationalist party which won the country its independence, while zanzibar was rule by the afro shiraz party ( asp ) which had lead the popular revolution. the two states were by then governed under the one party system of government, i. e. the one party state democracy, which was then very prevalent in africa. in 1977 the tanu and asp merged to form the chama cha mapinduzi - ccm party, ( otherwise known as the revolutionary party ), which continued to exercise political control through out the country under the one party regime. the united republic of tanzania was under the leadership of one party system until 1992 when she adopted a new constitution, which enabled the organization of pluralist political parties, and hence in 1995 the first multi party democratic elections were held in the country. since 1995 the country has held such multi party elections in 2000, and 2005. tanzania \u2019 s legal system is based on the english common law system. it derived this system from its british colonial legacy, as it does the system of government, which is based to a large degree on the westminster parliamentary model. unlike the unwritten british constitutional system, the first source of law for the united republic of tanzania is the 1977 constitution. the constitutional history of tanganyika traces its background from the 1961 independence constitution, which was adopted at the time of independence. in 1962 tanganyika adopted the republican constitution, which operated from 1962 up to 1965. these two were based on the traditional lancaster style constitutions negotiated at independence by the british upon handover of state power to newly independent states. in 1965 tanganyika adopted an interim constitution while the country awaited a new constitution to be drafted, after it abolished the multi party political system and adopted a one party state system. the process lingered longer than it was meant to and thus the constitution lasted from 1965 up to 1977 when a new constitution was adopted and it has remained applicable to date, with fourteen subsequent amendments. the constitution provides for a bill of rights, notwithstanding the fact that it also makes provision for a number of claw - back clauses. in other words the enjoyment of certain rights and freedoms under the constitution is not absolute, but it is subject to legal regulation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43746254531685463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d26ef91-2a8a-4341-aee0-f4b046edda6d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.486329"}
{"text": "constitution provides for a bill of rights, notwithstanding the fact that it also makes provision for a number of claw - back clauses. in other words the enjoyment of certain rights and freedoms under the constitution is not absolute, but it is subject to legal regulation. the bill of rights is found in part three of the first chapter of the constitution and the fundamental rights and freedom are stipulated in article 12 to 24, article 25 to 28 imposes duties on every individual to duties and obligations to respect the rights of others and society. article 29 establishes the obligation of society to every individual. article 30 of the constitution limits the application of these rights subject to law and the under the due process of law, as the case may be. the constitution allows any person to challenge any law or act / omission, which contravenes his or her right, or the constitution. the second source of law is the statutes or acts of parliament. the laws revisions act of 1994 chapter four of the laws of tanzania [ r. e. 2002, ] established that all legislations previously known as ordinances, i. e. those which were enacted by the pre independence colonial administration, as orders in council, can now be legally recognized as acts. these principal legislations, and subsidiary legislations thereto, are published in the government gazette and printed by the tanzania government printers. the third source is case law. these are cases from the high court and court of appeal which are either reported or unreported and are be used as precedents, and bind lower courts thereto. reported tanzanian cases are found in the tanzania law reports, high court digests and east africa law reports. the fourth source is received laws established under section 2. 3 of the judicature and application laws act, chapter 358 of the laws of tanzania [ r. e. 2002 ] ( jala ) these include : common law, and doctrine of equity, statutes of general application of england, applicable before the 22 of july 1920, which is deemed to be the reception date for english law in tanzania. the fifth source is the customary and islamic law, which are established under section 9 of jala. whereby customary law is in effect only when it does not conflict with statutory law whilst islamic law is applicable to muslims under the judicature and applications of laws act, empowering courts to apply islamic law to matters of succession in communities that generally follow islamic law in matters of personal status and inheritance. international laws, that is, treaties and conventions, are not self - executing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4596544824552992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d26ef91-2a8a-4341-aee0-f4b046edda6d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.487434"}
{"text": "of the united republic of tanzania the vice president who is the principal assistant to the president in all matters of the united republic is responsible for : the prime minister of the united republic is the leader of government business in the national assembly, controls, supervises and executes daily functions and affairs of the government of the united republic, and any other matters the president directs to be done. the president of zanzibar is the head of the executive for zanzibar, i. e. ; the revolutionary government of zanzibar and is the chairman of the zanzibar revolutionary council. the cabinet of ministers, which includes the prime minister, is appointed by the president from among members of the national assembly. the government executes its functions through ministers led by cabinet ministers. president jakaya m kikwete became the current president of the united republic on the 21st december of 2005 after a historic victory, winning 80. 3 % of the total votes, and dr ali mohammed shein is the vice president of the united republic of tanzania. dr shein had previously served as vice - president since 5th july 2001, prior to the 2005 general elections. since independence, tanzania has held peaceful elections. tanzania was a one - party system of democracy between 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1990 ; in the first elections, held in 1962, the ruling party captured all seats hence the de - facto one party state emerged, to be later regularized by law in 1965. in 1992, following the constitutional reforms, described herein above, the formation and organization of political parties is now conducted under the political parties act 1992. about 18 political parties have been registered since then and multiparty general elections were held under the new multiparty system in 1995, 2000, and 2005. the legislature, or the parliament of the united republic of tanzania, consists of two parts, i. e. the president and the national assembly. the president exercises authority vested in him by the constitution to assent to bills by parliament in order to complete the enactment process before they become law. the national assembly, which is the principal legislative organ of the united republic, has authority on behalf of the people to oversee and the accountability of the government of the united republic and all its organs of their particular duties. the parliament is headed by the speaker, who is assisted by the deputy speaker, and the clerk as the head of the secretariat of the national assembly. the national assembly also has various standing committees to support in its various functions. the national assembly of tanzania is constituted by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43370952054090595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d26ef91-2a8a-4341-aee0-f4b046edda6d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.489978"}
{"text": "headed by the speaker, who is assisted by the deputy speaker, and the clerk as the head of the secretariat of the national assembly. the national assembly also has various standing committees to support in its various functions. the national assembly of tanzania is constituted by one chamber, with members elected form various constituencies across mainland tanzania and zanzibar. under the constitution, women \u2019 s representation is provided for as a special category, in order to increase the participation of women in national politics. elections are supervised by the national electoral commission which is established under the constitution. the legal system of tanzania is largely based on common law, as stated previously, but is also accommodates islamic or customary laws, the latter sources of law being called upon called upon in personal or family matters. the judiciary is formed by the various courts of judicature and is independent of the government. tanzania adheres to and respects the constitutional principles of separation of powers. the constitutional makes provision for the establishment of an independent judiciary, and the respect for the principles of the rule of law, human rights and good governance. the judiciary in tanzania can be illustrated as follows. the judiciary in tanzania has four tiers : the court of appeal of the united republic of tanzania, the high courts for mainland tanzania and tanzania zanzibar, magistrates courts, which are at two levels, i. e. the resident magistrate courts and the district court, both of which have concurrent jurisdiction. primary courts are the lowest in the judicial hierarchy. court of appeal the specialized divisions - high court of tanzania - - the high court of zanzibar resident magistrates courts court of appeal the court of appeal of tanzania, established under article 108 of the constitution, is the highest court in the hierarchy of judiciary in tanzania. it consists of the chief justice and other justices of appeal. the court of appeal of tanzania is the court of final appeal at the apex of the judiciary in tanzania. the high court of tanzania ( for mainland tanzania ) and the high court of zanzibar are courts of unlimited original jurisdiction, and appeals there from go to the court of appeal. the high court of tanzania was established under article 107 of the constitution and it has unlimited original jurisdiction to entertain all types of cases. the high courts exercise original jurisdiction on matters of a constitutional nature and have powers to entertain election petitions. the high court \u2019 s main registry, ( which includes the sub - registries ) caters for all civil and criminal matters. the high court ( mainland tanzania ) has established 10 sub registries in different zone of the country. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4561873177393639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d26ef91-2a8a-4341-aee0-f4b046edda6d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.491101"}
{"text": "election petitions. the high court \u2019 s main registry, ( which includes the sub - registries ) caters for all civil and criminal matters. the high court ( mainland tanzania ) has established 10 sub registries in different zone of the country. it also has two specialised divisions, the commercial division and the land division. all appeals from subordinate courts go to the high court of tanzania. these include the resident magistrate courts and the district courts, which both enjoy concurrent jurisdiction. these courts are established under the magistrate courts act of 1984. the district courts, unlike the resident magistrates courts, are found throughout all the districts in tanzania ( the local government unit. ) they receive appeals from the primary courts, several of which will be found in one district. the resident magistrates courts are located in major towns, municipalities and cities, which serve as the regional ( provincial ) headquarters. the primary courts are the lowest courts in the hierarchy and are established under the magistrates courts act of 1984. they deal with criminal cases and civil cases. civil cases on property and family law matters which apply customary law and islamic law must be initiated at the level of the primary court, where the magistrates sits with lay assessors. ( the jury system does not apply in tanzania ) there are specialized tribunals, which form part of the judicial structure. these for example include district land and housing tribunal, tax tribunal and the tax appeals tribunal, labour reconciliation board, the tanzania industrial court, and military tribunals for the armed forces. military courts do not try civilians. a party who feels dissatisfied with any decision of the tribunals may refer the same to the high court for judicial review the high court of zanzibar has exclusive original jurisdiction for all matters in zanzibar, as is the case for the high court on mainland tanzania. the zanzibar court system is quite similar to the tanzania mainland system, except that zanzibar retains islamic courts. these adjudicate muslim family cases such as divorces, child custody and inheritance. all other appeals from the high court of zanzibar go to the court of appeal of tanzania. the structure of the zanzibar legal system is as follows ; court of appeal magistrate court \u2194 kadhi \u2019 s appeal courts primary courts kadhi \u2019 s court court of appeal of tanzania the court of appeal tanzania handles all matters from the high court of zanzibar. the high court of zanzibar is structured with the same structure as the high court of tanzania mainland and it handles all appeals from the lower subordinate courts. these courts have jurisdiction to entertain cases", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.445762929825716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d26ef91-2a8a-4341-aee0-f4b046edda6d>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.492184"}
{"text": "handles all matters from the high court of zanzibar. the high court of zanzibar is structured with the same structure as the high court of tanzania mainland and it handles all appeals from the lower subordinate courts. these courts have jurisdiction to entertain cases of different nature, except for cases under islamic law, which they have no jurisdiction to try which are tried in the kadhi \u2019 s courts. kadhi \u2019 s appeal court the main role of the kadhi \u2019 s appeal court of zanzibar is to hear all appeals from the kadhi \u2019 s court, which adjudicates on islamic law. these are the lowest courts in zanzibar which have adjudicate all islamic family matters such as divorce, distribution of matrimonial assets, custody of children and inheritance but only with muslim families. these have the same rank as the kadhi \u2019 s courts and they deal with criminal and civil cases of customary nature. there are a number of places one can obtain legal materials in tanzania : libraries, the library of the court of appeal of tanzania, the high court library, the high court land division library, commercial division of the high court library, the attorney general \u2019 s office at the ministry of justice and constitutional affairs, university of dar es salaam, national archives, government bookshop, dar es salaam bookshop, the united nations information centre, the international criminal tribunal for rwanda in arusha, mzumbe university and many more others. reported cases in tanzania can be found in a number of law reports. between 1957and 1977 cases reported from the high court of tanzania and the east african court of appeal appeared in east africa law reports. law africa, a law report publishing company has updated the reports for cases from the three east african jurisdictions, of kenya, uganda and tanzania up to 2007. current editions of the law reports can be sourced from law africa publishers, email email @ example. com. their corporate headquarters address is : law africa publishing ( k ) ltd, coop trust plaza, 1st floor, lower hill road, p. o. box 4260 - 00100, gpo, nairobi, kenya the tanzania law reports between 1983 and 1997 can be bought online from firstname. lastname @ example. org. a complete set of the statutes of tanzania, the laws of tanzania - revised edition of 2002 ( 21 volumes, ) including a supplementary legislation, and subsidiary legislations can be bought online from the same references above. the tanzania government printer publishes the government ' s official gazette. the official gazette publishes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4042399652531174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d26ef91-2a8a-4341-aee0-f4b046edda6d>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.493323"}
{"text": ", the laws of tanzania - revised edition of 2002 ( 21 volumes, ) including a supplementary legislation, and subsidiary legislations can be bought online from the same references above. the tanzania government printer publishes the government ' s official gazette. the official gazette publishes bills, legislative enactments, before and after assent, subsidiary legislations, announcement of all official government appointments and dates of entry into force of all legislations. the same can be ordered through the government publications agency. any other information on tanzania can be accessed online. these include the website of parliament where one can access parliamentary information, including acts and bills of law. others sites include the government \u2019 s public administration page the tanzanian law reform commission website. these include textbooks such as : constitutional and administrative law contract, commercial and company law criminal law and procedure civil law and procedure family law, equity and succession to pursue a legal career in tanzania one may start with a certificate in law, particularly for persons who have discontinued secondary education, followed by a diploma in law, a degree in law ( ll. b ) and continue with a postgraduate diploma in law ( pgdl ), masters of law ( ll. m ), degree of doctor of philosophy ( ph. d ) and doctor of laws ( ll. d ), which is the highest doctorate to be awarded. students who have successfully completed advanced secondary education and who qualify with good academic grades can also join a law degree courses offered at any of the universities in the country. there are a number of universities, which offer courses in law such as the university of dar es salaam, mzumbe university, open university, tumaini university ruaha university under st. augustine and other institutes, which offer diploma in law such as mzumbe university and lushoto institute of judicial administration. certificate in law courses are taught at the other institutes of learning such as the police college and have enabled successful candidates to pursue law degree courses. any ll. b degree holder who has attended internship and pupilage in two years can apply to sit the bar exam which is held three times a year. the bar exam is an oral interview conducted under a panel of the council for legal education, which is composed of representatives of the chief justice of the united republic of tanzania, the attorney general of the united republic, the dean of faculty of law, of the university of dar es salaam, and two representatives of the law society. a successful candidate is sworn in and enrolled as an advocate of the high court of tanzania and sub - ordinate courts thereto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43283381205651916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d26ef91-2a8a-4341-aee0-f4b046edda6d>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.495722"}
{"text": "dean of faculty of law, of the university of dar es salaam, and two representatives of the law society. a successful candidate is sworn in and enrolled as an advocate of the high court of tanzania and sub - ordinate courts thereto. advocates do not have the right of audience before the primary courts in tanzania. more information can be found at the university of dar es salaam \u2019 s website. any person enrolled as an advocate under the advocates act, chapter 341 of the laws of tanzania [ r. e. 2002 ] and listed as a member of the tanganyika law society, established pursuant to the tanganyika law society act chapter 307 of the laws of tanzania [ r. e 2002 ] can practice law as an advocate and shall be subject to the disciplinary rules and etiquette as promulgated under the said laws, and subject to the ethics committee of the law society and the advocates disciplinary committee established under the advocates act cap 341. any inquiries as to the practice of law in tanzania may be addressed to the executive secretary, tanganyika law society ; email ; email @ example. com * i wish to acknowledge with the thanks the industry and time taken by christabel manning for conducting the research and putting together the basic draft for this compilation, without whose assistance, this article would not have been possible.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39192212128589954, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d26ef91-2a8a-4341-aee0-f4b046edda6d>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.496851"}
{"text": "| guidelines for small - scale fruit and vegetable processors. ( fao agricultural services bulletin - 127 ) ( 1997 ) | | part 2 - processing for sale | | 2. 6. contracts with suppliers and retailers | many small scale processors buy fruits and vegetables daily from their nearest public market. although this is simple and straightforward, it creates a number of problems for a business : for example, the processors have little control over the price charged by traders each day and because of the large seasonal price fluctuations that characterise these raw materials, this makes financial planning and control over cashflow more difficult ( section 2. 3. 4 ). the processor is also unable to schedule the raw materials in the quantities required and it is common for production to fail to meet a target because there are simply not enough fruits and vegetables for sale on a particular day. additionally, the processor has no control over the way fruits and vegetables are handled during harvest and transport to the markets and therefore no influence over the quality of the raw materials that are available ( see also section 2. 7. 2 ). to address these problems, a processor can arrange contracts with either traders or farmers, in an attempt to have greater control over the amount of raw materials available for processing each day and their quality and price. this is not a common arrangement at present in most developing countries, possibly because commercial food processing is a relatively recent activity and there is no history of collaboration and formal contracts. however, where this has been done, there are benefits to both processor and suppliers, provided that the arrangements are made honourably and there is mutual trust. the benefits to farmers are a guaranteed price for their crop, based on a sliding scale of quality and a guaranteed market when it is harvested. however, the traders who tour an area to buy crops provide a number of benefits to farmers that processors should not ignore when arranging contracts : for example the traders frequently buy the whole crop, regardless of quality and either sort it themselves for different markets or sell it on to wholesalers who do the sorting. from the farmers perspective, they receive payment at the farm, without having to worry about marketing their crop or disposal of substandard items. although farmers have a guaranteed market by selling to traders, they have virtually no control over the prices offered and can be exploited, particularly at the peak of a growing season when there is an over - supply of a particular crop. traders also provide a number of other services that farmers may find difficult to obtain elsewhere : traders may be the only realistic source of farming tools and other inputs such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4513542080692876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84ac689e-4879-46dc-a5dd-a7bd2f47b26a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.507818"}
{"text": "at the peak of a growing season when there is an over - supply of a particular crop. traders also provide a number of other services that farmers may find difficult to obtain elsewhere : traders may be the only realistic source of farming tools and other inputs such as seeds ; they are also a source of immediate informal credit, which farmers may require to buy inputs or for other needs such as funerals and weddings. although the interest payments on such loans may be much higher than those charged on commercial loans, farmers often have no access to banks or other lenders and in practice have no choice. in many countries, large numbers of farmers are permanently indebted to traders for their lifetimes and are only released from the debt by sale of land. when processors begin to negotiate contracts with farmers, they should therefore be aware that farmers may be unwilling to break the existing arrangements with traders, either because of genuine fears that they will lose the services provided or because they are indebted to traders and have no ability to make other arrangements. the local power of traders should not be under - estimated and may range from a refusal to offer further loans to farmers, a threat not to buy the crop again if sales are made directly to processors, a demand that farmers repay loans immediately and in extreme cases, physical violence. despite the problems described above, there are possibilities for processors to agree contracts to supply fruits and vegetables of a specified variety and quality with individual farmers or with groups of farmers who may be working cooperatively. typically a specification would include the variety to be grown, the degree of maturity at harvest, freedom from infection etc. the price paid for the crop is agreed in advance and may be set between the mid - season lowest point and the pre - and post - season high points. alternatively a sliding scale of prices is agreed, based on one or more easily measurable characteristics such as minimum size or agreed colour range, with an independent person being present to confirm the agreement in case of later disputes. the agreement may also specify the minimum or maximum amount that will be bought. in a formal contract, these agreement are written down and signed by both parties, although such formal contracts are rare in most developing countries. processors should also consider the other forms of assistance that could be offered to farmers. for example, in some other larger scale processing such as tea and coffee production, processors offer training and an extension service to address problems with the crop as they arise throughout the growing season. although this may be beyond the resources of small scale processors, more limited types of assistance may include", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.498436027510092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84ac689e-4879-46dc-a5dd-a7bd2f47b26a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.511137"}
{"text": "larger scale processing such as tea and coffee production, processors offer training and an extension service to address problems with the crop as they arise throughout the growing season. although this may be beyond the resources of small scale processors, more limited types of assistance may include purchasing tools, fertilizer or other requirements in bulk with the savings being passed on to farmers. alternatively, part - payment for the crop can be made in advance so that farmers can buy inputs without the need for credit and the consequent indebtedness. the advantages to the processor are greater control over the quality of raw materials and the varieties that are planted, some control over the amounts supplied and an advance indication of likely raw material costs which assists in both financial control and production planning ( sections 2. 3. 4 and 2. 7. 1 ). the advantage to the farmer is the security of having a guaranteed market for the crop at a known price, together with any other incentives that may be offered by processors. however, this type of arrangement can only operate successfully when both processors and farmers honour their side of the agreement. in the authors experience, there have been a number of occasions when these forms of agreement have been tried, but have failed because one party breaks their part of the contract. typically, this can be farmers who sell part of their crop to traders at each end of the season, when the price is higher than that offered by the processor. the expected volume of crop is not then available to the processor and planned production capacity cannot be achieved, seriously damaging both sales and cashflow. alternatively, the processor delays payment to farmers, resulting in the need for them to take another loan and greater indebtedness. the processor may also fail to buy the agreed amount of crop and farmers are left to find alternative markets without the option of supplying traders who may refuse to buy it or may offer an insignificant price. a slightly different approach is that in which a processor takes a greater degree of control over production of the crop and specifies the types of fruit or vegetable to be grown, supplies seeds and other inputs, even including labour. in effect farmers are paid by the processor for the use of their land. although this involves greater organisational complexity and higher operating costs for the processor, the benefits of an assured supply of raw materials having the correct qualities for processing may outweigh the disadvantages, particularly in situations where the demand for a crop outstrips the supply. a further development of the approach is for the processor to rent or buy land and set up a separate operation to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5188945304723713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84ac689e-4879-46dc-a5dd-a7bd2f47b26a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.512876"}
{"text": "the department of energy ( doe ) is committed to expanding the conversation on energy issues and upholding open government principles of transparency, participation and collaboration. one of the key ways we seek to accomplish this is through the use of social media. \" social media \" is a broad term for the wide spectrum of interactive and user - driven content technologies ( i. e., social networks, blogs, wikis, podcasts, online videos, etc ). like many government agencies, the department is exploring how best to use social media to accomplish our mission, engage the public in discussion, include people in the governing process and collaborate internally and externally. the office of digital strategy and communications ( formerly the new media office ) in the office of public affairs is leading the department ' s social media efforts. the purpose of this document is to provide guidance on how to take advantage of these social media platforms by defining the broad department of energy vision and strategy for social media use, detailing the means by which to contribute to the department ' s social media presence, outlining the various rules of the road for utilizing social media in the government space and last but not least, sharing best practices for various social media tools. it ' s worth noting that while the primary focus of this guidance is on external facing social media, many of the principles and requirements outlined below can be used as a roadmap for inward facing social media activities. vision and strategy \" the department of energy has an urgent role to play in creating a new, clean energy economy that will spark job creation and reduce our dependence on oil, while cutting our greenhouse gas emissions. the department will also meet its critical responsibilities of reducing nuclear dangers and environmental risks. the foundation of all our work is a commitment to lead the world in science, technology and engineering. \" - secretary steven chu the department of energy ' s mission is to become the \" department of innovators \" and discover the solutions to power and secure america ' s future now. we ' re building the new clean energy economy, reducing nuclear dangers and environmental risk and expanding the frontiers of knowledge with innovative scientific research. the objective of the digital office in public affairs is not only to communicate our mission online but also to develop and foster relationships with the public, outside stakeholders and each other around that mission. with that focus, the primary goals of the digital office are to amplify the department ' s message, promote transparency and accessibility and provide services and engagement opportunities. social media is integral to achieving these goals, providing the platform for real - time conversation, collaboration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5795860289354526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4d02c2c-9805-421f-a211-13ac72fcf0f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.526436"}
{"text": "focus, the primary goals of the digital office are to amplify the department ' s message, promote transparency and accessibility and provide services and engagement opportunities. social media is integral to achieving these goals, providing the platform for real - time conversation, collaboration and idea sharing. you know how the saying goes - our whole is much greater than the sum of our parts. the entire department benefits from a strong enterprise brand. and in many ways, that enterprise brand and culture of brand cultivation already exists throughout the department, powered by the office of public affairs. we ' re just extending it online and into the social media sphere. the digital office in the office of public affairs is responsible for managing department ' s enterprise brand online, including social media. leading by example, this office will push the department into new social media spaces and drive innovation and online communication programming in this arena. offices and labs across the department should help build the enterprise brand by contributing content and ideas to the digital office. a strong, well developed, supported and executed enterprise social media brand is the primary tier of the department ' s social media strategy. the digital office also serves as a support center for driving the second core component of the department ' s social media strategy : empowering social media innovation across the department. program offices, field offices and labs are encouraged to take full advantage of the opportunities social media offers. the digital office provides clear guidance on how to do so - - assisting with compliance of federal rules regulating social media in government, sharing social media best practices and helping offices develop and execute high quality social media strategies. contributing to the department of energy enterprise social media accounts the foundation of the department of energy enterprise social media brand is our mission - and the work being done everyday across the department to achieve that mission drives the content for our social media accounts. offices and labs are enthusiastically encouraged to contribute to our enterprise social media accounts and share what they ' re doing to achieve our mission. these contributions are integral to the success of our enterprise brand. one of the primary reasons department of energy enterprise social media accounts were established was to break down some of the resource and regulatory barriers for communicating in this sphere. in that spirit, it ' s also simple to contribute to our core enterprise accounts : youtube, flickr, twitter and facebook. just submit your suggestion to the digital office in the office of public affairs via the department of energy social media hub ( http : / / energy. gov / socialmedia ) and a member of the digital office will follow - up as needed within a reasonable timeframe.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5078815729277231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4d02c2c-9805-421f-a211-13ac72fcf0f0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.527889"}
{"text": "suggestion to the digital office in the office of public affairs via the department of energy social media hub ( http : / / energy. gov / socialmedia ) and a member of the digital office will follow - up as needed within a reasonable timeframe. establishing an official doe social media account to streamline the process of social media account creation, a dedicated department of energy social media hub ( http : / / energy. gov / socialmedia ) has been developed to empower program offices and labs to review the social media and application vendors with whom we currently have gsa approved terms of service and request permission to create a new account or verify an existing one. all social media sites require active oversight to ensure proper management. department personnel should take these commitments into account when weighing whether to create a new social media presence. before requesting an account, personnel should consult with the appropriate actors within their program office or lab to ensure that the proper authorizations and procedures are in place. this includes reaching out to supervisors and the point of contact for records management, privacy, communications / new media and the program ' s representative from general counsel. to be granted an account or have your current account recognized by the department, fill out the social media request form that includes fields such as : for all requests - name of the person submitting the request - title of the person submitting the request / office - contact e - mail - contact phone number - are you authorized to make this request? - social media application ( s ) you want to utilize - existing account? ( y / n ) - justification for needing an account - proposed or current account username / url - proposed or current account bio - criteria for following others, friending others, etc. - content and feedback strategy - staff management plan, including post frequency - sample post ( if applicable ) for new accounts only - desired launch date - roll - out plan for existing accounts only - length of existence - have you completed a privacy impact assessment ( pia )? - are you currently covered under doe ' s amended terms of service? - what is your current records process? the digital office in the office of public affairs will assess and respond to requests within a reasonable time period. the digital office approves accounts and will assist as needed with implementation and compliance. accounts that consistently fail to meet the best practices outlined in this document are subject to review by the digital office, who will work with supervisors in that program office or lab to determine appropriate next steps. you can also use the online form to request that the department pursue a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5025763413709503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4d02c2c-9805-421f-a211-13ac72fcf0f0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.529110"}
{"text": "fail to meet the best practices outlined in this document are subject to review by the digital office, who will work with supervisors in that program office or lab to determine appropriate next steps. you can also use the online form to request that the department pursue a terms of service agreement with a social media tool or application that is offered by apps. gov but not currently part of our portfolio. should you determine that you would like to forgo the account creation process and simply have your content featured as part of the larger enterprise presence, you can contact the digital office to discuss options for assisting with outreach and amplifying your message. from the privacy act of 1974 to the office of management and budget policies on third party sites and multi - session cookies, federal agencies have specific requirements regarding privacy and personal identifiable information ( pii ). these policies require the department to file privacy impact assessments ( pia ) in order to utilize social media platforms like facebook or uservoice or twitter for official business. the digital office in the office of public affairs has filed several pia ' s for the department as a whole in order to empower others to take advantage of these communication tools. they include the following : - google analytics personnel seeking to verify existing social media presences or establish new ones on the platforms above must consult the existing pia for that platform to make sure that presence is compliant. if you ' re interested in using a social media platform that ' s not on this list or have questions about any of the pia ' s above, reach out to the digital office for assistance. and if you have questions about federal privacy requirements, contact the privacy officer assigned to your office. the freedom of information act ( foia ), 5 u. s. c. 552, provides a right of access to federal agency records, including any information created or maintained by the department. voluntary disclosure of information through a social media platform outside the federal government may waive the application of statutory privileges under federal law and compromise the department ' s ability to withhold such information in the future. if you are concerned about making information publicly available through social media or have any questions regarding federal information law, contact the office of general counsel or the office of public affairs. comment policy and moderation the department of energy respects different opinions and hopes to foster conversation within our online presences. to that end, the department does not pre - moderate users ' comments on our enterprise accounts. this means that users ' comments are automatically published, but they may be removed by a department of energy official if they violate our commenting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49168132336071513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4d02c2c-9805-421f-a211-13ac72fcf0f0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.530244"}
{"text": "our online presences. to that end, the department does not pre - moderate users ' comments on our enterprise accounts. this means that users ' comments are automatically published, but they may be removed by a department of energy official if they violate our commenting policy. comments may be removed from department of energy blogs or social media accounts : - contain obscene, indecent, or profane language ; - contain threats or defamatory statements ; - contain hate speech directed at race, color, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, ethnicity, age, religion, or disability ; - contain sensitive or personally identifiable information ; and / or - promote or endorse specific commercial services or products. all department of energy generated content is subject to the national archives and records administration ( nara ) for retention, storage and publication. federal records management policies regarding social media are still evolving. the cio has issued interim guidance for the department of energy regarding the management of social media records. we can expect additional updates to these policies as our work continues to evolve in the social media sphere. for specific questions regarding records management, contact the records management officer assigned to your office. access to and use of social media the department of energy encourages the responsible use of social media consistent with current laws, policies and guidance that govern information and information technology. department organizations will not arbitrarily ban access or the use of social media. department of energy personnel are encouraged to access and contribute content on social media sites in their official capacity. however, personnel should obtain supervisory approval prior to creating or contributing significant content to external social media sites or to engaging in recurring exchanges with the public. employees are subject to the applicable standards of conduct for employees of the executive branch ( 5 c. f. r. part 2635 ) and the hatch act ( 5 u. s. c. 7321 - 7326 ) which governs partisan political activity of executive branch employees. personnel are encouraged to review the office of special counsel ' s \" frequently asked questions regarding social media and the hatch act \" for further guidance or contact the office of the assistant general counsel for general law ( gc - 77 ). non - public, sensitive, personally identifiable information ( pii ) and classified information should not be disclosed on public social media platforms. personal use of social media while on government time is subject to doe order 203. 1, limited personal use of office equipment including information technology, which provides guidance on \" appropriate and inappropriate \" use of government resources. if you have questions about this section, please contact gc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5120754241658663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4d02c2c-9805-421f-a211-13ac72fcf0f0>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.532378"}
{"text": "media while on government time is subject to doe order 203. 1, limited personal use of office equipment including information technology, which provides guidance on \" appropriate and inappropriate \" use of government resources. if you have questions about this section, please contact gc - 77. security requirements and risk management the federal cio council ' s guidelines for secure use of social media by federal departments and agencies outlines recommendations for using social media technologies in a manner that minimizes risk while also embracing the opportunities these technologies provide. federal government information systems are targeted by persistent, pervasive, aggressive threats. in order to defend against rapidly evolving social media threats, department of energy program offices, laboratories, and sites should include a defense - in - depth, multi - layered risk management approach, addressing risks to the user, risks to the department and risks to the federal infrastructure. organizations should incorporate risk mitigation strategies such as ( 1 ) controlled access to social media, ( 2 ) user awareness and training, ( 3 ) user rules of behavior, ( 4 ) host and / or network controls and ( 5 ) secure configuration of social media software to determine overall risk tolerance for use of social media technologies. cyber security personnel should be consulted before the implementation of any social media technology to provide the opportunity for incorporation of the new technology into current risk management framework. in addition, cyber security should help determine secure technical configurations and monitor published vulnerabilities in social media software. for questions regarding cyber security, contact your security officer. in the event of an emergency, social media tools should be utilized in accordance with the forthcoming emergency public affairs plan, which calls for a coordinated messaging effort between the headquarters office of public affairs and any programs, sites or facilities that may be involved : \" when department of energy headquarters or a doe site / facility declares an emergency, it is expected to meet the public information obligations of the department of energy orders, guidance and requirements and the comprehensive emergency management plans developed by each site. this guidance and requirement includes the timely provision of media informational materials to the public affairs staff at department headquarters. every effort should be made by the designated public affairs officers at the site level to consult with the headquarters public affairs office on the initial dissemination of information to the public and media. from the doe o 151. 1c \" comprehensive emergency management system \" : \" initial news releases or public statements must be approved by the cognizant field element official responsible for emergency public information review and dissemination. following initial news releases and public statements, updates must be coordinated with the doe / n", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5173551567561139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4d02c2c-9805-421f-a211-13ac72fcf0f0>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.533837"}
{"text": "\" almanac \" \u2014 the word comes from the arabic al - manakh, meaning \" the calendar, \" earlier \" the weather, \" deriving ultimately from ma -, \" a place, \" and nakha, \" to kneel, \" or a place where camels kneel, a seasonal stopping place, a camp or settlement. coming as it does from a nomadic human society, it is a fitting word as we talk about our bird life, and their travels and destinations, all as they are influenced by the season of the year. in order to understand the vital interplay of time and space as they determine which birds they ' ll bring us, let us first set aside time to deal with space. for birds, ohio ' s longitude has less to do with time, except as it determines the diurnal rhythms of night and day, and as it figured eons ago in the shifting of continents, where our present longitude marks our place between mountain ranges, at the edge of the feathering - out of the great prairies and the great forests, and consequently midway between the great north - and southbound rivers of birds in the mississippi and atlantic flyways. our latitude, by contrast, is all about time for birds \u2014 their seasonal movements north and south, their life cycles along the way, the timing of migrations and even vagrancy, the changing length of daylight and the intensity of earth ' s magnetic fields, even their habitats as developed in the topography of our land as formed by mile - high glaciers moving latitudinally thousands of years ago, forming our plains and hills, lake erie, and the ohio river. survival for birds means successful breeding, and for this success timing is everything. for migrants, early arrival at the breeding grounds is balanced against the risk of arriving too soon to find adequate food ; attempting a second brood must be balanced by the risk of an early reduction in food sources. the phenology of predators, frosts, food sources, leafing of local plants, rain cycles, etc., all affect breeding success, and the species we see have successfully adapted to these influences to remain with us today. humans have recently ( here, over the past two hundred years ) radically influenced some of these influences, upsetting delicate balances, and our bird life is changing as a result. we have removed some predators, and encouraged the proliferation of others. we have apparently caused climatic warming, with earlier springs and later winters. we have introduced exotic animals and plants. we have bulldozed and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5176219350423426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1439912f-f481-4834-9bfb-531cc6451f12>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.543794"}
{"text": "our bird life is changing as a result. we have removed some predators, and encouraged the proliferation of others. we have apparently caused climatic warming, with earlier springs and later winters. we have introduced exotic animals and plants. we have bulldozed and burned and filled in and poisoned bird habitats. we allow birds to be killed in great numbers, but not, we reassure ourselves, in numbers too great to diminish them. our effect on the life cycles of birds is dramatic, ongoing, and uncertain as to ultimate outcome. reassuringly, it is still possible to discern primeval patterns of birds ' natural life cycles throughout the year. birders find the continuation of these cycles deeply satisfying as a continuous manifestation of the renewal of life, and a way to measure and better understand, during our short span, the passage of time. fifty or more species of our birds remain pretty much equally abundant year - round, present in good numbers in every month. many are the most familiar of our familiar birds, but even to them the calendar brings profound changes. the crows, robins, blue jays, and song sparrows we see year - round are not always the same birds, as these are at least in part migratory species, with different cohorts inhabiting different places at different times of year. their behavior, too, may change radically over the calendar year : robins that are solitary worm - eaters in summer will flock in winter to eat fruit. the breeding cycle, with all its changes over times, governs all \u2014 migrating, singing, incubating, fledging, flocking, molting. many species have expanded their ranges over recent time \u2014 mockingbirds, titmice, cardinals, house finches \u2014 and many once - common birds have receded beyond ohio ' s borders : prairie - chickens, bachman ' s sparrows, and bewick ' s wrens are no longer to be found here. time has claimed some of our birds forever \u2014 the passenger pigeon, the eskimo curlew, the carolina parakeet \u2014 but there is time to save the rest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4355153866669461, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1439912f-f481-4834-9bfb-531cc6451f12>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.545917"}
{"text": "1933 unemployment relief new! search the database of more than 100, 000 individuals listed in the unemployment relief records. there are 27 oklahoma counties included. search now \u00bb 1940 us census the 1940 us federal census records for oklahoma have now been indexed. search and view census records online now at familysearch. org / 1940census / 1940 - census - oklahoma / 1890 oklahoma territorial census the ohs research center has completed the index to the 1890 oklahoma territorial census. while the previous index listed only the head of household, this index includes every individual included in the census. most of the 1890 us federal census was destroyed by fire in 1921, making the 1890 oklahoma territorial census one of the few remaining census records from the time. the oklahoma historical society research division collections include the original 1890 ot census pages. search the index \u00bb own the complete 1890 oklahoma territorial census now you can access the 1890 oklahoma territorial census in its entirety as part of 1890 resources, a newly - released dvd from the ohs research center. this easy - to - use disc includes : - a complete index to the 1890 ot census and more than 1, 200 color pages of census scanned from the original documents. just locate your ancestor in the index and click on the page number to see the original document. view a sample census page. - smith ' s first directory of oklahoma territory for the year commencing august 1, 1890, complete with index / namefinding list linked to color scans of the entire directory. view a sample page from smith ' s. - a pdf of bunky ' s the first eight months of oklahoma city. beginning with the land run of 1889, this publication explores area businesses, churches, newspapers, politics and citizens. this resource is now available for $ 45 plus $ 2 shipping & handling. to order use our printable order form or call ( 405 ) 522 - 5225 - please have your credit card ready. special census on microfilm at ohs - 1890 oklahoma territorial census - 1860 lands west of arkansas - 1890 union veterans & widows census - 1900 us census - oklahoma territory - 1900 us census - indian schedule - various mortality schedules - additional special censuses for numerous states online subscription services the research center offers free access to ancestry library edition\u00ae and heritagequest online\u2122. these sites allow patrons visiting the research center to search, view and print various items pertaining to genealogy. ancestry library\u00ae offers us census, ship logs and passenger indexes, wwi draft registration cards, vital records, and the social security death index. heritagequest\u2122 also includes us census as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41450863828787676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6430b409-714d-4590-afff-a789a8e8fd7b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.556515"}
{"text": "dear oncolink \" ask the experts, \" carolyn vachani rn, msn, aocn, oncolink ' s medical correspondent, responds : magnification colonoscopy uses fiberoptic technology to magnify the view of the colon to about 75 to 100 times its normal size. as a point of comparison, standard colonoscopy uses 45 - fold magnification. this test can be particularly helpful to diagnose \" flat adenomas \" ( cancers that do not form as a polyp ) or dysplasia ( abnormal appearing tissue ). during the colonoscopy, the physician sprays a dye into the colon which highlights areas of dysplasia, based on the shape and appearance of the colon ( called \" pit pattern \" ) and the uptake of dye. magnification is needed to help the physician better and more fully visualize any areas of dye deposition. this procedure is used to screen for dysplasia and / or cancer in patients who are at high risk for colon cancer. high - risk patients typically have chronic colon inflammation ( ie : irritable bowel disease, crohn ' s disease, ulcerative colitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, etc. ). magnification colonoscopy is not yet used for general polyps. the test is currently only available at a limited number of medical centers. the physician performing the test must be trained to recognize the \" pit patterns \" that signify dysplasia. if this sounds like a test for you, i would try the gastroenterology department at large, academic centers in your area.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4991286032444341, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f004561-6f01-4726-8a65-dfe0cfc492a0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.560468"}
{"text": "a safe place to play if you ask your child what he likes most about school, the answer you are likely to get is, \u201c recess! \u201d it is important for kids to be active, get some fresh air, and release their pent up energy during and after the school day, and playgrounds are a great place to do so. however, faulty equipment, unsafe surfaces, and lack of appropriate supervision can result in injury. each year, more than 200, 000 children are treated in hospital emergency rooms for playground - related injuries. schools are addressing this by developing rules for safe outdoor play on and off the playground. there are also a few things that you should keep in mind and convey to any other caregivers of your child about play on and around the playground. tips for injury - free outdoor fun - know the school rules. depending on the amount of outdoor space, the size of the student body, and staff limitations, your child \u2019 s school may limit the games students can play on the playground. games like tag and unsupervised sports such as dodgeball are increasingly being banned due to injuries. find out what your school \u2019 s playground rules are and explain them to your child. if your child wants to take a ball, jump rope, or other equipment to share with friends, be sure to check with the school first. - find out about supervision. adequate supervision is the best way to reduce the number of injuries on the playground. the national program for playground safety advises that children be supervised when playing on playground structures, whether these are located in your home, in the community, or at school. adults in charge should be able to direct children to use playground equipment properly and respond to emergencies appropriately. make sure your child is supervised on the playground at all times, at and outside of school. - know what is age appropriate. the consumer product safety commission requires that playground equipment be separated for 2 - 5 year - olds and 5 - 12 year - olds. it is recommended that children be further separated according to age group : pre k, grades k - 2, grades 3 - 4, and grades 5 - 6. most schools separate outdoor play times by grades. if you take child to the playground, make sure he is playing on equipment that he is able to use comfortably. encourage your child to use equipment appropriately and to take turns. beware of clothing that could get caught or that your child could trip over, such as untied shoelaces, hoods, or drawstrings.. - keep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42101558330957495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0001f24f-c0bb-45f3-a1a7-b14d8b64f196>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.568244"}
{"text": ". encourage your child to use equipment appropriately and to take turns. beware of clothing that could get caught or that your child could trip over, such as untied shoelaces, hoods, or drawstrings.. - keep an eye on the equipment. before you let your child play on playground structures, check the equipment and its surrounding area to make sure that it is safe. check the structure to make sure it is not damaged or broken. look out for any objects that can cause injuries, such as broken glass, rocks, animal feces, or other debris. according to the national program for playground safety, the surface of a play structure should be of loose or soft materials that will cushion a fall, such as wood chips or rubber. know how to respond. even a fall of one foot can cause a broken bone or concussion. if your child is injured while playing on the playground, check him carefully for bruises. if you are not sure of the extent of your child \u2019 s injury, take him to the pediatrician or the emergency room. if you think your child may have a head or neck injury or if he appears to have a broken bone and you are afraid to move him, call for help. for a playground safety checklist, visit the consumer product safety commission at http : / / www. cpsc. gov this information was compiled by sunindia bhalla, and reviewed by the program staff of the massachusetts children \u2019 s trust fund.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42349545587891113, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0001f24f-c0bb-45f3-a1a7-b14d8b64f196>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.568968"}
{"text": "online physiology degree | online physiology degree refers to the degree on physiology that are provided by the online universities that are situated in different parts on the world. in this kind of degrees you can remain in some remote corner of the world, and can take lessons from the universities that are located at some other parts of the world. these degrees are very much in demand and are recognized by the organizations around the world. what is physiology? the term physiology refers o the study which involves the mechanical, physical as well a s biochemical functions of any kind of living organisms. in other world the physical, mechanical as well as different biochemical function that take place in the body of any living organism can be studies in the subject of physiology. traditionally, physiology can be divided into two broader parts \u2013 plant physiology as well as animal physiology. physiology degrees are much sought after by students interested in the life sciences. however the principles that are followed in physiology are universal irrespective of any particular organism. human physiology is an important part of the study of animal physiology, too. there are some other major branches that originated from physiology that can be studies individually nowadays. these branches that originated from physiology includes biochemistry, paleobiology, biomechanics, pharmacology and biophysics. at the online physiology degree you can also have a chance to study a few of these branches. who are eligible to study online physiology degree? an online physiology degree are also beneficial to the working professionals who finds it hard to devote a certain amount of tie every day or at least once or twice a week to go for the part time courses. the online physiology degree will help them to study at night or even between the working hours. the course material being available online the online physiology degree gives them the option of \u2018 flexible timings \u2019 for their studies. thus the online physiology degree courses are very beneficial to them. why choose an online physiology degree? choosing or opting for an online physiology degree can be a wise decision on the part of the busy professional as well as any modern day student. the course material used in online physiology degree are made keeping in mind a global approach and so the degrees are, usually, recognized across the globe. the online physiology degree courses also offer you the flexibility to choose your time and pace to study. thus an online physiology degree course has an edge over the conventional degrees that are available. to know more about online science degree keep surfing the links of onlinedegreeshub.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5182074144874704, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3be16b6c-b679-47fb-bcca-cfb5cb09595f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.573564"}
{"text": "analogue tachographs : a brief history note : since may 2006, analogue tachographs are being phased out in favour of digital versions which record data on a smart card. find out more about digital tachographs. a tachograph displays vehicle speed and makes a record of all speeds during an entire trip. the name \u2018 tachograph \u2019 comes from the graphical recording of the tachometer or engine speed. analogue units record the driver \u2019 s periods of duty on a waxed paper disc \u2013 a tachograph chart. an ink pen records the engine speed on circular graph paper that automatically advances according to the internal clock of the tachograph. this graph paper is removed on a regular basis and maintained by the fleet owner for government records. in the 1950s, there were an increasing number of road accidents attributed to sleep - deprived and tired truck drivers. concerns for safety led to the rapid spread of the tachograph in the commercial vehicle market, but at this point it was voluntary and not legislated. fleet operators then found that tachographs helped them to monitor driver hours more reliably, and safety also improved. in europe, use of tachographs has been compulsory for all trucks over 3. 5 tonnes since 1970. for safety reasons, most countries also have limits on the working hours of drivers of commercial vehicles. tachographs are used to monitor drivers \u2019 working hours and ensure that appropriate breaks are taken. legislation relating to tachographs has been in force in the uk for 16 years. the tachograph is now an indispensable tool for managing fleets and ensuring the safety of drivers of commercial vehicles. find out more about digital tachographs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4488186237492448, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:067b127c-5284-4746-a65a-e0278133374c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.576355"}
{"text": "lesson one : transforming everyday objects marcel duchamp : bicycle wheel, bicycle wheel on wooden stool, 1963 ( henley - on - thames, richard hamilton collection ) ; \u00a9 2007 artists rights society ( ars ), new york / adagp, paris, photo credit : cameraphoto / art resource, ny man ray : rayograph, gelatin silver print, 29. 4\u00d723. 2 cm, 1923 ( new york, museum of modern art ) ; \u00a9 2007 man ray trust / artists rights society ( ars ), new york / adagp, paris, photo \u00a9 the museum of modern art, new york meret oppenheim : object ( le dejeuner en fourrure ), fur - lined cup, diam. 109 mm, saucer, diam. 237 mm, spoon, l. 202 mm, overall, h. 73 mm, 1936 ( new york, museum of modern art ) ; \u00a9 2007 artists rights society ( ars ), new york / prolitteris, zurich, photo \u00a9 museum of modern art / licensed by scala / art resource, ny dada and surrealist artists questioned long - held assumptions about what a work of art should be about and how it should be made. rather than creating every element of their artworks, they boldly selected everyday, manufactured objects and either modified and combined them with other items or simply se - lected them and called them \u201c art. \u201d in this lesson students will consider their own criteria for something to be called a work of art, and then explore three works of art that may challenge their definitions. students will consider their own definitions of art. students will consider how dada and surrealist artists challenged conventional ideas of art. students will be introduced to readymades and photograms. ask your students to take a moment to think about what makes something a work of art. does art have to be seen in a specific place? where does one encounter art? what is art supposed to accomplish? who is it for? ask your students to create an individual list of their criteria. then, divide your students into small groups to discuss and debate the results and come up with a final list. finally, ask each group to share with the class what they think is the most important criteria and what is the most contested criteria for something to be called a work of art. write these on the chalkboard for the class to review and discuss. show your students the image of bicycle wheel. ask your students if marcel duchamp \u2019 s sculp -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.54178872041281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:31fab53b-eb78-4e38-ae2c-77d787710125>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.585822"}
{"text": "most contested criteria for something to be called a work of art. write these on the chalkboard for the class to review and discuss. show your students the image of bicycle wheel. ask your students if marcel duchamp \u2019 s sculp - ture fulfills any of their criteria for something to be called a work of art. ask them to support their obser - vations with visual evidence. inform your students that duchamp made this work by fastening a bicycle wheel to a kitchen stool. ask your students to consider the fact that duchamp rendered these two functional objects unus - able. make certain that your students notice that there is no tire on the bicycle wheel. to challenge accepted notions of art, duchamp selected mass - produced, often functional objects from everyday life for his artworks, which he called readymades. he did this to shift viewers \u2019 engagement with a work of art from what he called the \u201c retinal \u201d ( there to please the eye ) to the \u201c intellectual \u201d ( \u201c in the service of the mind. \u201d ) [ h. h. arnason and marla f. prather, history of modern art : painting, sculpture, architecture, photography ( fourth edition ) ( new york : harry n. abrams, inc., 1998 ), 274. ] by doing so, duchamp subverted the traditional notion that beauty is a defining characteristic of art. inform your students that bicycle wheel is the third version of this work. the first, now lost, was made in 1913, almost forty years earlier. because the materials duchamp selected to be readymades were mass - produced, he did not consider any readymade to be \u201c original. \u201d ask your students to revisit their list of criteria for something to be called a work of art. ask them to list criteria related specifically to the visual aspects of a work of art ( such as \u201c beauty \u201d or realistic rendering ). duchamp said of bicycle wheel, \u201c in 1913 i had the happy idea to fasten a bicycle wheel to a kitchen stool and watch it turn. \u201d [ john elderfield, ed., studies in modern art 2 : essays on assemblage ( new york : the museum of modern art, 1992 ), 135. ] bicycle wheel is a kinetic sculpture that depends on motion for effect. although duchamp selected items for his readymades without regard to their so - called beauty, he said, \u201c to see that wheel turning was very soothing,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5309725200026518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:31fab53b-eb78-4e38-ae2c-77d787710125>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.587472"}
{"text": ", 135. ] bicycle wheel is a kinetic sculpture that depends on motion for effect. although duchamp selected items for his readymades without regard to their so - called beauty, he said, \u201c to see that wheel turning was very soothing, very comforting... i en - joyed looking at it, just as i enjoy looking at the flames dancing in a fireplace. \u201d [ francis m. naumann, the mary and william sisler collection ( new york : the museum of modern art, 1984 ), 160. ] by en - couraging viewers to spin bicycle wheel, duchamp challenged the common expectation that works of art should not to be touched. show your students rayograph. ask your students to name recognizable shapes in this work. ask them to support their findings with visual evidence. how do they think this image was made? inform your students that rayograph was made by man ray, an american artist who was well - known for his portrait and fashion photography. man ray transformed everyday objects into mysterious images by placing them on photographic paper, exposing them to light, and oftentimes repeating this process with additional objects and exposures. when photographic paper is developed in chemicals, the areas blocked from light by objects placed on the paper earlier on will remain light, and the areas exposed to light will turn black. man ray discovered the technique of making photograms by chance, when he placed some objects in his darkroom on light - sensitive paper and accidentally exposed them to light. he liked the resulting images and experimented with the process for years to come. he likened the technique, now known as the photogram, to \u201c painting with light, \u201d calling the images rayographs, after his assumed name. now that your students have identified some recognizable objects used to make rayograph, ask them to consider which of those objects might have been translucent and which might have been opaque, based on the tone of the shapes in the photogram. now show your students meret oppenheim \u2019 s sculpture object ( dejeuner en fourrure ). both rayograph and object were made using everyday objects and materials not traditionally used for making art, which, when combined, challenge ideas of reality in unexpected ways. ask your students what those everyday objects are and how they have been transformed by the artists. ask your students to name some traditional uses for the individual materials ( cup, spoon, saucer, fur ) used to make object. ask your students what choices they think oppenheim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5607206845524924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:31fab53b-eb78-4e38-ae2c-77d787710125>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.589273"}
{"text": "everyday objects are and how they have been transformed by the artists. ask your students to name some traditional uses for the individual materials ( cup, spoon, saucer, fur ) used to make object. ask your students what choices they think oppenheim made to transform these materials and objects. in 1936, the swiss artist oppenheim was at a cafe in paris with her friends pablo picasso and dora maar. oppenheim was wearing a bracelet she had made from fur - lined, polished metal tubing. picasso joked that one could cover anything with fur, to which oppenheim replied, \u201c even this cup and saucer. \u201d [ bice curiger, meret oppenheim : defiance in the face of freedom ( zurich, frankfurt, new york : parkett publishers inc., 1989 ), 39. ] her tea was getting cold, and she reportedly called out, \u201c waiter, a little more fur! \u201d soon after, when asked to participate in a surrealist exhibition, she bought a cup, saucer, and spoon at a department store and lined them with the fur of a chinese gazelle. [ josephine withers, \u201c the famous fur - lined teacup and the anonymous meret oppenheim \u201d ( new york : arts magazine, vol. 52, novem - ber 1977 ), 88 - 93. ] duchamp, oppenheim, and man ray transformed everyday objects into readymades, surrealist objects, and photograms. ask your students to review the images of the three artworks in this lesson and discuss the similarities and differences between these artists \u2019 transformation of everyday objects. art and controversy at the time they were made, works of art like duchamp \u2019 s bicycle wheel and oppenheim \u2019 s object were controversial. critics called duchamp \u2019 s readymades immoral and vulgar \u2014 even plagiaristic. overwhelmed by the publicity object received, oppenheim sunk into a twenty - year depres - sion that greatly inhibited her creative production. ask your students to conduct research on a work of art that has recently been met with controversy. each student should find at least two articles that critique the work of art. have your students write a one - page summary of the issues addressed in these articles. students should consider how and why the work chal - lenged and upset critics. was the controversial reception related to the representation, the medium, the scale, the cost, or the location of the work? after completing the assignment, ask your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.553789656414934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:31fab53b-eb78-4e38-ae2c-77d787710125>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.591189"}
{"text": ". students should consider how and why the work chal - lenged and upset critics. was the controversial reception related to the representation, the medium, the scale, the cost, or the location of the work? after completing the assignment, ask your students to share their findings with the class. keep a list of shared critiques among the work \u2019 s various receptions. make a photogram if your school has a darkroom, have your students make photograms. each student should collect several small objects from school, home, and the outside to place on photographic paper. their collection should include a range of translucent and opaque objects to allow different levels of light to shine through. stu - dents may want to overlap objects or use their hands to cover parts of the light - sensitive paper. once the objects are arranged on the paper in a darkroom, have your students expose the paper to light for several seconds ( probably about five to ten seconds, depending on the level of light ) then develop, fix, rinse, and dry the paper. allow for a few sheets of photographic paper per student so that they can experiment with different arrangements and exposures. after the photograms are complete, have your students discuss the different results that they achieved. students may also make negatives of their photograms by placing them on top of a fresh sheet of photographic paper and covering the two with a sheet of glass. after ex - posing this to light, they can develop the paper to get the negative of the original photogram. encourage your students to try fauxtogram, an activity available on red studio, moma ' s web site for teens. grove art online : suggested reading below is a list of selected articles which provide more information on the specific topics discussed in this lesson.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48288431442962293, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:31fab53b-eb78-4e38-ae2c-77d787710125>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.592168"}
{"text": "asthma and exercise what is exercise - induced asthma? most people diagnosed with asthma will experience asthma symptoms when exercising. in addition, some who are not diagnosed with asthma will experience asthma symptoms, but only during exercise. this is a condition called exercise - induced asthma. long - distance running may aggravate exercise - induced asthma. exercise - induced asthma is different from the typical asthma that is triggered by allergens and / or irritants. some people have both types of asthma, while others only experience exercise - induced asthma. asthma is a chronic, inflammatory lung disease that leads to three airway problems : obstruction, inflammation, and hyper - responsiveness. unfortunately, the basic cause of asthma is still not known. how does exercise cause asthma symptoms? when breathing normally, the air that enters the airways is first warmed and moistened by the nasal passages to prevent injury to the delicate lining of the airways. however, for someone with asthma, the airways may be extremely sensitive to allergens, irritants, infection, weather, and / or exercise. when asthma symptoms begin, the airways ' muscles constrict and narrow, the lining of the airways begins to swell, and mucus production may increase. when exercising ( especially outside in cold weather ), the increased breathing in and breathing out through the mouth may cause the airways to dry and cool, which may irritate them and cause the onset of asthma symptoms. in addition, when breathing through the mouth during exercise, a person will inhale more air - borne particles, including pollen, which can trigger asthma. what are the symptoms of exercise - induced asthma? exercise - induced asthma is characterized by asthma symptoms, such as coughing, wheezing, and tightness in the chest within five to 20 minutes after starting to exercise. exercised - induced asthma can also include symptoms such as unusual fatigue and feeling short - of - breath while exercising. however, exercise should not be avoided because of asthma. in fact, exercise is very beneficial to a person with asthma, improving their airway function by strengthening their breathing muscles. consult your doctor for more information. how can exercise - induced asthma be controlled? stretching and proper warm - up and cool - down exercises may relieve any chest tightness that occurs with exercising. in addition, breathing through the nose and not the mouth will help warm and humidify the air before it enters the airways, protecting the delicate lining of the airways. other ways to help prevent an asthma attack due to exercise include the following : your doctor may prescribe an inhaled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4694862731754855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8ae56ef0-e686-40bc-be33-23f48b727742>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.596054"}
{"text": "the nose and not the mouth will help warm and humidify the air before it enters the airways, protecting the delicate lining of the airways. other ways to help prevent an asthma attack due to exercise include the following : your doctor may prescribe an inhaled asthma medication to use before exercise, which may also be used after exercise if symptoms occur. avoid exercising in very low temperatures. if exercising during cold weather, wear a scarf over your mouth and nose, so that the air breathed in is warm and easier to inhale. avoid exercising when pollen or air pollution levels are high ( if allergy plays a role in the asthma ). if inhaling air through the mouth, keep the mouth pursed ( lips forming a small \" o \" close together ), so that the air is less cold and dry when it enters the airways during exercise. carry an inhaler, just in case of an asthma attack. wear an allergy mask during pollen season. avoid exercise when experiencing a viral infection. what sports are recommended for people with asthma? according to the american academy of allergy, asthma, and immunology, the recommended sport for people with asthma is swimming, due to the warm, humid environment, the toning of the upper muscles, and the horizontal position ( which may actually loosen mucus from the bottom of the lungs ). other recommended activities and sports include : sports that may aggravate exercise - induced asthma symptoms include : however, with proper management and preparation, most people with asthma can participate in any sport.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42431047613825, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8ae56ef0-e686-40bc-be33-23f48b727742>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.596660"}
{"text": "what is endometriosis? endometriosis ( say \" en - doh - mee - tree - oh - sus \" ) is a problem many women have during their childbearing years. it means that a type of tissue that lines your uterus is also growing outside your uterus. this does not always cause symptoms. and it usually isn ' t dangerous. but it can cause pain and other problems. the clumps of tissue that grow outside your uterus are called implants. they usually grow on the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the outer wall of the uterus, the intestines, or other organs in the belly. in rare cases they spread to areas beyond the belly. how does endometriosis cause problems? your uterus is lined with a type of tissue called reference endometrium opens new window ( say \" en - doh - mee - tree - um \" ). each month, your body releases hormones that cause the endometrium to thicken and get ready for an egg. if you get pregnant, the fertilized egg attaches to the endometrium and starts to grow. if you do not get pregnant, the endometrium breaks down, and your body sheds it as blood. this is your reference menstrual period opens new window. when you have endometriosis, the implants of tissue outside your uterus act just like the tissue lining your uterus. during your menstrual cycle, they get thicker, then break down and bleed. but the implants are outside your uterus, so the blood cannot flow out of your body. the implants can get irritated and painful. sometimes they form scar tissue or fluid - filled sacs ( cysts ). scar tissue may make it hard to get pregnant. what causes endometriosis? experts don ' t know what causes endometrial tissue to grow outside your uterus. but they do know that the female hormone reference estrogen opens new window makes the problem worse. women have high levels of estrogen during their childbearing years. it is during these years \u2014 usually from their teens into their 40s \u2014 that women have endometriosis. estrogen levels drop when menstrual periods stop ( menopause ). symptoms usually go away then. what are the symptoms? the most common symptoms are : - pain. where it hurts depends on where the implants are growing. you may have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4625581585042409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:930954bd-4123-46c8-949a-9554f717d332>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.603356"}
{"text": "levels drop when menstrual periods stop ( menopause ). symptoms usually go away then. what are the symptoms? the most common symptoms are : - pain. where it hurts depends on where the implants are growing. you may have pain in your lower belly, your rectum or vagina, or your lower back. you may have pain only before and during your periods or all the time. some women have more pain during sex, when they have a bowel movement, or when their ovaries release an egg ( ovulation ). - abnormal bleeding. some women have heavy periods, spotting or bleeding between periods, bleeding after sex, or blood in their urine or stool. - trouble getting pregnant ( reference infertility opens new window ). this is the only symptom some women have. endometriosis varies from woman to woman. some women don ' t know that they have it until they go to see a doctor because they can ' t get pregnant or have a procedure for another problem. some have mild cramping that they think is normal for them. in other women, the pain and bleeding are so bad that they aren ' t able to work or go to school. how is endometriosis diagnosed? many different problems can cause painful or heavy periods. to find out if you have endometriosis, your doctor will : - ask questions about your symptoms, your periods, your past health, and your family history. endometriosis sometimes runs in families. - do a reference pelvic exam opens new window. this may include checking both your reference vagina opens new window and reference rectum opens new window. if it seems like you have endometriosis, your doctor may suggest that you try medicine for a few months. if you get better using medicine, you probably have endometriosis. to find out if you have a cyst on an ovary, you might have an imaging test like an reference ultrasound opens new window, an reference mri opens new window, or a reference ct scan opens new window. these tests show pictures of what is inside your belly. the only way to be sure you have endometriosis is to have a type of surgery called reference laparoscopy opens new window ( say \" lap - uh - ross - kuh - pee \" ). during this surgery, the doctor puts a thin, lighted tube through a small cut in your belly. this lets the doctor see what is inside your belly. if the doctor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4230918541552209, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:930954bd-4123-46c8-949a-9554f717d332>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.604588"}
{"text": "( say \" lap - uh - ross - kuh - pee \" ). during this surgery, the doctor puts a thin, lighted tube through a small cut in your belly. this lets the doctor see what is inside your belly. if the doctor finds implants, scar tissue, or cysts, he or she can remove them during the same surgery. how is it treated? there is no cure for endometriosis, but there are good treatments. you may need to try several treatments to find what works best for you. with any treatment, there is a chance that your symptoms could come back. treatment choices depend on whether you want to control pain or you want to get pregnant. for pain and bleeding, you can try medicines or surgery. if you want to get pregnant, you may need surgery to remove the implants. treatments for endometriosis include : - over - the - counter pain medicines like ibuprofen ( such as advil or motrin ) or naproxen ( such as aleve ). these medicines are called anti - inflammatory drugs, or nsaids. they can reduce bleeding and pain. - birth control pills. they are the best treatment to control pain and shrink implants. most women can use them safely for years. but you cannot use them if you want to get pregnant. - hormone therapy. this stops your periods and shrinks implants. but it can cause side effects, and pain may come back after treatment ends. like birth control pills, hormone therapy will keep you from getting pregnant. - laparoscopy to remove implants and scar tissue. this may reduce pain, and it may also help you get pregnant. as a last resort for severe pain, some women have their uterus and ovaries removed ( reference hysterectomy opens new window and oophorectomy ). if you have your ovaries taken out, your estrogen level will drop and your symptoms will probably go away. but you may have symptoms of menopause, and you will not be able to get pregnant. if you are getting close to reference menopause opens new window, you may want to try to manage your symptoms with medicines rather than surgery. endometriosis usually stops causing problems when you stop having periods. frequently asked questions | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference july 7, 2011 | | medical review : | | reference adam husney, md - family medicine reference kirtly jones, md", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4021668446295933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:930954bd-4123-46c8-949a-9554f717d332>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.606040"}
{"text": "what is pancreatitis? pancreatitis is inflammation of the reference pancreas opens new window reference opens new window, an organ in your belly that makes the hormones reference insulin opens new window and reference glucagon opens new window. these two hormones control how your body uses the sugar found in the food you eat. your pancreas also makes other hormones and reference enzymes opens new window that help you break down food. usually the digestive enzymes stay in one part of the pancreas. but if these enzymes leak into other parts of the pancreas, they can irritate it and cause pain and swelling. this may happen suddenly or over many years. over time, it can damage and scar the pancreas. what causes pancreatitis? most cases are caused by reference gallstones opens new window or alcohol abuse. the disease can also be caused by an injury, an infection, or certain medicines. long - term, or chronic, pancreatitis may occur after one attack. but it can also happen over many years. in western countries, alcohol abuse causes most chronic cases. in some cases doctors don ' t know what caused the disease. what are the symptoms? the main symptom of pancreatitis is medium to severe pain in the upper belly. pain may also spread to your back. some people have other symptoms too, such as nausea, vomiting, a fever, and sweating. how is pancreatitis diagnosed? your doctor will do a physical exam and ask you questions about your symptoms and past health. you may also have blood tests to see if your levels of certain enzymes are higher than normal. this can mean that you have pancreatitis. your doctor may also want you to have a complete blood count ( cbc ), a liver test, or a stool test. other tests include an mri, a ct scan, or an ultrasound of your belly ( abdominal ultrasound ) to look for gallstones. a test called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram, or ercp, may help your doctor see if you have chronic pancreatitis. during this test, the doctor can also remove gallstones that are stuck in the reference bile duct opens new window. how is it treated? most attacks of pancreatitis need treatment in the hospital. your doctor will give you pain medicine and fluids through a vein ( reference iv opens new window ) until the pain and swelling go away. fluids and air can build up in your stomach when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43495326115001787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:90504251-6342-478a-a075-692aad14e4c2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.611177"}
{"text": "geology and geography information about portage county wisconsin we will provide as much historical map information as possible about the county. google map of our museums. how wisconsin was surveyed the methods used to survey land is largely unknown to the general public. but, the wisconsin public land survey records : original field notes and plat maps site offers a complete explanation of this method as well as access to the original field notes and maps compiled by the surveyors. this section has links to our maps as well as external links to free printable map providers. - map of portage county ( 33k ). - map of wisconsin ( 285k ). - map of central wisconsin ( 30k ). - map of townships ( 7k ). a portage county plat book for 1895 has been photographed using a digital camera. the following maps are from \" page - size maps of wisconsin \" published by : university of wisconsin - extension and wisconsin geological and natural history survey, 3817 mineral point road, madison wi., 53705 - 5100. - bedrock geology of wisconsin ( 168k ). - ice age deposits of wisconsin ( 150k ). - early vegetation of wisconsin ( 126k ). - landforms of wisconsin ( 109k ). - soil regions of wisconsin ( 180k ). the following maps are in pdf format. maps available from the wisconsin historical society also. - british era fur trading posts 1760 - 1815. - american era fur trading posts 1815 - 1850. - american forts and exploration ca 1820. - military roads 1815 - 1862. - wisconsin counties 1835. - wisconsin counties 1850. - wisconsin counties 1870. - wisconsin counties 1901. - wisconsin railroads 1865. - wisconsin railroads 1873. - wisconsin railroads 1936. - from national atlas, a government agency, are printable maps of all the states and more. - this link is located in france and provides free printable maps covering all countries. the society will embark on a project during the summer of 2009 and continuing onward to provide county maps with geotag information locating : - small communities. - cemetery locations. - locations of school houses, one - room and others of historic value. - catholic churches. - lutheran churches. - other churches. - historic sites within the communities portage county ice age trail here is a list of all the historical makers in the state of wisconsin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43455321939349223, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:babed0a1-fbec-430c-8a50-1dd2d6f4add6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.618162"}
{"text": "hepatitis a is a virus that can infect the liver. in most cases, the infection goes away on its own and doesn ' t lead to long - term liver problems. in rare cases, it can be more serious. the hepatitis a virus is found in the stool of an infected person. it is spread when a person eats food or drinks water that has come in contact with infected stool. sometimes a group of people who eat at the same restaurant can get hepatitis a. this can happen when an employee with hepatitis a doesn ' t wash his or her hands well after using the bathroom and then prepares food. it can also happen when a food item is contaminated by raw sewage or by an infected garden worker. the disease can also spread in day care centers. children, especially those in diapers, may get stool on their hands and then touch objects that other children put into their mouths. and workers can spread the virus if they don ' t wash their hands well after changing a diaper. some things can raise your risk of getting hepatitis a, such as eating raw oysters or undercooked clams. if you ' re traveling in a country where hepatitis a is common, you can lower your chances of getting the disease by avoiding uncooked foods and untreated tap water. you may also be at risk if you live with or have sex with someone who has hepatitis a. after you have been exposed to the virus, it can take from 2 to 7 weeks before you see any signs of it. symptoms usually last for about 2 months but may last longer. common symptoms are : all forms of hepatitis have similar symptoms. only a blood test can tell if you have hepatitis a or another form of the disease. call your doctor if you have reason to think that you have hepatitis a or have been exposed to it. ( for example, did you recently eat in a restaurant where a server was found to have hepatitis a? has there been an outbreak at your child ' s day care? does someone in your house have hepatitis a? ) your doctor will ask questions about your symptoms and where you have eaten or traveled. you may have blood tests if your doctor thinks you have the virus. these tests can tell if your liver is inflamed and whether you have antibodies to the hepatitis a virus. these antibodies prove that you have been exposed to the virus. hepatitis a goes away on its own in most cases. most people get well within a few months. while you have hepatitis : if hepatitis a causes more serious illness, you may need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4664748020493707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5dd77189-0c5b-4757-9c68-7df0db39b8fb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.627727"}
{"text": "virus. these antibodies prove that you have been exposed to the virus. hepatitis a goes away on its own in most cases. most people get well within a few months. while you have hepatitis : if hepatitis a causes more serious illness, you may need to stay in the hospital to prevent problems while your liver heals. be sure to take steps to avoid spreading the virus to others. you can only get the hepatitis a virus once. after that, your body builds up a defense against it. learning about hepatitis a : preventing hepatitis a : | american liver foundation ( alf ) | | 39 broadway, suite 2700 | | new york, ny 10006 | the american liver foundation ( alf ) funds research and informs the public about liver disease. a nationwide network of chapters and support groups exists to help people who have liver disease and to help their families. alf also sponsors a national organ - donor program to increase public awareness of the continuing need for organs. you can send an email by completing a form on the contact page on the alf website : www. liverfoundation. org / contact. | centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) : division of viral hepatitis | the division of viral hepatitis provides information about viral hepatitis online and by telephone 24 hours a day. pamphlets also are available. information is available in english and in spanish. | hepatitis foundation international | | 504 blick drive | | silver spring, md 20904 - 2901 | this organization is a grassroots communication and support network for people with viral hepatitis. it provides education to patients, professionals, and the public about the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of viral hepatitis. the organization will make referrals to local doctors and support groups. | immunization action coalition | | 1573 selby avenue | | st. paul, mn 55104 | the immunization action coalition ( iac ) works to raise awareness of the need for immunizations to help prevent disease. the website has videos and photos about how vaccines work and the diseases the vaccines prevent. the site also offers information about vaccine safety and common concerns and myths about vaccines. | national digestive diseases information clearinghouse | | 2 information way | | bethesda, md 20892 - 3570 | this clearinghouse is a service of the u. s. national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases ( niddk ), part of the u. s. national institutes of health. the clearinghouse answers questions ; develops, reviews, and sends out publications ; and coordinates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4474059297494535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5dd77189-0c5b-4757-9c68-7df0db39b8fb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.628743"}
{"text": "the u. s. national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases ( niddk ), part of the u. s. national institutes of health. the clearinghouse answers questions ; develops, reviews, and sends out publications ; and coordinates information resources about digestive diseases. publications produced by the clearinghouse are reviewed carefully for scientific accuracy, content, and readability. - centers for disease control and prevention ( 2007 ). update : prevention of hepatitis a after exposure to hepatitis a virus and in international travelers. updated recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices ( acip ). mmwr, 56 ( rr - 41 ) : 1080 \u2013 1084. also available online : http : / / www. cdc. gov / mmwr / preview / mmwrhtml / mm5641a3. htm. other works consulted - american academy of pediatrics ( 2009 ). hepatitis a. in lk pickering et al., eds., red book : 2009 report of the committee on infectious diseases, 28th ed., pp. 329 \u2013 337. elk grove village, il : american academy of pediatrics. - centers for disease control and prevention ( 2006 ). prevention of hepatitis a through active or passive immunization : recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices ( acip ). mmwr, 55 ( rr - 7 ) : 1 \u2013 23. also available online : http : / / www. cdc. gov / mmwr / pdf / rr / rr5507. pdf. - centers for disease control and prevention ( 2009 ). updated recommendations from the advisory committee on immunization practices ( acip ) for use of hepatitis a vaccine in close contacts of newly arriving international adoptees. mmwr, 58 ( 36 ) : 1006 \u2013 1007. also available online : http : / / www. cdc. gov / mmwr / preview / mmwrhtml / mm5836a4. htm? s _ cid = mm5836a4 _ e. - centers for disease control and prevention ( 2010 ). sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. mmwr, 59 ( rr - 12 ) : 1 \u2013 110. also available online : http : / / www. cdc. gov / mmwr / preview / mmwrhtml / rr5912a1. htm? s _ cid = rr5912a1 _ w. - curry mp, chopra s ( 2010 ). acute viral hepatitis. in gl mandell et al., eds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46049501588829295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5dd77189-0c5b-4757-9c68-7df0db39b8fb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.629683"}
{"text": "peoria tribe of indians of oklahomathe peoria tribe of indians of oklahoma is a confederation of kaskaskia, peoria, piankeshaw and wea indians united into a single tribe in 1854. the tribes which constitute the confederated peorias, as they then were called, originated in the lands bordering the great lakes and drained by the mighty mississippi. they are illinois or illini indians, descendants of those who created the great mound civilizations in the central united states two thousand to three thousand years ago. forced from their ancestral lands in illinois, michigan, ohio and missouri, the peorias were relocated first in missouri, then in kansas and, finally, in northeastern oklahoma. there, in miami, ottawa county, oklahoma is their tribal headquarters. the peoria tribe of indians of oklahoma is a federally - recognized sovereign indian tribe, functioning under the constitution and by - laws approved by the secretary of the u. s. department of the interior on august 13, 1997. under article viii, section 1 of the peoria constitution, the peoria tribal business committee is empowered to research and pursue economic and business development opportunities for the tribe. the increased pressure from white settlers in the 1840 \u2019 s and 1850 \u2019 s in kansas brought cooperation among the peoria, kaskaskia, piankashaw and wea tribes to protect these holdings. by the treaty of may 30, 1854, 10 stat. 1082, the united states recognized the cooperation and consented to their formal union as the confederated peoria. in addition to this recognition, the treaty also provided for the disposition of the lands of the constituent tribes set aside by the treaties of the 1830 \u2019 s ; ten sections were to be held in common by the new confederation, each tribal member received an allotment of 160 acres ; the remaining or \u201c surplus \u201d land was to be sold to settlers and the proceeds to be used by the tribes. the civil war caused considerable turmoil among all the people of kansas, especially the indians. after the war, most members of the confederation agreed to remove to the indian territory under the provisions of the so - called omnibus treaty of february 23, 1867, 15 stat. 513. some of the members elected at this time to remain in kansas, separate from the confederated tribes, and become citizens of the united states. the lands of the confederation members in the indian territory were subject to the provisions of the general allotment act of 1887. the allotment of all the tribal land was made by 1893, and by 1915", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.447128747533713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29264399-5a65-4210-b5f7-94445de0d2e9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.634477"}
{"text": "the scabs that won \u2019 t heal : racial injustice, stereotypes and social ills by deshuna spencer new america media america is in denial. everyday millions of us of various ethnicities, religions and sexual orientations congregate together in our places of work, at our schools / universities and public spaces exchanging politically correct pleasantries as we interact with each other. all the while, boiling deep, down inside many of us lies unconscious, deep - seated stereotypes and misconceptions about the very people ( co - workers, neighbors, store patrons, etc. ) we come in contact with on a daily basis ; and we ' ve been carrying these racial wounds since childhood. don ' t believe me? two years ago, cnn conducted a study on children ' s attitudes on race. in one of the segments, a 5 - year - old white girl from georgia was asked a series of questions based on a board that had pictures of identical looking cartoon - type girls that ranged in skin color for light to dark. when the interviewer asked the girl who is smart, the 5 - year - old pointed to the lightest child. when she was asked who was mean, she pointed to the darkest child. according to cnn, the 5 - year - old ' s answers were a reflection of one of the major findings of the survey. it revealed that \" white children have an overwhelming bias to whites and black children also have a bias toward whites, but not nearly as the bias shown by white children. \" in a world where whites feel as if they have to walk on egg shells when discussing race for fear of being classified as a narrow - minded racist and where blacks are afraid to report or verbally express when they have experienced a form of prejudice for fear of \" pulling out the race - card, \" people have decided to remain silent on the subject. it is not until a tragedy \u2014 like the trayvon martin case \u2014 happens that causes people to come out of the shadows. this case has forced many americans to face its painful, dysfunctional relationship with race and prejudice, a subject that is rarely discussed in some households. in 2007, the journal of marriage and family found that 75 percent of white families with kindergartners never, or almost never, talk about race. while the stats were reserved for black parents. seventy - five percent of them discuss race with their children. just when we think the racial scabs of this country are finally healing, something happens that reopens an already slow - healing wound, causing further", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45769121706920074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9ea5072-4c80-4c6e-b26f-ef1d9c6bab79>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.643378"}
{"text": "stats were reserved for black parents. seventy - five percent of them discuss race with their children. just when we think the racial scabs of this country are finally healing, something happens that reopens an already slow - healing wound, causing further pain. not since the arrest of dr. henry louis gates that resulted in the \" beer summit \" has the issue of race polarized the american public. the trayvon martin murder has sparked an outrage from people of all races questioning how could someone who killed an unarmed young man still walk around freely, it has allowed people to look at themselves in the mirror and question how they stereotype others ; and has unfortunately turned into a political circus from players on both sides of the isle using his death as a way to take on other issues. through all of this, trayvon ' s family is seeking just one thing : justice. while many see this as a great opportunity for a great debate, i ' m sure if trayvon ' s parents had their ultimate wish \u2014 instead of the tv specials, editorials ( like this one ) and radio commentary on this issue \u2014 their son would be alive and they would be helping him sort through college acceptance letters instead of sorting through dozens of media appearance requests from every tom, dick and harry news outlet looking to get a piece of this story. but unfortunately this is a cruel world and unfair things happen to innocent people. so here we are in a supposedly post - racial america debating a decades old issue : racial profiling. how we address this tragedy can either help america turn over a new leaf or it could drive us further apart as a nation. mirror mirror on the wall who ' s the prejudiced of them all if there were a national poll of every american of all ethnic backgrounds that asked if they were racist it would be safe to say that most people would say that they are in fact not prejudiced. but is that reality? while people are attacking george zimmerman on how his preconceived notions on black males caused someone ' s death, many of us are blind to our own prejudices. don ' t we all harbor some form of prejudice ( great or small )? i was having this conversation with a group of friends one weekday evening over dinner. a black male admitted that he felt uncomfortable getting on a plane with someone who looked middle eastern. i proposed a question : what if a white person did not want to ride in your carpool for fear of getting robbed? \" well that ' s racist? \" he said. and your thoughts aren '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45623754231531555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9ea5072-4c80-4c6e-b26f-ef1d9c6bab79>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.644628"}
{"text": "a plane with someone who looked middle eastern. i proposed a question : what if a white person did not want to ride in your carpool for fear of getting robbed? \" well that ' s racist? \" he said. and your thoughts aren ' t? in a way it ' s silly if you think about it. no one in their right mind would assume a well - dressed african american male who pulls up to a dc metro ( subway ) station at 7 am to drive people to the district would attack or rob them. but many people look at the thousands of people from middle eastern countries that way everyday on airplanes, even as they travel with their small children and elderly parents. they are law - abiding citizens who want to safely land in their destination just as much as you do. just because there are extremists in the muslim community who want to harm others exists, we can ' t assume every person who has olive skin or wears certain religious attire are out to take down the plane. i ' m sure george zimmerman never considered himself to be a racist just as my friend doesn ' t. i don ' t know zimmerman personally so i can ' t possibly know what he harbors in his heart, but the reality is that we let images we see in the media dictate how we view others. you see faces of black males ' mug shots on the nightly news, so when one walks toward you on the street you clutch your purse a little tighter just in case he tries to snatch it. you see images of latino men standing in front of home depots looking for work or read stories about them getting pulled over without a license, so you assume that all hispanics are illegal, day laborers. you hear about another terrorist threat from a muslim extremist group, so when a middle eastern man sits next to you on the plane, for a split second you wonder if he ' s wearing a bomb. you see images of black teens participating in flash mobs, so you follow a group of black females who walk in your store just in case someone slips an item in their bag. zimmerman took one look at trayvon and assumed the worst about him : he was on drugs and up to no good ( recorded on the 911 tape ). his paranoia came after a string of burglaries \u2014 in a span of 15 months \u2014 that were committed all by young black males, according to his neighbor and supporter frank taafee. all along, zimmerman ' s friends and family have contended that this shooting was not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4526880303492541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9ea5072-4c80-4c6e-b26f-ef1d9c6bab79>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.645875"}
{"text": "don ' t know if you knew this but there are other places that have sweet onions too that are indigenous to their area. texas has their 1015 super sweet ( planted on oct. 15 ) and washington has what ' s called walla walla ' s. i think hawaii has a particular sweet onion too. that ' s not a post iid expect from someone who likes to chide people for not reading posts before posting. expanding on what i wrote two posts before yours ( where i commented on both 1015is and maui onions ), none of the sweet onions we have in the us today are indigenous. it all started in 1898 when bermuda onions were first planted in texas. ironically, the seeds were from the canary islands not bermuda. by the 1920 ' s they were growing so many onions in texas, the demand for seed brought in new, inexperienced seed growers who drove the canary island seed quality down. per - acre yields in texas became so low that growers began looking at other varieties e the most important of which was the grano from spain. because of low yields, there have been few, if any, bermuda onions grown commercially in the us since the late 1940 ' s despite what you might see advertised at your grocery store. one of the most important super sweet onions is the granex, an f1 hybrid that was developed in texas from the excel yellow bermuda and the texas early grano 951. this onion has a host of names including vidalia, maui, noonday, etc. the grano 1015y ( a. k. a texas 1015 ) is not a hybrid e rather an improved grano 951 that was developed for resistance to pink root e not sweetness per se e while maintaining early maturity. attempts to further improve the 1015y have resulted in later maturity which is highly undesirable from a commercial growing perspective. the walla walla onion, on the other hand was developed from seed brought from corsica off the coast of italy. interestingly, bermuda onions are also of italian origin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.433256769567903, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:962d4ad5-11d2-4bb0-b66d-5b83c198d0ba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.684699"}
{"text": "in any large city just a handful of bars give the police far more trouble than all the rest put together. the same is true of many other types of establishments, such as schools, convenience stores, and parking lots. in each case, just a few produce far more crime, disorder, and calls for police assistance than the rest of the group combined. this phenomenon \u2014 called \u201c risky facilities \u201d \u2014 has important implications for many problem - oriented policing projects. in particular, it can help police focus their energies where they are needed most and can help in selecting appropriate preventive measures. this guide serves as an introduction to risky facilities and shows how the concept can aid problem - oriented policing efforts by providing answers to the following key questions. we open with a definition of facilities and provide some examples. we then discuss risky facilities and explain how this concept is related to other crime concentration theories. facilities are places with specific public or private functions, such as stores, bars, restaurants, mobile home parks, bus stops, apartment buildings, public swimming pools, atm locations, libraries, hospitals, schools, parking lots, railway stations, marinas, and shopping malls. facilities vary greatly in the crimes they experience. medical facilities, for example, are likely to have different types and levels of crime than do police booking facilities. in addition, there is likely to be a great variation within any broad category of facility. for example, although both are medical facilities, dental offices are likely to have different levels and types of crime than are emergency rooms. because such distinctions are critical to the success of risky facility analyses, it is important to begin by carefully defining the type of facility that is to be examined ; only then proceed to an examination of the type and frequency of crime that the particular type of facility experiences. one important principle of crime prevention holds that crime is highly concentrated among particular people, places, and things ; as this principle suggests, focusing resources on these concentrations is likely to yield the greatest preventive benefits. this principle has spawned a number of related concepts that are routinely used by police in problem - solving projects, including : risky facilities is another recently described theory of crime concentration that holds great promise for problem - oriented policing. 1 the theory postulates that only a small proportion of any specific type of facility will account for the majority of crime and disorder problems experienced or produced by the group of facilities as a whole. as a rule of thumb, about 20 percent of the total group will account for 80 percent of the problems. this is known as the 80 / 20 rule : in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5606874088769318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56a8fda9-11df-4d64-a1cb-3ceaf7795d58>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.724351"}
{"text": "of crime and disorder problems experienced or produced by the group of facilities as a whole. as a rule of thumb, about 20 percent of the total group will account for 80 percent of the problems. this is known as the 80 / 20 rule : in theory, 20 percent of any particular group of things is responsible for 80 percent of outcomes involving those things. 2 the 80 / 20 rule is not peculiar to crime and disorder ; rather, it is almost a universal law. for example, a small portion of the earth \u2019 s surface holds the majority of life on the planet ; a small proportion of earthquakes cause most earthquake damage ; a small number of people hold most of the earth \u2019 s wealth ; a small proportion of police officers produce the most arrests ; and so forth. in practice, of course, the proportion is seldom exactly 80 / 20 ; however, it is always true that some small percentage of a group produces a large percentage of any particular result involving that group. later in the guide we will show you how to determine whether the 80 / 20 rule holds true for any particular group of facilities. the 80 / 20 rule can be a useful initial assumption : when confronting a problem, start by assuming that most of the problem is created by a few individuals, places, or events. although this first approximation is not always correct, it is probably correct more often than assuming that the problem is spread evenly across individuals, places, or events. careful analysis can then test whether this starting assumption is correct. the first paper to discuss the concept of risky facilities identified nearly 40 studies of specific types of facilities that included data about variations in the risks of crime, disorder, or misconduct. 3 these studies covered a wide range of facilities and many different types of crime and deviance, including robbery, theft, assault, and simple disorder. all the studies showed wide variations in risk in the facilities studied and in many there was clear evidence of high concentrations of risk consistent with the definition of risky facilities. \u2020 there follow a few examples. \u2020 not every study provided clear evidence that a small proportion of the facilities accounted for a large proportion of the crime, disorder, or misconduct. rather, some reported differences between facilities in crime numbers or rates ; for example, matthews, pease & pease ( 2001 ) [ pdf ] reported that \u201c 4 percent of banks had robbery rates four to six times that of other banks. \u201d although consistent with the concept of risky facilities, these figures do not satisfy a key component of the definition : they do not demonstrate that a small number of high", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5575665306398523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56a8fda9-11df-4d64-a1cb-3ceaf7795d58>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.725509"}
{"text": "that \u201c 4 percent of banks had robbery rates four to six times that of other banks. \u201d although consistent with the concept of risky facilities, these figures do not satisfy a key component of the definition : they do not demonstrate that a small number of high - risk banks accounted for a large part of the robbery problem. however, this does not mean that risks for the facilities studied were not highly skewed. rather, it only means that the data did not allow the distribution of risk to be examined. although the studies in this list are just a few of those that have produced evidence of risky facilities, such results make it clear that this form of crime concentration is quite widespread. low cost motel : the risk of crime varies a great deal among facilities of the same type. photo credit : john eck when analysts plot the number of crimes at each facility under investigation, they almost always create a graph with a reclining - j shape. this can be seen in the example in figure 1, based on the work of crime analysts in chula vista, california. in that study, all parks over two acres in chula vista were ranked from the most crime ( on left ) to the least. the heights of the bars show the number of crimes in each park. as can be seen, three parks had far more crime than any of the rest and most parks had very little crime. risky facilities can show up as hot spots on a city \u2019 s crime map. indeed, specific hospitals, schools, and train stations are often well - known examples. but simply treating these facilities as hot spots misses an important analytical opportunity : comparing the risky facilities with other like facilities. such a comparison can reveal important differences between facilities that can account for the differences in risk, thereby providing important pointers to preventive action. in addition, risky facilities are sometimes treated as examples of repeat victimization. however, this can create confusion when it is not the facilities that are being victimized, but rather the people who are using them. thus, a tavern that repeatedly requests police assistance in dealing with fights is not itself being repeatedly victimized, unless it routinely suffers damage in the course of these fights or if members of staff are regularly assaulted. even those participating in the fights may not be repeat victims, as different patrons might be involved each time. indeed, no one need be victimized at all, as would be the case if the calls were about drugs, prostitution, or stolen property sales. calling the tavern a repeat victim can be more than just confusing, however, because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4992357176306259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56a8fda9-11df-4d64-a1cb-3ceaf7795d58>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.726548"}
{"text": "involved each time. indeed, no one need be victimized at all, as would be the case if the calls were about drugs, prostitution, or stolen property sales. calling the tavern a repeat victim can be more than just confusing, however, because it might also divert attention from the role mismanagement or poor design plays in causing the fights. by keeping the concepts of repeat victimization and risky facilities separate, it may be possible to determine whether or not repeat victimization is the cause of a risky facility and thereby to design responses accordingly. the concept of risky facilities can be helpful in two types of policing projects. first, the concept can be useful in crime prevention projects that focus on a particular class of facilities, such as low rent apartment complexes or downtown parking lots. in the scanning stage, the objective is to list the facilities involved along with the corresponding number of problem incidents in order to see which facilities experience the most and which the fewest problems. this might immediately suggest some contributing factors. for example, a study of car break - ins and thefts in downtown parking facilities in charlotte, north carolina revealed that the number of offenses in each parking lot was not merely a function of size. 14 rather, it was discovered that some smaller facilities experienced a large numbers of thefts because of some fairly obvious security deficiencies. this finding was explored in more depth in the analysis stage by computing theft rates for each facility based on its number of parking spaces. the analysis found that the risk of theft was far greater in surface lots than in parking garages, a fact that had not been known previously. subsequent analysis compared security features between the multilevel and surface lots and then within the members of each category in an effort to determine which aspects of security ( e. g., attendants, lighting, security guards ) explained the variation. this analysis guided the selection of measures that were to have been introduced at the response stage ; and had these been implemented as planned ( which was not the case ), the assessment stage would have examined, not merely whether theft rates declined overall, but whether those at the previously riskiest facilities had declined most. obviously, this type of analysis can be conducted within any group of facilities. second, risky facilities analysis can be helpful to crime prevention efforts that focus on a particular troublesome facility. in this sort of analysis, the scanning stage consists of comparing the problems at a particular facility with those at similar nearby facilities. for example, in a project that won the herman goldstein award for excellence in problem - oriented policing in 2003,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5088574569340454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56a8fda9-11df-4d64-a1cb-3ceaf7795d58>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.728030"}
{"text": "rate | adapted from : clarke and martin ( 1975 ). once a satisfactory measure of the problematic events for a defined group of facilities has been obtained, the following six - step procedure can be used to determine whether the 80 / 20 rule applies. \u2020 reproduced with permission from clarke and eck ( 2003 ) in order to analyze crime concentrations, it is first necessary to define the type of facility to be examined ; only then is it possible to create a list of facilities that meets that the definition. ideally, all places that fit the definition and that are in the area of study will be on the list once and only once. in addition, facilities that do not fit the definition will not be on the list. the further the list departs from this ideal, the more likely it is that the results will be misleading. identifying all facilities of a particular type in any given area can be troublesome : not only can it sometimes be difficult to develop an appropriate working definition of the type of facility at issue, but problems can also arise in regard to the data management practices of relevant public and private agencies. here is an example of creating a list of facilities that illustrates these points. a research team at the university of cincinnati, ohio wanted to determine why a few bars had numerous violent incidents, whereas most of the others had none or only a very few. to do this, they needed a definition of \u201c bar \u201d and a list of facilities that met this definition. researchers defined \u201c bar \u201d as a place that met four conditions : ( 1 ) it had to be open to the general public, rather than restricted to members or rented out to private parties ; ( 2 ) it had to serve alcohol for onsite consumption ; ( 3 ) some patrons had to come to the place for the primary purpose of consuming alcohol ; and ( 4 ) there had to be a designated physical area within the place that served as a drinking area. locations that did not meet all four conditions were excluded from the study. to obtain a list of locations meeting this definition, researchers began by consulting records from the ohio division of liquor control. these records showed that 633 places within the city limits were licensed to serve hard liquor. based upon their personal knowledge, researchers were able to exclude a number of locations from consideration, reducing the list to 391 possible bars. to isolate the real bars, researchers then compared the remaining locations to the most recent bar guide in a local weekly tabloid that catered to young adults, which contained both a brief written description of the locations and numerous commercial advertisements.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5849711843873331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56a8fda9-11df-4d64-a1cb-3ceaf7795d58>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.730348"}
{"text": "391 possible bars. to isolate the real bars, researchers then compared the remaining locations to the most recent bar guide in a local weekly tabloid that catered to young adults, which contained both a brief written description of the locations and numerous commercial advertisements. the tabloid information revealed that at least 198 of the 391 places fit the definition used. the tabloid list was incomplete, however, as there were an unknown number of city bars that were not reviewed by the tabloid staff. a check of the online yellow pages verified several more bars. private fraternal organizations were eliminated from consideration because they were not open to the general public. for most of the remaining places, researchers phoned or visited the sites, examining the physical locations and interviewing owners and employees. onsite visits revealed several restaurants had areas that looked like bars, but these were eventually eliminated from consideration when it became clear from interviews that they were more decorative than functional or that they were used for other purposes ( e. g., to hold carryout orders for customer pickup or to provide overflow seating where customers could eat ). ultimately, researchers identified 264 facilities that fit the definition of bar. these then became the subjects of the study. table 1 : the distribution of 121 assaults in 30 pubs | no. of assaults | | % of assaults | | cumulative % assaults | | cumulative % pubs | | george & dragon | | 6 | | 5. 0 | | 76. 9 | | 23. 3 | | hare & hounds | | 1 | | 0. 8 | | 96. 7 | | 46. 7 | | rose & crown | | 0 | | 0 | | 100 | | 63. 3 | | dog and fox | | 0 | | 0 | | 100 | | 76. 7 | because there is no single reason why facilities vary in risk, it is important to determine which reasons are in operation in each particular case. the most important sources of variation in risk follow. table 2 : reported shopliftings by store, danvers, mass. october 2003 to september 2004 | store | | shopliftings | | percent of shopliftings | | cumulative % of shopliftings | | cumulative % of stores | | shopliftings per 1000 sq. ft. | | 7 stores with 2 incidents | | 14 | | 4. 7 | | 90. 6 | | 30. 8 | | 0. 08 | | 28 stores with 1 incident | | 28 | | 9. 4 | | 100. 0 | | 66. 7 | | 0. 06", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5050055058983854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56a8fda9-11df-4d64-a1cb-3ceaf7795d58>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.731358"}
{"text": "| | 4. 7 | | 90. 6 | | 30. 8 | | 0. 08 | | 28 stores with 1 incident | | 28 | | 9. 4 | | 100. 0 | | 66. 7 | | 0. 06 | | 26 stores with 0 incidents | | 0 | | 0. 0 | | 100. 0 | | 100. 0 | | 0. 00 | | total stores = 78 | | 298 | | 100. 0 | | 100. 0 | | 100. 0 | | 0. 15 | unfortunately, it is not always easy to obtain the data needed to correct for the size of the facilities under study. for example, a study of downtown parking lot thefts in charlotte, north carolina was impeded when the city was unable to provide data about the number of spaces in each lot. 16 as a result, police officers had to visit each lot and count the spaces by hand. \u2020 see clarke, ronald ( 1999 ) [ pdf ]. hot products. police research series. paper 112. london : home office. \u2020 see mike scott, the problem of robbery at automated teller machines, problem specific guide no. 8 ( washington, d. c. : office of community oriented policing services, u. s. department of justice, 2001 ). a sign outside a bar \u2013 how managers regulate patron conduct can have a big influence on crime risk. credit : john eck in every large city, a few low - cost rental apartment buildings make extraordinary demands on police time. these \u201c risky facilities \u201d are often owned by slumlords \u2014 unscrupulous landlords who purchase properties in poor neighborhoods and who make a minimum investment in management and maintenance. building services deteriorate, respectable tenants move out, and their place is taken by less respectable ones \u2014 drug dealers, pimps, and prostitutes \u2014 who can afford to pay the rent but who cannot pass the background checks made by more responsible managements. in the course of a problem - oriented policing project in santa barbara, california, officers kim frylsie and mike apsland analyzed arrests made at 14 rental apartment buildings owned by a slumlord, before and after he had purchased them. the table clearly shows a large increase in the number of people arrested at the properties in the years after he acquired them. there was also some evidence that the increased crime and disorder in these properties spilled over to infect other nearby apartment buildings \u2014 a finding that supports the widespread belief that slumlords contribute to neighborhood blight. | property |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4903241432308535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56a8fda9-11df-4d64-a1cb-3ceaf7795d58>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.732296"}
{"text": "after he acquired them. there was also some evidence that the increased crime and disorder in these properties spilled over to infect other nearby apartment buildings \u2014 a finding that supports the widespread belief that slumlords contribute to neighborhood blight. | property | | year aquired | | no. of units | | average pre - owning | | yearly arrests post - owning | source : clarke, ronald and gisela bichler - robertson ( 1998 ). \u201c place managers, slumlords and crime in low rent apartment buildings \u201d. security journal, 11 : 11 - 19. table 3 : responses to risky facilities | size | | facility is large and attracts many users, some of whom become victims. | | if the number of crimes per user is very small compared to most other facilities, then one option is to do nothing. alternatively, identify those most likely to become victims and the circumstances associated with their victimization, then focus on these individuals and circumstances. | | hot products | | facility contains a large number of things that are particularly vulnerable to theft or vandalism. | | remove hot products. provide additional protection to hot products. | | location | | facility may be located in close proximity to offenders. | | hire additional security. tailor management practices to the peculiarities of the area. | | repeat victims | | facility contains a few victims who are involved in a large proportion of crimes. | | provide victims with the information or inducements they need to make behavioral changes that will reduce their likelihood of victimization. provide information or protection to victims so that they are not victimized again. | | crime attractor | | facility attracts many offenders or a few high rate offenders. | | remove offenders through enforcement and incapacitation or rehabilitation. deny access to repeat offenders. | | poor design | | physical layout makes offending easy, rewarding or inducing risk. | | change the physical layout in conformity with principles of crime prevention through environmental design ( cpted ) \u2020. | | poor management | | management practices or processes enable or encourage offending. | | change management procedures, paying particular attention to practices that influence repeat victimization. | \u2020 for additional information on cpted principles see response guide # 6. there is no single reason that explains why some facilities have far more crime than other facilities of the same type. rather, the full explanation usually involves a combination of the seven factors discussed above ; remember though, that the relative contribution of each will vary from case to case. in many problem - oriented", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47108019210291713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56a8fda9-11df-4d64-a1cb-3ceaf7795d58>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.734946"}
{"text": "facilities have far more crime than other facilities of the same type. rather, the full explanation usually involves a combination of the seven factors discussed above ; remember though, that the relative contribution of each will vary from case to case. in many problem - oriented projects it might not be possible to explain completely the variations in risk between facilities, because such analysis is usually only possible after detailed research that can take weeks or months to complete. however, it is usually possible to get some idea of how each of the seven factors contributes to the problem by comparing high and low crime facilities. we previously explained how to do this when we discussed the various ways of testing the influence of location, hot products, repeat victimization and crime attractors. in some cases, quantitative data such as facility size will be readily available. in others, it might be necessary to survey the facilities to discover the relevant information. for example, in the project mentioned above that focused on thefts from cars in charlotte \u2019 s downtown parking facilities, police surveyed the lots to gather information about hours of operation, attendants, fencing, lighting, and other security measures. this provided many ideas for reducing crime in the riskiest facilities. in another charlotte study, a police survey found that the theft of household appliances from construction sites was much lower when builders delayed installation until the homes were ready for occupancy. 19 direct observation and discussions with managers and police familiar with the facilities ( see box 4 ) can yield valuable insights into the reasons for variations in risk between facilities. in addition, interviews with apprehended offenders can reveal how they evaluate the difficulties, rewards, and risks of preying upon the facilities in the sample. \u2020 similarly, interviews with victims \u2014 particularly repeat victims \u2014 can be revealing. \u2020 see scott decker, using offender interviews to inform police problem solving, problem solving tools series no. 3 ( washington, d. c. : office of community oriented policing services, 2005 ). in newark, new jersey, a project funded by the u. s. department of justice office of community oriented policing services ( the cops office ) focused on drug dealing in low cost private rental apartment complexes. 20 during the scanning stage, 22 possible sites for intervention ( out of a total of 506 private apartment complexes ) were identified through an analysis of police data and interviews with officers in the newark police department \u2019 s safer cities task force and special investigations unit. subsequent interviews with district commanders revealed a special problem with four apartment complexes located close to entry and exit ramps for interstate 78, which provided out - of -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5308901156459382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56a8fda9-11df-4d64-a1cb-3ceaf7795d58>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.738594"}
{"text": "and interviews with officers in the newark police department \u2019 s safer cities task force and special investigations unit. subsequent interviews with district commanders revealed a special problem with four apartment complexes located close to entry and exit ramps for interstate 78, which provided out - of - town buyers with easy access to drug markets. the buyers could briefly enter the city, purchase drugs at the complexes, drive around in a loop and quickly exit again. authorities implemented a traffic management plan that disrupted the loop by creating one - way streets and dead - ends. the traffic plan was reinforced with additional enforcement at the four sites and will eventually dovetail with a long - term project by the state to rebuild the ramps to route traffic away from residential areas. your ability to understand the reasons for the variations in risk will be greatly assisted where there is an existing problem - oriented policing guide that deals with the facilities that are the focus of your own project. although it will not tell you which factors are important in your sample, it will provide more specific suggestions than are provided by the general discussion above. as of june, 2006, ten guides focused on problems within specific types of facilities. \u2020 \u2020 new guides are constantly being added ; a list of those in preparation is available at www. popcenter. org. although there are many ways to reduce risk ( see table 3 ), it is important to focus on those that are most likely to succeed. for example, it is usually impossible to do anything about the size and location of specific facilities. similarly, changing a facility \u2019 s physical design can be difficult or costly and would only be justified in an extreme case. on the other hand, it may be easier to change business practices that facilitate or encourage crime and disorder ; this, however, cannot be done without the full cooperation of those who own or manage the facilities, as they are usually the ones who must implement and pay for the measures. before moving on to a discussion of the various ways of convincing facility managers to make the changes necessary to reduce crime or disorder, it is important to understand some of the reasons why they might not have done these things on their own. the reasons can include the following. although it always best to assume that managers and owners want to reduce crime and disorder in their facilities and that they will be open to working with the police and others to implement the necessary changes, the list above suggests that they will sometimes resist implementing remedial measures. consequently, it will sometimes be necessary to exert a certain amount of coercion, either directly or indirectly. there are several", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.483093586108054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56a8fda9-11df-4d64-a1cb-3ceaf7795d58>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.740703"}
{"text": "police and others to implement the necessary changes, the list above suggests that they will sometimes resist implementing remedial measures. consequently, it will sometimes be necessary to exert a certain amount of coercion, either directly or indirectly. there are several ways that this can be done. \u2020 \u2020 see clarke, ronald ( 1999 ) [ pdf ]. hot products. police research series. paper 112. london : home office. ( accessible at www. popcenter. org ) demolition of a former bar and drug dealing hot spot : removing a very risky facility can be the best way to reduce crime credit : john eck table 4 : calls for police service oakland airport motel | year | | calls for service | | * through march 2003 | in practice, a combination of approaches \u2014 both a carrot and a stick \u2014 might be the most effective strategy. because business owners can be politically powerful, it may be far easier to reduce crime if management is induced to cooperate without engaging in a political battle. in this regard, it is important to recall the guiding principle of this guide, the 80 - 20 rule : most of the problem is likely to be the result of a few facilities. so it might be that enlisting the support of the majority of facility owners and managers \u2014 whose contributions to the problem are minor \u2014 to change the behavior of the few \u2014 whose contributions to the problem are major \u2014 can aid police in winning the political struggle. this can also reduce costs by focusing resources where they are needed most, which can aid in tailoring responses to particular settings, thereby increasing the chances that interventions will be effective. kock ( 1999 ). national association of convenience stores ( 1991 ). sherman, schmidt, and velke ( 1992 ). lindstrom ( 1997 ). bowers et al. ( 1998 ). hirschfield and bowers ( 1998 ). newton ( 2004 ) ; loukaitou - sideris and eck ( in press ). chula vista police department ( 2004 ). madensen et al. ( 2005 ). eck ( 2002 ). chula vista police department ( 2004 ). bowers, k., a. hirschfield and s. johnson ( 1998 ). \u201c victimization revisited : a case study of non - residential repeat burglary in merseyside. \u201d british journal of criminology 38 ( 3 ) : 429 - 452. chula vista police department. chief \u2019 s community advisory committee ( 2004 ). the chula vista motel project. chula vista, calif", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43949184881920084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56a8fda9-11df-4d64-a1cb-3ceaf7795d58>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.742497"}
{"text": ". decker, s. ( 2005 ) using offender interviews to inform police problem solving, problem - oriented guides for police series, problem solving tools series no. 3 washington, d. c. : u. s. department of justice, office of community oriented policing services. [ full text ] eck, j. e. ( 2002 ). \u201c preventing crime at places. \u201d in l. w. sherman, d. farrington, b. welsh and d. l. mackenzie ( eds. ), evidence - based crime prevention. new york : routledge. - - - - ( 2003 ). \u201c police problems : the complexity of problem theory, research and evaluation. \u201d in j. knutsson ( ed. ), problem - oriented policing : from innovation to mainstream, crime prevention studies, vol. 15. monsey, n. y. : criminal justice press. [ full text ] eck, j., r. v. clarke and r. guerette ( 2007 ). \u201c risky facilities : crime concentration in homogeneous sets of facilities. \u201d crime prevention studies, vol. 21. monsey, n. y. : criminal justice press. [ full text ] felson, m., r. berends, b. richardson and a. veno ( 1997 ). \u201c reducing pub hopping and related crime. \u201d in r. homel ( ed. ), policing for prevention : reducing crime, public intoxication and injury, crime prevention studies, vol. 7. monsey, n. y. : criminal justice press. [ full text ] hirschfield, a., and k. bowers ( 1998 ). \u201c monitoring, measuring and mapping community safety. \u201d in a. marlow and j. pitts ( eds. ), planning safer communities. lyne regis : russell house publishing. homel, r., m. hauritz, g. mcilwain, r. wortley and r. carvolth ( 1997 ). \u201c preventing drunkenness and violence around nightclubs in a tourist resort. \u201d in r. v. clarke ( ed. ), situational crime prevention : successful case studies ( 2nd ed. ). guilderland, n. y. : harrow and heston. kock, r. ( 1999 ). 80 - 20 principle : the secret to success by achieving more with less. new york : doubleday. la vigne, n. ( 1994 ). \u201c gasoline drive - offs : designing a less convenient environment. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5377668028447061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56a8fda9-11df-4d64-a1cb-3ceaf7795d58>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.744948"}
{"text": "r. ( 1999 ). 80 - 20 principle : the secret to success by achieving more with less. new york : doubleday. la vigne, n. ( 1994 ). \u201c gasoline drive - offs : designing a less convenient environment. \u201d in r. v. clarke ( ed. ), crime prevention studies, vol. 2. monsey, n. y. : criminal justice press. [ full text ] lindstrom, p. ( 1997 ). \u201c patterns of school crime : a replication and empirical extension. \u201d british journal of criminology 37 ( 1 ) : 121 - 130. loukaitou - sideris, a., and j. e. eck ( in press ). \u201c crime prevention and active living. \u201d american journal of health promotion. madensen, t., m. skubak, d. morgan and j. e. eck ( 2005 ). open - air drug dealing in cincinnati, ohio : executive summary and final recommendations. cincinnati, ohio : university of cincinnati, division of criminal justice. available at www. uc. edu / criminaljustice / projectreports / final _ recommendations. pdf ) matthews, r., c. pease and k. pease ( 2001 ). \u201c repeat bank robbery : theme and variations. \u201d in g. farrell and k. pease ( eds. ), repeat victimization. crime prevention studies, vol. 12. monsey, n. y. : criminal justice press. [ full text ] national association of convenience stores ( 1991 ). convenience store security report and recommendations. alexandria, va. : national association of convenience stores. newton, a. ( 2004 ). crime and disorder on busses : toward an evidence base for effective crime prevention. phd dissertation, university of liverpool. oakland police department ( 2003 ). \u201c the oakland airport motel project. \u201d submission for the herman goldstein award for excellence in problem - oriented policing. [ full text ] perrone, s. ( 2000 ). crimes against small business in australia : a preliminary analysis. trends & issues in crime and criminal justice, no. 184. canberra : australian institute for criminology. [ full text ] scott, m. ( 2001 ). the problem of robbery at automated teller machines. problem - oriented guides for police series, problem specific guide no. 8. washington, d. c. : u. s. department of justice, office of community oriented policing services. [ full text ] scott, m., and h. goldstein (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5549689332784556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56a8fda9-11df-4d64-a1cb-3ceaf7795d58>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.745909"}
{"text": "- oriented guides for police series, problem specific guide no. 8. washington, d. c. : u. s. department of justice, office of community oriented policing services. [ full text ] scott, m., and h. goldstein ( 2005 ). shifting and sharing responsibility for public safety problems. problem - oriented guides for police, response guide series no. 3 washington, d. c. : u. s. department of justice, office of community oriented policing services. [ full text ] sherman, l., j. schmidt and r. velke ( 1992 ). high crime taverns : a recap project in problem - oriented policing. washington, d. c. : crime control institute. smith, d., m. gregson and j. morgan ( 2003 ). between the lines : an evaluation of the secured park award scheme. home office research study, no. 266. london : home office research, development and statistics directorate. [ full text ] stedman, j. ( 2005 ). \u201c alcohol issues in city parks. \u201d unpublished presentation to the chula vista city council. chula vista, ca : chula vista police department ( november ). weisel, d. ( 2005 ) analyzing repeat victimization. problem - oriented guides for police, problem solving tools series no. 4. washington, d. c. : u. s. department of justice, office of community oriented policing services. [ full text ] zanin, n., j. shane and r. v. clarke ( 2004 ). \u201c reducing drug dealing in private apartment complexes in newark, new jersey. \u201d a final report to the u. s. department of justice, office of community oriented policing services, on the field applications of the problem - oriented guides for police project. washington, d. c. : office of community oriented policing services, u. s. department of justice. [ full text ] you may order free bound copies in any of three ways : phone : 800 - 421 - 6770 or 202 - 307 - 1480 allow several days for delivery. send an e - mail with a link to this guide. error sending email. please review your enteries below.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5142446408910537, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56a8fda9-11df-4d64-a1cb-3ceaf7795d58>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.746773"}
{"text": "q. what ' s wrong with hot dogs? a. nitrite additives in hotdogs form carcinogens. petition to ban three different studies have come out in the past year, finding that the consumption of hot dogs can be a risk factor for childhood cancer. peters et al. studied the relationship between the intake of certain foods and the risk of leukemia in children from birth to age 10 in los angeles county 1980 and 1987. the study found that children eating more than 12 hot dogs per month have nine times the normal risk of developing childhood leukemia. a strong risk for childhood leukemia also existed for those children whose fathers ' intake of hot dogs was 12 or more per month. researchers sarusua and savitz studied childhood cancer cases in denver and found that children born to mothers who consumed hot dogs one or more times during pregnancy has approximately double the risk of developing brain tumors. children who ate hot dogs one or more times per week were also at higher risk of brain cancer. bunin et al, also found that maternal consumption of hot dogs during pregnancy was associated with an excess risk of childhood q. how could hot dogs cause cancer? a. hot dogs contain nitrites which are used as preservatives, primarily to combat botulism. during the cooking process, nitrites combine with amines naturally present in meat to form carcinogenic n - nitroso compounds. that nitrites can combine with amines in the human stomach to form n - nitroso compounds. these compounds are known carcinogens and have been associated with cancer of the oral cavity, urinary bladder, esophagus, stomach and q. some vegetables contain nitrites, do they cause cancer too? a. it is true that nitrites are commonly found in many green vegetables, especially spinach, celery and green lettuce. however, the consumption of vegetables appears to be effective in reducing the risk of cancer. how is this possible? the explanation lies in the formation of n - nitroso compounds from nitrites and amines. nitrite containing vegetables also have vitamin c and d, which serve to inhibit the formation of n - nitroso compounds. consequently, vegetables are quite and serve to reduce your cancer risk. q. do other food products contain nitrites? a. yes, all cured meats contain nitrites. these include bacon and fish. q. are all hot dogs a risk for childhood cancer? a. no. not all hot dogs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4704247123864359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2675e659-a043-4bc4-94c2-a7baa413ea7d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.753587"}
{"text": "q. do other food products contain nitrites? a. yes, all cured meats contain nitrites. these include bacon and fish. q. are all hot dogs a risk for childhood cancer? a. no. not all hot dogs on the market contain nitrites. because of modern refrigeration methods, nitrites are now used more for the red color they produce ( which is associated with freshness ) than for preservation. nitrite - free hot dogs, while they taste the same as nitrite hot dogs, have a brownish color that has limited their popularity among consumers. when cooked, nitrite - free hot dogs are perfectly safe and healthy. here are four things that you can do : - do not buy hot dogs containing nitrite. it is especially important that children and potential parents do not consume 12 or more of these - request that your supermarket have nitrite - free hot - contact your local school board and find out whether children are being served nitrite hot dogs in the cafeteria, - write the fda and express your concern that nitrite - hot dogs are not labeled for their cancer risk to children. you can dogs, docket # : 95p 0112 / cp1. cancer prevention coalition of public health, m / c 922 university of illinois at chicago 2121 west taylor street chicago, il 60612 tel : ( 312 ) 996 - 2297, fax : ( 312 ) 413 - 9898 1, peters j, et al \" processed meats and risk of childhood leukemia ( california, usa ) \" cancer causes & control 5 : 195 - 202, 1994. 2 sarasua s, savitz d. \" cured and broiled meat consumption in relation to childhood cancer : denver, colorado ( united states ), \" cancer causes & control 5 : 141 - 8, 1994. 3 bunin gr, et al. \" maternal diet and risk of astrocytic glioma in children : a report from the children ' s cancer group ( united states and canada ), \" cancer causes & control 5 : 177 - 87, 1994. 4. lijinsky w, epstein, s. \" nitrosamines as environmental carcinogens, \" nature 225 ( 5227 ) : 2112, 1970.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4097226635475138, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2675e659-a043-4bc4-94c2-a7baa413ea7d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.754585"}
{"text": "pppl scientists propose a solution to a critical barrier to producing fusion posted april 23, 2012 ; 05 : 00 p. m. physicists from the u. s. department of energy ' s princeton plasma physics laboratory ( pppl ) have discovered a possible solution to a mystery that has long baffled researchers working to harness fusion. if confirmed by experiment, the finding could help scientists eliminate a major impediment to the development of fusion as a clean and abundant source of energy for producing electric power. an in - depth analysis by pppl scientists zeroed in on tiny, bubble - like islands that appear in the hot, charged gases \u2014 or plasmas \u2014 during experiments. these minute islands collect impurities that cool the plasma. and these islands, the scientists report in the april 20 issue of the journal physical review letters, are at the root of a longstanding problem known as the \" density limit \" that can prevent fusion reactors from operating at maximum efficiency. fusion occurs when plasmas become hot and dense enough for the atomic nuclei contained within the hot gas to combine and release energy. but when the plasmas in experimental reactors called tokamaks reach the mysterious density limit, they can spiral apart into a flash of light. \" the big mystery is why adding more heating power to the plasma doesn ' t get you to higher density, \" said david gates, a principal research physicist at pppl and co - author of the proposed solution with luis delgado - aparicio, a postdoctoral fellow at pppl and a visiting scientist at the massachusetts institute of technology ' s plasma science fusion center. \" this is critical because density is the key parameter in reaching fusion and people have been puzzling about this for more than 30 years. \" a discovery by princeton plasma physics laboratory physicists luis delgado - aparicio ( left ) and david gates could help scientists eliminate a major impediment to the development of fusion as a clean and abundant source of energy for producing electric power. listen to a podcast with the scientists discussing their discovery. ( photo by elle starkman ) the scientists hit upon their theory in what gates called \" a 10 - minute ' aha! ' moment. \" working out equations on a whiteboard in gates ' office, the physicists focused on the islands and the impurities that drive away energy. the impurities stem from particles that the plasma kicks up from the tokamak wall. \" when you hit this magical density limit, the islands grow and coalesce and the plasma ends up in a disruption, \" said delgado - ap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5960147338847663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:903085bb-3abd-4b6c-8799-284017dca006>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.763169"}
{"text": "energy. the impurities stem from particles that the plasma kicks up from the tokamak wall. \" when you hit this magical density limit, the islands grow and coalesce and the plasma ends up in a disruption, \" said delgado - aparicio. these islands actually inflict double damage, the scientists said. besides cooling the plasma, the islands act as shields that block out added power. the balance tips when more power escapes from the islands than researchers can pump into the plasma through a process called ohmic heating \u2014 the same process that heats a toaster when electricity passes through it. when the islands grow large enough, the electric current that helps to heat and confine the plasma collapses, allowing the plasma to fly apart. gates and delgado - aparicio now hope to test their theory with experiments on a tokamak called alcator c - mod at mit, and on the diii - d tokamak at general atomics in san diego. among other things, they intend to see if injecting power directly into the islands will lead to higher density. if so, that could help future tokamaks reach the extreme density and 100 - million - degree temperatures that fusion requires. the scientists ' theory represents a fresh approach to the density limit, which also is known as the \" greenwald limit \" after mit physicist martin greenwald, who has derived an equation that describes it. greenwald has another potential explanation for the source of the limit. he thinks it may occur when turbulence creates fluctuations that cool the edge of the plasma and squeeze too much current into too little space in the core of the plasma, causing the current to become unstable and crash. \" there is a fair amount of evidence for this, \" greenwald said. however, he added, \" we don ' t have a nice story with a beginning and end and we should always be open to new ideas. \" gates and delgado - aparicio pieced together their model from a variety of clues that have developed in recent decades. gates first heard of the density limit while working as a postdoctoral fellow at the culham centre for fusion energy in abingdon, england, in 1993. the limit had previously been named for culham scientist jan hugill, who described it to gates in detail. separately, papers on plasma islands were beginning to surface in scientific circles. french physicist paul - henri rebut described radiation - driven islands in a mid - 1980s conference paper, but not in a periodical. german physicist wolfgang suttrop speculated a decade later that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6042689286924371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:903085bb-3abd-4b6c-8799-284017dca006>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.764140"}
{"text": "papers on plasma islands were beginning to surface in scientific circles. french physicist paul - henri rebut described radiation - driven islands in a mid - 1980s conference paper, but not in a periodical. german physicist wolfgang suttrop speculated a decade later that the islands were associated with the density limit. \" the paper he wrote was actually the trigger for our idea, but he didn ' t relate the islands directly to the greenwald limit, \" said gates, who had worked with suttrop on a tokamak experiment at the max planck institute for plasma physics in garching, germany, in 1996 before joining pppl the following year. in early 2011, the topic of plasma islands had mostly receded from gates ' mind. but a talk by delgado - aparicio about the possibility of such islands erupting in the plasmas contained within the alcator c - mod tokamak reignited his interest. delgado - aparicio spoke of corkscrew - shaped phenomena called snakes that had first been observed by pppl scientists in the 1980s and initially reported by german physicist arthur weller. intrigued by the talk, gates urged delgado - aparicio to read the papers on islands by rebut and suttrop. an email from delgado - aparicio landed in gates ' inbox some eight months later. in it was a paper that described the behavior of snakes in a way that fit nicely with the c - mod data. \" i said, ' wow! he ' s made a lot of progress, ' \" gates remembered. \" i said, ' you should come down and talk about this. ' \" what most excited gates was an equation for the growth of islands that hinted at the density limit by modifying a formula that british physicist paul harding rutherford had derived back in the 1980s. \" i thought, ' if wolfgang ( suttrop ) was right about the islands, this equation should be telling us the greenwald limit, \" gates said. \" so when luis arrived i pulled him into my office. \" then a curious thing happened. \" it turns out that we didn ' t even need the entire equation, \" gates said. \" it was much simpler than that. \" by focusing solely on the density of the electrons in a plasma and the heat radiating from the islands, the researchers devised a formula for when the heat loss would surpass the electron density. that in turn pinpointed a possible mechanism behind the greenwald limit. delgado - aparicio became so absorbed in the scientists ' new ideas that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5770894176462473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:903085bb-3abd-4b6c-8799-284017dca006>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.767833"}
{"text": "the islands, the researchers devised a formula for when the heat loss would surpass the electron density. that in turn pinpointed a possible mechanism behind the greenwald limit. delgado - aparicio became so absorbed in the scientists ' new ideas that he missed several turnoffs while driving back to cambridge, mass., that night. \" it ' s intriguing to try to explain mother nature, \" he said. \" when you understand a theory you can try to find a way to beat it. by that i mean find a way to work at densities higher than the limit. \" conquering the limit could provide essential improvements for future tokamaks that will need to produce self - sustaining fusion reactions, or \" burning plasmas, \" to generate electric power. such machines include proposed successors to iter, a $ 20 billion experimental reactor that is being built in cadarache, france, by the european union, the united states and five other countries. why hadn ' t researchers pieced together a similar theory of the density - limit puzzle before? the answer, said gates, lies in how ideas percolate through the scientific community. \" the radiation - driven islands idea never got a lot of press, \" he said. \" people thought of them as curiosities. the way we disseminate information is through publications, and this idea had a weak initial push. \" pppl, in plainsboro, n. j., is devoted both to creating new knowledge about the physics of plasmas \u2014 ultra - hot, charged gases \u2014 and to developing practical solutions for the creation of fusion energy. through the process of fusion, which is constantly occurring in the sun and other stars, energy is created when the nuclei of two lightweight atoms, such as those of hydrogen, combine in plasma at very high temperatures. when this happens, a burst of energy is released, which can be used to generate electricity. pppl is managed by princeton university for the u. s. department of energy ' s office of science.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5843452138222145, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:903085bb-3abd-4b6c-8799-284017dca006>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.768948"}
{"text": "prlog ( press release ) - apr. 10, 2012 - many are not aware that on the day titanic collided with an iceberg in the north atlantic, the ship had received no less than six wireless transmissions describing the extent of the dangerous ice fields and bergs, but that not all of these messages made it to the bridge and that the captain therefore had an incorrect mental picture which did not match the reality on the ocean in front of him. author david warner mathisen, a professional analyst and former us army infantry officer, observes that this type of failure to \u201c connect the dots \u201d is well known in the army, and that military concepts such as \u201c situational awareness \u201d and clausewitz \u2019 s phrase \u201c the fog of war \u201d are valuable tools for extracting lessons from the disaster that we can apply today. he points out that in many situations, the information that is needed to enable accurate analysis of the situation is actually available, but overlooked or not placed into the proper framework or context, so that the dots are not connected, something that happens so often that we can conclude that gaining true situational awareness is actually exceedingly difficult, even though it might at first appear to be simple. he then goes on to argue that the data we may be overlooking from a civilizational perspective may be creating a dangerous \u201c false picture \u201d that creates potentially serious danger, which should encourage greater efforts to \u201c connect the dots \u201d using tools that can facilitate better analysis. while many various theories of greater or lesser merit have been put forward to explain the 1912 titanic disaster, including some recent analysis that the position of the earth in relation to both the moon and the sun may have played a role, ultimately the sinking and the tragic loss of life were the result of a lack of situational awareness \u2013 not just prior to the collision but in the fatal aftermath as well. # # # david warner mathisen is a professional analyst and former us army officer, and the author of the book \" the mathisen corollary \" and of the recently - released essay \" titanic and the fall of civilizations. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5609846274519374, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a3d133d-2007-4dda-ad00-b8c438ee49f6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.771444"}
{"text": "cambridge \u2013 public - opinion polls show that citizens in many democracies are unhappy with their leaders. this is particularly true in great britain, where a number of members of parliament have used their housing allowances to enhance their income, sometimes legally and sometimes not. some analysts predict that only half of britain \u2019 s mps will be returned in next year \u2019 s election. but, whatever the failures of particular british legislators, the issues go further than merely allowing voters to \u201c throw the rascals out. \u201d there is also a question of how successful leadership is taught and learned in a democracy. a successful democracy requires leadership to be widespread throughout government and civil society. citizens who express concern about leadership need to learn not only how to judge it, but how to practice it themselves. many observers say that leadership is an art rather than a science. good leadership is situational. in my book the powers to lead, i call this skill \u201c contextual intelligence. \u201d the ability to mobilize a group effectively is certainly an art rather than a predictive science, and varies with situations, but that does not mean that it cannot be profitably studied and learned. music and painting are based in part on innate skills, but also on training and practice. and artists can benefit not merely from studio courses, but also from art appreciation lessons that introduce them to the full repertoires and pallets of past masters. learning leadership occurs in a variety of ways. learning from experience is the most common and most powerful. it produces the tacit knowledge that is crucial in a crisis. but experience and intuition can be supplemented by analytics, which is the purpose of my book. as mark twain once observed, a cat that sits on a hot stove will not sit on a hot stove again, but it won \u2019 t sit on a cold one, either. consequently, learning to analyze situations and contexts is an important leadership skill. the united states army categorizes leadership learning under three words : \u201c be, know, do. \u201d \u201c be \u201d refers to the shaping of character and values, and it comes partly from training and partly from experience. \u201c know \u201d refers to analysis and skills, which can be trained. \u201c do \u201d refers to action and requires both training and fieldwork. most important, however, is experience and the emphasis on learning from mistakes and a continuous process that results from what the military calls \u201c after - action reviews. \u201d learning can also occur in the classroom, whether through case studies, historical and analytic approaches, or experiential teaching that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4822764324667831, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:061a731c-49e3-476a-8b10-79e073b8f67e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.778673"}
{"text": "and the emphasis on learning from mistakes and a continuous process that results from what the military calls \u201c after - action reviews. \u201d learning can also occur in the classroom, whether through case studies, historical and analytic approaches, or experiential teaching that simulates situations that train students to increase self - awareness, distinguish their roles from their selves, and use their selves as a barometer for understanding a larger group. similarly, students can learn from the results of scientific studies, limited though they may be, and by studying the range of behaviors and contexts that historical episodes can illuminate. in practice, of course, few people occupy top positions in groups or organizations. most people \u201c lead from the middle. \u201d effective leadership from the middle often requires attracting and persuading those above, below, and beside you. indeed, leaders in the middle frequently find themselves in a policy vacuum, with few clear directives from the top. a passive follower keeps his head down, shuns risk, and avoids criticism. an opportunist uses the slack to feather his own nest rather than help the leader or the public. bureaucratic entrepreneurs, on the other hand, take advantage of such opportunities to adjust and promote policies. the key moral question is whether, and at what point, their entrepreneurial activity exceed the bounds of policies set from the top. since they lack the legitimate authority of elected or high - level appointed officials, bureaucratic entrepreneurs must remain cognizant of the need to balance initiative with loyalty. leaders should encourage such entrepreneurship among their followers as a means of increasing their effectiveness. after all, the key to successful leadership is to surround oneself with good people, empower them by delegating authority, and then claim credit for their accomplishments. to make this formula work, however, requires a good deal of soft power. without the soft power that produces attraction and loyalty to the leader \u2019 s goals, entrepreneurs run off in all directions and dissipate a group \u2019 s energies. with soft power, however, the energy of empowered followers strengthens leaders. leadership is broadly distributed throughout healthy democracies, and all citizens need to learn more about what makes good and bad leaders. potential leaders, in turn, can learn more about the sources and limits of the soft - power skills of emotional iq, vision, and communication, as well as hard - power political and organizational skills. they must also better understand the nature of the contextual intelligence they will need to educate their hunches and sustain strategies of smart power. most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5213298704223469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:061a731c-49e3-476a-8b10-79e073b8f67e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.779853"}
{"text": "as millions across india thronged durga puja marquees on the penultimate day of the festival wednesday, so did the jaintias, an indigenous tribe of meghalaya comprising christians, continuing a 400 - year - old unique tradition. worshipping goddess durga with the same fervour and devotion but with a different set of rituals, hundreds of jaintias, both christians and believers of an indigenous faith, thronged the ancient temple at nartiang, about 65 km east of shillong. the pnar people, as jaintias are known, were also joined by tourists. the tradition goes back over 400 years. perched on a hill top, overlooking the myntang stream, the durga bari at nartiang in the jaintia hills district was built by the jaintia kings in the 16th - 17th centuries. \" twenty - two generations of jaintia kings worshipped durga and jayanteswari, the ancestral deity of the jaintia kings, \" said the young temple priest, molay desmukh. desmukh, 20, took charge of the durga temple five years ago after the demise of his father gopendra desmukh. interestingly, desmukh priests were brought to nartiang by the jaintia kings from bengal, not maharashtra as the surname may suggest. the dilapidated centuries - old temple structure was demolished recently, and a new one was built with minimal change in design and material in its place. durga and jayanteswari are placed on the same place and worshipped together. both the idols are made of astadhatu ( eight precious metals ), and each is about six to eight inches tall. \" the rituals and religious functions during the durga puja are performed as per the hindu way, \" the priest said. the ceremony begins with ablution of both the idols, which are then draped in colourful new attires and ornaments before the rituals. on the fourth day of the five - day festival, animal sacrifice is carried out. \" however, during the royal jainitia rule there used to be a scary practice of human sacrifice, \" the priest said, pointing to a small square hole. he has been told by his father that \" the severed head used to be rolled through the hole connected to a secret tunnel that falls into the adjacent river myntang \". it ' s believed that the practice was stopped by the british, after the sacrifice of a british subject. \" instead, now water gourds are sacrificed, along with animals and birds such as goats, chicken", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3897332345718284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f7bbd43-184c-4c3a-99a7-c67b07bceeb4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.785720"}
{"text": "the adjacent river myntang \". it ' s believed that the practice was stopped by the british, after the sacrifice of a british subject. \" instead, now water gourds are sacrificed, along with animals and birds such as goats, chicken and pigeons, \" desmukh said. a human mask is placed on the gourds, as a symbolic act of human sacrifice. apart from this unique tradition, there is another indigenous feature that marks durga puja at nartiang - - the durga idol is permanent and is not sent for immersion after the last day of worship. however, the priest installs a young banana plant beside the durga idol, which is taken out after the completion of the worship and immersed in the nearby river myntang. the entire expenditure of the durga puja is borne by the dolloi ( traditional village chief, who is non - christian ) of nartiang. even though the majority of the tribal population in the state of meghalaya has embraced christianity, a sizeable section of the community has retained its indigenous culture, religion and customs. \" nartiang was the summer capital of the jaintia kingdom, which was set up at jaintiapur, now in sylhet district of bangladesh, \" said historian j. b. bhattacharjee. \" the palace, though in ruins, still stands there as a testimony to the jaintia heritage, \" he said. the jaintia kings spent the summer in the hills to escape the unbearable heat in the plains and return to jaintiapur after durga puja. the royal tradition continued till the british annexed the jaintia territories in 1835, thereby ending jaintia reign in the plains.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4320308541663278, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f7bbd43-184c-4c3a-99a7-c67b07bceeb4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.786720"}
{"text": "lama ole nydahl the six liberating actions are a motivational teaching for direct use in one ' s life. as is generally known, buddhism has a very practical aim and its view is exceedingly clear. no one gets enlightened from only hearing teachings. lasting results come from real experiences and the changes they bring about. because this is so important, buddha gave much practical advice, which should never be seen as commandments but as help from a friend. being neither a creator nor a judging god, he wants no followers nor students who are a flock of sheep. instead he wants colleagues - mature people sharing his enlightenment and the massive responsibility it entails are his real goal. for those who mainly think of themselves, his advice is contained in the noble eightfold path. starting with a useful lifestyle, it culminates in proper concentration. whoever has reached the level of compassion and insight, and wishes to be useful to others, finds the six paramitas or six liberating actions more useful. ' ita ' means ' gone ' and ' param ' means ' beyond '. the paramitas develop love which takes one beyond the personal. it is the view which sets one free, the deep insight that seer, things seen, and the act of seeing are interdependent and one, that subject, object and action cannot be separated. the paramitas liberate not because bad pictures in the mirror of one ' s mind are replaced with good ones, but because the confident states the latter produce allow one to go behind the good and the bad and recognize the mirror itself ; shining, perfect and more fantastic than anything that it may reflect. the actions are liberating because they bring a recognition of the ultimate nature of mind. if one only fills the mind with good impressions, that would of course bring future happiness, but it would not go beyond the conditioned. with the view of the oneness of subject, object and action, whatever is undertaken for the benefit of others will bring the doer timeless benefit. the first liberating action : generosity. generosity opens up every situation. the world is full of spontaneous richness, but no matter how good the music is, there is no party if no one dances. if no one shares anything of themselves, nothing meaningful will happen. that is why generosity is so important. at buddha ' s time, people were much less complicated than today. they also did not have amazing machines working for them. at that time, generosity was a question of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5028215836647296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc95fd39-e9b2-4277-88a3-0af6175325a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.812051"}
{"text": "of themselves, nothing meaningful will happen. that is why generosity is so important. at buddha ' s time, people were much less complicated than today. they also did not have amazing machines working for them. at that time, generosity was a question of helping others survive, of assuring that they had enough to eat. this meant the act was often focused on material things. today, in the free and non - overpopulated part of the world, this is not the case ; one usually dies from too much fat around the heart. due to a lack of clear thinking, people develop inner problems as the outer ones diminish, and start to feel lonely and insecure. instead of worrying about necessities, they develop complicated inner lives and many have never tasted the joy of their physical freedom. thus in the western world and parts of asia, where material things are abundant - generosity refers mostly to the emotional. it means sharing one ' s power, joy and love with others, from the beyond - personal levels from where there is no falling down. if one meditates well and taps into the unconditioned states of mind, there is no end to the good that one may pass on to others. sharing one ' s ultimate certainty is the finest gift of all - giving beings one ' s warmth - and though one cannot take one ' s car or fame past the grave, not everything is lost at death. the qualities developed during former lives are easily re - gained in later ones and there is no richness that is passed more directly from one existence to another than joyful energy. squeezing the juice out of life pays, and a few more mantras or prostrations, some more love for one ' s partner than usual, not only bring power here and now, but speed up enlightenment. as already mentioned, the finest and only lasting richness one may bring beings is an insight into their unconditioned nature. but how to do that? how does one show others their innate perfection? the best mirror is buddha ' s teachings and this is why no activity is more beneficial than the making of meditation centers. the practical wisdom they disseminate acquaints many with the clear light of their consciousness and the seeds thus planted will grow over all future lives until enlightenment. though many socially minded people claim that such teachings are a luxury and that first one should give people something to eat, this is not true. there is ample space for both. when the mind functions well, the stomach will digest the food better", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5443309982448602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc95fd39-e9b2-4277-88a3-0af6175325a7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.813162"}
{"text": "enlightenment. though many socially minded people claim that such teachings are a luxury and that first one should give people something to eat, this is not true. there is ample space for both. when the mind functions well, the stomach will digest the food better and maybe then one can understand the reasons for having less children. in any case, the body will disappear while the mind continues on. the second paramita : a life that is aware, meaningful and useful to others. as terms like morality and ethics are employed by governing classes to control those below, many prefer not to use them. people are consciously intimidated by this, and often think, \" if the state doesn ' t get you in this life, the church will get you afterwards. \" even when only advice is given, as in the case of the buddha, and the full development of beings is the only goal, one has to choose words which instruct clearly, without employing fear. the best definition of the second liberating action is probably living meaningfully and for the benefit of others. so what does this mean? how can one encompass the countless actions, words and thoughts during just one single day? buddha, seeing everything from the state of timeless wisdom, had a few unique ideas. because people have ten fingers for counting and then remembering, he gave ten pieces of advice concerning what is useful and what is not. encompassing body, speech and mind, they become meaningful also to independent people when one recognizes that buddha is not a boss, but a friend wishing one happiness. he wants everybody to share the blissful clear light of mind ; the knower of past, present and future. understanding that everybody is a buddha who has not realized it yet, and recognizing the outer world to be a pure land, all experience becomes the expression of highest wisdom simply because it can happen. how else could the buddha act? he never teaches by dogma or from above but shares his wisdom with beings whom he knows to be his equals in essence. due to the good karma of those surrounding him, buddha tought for a full 45 years and died with a smile. he taught many extraordinary students. the questions they asked him were on the level of socrates, aristotle and plato ; the best minds of an amazing generation came to test him with the complete range of their philosophical tools and found not only convincing words, but buddha ' s power was so skillful that it changed them in lasting ways. beyond perfecting their logical abilities, he influenced their whole mind. introducing them to the timeless experiencer behind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6044514460600829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc95fd39-e9b2-4277-88a3-0af6175325a7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.814315"}
{"text": "range of their philosophical tools and found not only convincing words, but buddha ' s power was so skillful that it changed them in lasting ways. beyond perfecting their logical abilities, he influenced their whole mind. introducing them to the timeless experiencer behind the experiences, there was no space left for doubt. on the levels of body, speech and mind, it is not difficult to understand what is useful to avoid. when people have problems with the police, usually they have caused some trouble with their body. killing, stealing, or harming others sexually are the main points here. when they are lonely, usually they say things which disturb others. they usually lie with the intent to harm others, spread gossip, split friends or confuse people. if somebody is unhappy, one will develop a tendency to dislike others, feel envy and permit states of confusion to drag on. the opposite are ten positive actions of body, speech and mind which only bring happiness. they make one powerful and useful to others. here the buddha advises using one ' s body as a tool to protect beings, to give them love and whatever else they need. whoever has success with others now, has developed that potential during earlier lives, so the quicker one starts, the better. one ' s speech may touch many more beings with the means of communication today. kind words previously spoken, create pleasant experiences now and strengthen good karma. if people listen, speak kindly and receive clear information, then again, in this life they will see benefit in telling the truth whenever possible, avoid telling lies to harm others, show people how things work in the world, and bring them calm. and finally, what to do with one ' s mind? good wishes, joy in the good that others do and clear thinking is the way to go. these qualities brought us the mental happiness we enjoy today and making a habit of them insures happiness until enlightenment. the mind is most important of all. thoughts today become words tomorrow and actions the day after. every moment here and now is important. if one watches the mind, nothing can stop one ' s progress. the third paramita : how not to lose future happiness through anger. when one is accumulating spiritual richness through generosity and directing it with the right understanding, the third quality needed on one ' s way is patience ; not to lose the good energy at work for others and oneself. how may one lose it? through anger. anger is the only luxury mind cannot afford. good impressions gathered over lifetimes - mind ' s capital and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5350894993909483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc95fd39-e9b2-4277-88a3-0af6175325a7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.818101"}
{"text": "' s way is patience ; not to lose the good energy at work for others and oneself. how may one lose it? through anger. anger is the only luxury mind cannot afford. good impressions gathered over lifetimes - mind ' s capital and the only source of lasting happiness - may be burnt in no time through fits of hot or cold rage. buddha said that avoiding anger is the most difficult and most beautiful robe one can wear, and he gave many means to obtain that goal. one which is very useful today is experiencing a situation as a series of separate events to which one reacts without any evaluation. this \" salami tactic \" or \" strobe light - view \" is very effective when reacting to a physical danger. also other methods like feeling empathy with whomever creates bad karma, knowing it will return to them, and being aware of the impermanent and conditioned nature of every experience, and imagining how deluded people must be to cause such trouble are beneficial approaches. reacting to whatever appears without anger will set free the timeless wisdom of body, speech, and mind and one ' s reactions will be right. on the highest level of practice called the diamond way, one lets unwanted emotions float on a carpet of mantras, letting them fall away without causing any bad habits. one may also let the thief \" come to an empty house \" by simply being aware of the feeling while doing nothing unusual. when it has visited a few times without receiving any energy, it will come less frequently and then stay away. whoever can be aware as anger appears, plays around and then disappears, will discover a radiant state of mind, showing all things clearly like a mirror. in any case, it is wise to avoid anger as well as one can. and when it bites, to let it go quickly. the decision to stop anger and remove it whenever it appears is the support for the \" inner \" or bodhisattva vow. force is useful to protect and teach, but the feeling of anger is always difficult and causes most of the suffering in the world today. the buddhist protectors removing harm, or tilopa and marpa polishing off their students in record time fall under the category of forceful action. probably no teacher could survive without having to resort to it. meditation centers need this view for a balanced policy for their visitors. if people appear drunk, on drugs, unwashed or behave badly, one should make them leave quickly. they disturb others, plus the next day they will not remember what they have learned. the function of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5319181665547354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc95fd39-e9b2-4277-88a3-0af6175325a7>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.820651"}
{"text": "for a balanced policy for their visitors. if people appear drunk, on drugs, unwashed or behave badly, one should make them leave quickly. they disturb others, plus the next day they will not remember what they have learned. the function of a buddhist center, and especially of the karma kagyu lineage, is to offer a spiritual way to those who are too critical and independent for anything else ; there are enough churches and places for people searching for help. not everybody brings the necessary conditions for entering the buddhist practice, however. to practice the diamond way one needs a foundation of being at least behaved, able to not take things personally and to think of others. the fourth paramita : joyful energy insuring our growth. next follows joyful energy. without that, life has no \" zap \" and one will get older but not wiser. it is a point where one should be conscious and keep feeding body, speech and mind the impressions which give an appetite for further conquest and joy. as most have a strong tendency towards inertia and the status quo, one should make sure to stay alive from the inside out, which actually happens best through the pure view of the diamond way. knowing that all beings are buddhas just waiting to be shown their richness and that all existence is the free play of enlightened space : what would be more inspiring than making all that come true? there is an immense joy inherent in constant growth, in never allowing anything to become stale or used. real development lies beyond the comfort zone and it pays well to demand little from others and much from oneself. the fifth paramita : meditation which makes life meaningful. the former four points should be evident to everybody. whoever wants to give life power and meaning has to invoke others. this happens best through generosity with body, speech and mind. one needs to direct the energy thus arising through skillful thoughts, words and actions and then to avoid the anger which destroys all good seeds one may have planted. also energy gives that extra push which opens new dimensions. but why meditation? because one cannot willfully keep the states so joyfully reached at times. unwanted emotions often lurk in dark corners of beings ' consciousness and may bring them to do, say or experience things they would rather have avoided. here, the pacifying meditation of calming and holding the mind gives the necessary distance to choose taking roles in life ' s comedies and avoiding it ' s tragedies. the sixth paramita : wisdom - recognizing the true nature of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5598527898861116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc95fd39-e9b2-4277-88a3-0af6175325a7>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.822661"}
{"text": "activemq via c # using apache. nms part 1 java message service ( jms ) is the de facto standard for asynchronous messaging between loosely coupled, distributed applications. per the specification, it provides a common way for java application to create, send, receive and read messages. this is great for enterprises or organizations whose architecture depends upon a single platform ( java ), but the reality is that most organizations have hi - bred architectures consisting of java and. net ( and others ). oftentimes these systems need to communicate using common messaging schematics : activemq and apache. nms satisfy this integration requirement. the jms specification outlines the requirements for system communication between java messaging middleware and the clients that use them. products that implement the jms specification do so by developing a provider that supports the set of jms interfaces and messaging semantics. examples of jms providers include open source offerings such as activemq, hornetq and glassfish and proprietary offerings such as sonicmq and websphere mq. the specification simply makes it easier for third parties to develop providers. all messaging in jms is peer - 2 - peer ; clients are either jms or non jms applications that send and receive messages via a provider. jms applications are pure java based applications whereas non jms use jms styled apis such as activemq. nms which uses openwire, a cross language wire protocol that allows native access to the activemq provider. jms messaging schematics are defined into two separate domains : queue based and topic based applications. queue based or more formally, point - to - point ( ptp ) clients rely on \u201c senders \u201d sending messages to specific queues and \u201c receivers \u201d registering as listeners to the queue. in scenarios where more a queue has more than one listener, the messages are delivered in a round - robin fashion between each listener ; only one copy of the message is delivered. think of this as something like a phone call between you and another person. topic based application follow the publish / subscribe metaphor in which ( in most cases ) a single publisher client publishes a message to a topic and all subscribers to that topic receive a copy. this type of messaging metaphor is often referred to as broadcast messaging because a single client sends messages to all client subscribers. this is some analogous to a tv station broadcasting a television show to you and any other people who wish to \u201c subscribe \u201d to a specific channel. jms api basics the jms standard defines a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5291488488173522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73b23611-c6f1-4577-9ef2-cbb95d8098c3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.858219"}
{"text": "a single client sends messages to all client subscribers. this is some analogous to a tv station broadcasting a television show to you and any other people who wish to \u201c subscribe \u201d to a specific channel. jms api basics the jms standard defines a series of interfaces that client applications and providers use to send messages and receive messages. from a client perspective, this makes learning the various jms implementations relatively easy, since once you learn one you can apply what you learned to another implementation relatively easily and nms is no exception. the core components of jms are as follows : connectionfactory, connection, destination, session, messageproducer, and messageconsumer. the following diagram illustrates communication and creational aspects of each object : nms supplies similar interfaces to the. net world which allows for clients to send messages to and from the activemq jms via openwire. a quick rundown of the nms interfaces are as follows : note that the apache. nms namespace contains several more interfaces and classes, but these are the essential interfaces that map to the jms specification. the following diagram illustrates the signature that each interface provides : the interfaces above are all part of the apache. nms 1. 30 api available for download here. in order to use nms in your. net code you also need to down load the apache. nms. activemq client as well and to test your code, you will need to download and install the activemq broker, which is written in java so it requires the jre to be installed as well. the following table provides links to each download : for my examples i will be using the latest release of apache. nms and apache. nms. activemq as of this writing time. you should simple pick the latest version that is stable. the same applies for activemq and the jdk / jre \u2026 note that you only need the java runtime environment ( jre ) to host install activemq. install the jdk if you want to take advantage of some the tools that it offers for working with jms providers. to start activemq, install the jre ( if you do not already have it installed \u2013 most people do already ) and unzip the activemq release into a directory \u2026 in directory will do. open a command prompt and navigate to the folder with the activemq release and locate the \u201c bin \u201d folder, then type \u2018 activemq \u201d. you should see something like the following : download and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4919382458378309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73b23611-c6f1-4577-9ef2-cbb95d8098c3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.860934"}
{"text": "into a directory \u2026 in directory will do. open a command prompt and navigate to the folder with the activemq release and locate the \u201c bin \u201d folder, then type \u2018 activemq \u201d. you should see something like the following : download and install the apache. nms and apache. nms. activemq libraries from the links defined in the table above. unzip them into a directory on your hard drive, so that you can reference them from visual studio. open visual studio 2008 / 2010 and create a new windows project of type \u201c class library \u201d : and once the project is created, using the \u201c add reference \u201d dialog, browse to the directory where you unzipped the apache. nms files defined above and a reference to the apache. nms. dll. do the same for the apache. nms. activemq download. note that each download contains builds for several different. net versions ; i chose the \u201c net - 3. 5 \u201d version of each dll since i am using vs 2008 and targeting the 3. 5 version of. net. for my examples you will also need to install the latest and greatest version nunit from www. nunit. org. after you have installed nunit, add a reference to the nunit. framework. dll. note that any unit testing framework should work. add three classes to the project : - a test harness class ( apachenmsactivemqtests. cs ) - a publisher class ( topicpublisher. cs ) - a subscriber class ( topicsubscriber. cs ). your solution explorer should look something like the following : the test harness will be used to demonstrate the use of the two other classes. the topicpublisher class represents a container for a message producer and the topicsubcriber represents a container for a message consumer. the publisher, topicpublisher is a simple container / wrapper class that allows a client to easily send messages to a topic. remember from my previous discussion about topics that topics allow for broadcast messaging scenarios : a single publisher sends a message to one or more subscribers and that all subscribers will receive a copy of the message. message producers typically have a lifetime equal to the amount of time it takes to send a message, however for performance reasons you can extend the life out to the length of the application \u2019 s lifetime. like the topicpublisher above, the topicsubscriber class is container / wrapper class that allows clients", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47645138199602677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73b23611-c6f1-4577-9ef2-cbb95d8098c3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.862797"}
{"text": "takes to send a message, however for performance reasons you can extend the life out to the length of the application \u2019 s lifetime. like the topicpublisher above, the topicsubscriber class is container / wrapper class that allows clients to \u201c listen in \u201d or \u201c subscribe \u201d to a topic. the topicsubscriber class is typically has a lifetime that is the equal to the lifetime of the application. the reason is pretty obvious : a publisher always knows when it will publish, but a subscriber never knows when the publisher will send the message. what the subscriber does is create a permanent \u201c listener \u201d to the topic, when a publisher sends a message to the topic, the subscriber will receive and process the message. the following unit test shows the classes above used in conjunction with the apache. nms and apache. nms. activemq api \u2019 s to send and receive messages to activemq which is java based, from the. net world! here is quick rundown of the apachnmsactivemqtests class : - declare variables for the required nms objects and the topicsubscriber - declare variables for the broker uri, the topic to subscribe / publish to, and the client and consumer ids - create a connectionfactory object, create and start a connection, and then create a session to work with. - create and start the topicsubscriber which will be a listener / subscriber to the \u201c testtopic \u201d topic. also, to receive messages you must register an event handler or lambda expression with the messagereceiveddelegate delegate. in this example i in - lined a lambda expression for simplicity. - on the test the method, create a temporary publisher and send a message to the topic. - tear down and dispose of the subscriber and session. - tear down and dispose of the connection. after you run the unit test you should see something like the following message : note that activemq must be up and running for the example to work.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5022248043624074, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73b23611-c6f1-4577-9ef2-cbb95d8098c3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.866190"}
{"text": "nearly everybody with more than the minimum amount of computer knowledge will have used the built in windows task manager, and know what an important tool it can sometimes be. whenever a program crashes, hangs, consumes too many resources or just shouldn \u2019 t be there, often the quickest and easiest way to solve the problem is using task manager to forcefully close the program. the problem with task manager is it \u2019 s such a vital troubleshooting component, malware often targets it and tries to block use of the task manager so the malicious process cannot be terminated. some more sophisticated malware can even block third party task management software such as process explorer from running. if you \u2019 re stuck and the default task manager has been blocked or you can \u2019 t run a third party task manager tool then things can become quite tricky. there is however, a rather interesting solution to get around this problem, which is to use a task manager tool built to run in a microsoft excel spreadsheet. most people would expect a utility like this to be an executable. exe file, but this one is actually a standard office 97 \u2013 2003 worksheet. xls file with some built in trickery. taskmanager. xls is a small ( 41kb ) and simple task manager that has been created using the visual basic for applications ( vba ) programming language component built into excel and other office applications. while it doesn \u2019 t show you things like running services, performance graphs or network activity, it can list the currently running processes, and terminate, suspend or resume any of them, which is the most important part when dealing with malware. for this to run you have to make sure macro \u2019 s are enabled in excel because their usage is disabled by default to protect against potential macro viruses. if macro \u2019 s are disabled for instance in excel 2003, and you don \u2019 t get asked if you want to enable them for the current sheet, go to tools - > options - > security - > macro security, and set the level to medium which will always ask to run a macro in future. there are only 2 buttons and a blank window in taskmanager. xls to start with. the list processes button will populate the window with a list of all running and active processes on your computer, and the execute commands button will perform one of the three tasks available of terminate, suspend or resume a process. these are used by entering t, s or r into column a of the worksheet, then pressing the button. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40690312501023673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52a96c7d-cd81-4e2d-8d7b-026b859957fd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.874240"}
{"text": "your computer, and the execute commands button will perform one of the three tasks available of terminate, suspend or resume a process. these are used by entering t, s or r into column a of the worksheet, then pressing the button. the screenshot below shows that the maliciousprocess. exe is to be suspended and ransomware. exe terminated when the execute commands button is pressed. clicking the button will do just that, then press the list processes button again to update the list. do note that like a traditional task manager tool, taskmanager. xls is unable to terminate protected processes. for example, nothing will happen if you try to terminate the client server runtime process ( csrss. exe ) from taskmanager. xls. taskmanager. xls is very useful but unfortunately it does have problems working in other office suites. in libre office v4 clicking the list processes button will prompt a runtime error, and softmaker office free version doesn \u2019 t support vba. the free version of kingsoft office doesn \u2019 t support vba either so won \u2019 t run although the professional version does support it and might work. even the free excel viewer provided by microsoft doesn \u2019 t work, so it appears that sadly the taskmanager. xls tool is only compatible with the real microsoft excel.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40137469214858745, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52a96c7d-cd81-4e2d-8d7b-026b859957fd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.875315"}
{"text": "below you will find several recent observations about the relationship between reading and science process skills. significant improvement in both science and reading scores occurred when the regular basal reading program was replaced with reading in science that correlated with the science curriculum ( romance and vitale, 2001 ). teachers should help students recognize the important role that prior knowledge plays and teach them to use that knowledge when learning science through reading ( barton and jordan, 2001 ). most students arrive at the science teacher ' s classroom knowing how to read, but few understand how to use reading for learning science content ( santa, havens, and harrison, 1996 ). the same skills that make good scientists also make good readers : engaging prior knowledge, forming hypotheses, establishing plans, evaluating understanding, determining the relative importance of information, describing patterns, comparing and contrasting, making inferences, drawing conclusions, generalizing, evaluating sources, and so on ( armbruster, 1993 ). the skills in science are remarkably similar to those used in other subjects, especially reading. when students are doing science, following scientific procedures, and thinking as scientists, they are developing skills that are necessary for effective reading and understanding ( padilla, muth and lund padilla, 1991 ). students engaging in hands - on activities are forced to confront currently held cognitive frameworks with new ideas, and, thus actively reconstruct meaning form experience ( shymansky, 1989 ). because hands - on activities encourage students to generate their own questions whose answers are found by subsequent reading of their science textbook or other science materials, such activities can provide students with both a meaningful purpose for reading ( ulerick, 1989 ) and context - valid cognitive frames of reference from which to construct meaning from text ( nelson - herber, 1986 ). reading and activity - oriented sciences emphasize the same intellectual skills and are both concerned with thinking processes. when a teacher helps students develop science process skills, reading processes are simultaneously being developed ( mechling & oliver, 1983 and simon & zimmerman, 1980 ). research indicates that a strong experienced - based science program, one in which students directly manipulate materials, can facilitate the development of language arts skills ( wellman, 1978 ). science process skills have reading counterparts. for example, when a teacher is working on \" describing \" in science, students are learning to isolate important characteristics, enumerate characteristics, use appropriate terminology, and use synonyms which are important reading skills ( carter & simpson, 1978 ). when students have used the process skills of observing, identifying, and classify", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5704536730178231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec9cf480-f6cb-437c-a4cf-e506d9210796>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.891958"}
{"text": "science, students are learning to isolate important characteristics, enumerate characteristics, use appropriate terminology, and use synonyms which are important reading skills ( carter & simpson, 1978 ). when students have used the process skills of observing, identifying, and classifying, they are better able to discriminate between vowels and consonants and to learn the sounds represented by letters, letter blends, and syllables ( murray & pikul ski, 1978 ). science instruction provides an alternative teaching strategy that motivates students who may have reading difficulties ( wellman, 1978 ). children ' s involvement with process skills enables them to recognize more easily the contextual and structural clues in attacking new words and better equips them to interpret data in a paragraph. science process skills are essential to logical thinking, as well as to forming the basic skills for learning to read ( barufaldi & swift, 1977 ). guszak defines reading readiness as a skill - complex. of the three areas within the skill - complex, two can be directly enhanced by science process skills : ( 1 ) physical factors ( health, auditory, visual, speech, and motor ) ; and ( 2 ) understanding factors ( concepts, processes ). when students see, hear, and talk about science experiences, their understanding, perception, and comprehension of concepts and processes may improve ( barufaldi & swift, 1977 and bethel, 1974 ). the hands - on manipulative experiences science provides are the key to the relationship between process skills in both science and reading ( lucas & burlando, 1975 ). science activities provide opportunities for manipulating large quantities of multi - sensory materials which promote perceptual skills, i. e., tactile, kinesthetic, auditory, and visual ( neuman, 1969 ). these skills then contribute to the development of the concepts, vocabulary, and oral language skills ( listening and speaking ) necessary for learning to read ( wellman, 1978 ). studies viewed cumulatively suggest that science instruction at the intermediate and upper elementary grades does improve the attainment of reading skills. the findings reveal that students have derived benefits in the areas of vocabulary enrichment, increased verbal fluency, enhanced ability to think logically, and improved concept formation and communication skills ( campbell, 1972 ; kraft, 1961 ; olson, 1971 ; quinn & kessler, 1976 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5893509999962696, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec9cf480-f6cb-437c-a4cf-e506d9210796>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.896405"}
{"text": "defining dry eyes : doctors agree that dry eyes involve water loss in the tear film \u2019 s aqueous layer physicians look for a series of symptoms for dry eyes, not an exact cause or condition, says bio - logic aqua research founder sharon kleyne. grants pass, or ( prweb ) april 09, 2012 in a recent interview, mrs. kleyne discussed the latest attempts to define \u201c dry eyes, \u201d \u201c dry eye syndrome \u201d and \u201c dry eye disease. \u201d according to mrs. kleyne, the only agreement is that dry eyes involve a loss of water in the tear film \u2019 s \u201c aqueous layer, \u201d due either to excessive evaporation or to poor tear production. the causes and symptoms of dry eyes are so complex and variable that doctors have not agreed on a precise clinical definition of the syndrome. dry eyes are the most frequently cited reason for visiting an eye doctor and so common that ophthalmologists find it difficult to draw a precise line between normal eyes and abnormal eyes with dry eye disease. ( mathers, 2005 ). that was the conclusion of eye health advocate sharon kleyne, host of the sharon kleyne hour power of water syndicated radio show and founder of bio - logic aqua research. the three - layered tear film covering the eye \u2019 s exposed portions is 99 % water and extremely complex. the overlying \u201c lipid layer \u201d helps prevent water evaporation from the middle \u201c aqueous ( water ) layer, \u201d while the lower \u201c mucin layer \u201d adheres the tear film to the eye. dry eyes are experienced by nearly everyone, says mrs. kleyne. tear film dehydration ( water loss ) begins at the moment of birth, when you first open your eyes, and eyes require constant hydration throughout life. because we are all unique, no two individuals are affected in exactly the same way by eye dehydration. doctors agree that maintaining a healthy, fully hydrated tear film is becoming an increasing challenge for everyone. according to ula jurkunas, md, corneal stem cell researcher at harvard university, \u201c to function well, the cornea ( clear part of the eye ) must be well hydrated by the tear film. hydration is also essential to successful corneal stem cell transplants \u201d ( jurkunas, 2011 ). sharon kleyne notes that, no physiologic variable correlates exactly with dry eye symptoms, although most measurable variables correlate to some degree. instead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5207967035148755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0668c357-db10-44e3-9891-6865f5dbc051>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.914743"}
{"text": "##eal stem cell transplants \u201d ( jurkunas, 2011 ). sharon kleyne notes that, no physiologic variable correlates exactly with dry eye symptoms, although most measurable variables correlate to some degree. instead, she explains, physicians look for a series of symptoms. the presence of one or more symptom could indicate a dry eye condition ( korb, 2000 ). the most common dry eye symptoms include eye irritation, a feeling of dryness in the eyes ; itching, burning and grainy or scratchy eyes ; increased eye allergies, and blurred vision ( especially late in the day ). symptoms such as fatigue, headache, muscle aches and an elevated stress level may not even directly involve the eyes ( mathers, 2005 ). this symptom - based definition works reasonably well, according to mrs. kleyne. the degree and duration of symptoms are critical since a large percentage of the adult population complains of at least mild dry eye symptoms at any given time. this includes 50 % of adult females and a significant percentage of computer users and contact lens patients ( mathers, 2005 ). in addition to symptoms, most ( but not all ) dry eye patients have at least one physiologic parameter outside the range of normal. typically, tear production has decreased, tear film volume is low, tear film evaporation is high, and / or tear film osmolarity is elevated ( mathers, 2004 ). in addition, tears produced in dry eyes contain elevated levels of substances ( metalloproteases and other proteinaceous compounds ) that increase surface inflammation ( barton, 1995 ). \u00a9 2012 bio - logic aqua research for the original version on prweb visit : http : / / www. prweb. com / releases / prweb2012 / 4 / prweb9381612. htm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5393196369801889, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0668c357-db10-44e3-9891-6865f5dbc051>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.918510"}
{"text": "a canticle ( from the latin canticulum, a diminutive of canticum, song ) is a hymn ( strictly excluding the psalms ) taken from the bible. the term is often expanded to include ancient non - biblical hymns such as the te deum and certain psalms used liturgically. these three canticles are sometimes referred to as the \" evangelical canticles \", as they are taken from the gospel of st luke. they are sung every day ( unlike those from the old testament which, as is, shown above, are only of weekly occurrence ). they are placed not amongst the psalms ( as are the seven from the old testament ), but separated from them by the chapter, the hymn, the versicle and response, and thus come immediately before the prayer ( or before the preces, if these are to be said ). they are thus given an importance and distinction elevating them into great prominence, which is further heightened by the rubric which requires the singers and congregations to stand while they are being sung ( in honour of the mystery of the incarnation, to which they refer ). further, while the \" magnificat \" is being sung at solemn vespers, the altar is incensed as at solemn mass. all three canticles are in use in the greek and anglican churches. in the breviary the above - named ten canticles are provided with antiphons and are sung in the same eight psalm - tones and in the same alternating manner as the psalms. to make the seven taken from the old testament suitable for this manner of singing, nos. 2 - 7 sometimes divide a verse of the bible into two verses, thus increasing the number of breviary verses. no. 1, however, goes much farther than this. it uses only a portion of the long canticle in daniel, and condenses, expands, omits, and interverts verses and portions of verses. in the breviary the canticle begins with verse 57, and ends with verse 56 ( dan., iii ) ; and the penultimate verse is clearly an interpolation, \" benedicamus patrem, et filium... \". in addition to their breviary use some of the canticles are used in other connections in the liturgy ; e. g. the \" nunc dimittis \" as a tract at the mass of the feast of the purification ( when 2 february comes after septuagesima ) ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4731304563316253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:617a48de-4593-4652-a581-fd490cb1420f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.931010"}
{"text": "of the canticles are used in other connections in the liturgy ; e. g. the \" nunc dimittis \" as a tract at the mass of the feast of the purification ( when 2 february comes after septuagesima ) ; the \" benedictus \" in the burial of the dead and in various processions. the use of the \" benedictus \" and the \" benedicite \" at the old gallican mass is interestingly described by duchene ( christian worship : its origin and evolution, london, 1903, 191 - 196 ). in the office of the greek church the canticles numbered 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are used at lauds, but are not assigned to the same days as in the roman breviary. two others ( isaiah 26 : 9 - 20, and jonah 2 : 2 - 9 ) are added for friday and saturday respectively. the ten canticles so far mentioned do not exhaust the portions of sacred scripture which are styled \" canticles \". there are, so example, those of deborah and barac, judith, the \" canticle of canticles \" ; and many psalms ( e. g. xvii, 1, \" this canticle \" ; xxxviii, 1, \" canticle of david \" ; xliv, 1, \" canticle for the beloved \" ; and the first verse of pss. 1xiv, 1xv, 1xvi, 1xvii, etc ). in the first verse of some psalms the phrase psalmus cantici ( the psalm of a canticle ) is found, and in others the phrase canticum psalmi ( a canticle of a psalm ). cardinal bona thinks that psalmus cantici indicated that the voice was to precede the instrumental accompaniment, while canticum psalmi indicated an instrumental prelude to the voice. this distinction follows from his view of a canticle as an unaccompanied vocal song, and of a psalm as an accompanied vocal song. it is not easy to distinguish satisfactorily the meanings of psalm, hymn, canticle, as referred to by st. paul in two places. canticum appears to be generic - a song, whether sacred or secular ; and there is reason to think that his admonition did not contemplate religious assemblies of the christians, but their social gatherings. in these the christians were to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44716908943102845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:617a48de-4593-4652-a581-fd490cb1420f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.937845"}
{"text": ". canticum appears to be generic - a song, whether sacred or secular ; and there is reason to think that his admonition did not contemplate religious assemblies of the christians, but their social gatherings. in these the christians were to sing \" spiritual songs \", and not the profane or lascivious songs common amongst the pagans. these spiritual songs were not exactly psalms or hymns. the hymn may then be defined as a metrical or rhythmical praise of god ; and the psalm, accompanied sacred song or canticle, either taken from the psalms or from some less authoritative source ( st. augustine declaring that a canticle may be without a psalm but not a psalm without a canticle ). in addition to the ten canticles enumerated above the roman breviary places in its index, under the heading \" cantica \", the \" te deum \" ( at the end of matins for sundays and festivals, but there styled \" hymnus ss. ambrosii et augustini \" ) and the : \" quicumque vult salvus esse \" ( sundays at prime, but there styled \" symbolum s. athanasii \", the \" creed of st. athanasius \" ). to these are sometimes added by writers the \" gloria in excelsis \", the \" trisagion \", and the \" gloria patri \" ( the lesser doxology ). in the \" psalter and canticles pointed for chanting \" ( philadelphia, 1901 ), for the use of the evangelical lutheran congregations, occurs a \" table of canticles \" embracing nos. 1, 3, 8, 9, 10, besides certain psalms, and the \" te deum \" and \" venite \" ( ps. xicv, used at the beginning of matins in the roman breviary ). the word canticles is thus seen to be somewhat elastic in its comprehension. on the one hand, while it is used in the common parlance in the church of england to cover several of the enumerated canticles, the prayer book applies it only to the \" benedicite \", while in its calendar the word canticles is applied to what is commonly known as the \" song of solomon \" ( the catholic \" canticle of canticles \", vulgate, \" canticum canticorum \" ). the nine canticles are as follows : originally, these cantic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49881120487264147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:617a48de-4593-4652-a581-fd490cb1420f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.941112"}
{"text": "when a child who has been hospitalized with a serious infection is sent home to complete a prolonged course of antibiotics, they can receive their medicine in two ways \u2014 by mouth, or intravenously, via a peripherally inserted central catheter ( picc ) line. though picc lines can be scary for pediatric patients, and require caregivers to be trained in their use and care, many doctors often prefer them to oral medicines for long - term antibiotic treatments. one chop researcher, ron keren, md, mph, director of the center for pediatric clinical effectiveness, was recently awarded nearly two million dollars from the patient - centered outcomes research institute ( pcori ) to lead a study examining whether oral antibiotics are as effective at treating infection over an extended period as picc lines. \u201c these two antibiotic treatment options have major implications for the overall experience of the child, families and caregivers, but there is a lack of real - world evidence on their benefits and drawbacks to help clinicians and patient families make an informed choice, \u201d said dr. keren. a type of intravenous ( iv ) catheter, a picc line is a long, flexible tube that is inserted in a peripheral vein, often in the arm or neck, and advanced until its tip rests near the heart. because they tap directly into the circulatory system, picc lines offer maximum drug delivery. unlike regular iv catheters, picc lines can stay in the body for weeks to months, but they require regular maintenance. picc lines must be flushed daily, their dressings have to be inspected and changed, and patients with picc lines must avoid getting them wet or dirty \u2014 a tall order for some active pediatric patients. in addition, a variety of equipment is required to use and maintain picc lines, including infusion pumps and portable iv poles. picc lines do have some risks. they can clot, break, or become dislodged. and because they sit in large blood vessels directly above the heart, any bacteria that are inadvertently introduced into the catheter go directly to the heart and are pumped throughout the body, which can lead to a dangerous infection called sepsis. oral antibiotics, on the other hand, are much easier for patients to take and caregivers to manage. however, because oral medications must pass through the digestive system, to have the same efficacy as iv medications oral antibiotics must have high \u201c bioavailability \u201d \u2014 the percentage of the drug that reaches the blood.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4455242432568537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f55a2b17-5f2a-406d-8e61-bdd2d06fae43>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.952189"}
{"text": "when the last oil well runs dry just as certain as death and taxes is the knowledge that we shall one day be forced to learn to live without oil. exactly when that day will dawn nobody knows, but people in middle age today can probably expect to be here for it. long before it arrives we shall have had to commit ourselves to one or more of several possible energy futures. and the momentous decisions we take in the next few years will determine whether our heirs thank or curse us for the energy choices we bequeath to them. there will always be some oil somewhere, but it may soon cost too much to extract and burn it. it may be too technically difficult, too expensive compared with other fuels, or too polluting. an article in scientific american in march 1998 by dr colin campbell and jean laherrere concluded : \" the world is not running out of oil - at least not yet. \" what our society does face, and soon, is the end of the abundant and cheap oil on which all industrial nations depend. \" they suggested there were perhaps 1, 000 billion barrels of conventional oil still to be produced, though the us geological survey ' s world petroleum assessment 2000 put the figure at about 3, 000 billion barrels. too good to burn the world is now producing about 75 million barrels per day ( bpd ). conservative ( for which read pessimistic ) analysts say global oil production from all possible sources, including shale, bitumen and deep - water wells, will peak at around 2015 at about 90 million bpd, allowing a fairly modest increase in consumption. peaking is at hand, not years away... if i ' m right, the unforeseen consequences are devastating matthew simmons, former us government adviser on campbell and laherrere ' s downbeat estimate, that should last about 30 years at 90 million bpd, so drastic change could be necessary soon after 2030. and it would be drastic : 90 % of the world ' s transport depends on oil, for a start. most of the chemical and plastic trappings of life which we scarcely notice - furniture, pharmaceuticals, communications - need oil as a feedstock. the real pessimists want us to stop using oil for transport immediately and keep it for irreplaceable purposes like these. in may 2003 the association for the study of peak oil and gas ( aspo ), founded by colin campbell, held a workshop on oil depletion in paris. one of the speakers was an investment banker, matthew simmons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.460726260108118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ce10fea-1379-4508-ba12-ebb5202acfdb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.969826"}
{"text": "##able purposes like these. in may 2003 the association for the study of peak oil and gas ( aspo ), founded by colin campbell, held a workshop on oil depletion in paris. one of the speakers was an investment banker, matthew simmons, a former adviser to president bush ' s administration. from the wilderness publications reported him as saying : \" any serious analysis now shows solid evidence that the non - fsu [ former soviet union ], non - opec [ organisation of petroleum exporting countries ] oil has certainly petered out and has probably peaked... no cheap oil, no cheap food \" i think basically that peaking of oil will never be accurately predicted until after the fact. but the event will occur, and my analysis is... that peaking is at hand, not years away. \" if i ' m right, the unforeseen consequences are devastating... if the world ' s oil supply does peak, the world ' s issues start to look very different. \" there really aren ' t any good energy solutions for bridges, to buy some time, from oil and gas to the alternatives. the only alternative right now is to shrink our economies. \" planning pays off aspo suggests the key date is not when the oil runs out, but when production peaks, meaning supplies decline. it believes the peak may come by about 2010. fundamental change may be closing on us fast. and even if the oil is there, we may do better to leave it untouched. many scientists are arguing for cuts in emissions of the main greenhouse gas we produce, carbon dioxide, by at least 60 % by mid - century, to try to avoid runaway climate change. that would mean burning far less oil than today, not looking for more. there are other forms of energy, and many are falling fast in price and will soon compete with oil on cost, if not for convenience. so there is every reason to plan for the post - oil age. does it have to be devastating? different, yes - but our forebears lived without oil and thought themselves none the worse. we shall have to do the same, so we might as well make the best of it. and the best might even be an improvement on today. who holds the world ' s oil - and how long will it last? at a glance link :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49409918271908215, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ce10fea-1379-4508-ba12-ebb5202acfdb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.974956"}
{"text": "water and sediment testing epa is currently collecting and analyzing water and sediment samples to help states and other federal agencies understand the immediate and long - term impacts of oil contamination along the gulf coast. the results and the interpretation of all data collected by epa will be posted to www. epa. gov / bpspill. water and sediment samples are being taken prior to oil reaching the area to determine water quality and sediment conditions that are typical of selected bays and beaches in louisiana, mississippi, alabama, and the florida panhandle. this data will be used to supplement existing data generated from previous water quality surveys conducted by states, epa, and others. water sampling will continue once the oil reaches the shore ; periodic samples will be collected to document water quality changes. epa will make data publicly available as quickly as possible. other state and federal agencies make beach closure and seafood harvesting and consumption determinations, but the data generated by epa will assist in their evaluations. why is epa sampling and monitoring the water? epa is tracking the prevalence of potentially harmful chemicals in the water as a result of this spill to determine the level of risk posed to fish and other wildlife. while these chemicals can impact ecosystems, drinking water supplies are not expected to be affected. the oil itself can cause direct effects on fish and wildlife, for example when it coats the feathers of waterfowl and other types of birds. in addition, other chemical compounds can have detrimental effects. monitoring information allows epa to estimate the amount of these compounds that may reach ecological systems. when combined with available information on the toxicity of these compounds, epa scientists can estimate the likely magnitude of effects on fish, wildlife, and human health. to learn more :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46564139758981327, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7de73c8d-5f61-40e7-bd98-90d076d2c127>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.979455"}
{"text": "all - metal hip implants can damage soft tissue : fda ( reuters ) - metal - on - metal hip implants can cause soft - tissue damage and pain, which could lead to further surgery to replace the implant, the u. s. health regulator said, following several recalls of the artificial hip parts. all - metal hip implants were developed to be more durable than traditional implants but have become a major cause of concern following several safety issues and user discomforts. the traditional implants combine a ceramic or metal ball with a plastic socket. the u. s. food and drug administration said all - metal implants can shed metal where two components connect, such as the ball and the cup that slide against each other during walking or running. such release of metal will cause wear and tear of the implant and can damage bone and soft tissue surrounding the implant. the agency said surgeons should select a metal - on - metal hip implant for their patient only after determining that its benefits outweigh that of an alternative hip system. johnson & johnson, the biggest manufacturer of all - metal devices, recalled its asr hip implant in 2010 following safety problems. smith & nephew withdrew a component of one of its all - metal artificial hip systems last june, following higher level of patient problems with the device. stryker corp begun recalling some components of its implant in july due to risks associated with corrosion. other hip implant makers include zimmer holdings inc and wright medical group. the regulator, however, added that it does not have enough data to specify the concentration of metal ions in a patient ' s body or blood necessary to produce adverse effects. the reaction seemed to be specific to individual patients, the fda said on its website. ( reporting by esha dey in bangalore ; editing by don sebastian ) - tweet this - share this - digg this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44196304662374697, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:886c0edc-44e2-40cb-89cc-06630237dd72>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.986076"}
{"text": "last friday, the hill \u2019 s congress blog highlighted the innovative ways governments, ngo \u2019 s and the private sector are using to aid for global health. programs like the global alliance for vaccines and immunization ( gavi ) and the global fund to fight aids, tb and malaria are not only ensuring that health interventions are getting to the people that need them most, they are helping to promote market growth and drive down prices. here \u2019 s an excerpt on public - private partnerships from the blog : \u201c millions of lives are saved today in developing countries because of bold, innovative financing arrangements over last 10 years. these financing mechanisms are good examples of private sector partnership with public sector for common good. these financing initiatives have pooled large public sector funding with private sector resources, thus allowing tax payers funds to have much larger impact than would otherwise be possible. some of the examples are given below. \u201d usaid \u2019 s neglected tropical disease ( ntd ) program is one such collaboration. in a press statement released last fall, dr. ariel pablos - mendez, assistant administrator for usaid \u2019 s global health bureau, states : \u201c to date, usaid \u2019 s ntd program is the largest public - private partnership collaboration in our 50 year history. over the past six years, usaid has leveraged over $ 3 billion in donated medicines reflecting one of the most cost effective public health programs. because of this support, we are beginning to document control and elimination of these diseases in our focus countries and we are on track to meet the 2020 goals. \u201d you can also read about how sabin in helping countries create sustainable access to immunization financing here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47352859412640835, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27bf619e-f246-4a79-ae92-51aa24290e8f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:25:59.994926"}
{"text": "stat : of all infertile women, an estimated 15 percent are infertile because of pid. what is it exactly? \" pelvic inflammatory disease \" is shorthand for any serious, non - specific bacterial infection of the reproductive organs that are housed in the pelvis : the uterus, uterine lining, fallopian tubes, and / or ovaries. these infections usually start in the vagina and, when left untreated, can progressively infect other reproductive organs. 20 % of pid cases are found in teens, who often are afraid or unable to get reproductive health care. pid can result in permanent infertility and chronic pain. about how many people have it? about one million cases of pid are reported in the united states annually. how is it spread? in most cases, other sexually transmitted diseases and infections such as gonorrhea and chlamydia are at the root of pid, especially when they are left untreated. some cases of pid are due to infections with more than one type of bacteria. what are its symptoms? \u2022 painful periods that may last longer than previous cycles \u2022 unusual vaginal discharge \u2022 spotting or cramping between periods \u2022 pain or cramping curing urination, or blood in the urine \u2022 lower back or abdominal pain \u2022 nausea or vomiting \u2022 pain during vaginal intercourse how is it diagnosed? pid is often difficult to diagnose, and it is widely thought that millions of cases each year go undiagnosed. to diagnose pid, you will need a pelvic exam which includes a pap smear, and a possible laparoscopy ( a diagnostic microsurgical procedure that can usually be done in an office visit ) in order for your doctor or clinician to take a close look at your reproductive system. it is also imperative that you tell your doctor or clinician if you have been sexually active with a partner and what your sexual history has been. is it treatable? in some cases, antibiotics, bed rest, and sexual celibacy are prescribed. in other cases, surgery may be required, including the possible removal of some reproductive organs. is it curable? in some cases, but it can recur even once treated if the person becomes reinfected. can it effect fertility? pid can lead to permanent sterility or ectopic pregnancy. can it cause death? almost any bacterial infection, if it becomes serious enough or affects enough of the body", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44516422791282856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5cbad007-e8b7-40fb-b7c8-1c444f66cdcc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.006610"}
{"text": "ever wonder what would happen if every single adult in the u. s. took a few hours each month to support a program that supports the well - being of children? perhaps you would choose to advocate for a child in an unstable environment ; or a child in poor health ; or one who is struggling with their academics ; or one who facing a bully? what kind of impact would that make on the future of our country? i recently came across some information about national make a difference in children month ; a grassroots call to action sponsored by long - time child advocate, kim ratz. the intention of this annual observance is to bring awareness on how our actions can make a positive difference to a child. ms. ratz outlines 4 key actions we can take to have a direct impact on the life of a child on her website : 1. pick one ( or more ) event or activity to do with a child \u2026 that will make some kind of positive difference or impact on that child. need ideas? read 100 + ways to make a difference to children. 2. support an organization that serves children \u2026 it could be your local community ed. or schools, ymca, boy or girl scouts, place of worship, park and recreation or any other organization that serves kids. 3. tell your policy makers to support initiatives that are good for kids \u2026 like your school board, city council, county commissioners, state legislators & congressional delegation ; summer is generally a more relaxed time to communicate with them. share your own story about making a difference to children \u2026 and why it \u2019 s important to support programs for children \u2026 4. tell other people about this campaign \u2026 like your neighbors, relatives, friends, people at work, worship, school or play. here are some more ideas from early childhood news and resources on how you can make a difference to a child this month : - volunteer at a local center that helps teen or single mothers ( or fathers ) - volunteer with your local elementary school - help at a soup kitchen for needy families - help at church with sunday school, vbs or another faith - based program - locate a service in your area that assists homeless children with school supplies, medical care or social - emotional development - volunteer to read for kids at your local library - teach classes at a local rec center or community center : arts, crafts, reading, sports, asl, music, etc. - offer your time at the foundation for the blind ( they often run children \u2019 s classes ) - find a local farm that hosts classes for special needs kiddos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40781425656687986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9bc1e4e-7dcc-4fb4-8dfb-781c02a919cd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.025021"}
{"text": "please read how you can help keep the encyclopedia free absolute and relational theories of space and motion since antiquity, natural philosophers have struggled to comprehend the nature of three tightly interconnected concepts : space, time, and motion. a proper understanding of motion, in particular, has been seen to be crucial for deciding questions about the natures of space and time, and their interconnections. since the time of newton and leibniz, philosophers \u2019 struggles to comprehend these concepts have often appeared to take the form of a dispute between absolute conceptions of space, time and motion, and relational conceptions. this article guides the reader through some of the history of these philosophical struggles. rather than taking sides in the ( alleged ) ongoing debates, or reproducing the standard dialectic recounted in most introductory texts, we have chosen to scrutinize carefully the history of the thinking of the canonical participants in these debates \u2014 principally descartes, newton, leibniz, mach and einstein. readers interested in following up either the historical questions or current debates about the natures of space, time and motion will find ample links and references scattered through the discussion and in the other internet resources section below. - 1. introduction - 2. aristotle - 3. descartes - 4. newton - 5. absolute space in the twentieth century - 6. leibniz - 7. \u2018 not - newton \u2019 versus \u2018 be - leibniz \u2019 - 8. mach and later machians - 9. relativity and motion - 10. conclusion - other internet resources - related entries things change. a platitude perhaps, but still a crucial feature of the world, and one which causes many philosophical perplexities \u2014 see for instance the entry on zeno ' s paradoxes. for aristotle, motion ( he would have called it \u2018 locomotion \u2019 ) was just one kind of change, like generation, growth, decay, fabrication and so on. the atomists held on the contrary that all change was in reality the motion of atoms into new configurations, an idea that was not to begin to realize its full potential until the seventeenth century, particularly in the work of descartes. ( of course, modern physics seems to show that the physical state of a system goes well beyond the geometrical configuration of bodies. fields, while determined by the states of bodies, are not themselves configurations of bodies if interpreted literally, and in quantum mechanics bodies have \u2018 internal states ' such as particle spin. ) while not all changes seem to be merely the ( loco )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6597759157919307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.193651"}
{"text": "bodies. fields, while determined by the states of bodies, are not themselves configurations of bodies if interpreted literally, and in quantum mechanics bodies have \u2018 internal states ' such as particle spin. ) while not all changes seem to be merely the ( loco ) motions of bodies in physical space. yet since antiquity, in the western tradition, this kind of motion has been absolutely central to the understanding of change. and since motion is a crucial concept in physical theories, one is forced to address the question of what exactly it is. the question might seem trivial, for surely what is usually meant by saying that something is moving is to say that it is moving relative to something, often tacitly understood between speakers. for instance : the car is moving at 60mph ( relative to the road and things along it ), the plane is flying ( relative ) to london, the rocket is lifting off ( the ground ), or the passenger is moving ( to the front of the speeding train ). typically the relative reference body is either the surroundings of the speakers, or the earth, but this is not always the case. for instance, it seems to make sense to ask whether the earth rotates about its axis west - east diurnally or whether it is instead the heavens that rotate east - west ; but if all motions are to be reckoned relative to the earth, then its rotation seems impossible. but if the earth does not offer a unique frame of reference for the description of motion, then we may wonder whether any arbitrary object can be used for the definition of motions : are all such motions on a par, none privileged over any other? it is unclear whether anyone has really, consistently espoused this view : aristotle, perhaps, in the metaphysics ; descartes and leibniz are often thought to have but, as we ' ll see, those claims are suspect ; possibly huygens, though his remarks remain cryptic ; mach at some moments perhaps. if this view were correct, then the question of whether the earth or heavens rotate would be meaningless, merely different but equivalent expressions of the facts. but suppose, like aristotle, you take ordinary language accurately to reflect the structure of the world, then you could recognize systematic everyday uses of \u2018 up \u2019 and \u2018 down \u2019 that require some privileged standards \u2014 uses that treat things closer to a point at the center of the earth as more \u2018 down \u2019 and motions towards that point as \u2018 downwards '. of course we would likely explain this usage in terms of the fact that we and our language evolved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6683598062176233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.194814"}
{"text": "standards \u2014 uses that treat things closer to a point at the center of the earth as more \u2018 down \u2019 and motions towards that point as \u2018 downwards '. of course we would likely explain this usage in terms of the fact that we and our language evolved in a very noticeable gravitational field directed towards the center of the earth, but for aristotle, as we shall see, this usage helped identify an important structural feature of the universe, which itself was required for the explanation of weight. now a further question arises : how should a structure, such as a preferred point in the universe, which privileges certain motions, be understood? what makes that point privileged? one might expect that aristotle simply identified it with the center of the earth, and so relative to that particular body ; but in fact he did not adopt that tacit convention as fundamental, for he thought it possible for the earth to move from the \u2018 down \u2019 point. thus the question arises ( although aristotle does not address it explicitly ) of whether the preferred point is somewhere picked out in some other way by the bodies in the universe \u2014 the center of the heavens perhaps? or is it picked out quite independently of the arrangements of matter? the issues that arise in this simple theory help frame the debates between later physicists and philosophers concerning the nature of motion ; in particular, we will focus on the theories of descartes, newton, leibniz, mach and einstein, and their interpretations. but similar issues circulate through the different contexts : is there any kind of privileged sense of motion, a sense in which things can be said to move or not, not just relative to this or that reference body, but \u2018 truly \u2019? if so, can this true motion be analyzed in terms of motions relative to other bodies \u2014 to some special body, or to the entire universe perhaps? ( and in relativity, in which distances, times and measures of relative motion are frame - dependent, what relations are relevant? ) if not, then how is the privileged kind of motion to be understood, as relative to space itself \u2014 something physical but non - material \u2014 perhaps? or can some kinds of motion be best understood as not being spatial changes \u2014 changes of relative location or of place \u2014 at all? to see that the problem of the interpretation of spatiotemporal quantities as absolute or relative is endemic to almost any kind of mechanics one can imagine, we can look to one of the simplest theories \u2014 aristotle ' s account of natural motion ( e. g., on the heavens i. 2 ). according", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6451125996542284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.196090"}
{"text": "center of the stars. it would be to push aristotle ' s writings too hard to suggest that he was consciously wrestling with the issue of whether mechanics required absolute or relative quantities of motion, but what is clear is that these questions arise in his physics and his remarks impinge on them. his theory also gives a simple model of how these questions arise : a physical theory of motion will say that \u2018 under such - and - such circumstances, motion of so - and - so a kind will occur \u2019 \u2014 and the question of whether that kind of motion makes sense in terms of the relations between bodies alone arises automatically. aristotle may not have recognized the question explicitly, but we see it as one issue in the background of his discussion of the center. the issues are, however, far more explicit in descartes ' physics ; and since the form of his theory is different the \u2018 kinds of motion \u2019 in question are quite different \u2014 as they change with all the different theories that we discuss. for descartes argued in his 1644 principles of philosophy ( see book ii ) that the essence of matter was extension ( i. e., size and shape ) because any other attribute of bodies could be imagined away without imagining away matter itself. but he also held that extension constitutes the nature of space, hence he concluded that space and matter were one and the same thing. an immediate consequence of the identification is the impossibility of the vacuum ; if every region of space is a region of matter, then there can be no space without matter. thus descartes ' universe is \u2018 hydrodynamical \u2019 \u2014 completely full of mobile matter of in different sized pieces in motion, rather like a bucket full of water and lumps of ice of different sizes, which has been stirred around. since fundamentally the pieces of matter are nothing but extension, the universe is in fact nothing but a system of geometric bodies in motion without any gaps. ( descartes held that all other properties arise from the configurations and motions of such bodies \u2014 from geometric complexes. see garber 1992 for a comprehensive study. ) the identification of space and matter poses a puzzle about motion : if the space that a body occupies literally is the matter of the body, then when the body \u2014 i. e., the matter \u2014 moves, so does the space that it occupies. thus it doesn ' t change place, which is should be to say that it doesn ' t move after all! descartes resolved this difficulty by taking all motion to be the motion of bodies relative to one another,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5957625806213322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.198427"}
{"text": "the space that it occupies. thus it doesn ' t change place, which is should be to say that it doesn ' t move after all! descartes resolved this difficulty by taking all motion to be the motion of bodies relative to one another, not a literal change of space. now, a body has as many relative motions as there are bodies but it does not follow that all are equally significant. indeed, descartes uses several different concepts of relational motion. first there is \u2018 change of place \u2019, which is nothing but motion relative to this or that arbitrary reference body ( ii. 13 ). in this sense no motion of a body is privileged, since the speed, direction, and even curve of a trajectory depends on the reference body, and none is singled out. next, he discusses motion in \u2018 the ordinary sense \u2019 ( ii. 24 ). this is often conflated with mere change of arbitrary place, but it in fact differs because according to the rules of ordinary speech one properly attributes motion only to bodies whose motion is caused by some action, not to any relative motion. ( for instance, a person sitting on a speeding boat is ordinarily said to be at rest, since \u2018 he feels no action in himself \u2019. ) finally, he defined motion \u2018 properly speaking \u2019 ( ii. 25 ) to be a body ' s motion relative to the matter contiguously surrounding it, which the impossibility of a vacuum guarantees to exist. ( descartes \u2019 definition is complicated by the fact that he modifies this technical concept to make it conform more closely to the pre - theoretical sense of \u2018 motion \u2019 ; however, in our discussion transference is all that matters, so we will ignore those complications. ) since a body can only be touching one set of surroundings, descartes ( dubiously ) argued that this standard of motion was unique. what we see here is that descartes, despite holding motion to be the motion of bodies relative to one another, also held there to be a privileged sense of motion ; in a terminology sometimes employed by writers of the period, he held there to be a sense of \u2018 true motion \u2019, over and above the merely relative motions. equivalently, we can say that descartes took motion ( \u2018 properly speaking \u2019 ) to be a complete predicate : that is, moves - properly - speaking is a one - place predicate. ( in contrast, moves - relative - to is a two - place predicate. ) and note that the predicate is complete", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6192171483978752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.200309"}
{"text": ") to be a complete predicate : that is, moves - properly - speaking is a one - place predicate. ( in contrast, moves - relative - to is a two - place predicate. ) and note that the predicate is complete despite the fact that it is analyzed in terms of relative motion. ( formally, let contiguous - surroundings be a function from bodies to their contiguous surroundings, then x moves - properly - speaking is analyzed as x moves - relative - to contiguous - surroundings ( x ). ) this example illustrates why it is crucial to keep two questions distinct : on the one hand, is motion to be understood in terms of relations between bodies or by invoking something additional, something absolute ; on the other hand, are all relative motions equally significant, or is there some \u2018 true \u2019, privileged notion of motion? descartes ' views show that eschewing absolute motion is logically compatible with accepting true motion ; which is of course not to say that his definitions of motion are themselves tenable. there is an interpretational tradition which holds that descartes only took the first, \u2018 ordinary \u2019 sense of motion seriously, and introduced the second notion to avoid conflict with the catholic church. such conflict was a real concern, since the censure of galileo ' s copernicanism took place only 11 years before publication of the principles, and had in fact dissuaded descartes from publishing an earlier work, the world. indeed, in the principles ( iii. 28 ) he is at pains to explain how \u2018 properly speaking \u2019 the earth does not move, because it is swept around the sun in a giant vortex of matter \u2014 the earth does not move relative to its surroundings in the vortex. the difficulty with the reading, aside from the imputation of cowardice to the old soldier, is that it makes nonsense of descartes ' mechanics, a theory of collisions. for instance, according to his laws of collision if two equal bodies strike each other at equal and opposite velocities then they will bounce off at equal and opposite velocities ( rule i ). on the other hand, if the very same bodies approach each other with the very same relative speed, but at different speeds then they will move off together in the direction of the faster one ( rule iii ). but if the operative meaning of motion in the rules is the ordinary sense, then these two situations are just the same situation, differing only in the choice of reference frame, and so could not have different outcomes \u2014 bouncing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.620308485030248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.201354"}
{"text": "faster one ( rule iii ). but if the operative meaning of motion in the rules is the ordinary sense, then these two situations are just the same situation, differing only in the choice of reference frame, and so could not have different outcomes \u2014 bouncing apart versus moving off together. it seems inconceivable that descartes could have been confused in such a trivial way. ( additionally, as pooley 2002 points out, just after he claims that the earth is at rest \u2018 properly speaking \u2019, descartes argues that the earth is stationary in the ordinary sense, because common practice is to determine the positions of the stars relative to the earth. descartes simply didn ' t need motion properly speaking to avoid religious conflict, which again suggests that it has some other significance in his system of thought. ) thus garber ( 1992, chapter 6 - 8 ) proposes that descartes actually took the unequivocal notion of motion properly speaking to be the correct sense of motion in mechanics. then rule i covers the case in which the two bodies have equal and opposite motions relative to their contiguous surroundings, while rule vi covers the case in which the bodies have different motions relative to those surroundings \u2014 one is perhaps at rest in its surroundings. that is, exactly what is needed to make the rules consistent is the kind of privileged, true, sense of motion provided by descartes ' second definition. insurmountable problems with the rules remain, but rejecting the traditional interpretation and taking motion properly speaking seriously in descartes ' philosophy clearly gives a more charitable reading. in an unpublished essay \u2014 de gravitatione ( newton, 2004 ) \u2014 and in a scholium to the definitions given in his 1687 mathematical principles of natural philosophy ( see newton, 1999 for an up - to - date translation ), newton attacked both of descartes ' notions of motion as candidates for the operative notion in mechanics. ( see stein 1967and rynasiewicz 1995 for important, and differing, views on the issue. ) ( this critique is studied in more detail in the entry newton ' s views on space, time, and motion. ) the most famous argument invokes the so - called \u2018 newton ' s bucket \u2019 experiment. stripped to its basic elements one compares : - a bucket of water hanging from a cord as the bucket is set spinning about the cord ' s axis, with - the same bucket and water when they are rotating at the same rate about the cord ' s axis. as is familiar from any rotating system,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6152693180414328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.202323"}
{"text": "bucket of water hanging from a cord as the bucket is set spinning about the cord ' s axis, with - the same bucket and water when they are rotating at the same rate about the cord ' s axis. as is familiar from any rotating system, there will be a tendency for the water to recede from the axis of rotation in the latter case : in ( i ) the surface of the water will be flat ( because of the earth ' s gravitational field ) while in ( ii ) it will be concave. the analysis of such \u2018 inertial effects ' due to rotation was a major topic of enquiry of \u2018 natural philosophers ' of the time, including descartes and his followers, and they would certainly have agreed with newton that the concave surface of the water in the second case demonstrated that the water was moving in a mechanically significant sense. there is thus an immediate problem for the claim that proper motion is the correct mechanical sense of motion : in ( i ) and ( ii ) proper motion is anti - correlated with the mechanically significant motion revealed by the surface of the water. that is, the water is flat in ( i ) when it is in motion relative to its immediate surroundings \u2014 the inner sides of the bucket \u2014 but curved in ( ii ) when it is at rest relative to its immediate surroundings. thus the mechanically relevant meaning of rotation is not that of proper motion. ( you may have noticed a small lacuna in newton ' s argument : in ( i ) the water is at rest and in ( ii ) in motion relative to that part of its surroundings constituted by the air above it. it ' s not hard to imagine small modifications to the example to fill this gap. ) newton also points out that the height that the water climbs up the inside of the bucket provides a measure of the rate of rotation of bucket and water : the higher the water rises up the sides, the greater the tendency to recede must be, and so the faster the water must be rotating in the mechanically significant sense. but supposing, very plausibly, that the measure is unique, that any particular height indicates a particular rate of rotation. then the unique height that the water reaches at any moment implies a unique rate of rotation in a mechanically significant sense. and thus motion in the sense of motion relative to an arbitrary reference body, is not the mechanical sense, since that kind of rotation is not unique at all, but depends on the motion of the reference body. and so descartes \u2019 change of place ( and for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.611929328633775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.205768"}
{"text": "the sense of motion relative to an arbitrary reference body, is not the mechanical sense, since that kind of rotation is not unique at all, but depends on the motion of the reference body. and so descartes \u2019 change of place ( and for similar reasons, motion in the ordinary sense ) is not the mechanically significant sense of motion. in our discussion of descartes we called the sense of motion operative in the science of mechanics \u2018 true motion \u2019, and the phrase is used in this way by newton in the scholium. thus newton ' s bucket shows that true ( rotational ) motion is anti - correlated with, and so not identical with, proper motion ( as descartes proposed according to the garber reading ) ; and newton further argues that the rate of true ( rotational ) motion is unique, and so not identical with change of place, which is multiple. newton proposed instead that true motion is motion relative to a temporally enduring, rigid, 3 - dimensional euclidean space, which he dubbed \u2018 absolute space \u2019. of course, descartes also defined motion as relative to an enduring 3 - dimensional euclidean space ; the difference is that descartes space was divided into parts ( his space was identical with a plenum of corpuscles ) in motion, not a rigid structure in which ( mobile ) material bodies are embedded. so according to newton, the rate of true rotation of the bucket ( and water ) is the rate at which it rotates relative to absolute space. or put another way, newton effectively defines the complete predicate x moves - absolutely as x moves - relative - to absolute space ; both newton and descartes offer the competing complete predicates as analyses of x moves - truly. newton ' s proposal for understanding motion solves the problems that he posed for descartes, and provides an interpretation of the concepts of constant motion and acceleration that appear in his laws of motion. however, it suffers from two notable interpretational problems, both of which were pressed forcefully by leibniz ( in the leibniz - clarke correspondence, 1715 \u2013 1716 ) \u2014 which is not to say that leibniz himself offered a superior account of motion ( see below ). ( of course, there are other features of newton ' s proposal that turned out to be empirically inadequate, and are rejected by relativity : newton ' s account violates the relativity of simultaneity and postulates a non - dynamical spacetime structure. ) first, according to this account, absolute velocity is a well - defined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6352837302561022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.209240"}
{"text": "empirically inadequate, and are rejected by relativity : newton ' s account violates the relativity of simultaneity and postulates a non - dynamical spacetime structure. ) first, according to this account, absolute velocity is a well - defined quantity : more simply, the absolute speed of a body is the rate of change of its position relative to an arbitrary point of absolute space. but the galilean relativity of newton ' s laws mean that the evolution of a closed system is unaffected by constant changes in velocity ; galileo ' s experimenter cannot determine from observations inside his cabin whether the boat is at rest in harbor or sailing smoothly. put another way, according to newtonian mechanics, in principle newton ' s absolute velocity cannot be experimentally determined. so in this regard absolute velocity is quite unlike acceleration ( including rotation ) ; newtonian acceleration is understood in absolute space as the rate of change of absolute velocity, and is, according to newtonian mechanics, in general measurable, for instance by measuring the height that the water ascends the sides of the bucket. ( it is worth noting that newton was well - aware of these facts ; the galilean relativity of his theory is demonstrated in corollary v of the laws of the principia, while corollary vi shows that acceleration is unobservable if all parts of the system accelerate in parallel at the same rate, as they do in a homogeneous gravitational field. ) leibniz argued ( rather inconsistently, as we shall see ) that since differences in absolute velocity were unobservable, they could not be genuine differences at all ; and hence that newton ' s absolute space, whose existence would entail the reality of such differences, must also be a fiction. few contemporary philosophers would immediately reject a quantity as meaningless simply because it was not experimentally determinable, but this fact does justify genuine doubts about the reality of absolute velocity, and hence of absolute space. the second problem concerns the nature of absolute space. newton quite clearly distinguished his account from descartes ' \u2014 in particular with regards to absolute space ' s rigidity versus descartes ' \u2018 hydrodynamical \u2019 space, and the possibility of the vacuum in absolute space. thus absolute space is definitely not material. on the other hand, presumably it is supposed to be part of the physical, not mental, realm. in de gravitatione, newton rejected both the standard philosophical categories of substance and attribute as suitable characterizations. absolute space is not a substance for it lacks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6188435800637735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.211326"}
{"text": "hand, presumably it is supposed to be part of the physical, not mental, realm. in de gravitatione, newton rejected both the standard philosophical categories of substance and attribute as suitable characterizations. absolute space is not a substance for it lacks causal powers and does not have a fully independent existence, and yet not an attribute since it would exist even in a vacuum, which by definition is a place where there are no bodies in which it might inhere. newton proposes that space is what we might call a \u2018 pseudo - substance \u2019, more like a substance than property, yet not quite a substance. ( note that samuel clarke, in his correspondence with leibniz, which newton had some role in composing, advocates the property view, and note further that when leibniz objects because of the vacuum problem, clarke suggests that there might be non - material beings in the vacuum in which space might inhere. ) in fact, newton accepted the principle that everything that exists, exists somewhere \u2014 i. e., in absolute space. thus he viewed absolute space as a necessary consequence of the existence of anything, and of god ' s existence in particular \u2014 hence space ' s ontological dependence. leibniz was presumably unaware of the unpublished de gravitatione in which these particular ideas were developed, but as we shall see, his later works are characterized by a robust rejection of any notion of space as a real thing rather than an ideal, purely mental entity. this is a view that attracts even fewer contemporary adherents, but there is something deeply peculiar about a non - material but physical entity, a worry that has influenced many philosophical opponents of absolute space. after the development of relativity ( which we will take up below ), and its interpretation as a spacetime theory, it was realized that the notion of spacetime had applicability to a range of theories of mechanics, classical as well as relativistic. in particular, there is a spacetime geometry \u2014 \u2018 galilean \u2019 or \u2018 neo - newtonian \u2019 spacetime \u2014 for newtonian mechanics that solves the problem of absolute velocity ; an idea exploited by a number of philosophers from the late 1960s ( e. g., earman 1970, friedman 1983, sklar 1974 and stein 1968 ). for details the reader is referred to the entry on spacetime : inertial frames, but the general idea is that although a spatial distance is well - defined between any two simultaneous points of this spacetime, only the temporal interval is well - defined between non", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.656981739204957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.212595"}
{"text": "the reader is referred to the entry on spacetime : inertial frames, but the general idea is that although a spatial distance is well - defined between any two simultaneous points of this spacetime, only the temporal interval is well - defined between non - simultaneous points. thus things are rather unlike newton ' s absolute space, whose points persist through time and maintain their distances ; in absolute space the distance between p - now and q - then ( where p and q are points ) is just the distance between p - now and q - now. however, galilean spacetime has an \u2018 affine connection \u2019 which effectively specifies for every point of every continuous curve, the rate at which the curve is changing from straightness at that point ; for instance, the straight lines are picked out as those curves whose rate of change from straightness is zero at every point. ( another way of thinking about this space is as possessing \u2014 in addition to a distance between any two simultaneous points and a temporal interval between any points \u2014 a three - place relation of colinearity, satisfied by three points just in case they lie on a straight line. ) since the trajectories of bodies are curves in spacetime the affine connection determines the rate of change from straightness at every point of every possible trajectory. the straight trajectories thus defined can be interpreted as the trajectories of bodies moving inertially, and the rate of change from straightness of any trajectory can be interpreted as the acceleration of a body following that trajectory. that is, newton ' s second law can be given a geometric formulation as \u2018 the rate of change from straightness of a body ' s trajectory is equal to the forces acting on the body divided by its mass \u2019. the significance of this geometry is that while acceleration is well - defined, velocity is not \u2014 in accord with empirically determinability of acceleration but not velocity according to newtonian mechanics. ( a simple analogy helps see how such a thing is possible : betweenness but not \u2018 up \u2019 is a well - defined concept in euclidean space. ) thus galilean spacetime gives a very nice interpretation of the choice that nature makes when it decides that the laws of mechanics should be formulated in terms of accelerations not velocities ( as aristotle and descartes proposed ). put another way, we can define the complete predicate x accelerates as trajectory ( x ) has - non - zero - rate - of - change - from - straightness, where trajectory maps bodies onto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6526373132408089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.213569"}
{"text": "as aristotle and descartes proposed ). put another way, we can define the complete predicate x accelerates as trajectory ( x ) has - non - zero - rate - of - change - from - straightness, where trajectory maps bodies onto their trajectories in galilean spacetime. and this predicate, defined this way, applies to the water in the bucket if and only if it is rotating, according to newtonian mechanics formulated in terms of the geometry of galilean spacetime ; it is the mechanically relevant sense of the word in this theory. but all of this formulation and definition has been given in terms of the geometry of spacetime, not relations between bodies ; acceleration is \u2018 absolute \u2019 in the sense that there is a preferred ( true ) sense of acceleration in mechanics and which is not defined in terms of the motions of bodies relative to one another. ( note that this sense of \u2018 absolute \u2019 is broader than that of motion relative to absolute space, which we defined earlier. in the remainder of this article we will use it in the broader sense. the reader should be aware that the term is used in many ways in the literature, and such equivocation often leads to massive misunderstandings. ) thus if any of this analysis of motion is taken literally then one arrives at a position regarding the ontology of spacetime rather like that of newton ' s regarding space : it is some kind of \u2018 substantial \u2019 ( or maybe pseudo - substantial ) thing with the geometry of galilean spacetime, just as absolute space possessed euclidean geometry. this view regarding the ontology of spacetime is usually called \u2018 substantivalism \u2019 ( sklar, 1974 ). the galilean substantivalist usually sees himself as adopting a more sophisticated geometry than newton but sharing his substantivalism ( though there is room for debate on newton ' s exact ontological views, see disalle, 2002 ). the advantage of the more sophisticated geometry is that although it allows the absolute sense of acceleration apparently required by newtonian mechanics to be defined, it does not allow one to define a similar absolute speed or velocity \u2014 x accelerates can be defined as a complete predicate in terms of the geometry of galilean spacetime but not x moves in general \u2014 and so the first of leibniz ' s problem is resolved. of course we see that the solution depends on a crucial shift from speed and velocity to acceleration as the relevant senses of \u2018 motion \u2019 : from the rate of change of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6625861926374537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.216096"}
{"text": "in general \u2014 and so the first of leibniz ' s problem is resolved. of course we see that the solution depends on a crucial shift from speed and velocity to acceleration as the relevant senses of \u2018 motion \u2019 : from the rate of change of position to the rate of rate of change. while this proposal solves the first kind of problem posed by leibniz, it seems just as vulnerable to the second. while it is true that it involves the rejection of absolute space as newton conceived it, and with it the need to explicate the nature of an enduring space, the postulation of galilean spacetime poses the parallel question of the nature of spacetime. again, it is a physical but non - material something, the points of which may be coincident with material bodies. what kind of thing is it? could we do without it? as we shall see below, some contemporary philosophers believe so. there is a \u2018 folk - reading \u2019 of leibniz that one finds either explicitly or implicitly in the philosophy of physics literature which takes account of only some of his remarks on space and motion. the reading underlies vast swathes of the literature : for instance, the quantities captured by earman ' s ( 1999 ) \u2018 leibnizian spacetime \u2019, do not do justice to leibniz ' s view of motion ( as earman acknowledges ). but it is perhaps most obvious in introductory texts ( e. g., ray 1991, huggett 2000 to mention a couple ). according to this view, the only quantities of motion are relative quantities, relative velocity, acceleration and so on, and all relative motions are equal, so there is no true sense of motion. however, leibniz is explicit that other quantities are also \u2018 real \u2019, and his mechanics implicitly \u2014 but obviously \u2014 depends on yet others. the length of this section is a measure, not so much the importance of leibniz ' s actual views, but the importance of showing what the prevalent folk view leaves out regarding leibniz ' s views on the metaphysics of motion and interpretation of mechanics. that said, we shall also see that no one has yet discovered a fully satisfactory way of reconciling the numerous conflicting things that leibniz says about motion. some of these tensions can be put down simply to his changing his mind ( see cover and hartz 1988 for an explication of how leibniz ' s views on space developed ). however, we will concentrate on the fairly short period in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6326482325233984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.218005"}
{"text": ". some of these tensions can be put down simply to his changing his mind ( see cover and hartz 1988 for an explication of how leibniz ' s views on space developed ). however, we will concentrate on the fairly short period in the mid 1680 - 90s during which leibniz developed his theory of mechanics, and was most concerned with their interpretation. we will supplement this discussion with the important remarks that he made in his correspondence with samuel clarke around 30 years later ( 1715 \u2013 1716 ) ; this discussion is broadly in line with the earlier period, and the intervening period is one in which he turned to other matters, rather than one in which his views on space were dramatically evolving. arguably, leibniz ' s views concerning space and motion do not have a completely linear logic, starting from some logically sufficient basic premises, but instead form a collection of mutually supporting doctrines if one starts questioning why leibniz held certain views \u2014 concerning the ideality of space, for instance \u2014 one is apt to be led in a circle. still, exposition requires starting somewhere, and leibniz ' s argument for the ideality of space in the correspondence with clarke is a good place to begin. but bear in mind the caveats made here \u2014 this argument was made later than a number of other relevant writings, and its logical relation to leibniz ' s views on motion is complex. leibniz ( lv. 47 \u2014 this notation means leibniz ' s fifth letter, section 47, and so on ) says that ( i ) a body comes to have the \u2018 same place \u2019 as another once did, when it comes to stand in the same relations to bodies we \u2018 suppose \u2019 to be unchanged ( more on this later ). ( ii ) that we can define \u2018 a place \u2019 to be that which any such two bodies have in common ( here he claims an analogy with the euclidean / eudoxan definition of a rational number in terms of an identity relation between ratios ). and finally that ( iii ) space is all such places taken together. however, he also holds that properties are particular, incapable of being instantiated by more than one individual, even at different times ; hence it is impossible for the two bodies to be in literally the same relations to the unchanged bodies. thus the thing that we take to be the same for the two bodies \u2014 the place \u2014 is something added by our minds to the situation, and only ideal. as a result, space, which is after all constructed from these ideal places,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6245179806850492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.219454"}
{"text": "bodies. thus the thing that we take to be the same for the two bodies \u2014 the place \u2014 is something added by our minds to the situation, and only ideal. as a result, space, which is after all constructed from these ideal places, is itself ideal : \u2018 a certain order, wherein the mind conceives the application of relations \u2019. it ' s worth pausing briefly to contrast this view of space with those of descartes and of newton. both descartes and newton claim that space is a real, mind - independent entity ; for descartes it is matter, and for newton a \u2018 pseudo - substance \u2019, distinct from matter. and of course for both, these views are intimately tied up with their accounts of motion. leibniz simply denies the mind - independent reality of space, and this too is bound up with his views concerning motion. ( note that fundamentally, in the metaphysics of monads that leibniz was developing contemporaneously with his mechanics, everything is in the mind of the monads ; but the point that leibniz is making here is that even within the world that is logically constructed from the contents of the minds of monads, space is ideal. ) so far ( apart from that remark about \u2018 unchanged \u2019 bodies ) we have not seen leibniz introduce anything more than relations of distance between bodies, which is certainly consistent with the folk view of his philosophy. however, leibniz sought to provide a foundation for the cartesian / mechanical philosophy in terms of the aristotelian / scholastic metaphysics of substantial forms ( here we discuss the views laid out in sections 17 - 22 of the 1686 discourse on metaphysics and the 1695 specimen of dynamics, both in garber and ariew 1989 ). in particular, he identifies primary matter with what he calls its \u2018 primitive passive force \u2019 of resistance to changes in motion and to penetration, and the substantial form of a body with its \u2018 primitive active force \u2019. it is important to realize that these forces are not mere properties of matter, but actually constitute it in some sense, and further that they are not themselves quantifiable. however because of the collisions of bodies with one another, these forces \u2018 suffer limitation \u2019, and \u2018 derivative \u2019 passive and active forces result. ( there ' s a real puzzle here. collision presupposes space, but primitive forces constitute matter prior to any spatial concepts \u2014 the primitive active and passive forces ground motion and extension respectively. see garber and rauzy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6324791810735513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.221145"}
{"text": "active forces result. ( there ' s a real puzzle here. collision presupposes space, but primitive forces constitute matter prior to any spatial concepts \u2014 the primitive active and passive forces ground motion and extension respectively. see garber and rauzy, 2004. ) derivative passive force shows up in the different degrees of resistance to change of different kinds of matter ( of \u2018 secondary matter \u2019 in scholastic terms ), and apparently is measurable. derivative active force however, is considerably more problematic for leibniz. on the one hand, it is fundamental to his account of motion and theory of mechanics \u2014 motion fundamentally is possession of force. but on the other hand, leibniz endorses the mechanical philosophy, which precisely sought to abolish aristotelian substantial form, which is what force represents. leibniz ' s goal was to reconcile the two philosophies, by providing an aristotelian metaphysical foundation for modern mechanical science ; as we shall see, it is ultimately an open question exactly how leibniz intended to deal with the inherent tensions in such a view. the texts are sufficiently ambiguous to permit dissent, but arguably leibniz intends that one manifestation of derivative active force is what he calls vis viva \u2014 \u2018 living force \u2019. leibniz had a famous argument with the cartesians over the correct definition of this quantity. descartes defined it as size times speed \u2014 effectively as the magnitude of the momentum of a body. leibniz gave a brilliant argument ( repeated in a number of places, for instance section 17 of the discourse on metaphysics ) that it was size times speed2 \u2014 so ( proportional to ) kinetic energy. if the proposed identification is correct then kinetic energy quantifies derivative active force according to leibniz ; or looked at the other way, the quantity of virtus ( another term used by leibniz for active force ) associated with a body determines its kinetic energy and hence its speed. as far as the authors know, leibniz never explicitly says anything conclusive about the relativity of virtus, but it is certainly consistent to read him ( as roberts 2003 does ) to claim that there is a unique quantity of virtus and hence \u2018 true \u2019 ( as we have been using the term ) speed associated with each body. at the very least, leibniz does say that there is a real difference between possession and non - possession of vis viva ( e. g., in section 18 of the discourse ) and it is a small step", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6358625024225384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.222320"}
{"text": "speed associated with each body. at the very least, leibniz does say that there is a real difference between possession and non - possession of vis viva ( e. g., in section 18 of the discourse ) and it is a small step from there to true, privileged speed. indeed, for leibniz, mere change of relative position is not \u2018 entirely real \u2019 ( as we saw for instance in the correspondence ) and only when it has vis viva as its immediate cause is there some reality to it. ( however, just to muddy the waters, leibniz also claims that as a matter of fact, no body ever has zero force, which on the reading proposed means no body is ever at rest, which would be surprising given all the collisions bodies undergo. ) an alternative interpretation to the one suggested here might say that leibniz intends that while there is a difference between motion / virtus and no motion / virtus, there is somehow no difference between any strictly positive values of those quantities. it is important to emphasize two points about the preceding account of motion in leibniz ' s philosophy. first, motion in the everyday sense \u2014 motion relative to something else \u2014 is not really real. fundamentally motion is possession of virtus, something that is ultimately non - spatial ( modulo its interpretation as primitive force limited by collision ). if this reading is right \u2014 and something along these lines seems necessary if we aren ' t simply to ignore important statements by leibniz on motion \u2014 then leibniz is offering an interpretation of motion that is radically different from the obvious understanding. one might even say that for leibniz motion is not movement at all! ( we will leave to one side the question of whether his account is ultimately coherent. ) the second point is that however we should understand leibniz, the folk reading simply does not and cannot take account of his clearly and repeatedly stated view that what is real in motion is force not relative motion, for the folk reading allows leibniz only relative motion ( and of course additionally, motion in the sense of force is a variety of true motion, again contrary to the folk reading ). however, from what has been said so far it is still possible that the folk reading is accurate when it comes to leibniz ' s views on the phenomena of motion, the subject of his theory of mechanics. the case for the folk reading is in fact supported by leibniz ' s resolution of the tension that we mentioned earlier, between the fundamental role of force", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6189851444242116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.223774"}
{"text": "the states of motion of bodies \u2014 some of his statements do suggest that he was confused in this way. for another way of stating the problem for the folk reading is that the claim that relative motions alone suffice for mechanics and that all relative motions are equal is a principle of general relativity, and could leibniz \u2014 a mathematical genius \u2014 really have failed to notice that his laws hold only in special frames? well, just maybe. on the one hand, when he explicitly articulates the principle of the equivalence of hypotheses ( for instance in specimen of dynamics ) he tends to say only that one cannot assign initial velocities on the basis of the outcome of a collision, which requires only galilean relativity. however, he confusingly also claimed ( on copernicanism and the relativity of motion, also in garber and ariew 1989 ) that the tychonic and copernican hypotheses were equivalent. but if the earth orbits the sun in an inertial frame ( copernicus ), then there is no inertial frame according to which the sun orbits the earth ( tycho brahe ), and vice versa : these hypotheses are simply not galilean equivalent ( something else leibniz could hardly have failed to notice ). so there is some textual support for leibniz endorsing general relativity, as the folk reading maintains. a number of commentators have suggested solutions to the puzzle of the conflicting pronouncements that leibniz makes on the subject, but arguably none is completely successful in reconciling all of them ( stein 1977 argues for general relativity, while roberts 2003 argues the opposite ; see also lodge 2003 ). so the folk reading simply ignores leibniz ' s metaphysics of motion, it commits leibniz to a mathematical howler regarding his laws, and it is arguable whether it is the best rendering of his pronouncements concerning relativity ; it certainly cannot be accepted unquestioningly. however, it is not hard to understand the temptation of the folk reading. in his correspondence with clarke, leibniz says that he believes space to be \u201c something merely relative, as time is, \u2026 an order of coexistences, as time is an order of successions \u201d ( liii. 4 ), which is naturally taken to mean that space is at base nothing but the distance and temporal relations between bodies. ( though even this passage has its subtleties, because of the ideality of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6058476313346819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.226157"}
{"text": "an order of successions \u201d ( liii. 4 ), which is naturally taken to mean that space is at base nothing but the distance and temporal relations between bodies. ( though even this passage has its subtleties, because of the ideality of space discussed above, and because in leibniz ' s conception space determines what sets of relations are possible. ) and if relative distances and times exhaust the spatiotemporal in this way, then shouldn ' t all quantities of motion be defined in terms of those relations? we have seen two ways in which this would be the wrong conclusion to draw : force seems to involve a notion of speed that is not identified with any relative speed, and ( unless the equivalence of hypotheses is after all a principle of general relativity ) the laws pick out a standard of constant motion that need not be any constant relative motion. of course, it is hard to reconcile these quantities with the view of space and time that leibniz proposes \u2014 what is speed in size times speed2 or constant speed if not speed relative to some body or to absolute space? given leibniz ' s view that space is literally ideal ( and indeed that even relative motion is not \u2018 entirely real \u2019 ) perhaps the best answer is that he took force and hence motion in its real sense not to be determined by motion in a relative sense at all, but to be primitive monadic quantities. that is, he took x moves to be a complete predicate, but he believed that it could be fully analyzed in terms of strictly monadic predicates : x moves iff x possesses - non - zero - derivative - active - force. and this reading explains just what leibniz took us to be supposing when we \u2018 supposed certain bodies to be unchanged \u2019 in the construction of the idea of space : that they had no force, nothing causing, or making real any motion. it ' s again helpful to compare leibniz with descartes and newton, this time regarding motion. commentators often express frustration at leibniz ' s response to newton ' s arguments for absolute space : \u201c i find nothing \u2026 in the scholium that proves or can prove the reality of space in itself. however, i grant that there is a difference between an absolute true motion of a body and a mere relative change \u2026 \u201d ( lv. 53 ). not only does leibniz apparently fail to take the argument seriously, he then goes on to concede the step in the argument that seems to require absolute space", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6284712767992259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.227164"}
{"text": "motion of a body and a mere relative change \u2026 \u201d ( lv. 53 ). not only does leibniz apparently fail to take the argument seriously, he then goes on to concede the step in the argument that seems to require absolute space! but with our understanding of newton and leibniz, we can see that what he says makes perfect sense ( or at least that it is not as disingenuous as it is often taken to be ). newton argues in the scholium that true motion cannot be identified with the kinds of motion that descartes considers ; but both of these are purely relative motions, and leibniz is in complete agreement that merely relative motions are not true ( i. e., \u2018 entirely real \u2019 ). leibniz ' s \u2018 concession \u2019 merely registers his agreement with newton against descartes on the difference between true and relative motion ; he surely understood who and what newton was refuting, and it was a position that he had himself, in different terms, publicly argued against at length. but as we have seen, leibniz had a very different analysis of the difference to newton ' s ; true motion was not, for him, a matter of motion relative to absolute space, but the possession of quantity of force, ontologically prior to any spatiotemporal quantities at all. there is indeed nothing in the scholium explicitly directed against that view, and since it does potentially offer an alternative way of understanding true motion, it is not unreasonable for leibniz to claim that there is no deductive inference from true motion to absolute space. the folk reading which belies leibniz has it that he sought a theory of mechanics formulated in terms only of the relations between bodies. as we ' ll see presently, in the nineteenth century, ernst mach indeed proposed such an approach, but leibniz clearly did not ; though certain similarities between leibniz and mach \u2014 especially the rejection of absolute space \u2014 surely helps explain the confusion between the two. but not only is leibniz often misunderstood, there are influential misreadings of newton ' s arguments in the scholium, influenced by the idea that he is addressing leibniz in some way. of course the principia was written 30 years before the correspondence, and the arguments of the scholium were not written with leibniz in mind, but clarke himself suggests ( civ. 13 ) that those arguments \u2014 specifically those concerning the bucket \u2014 are telling against leibniz.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6093193224147334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.228227"}
{"text": "years before the correspondence, and the arguments of the scholium were not written with leibniz in mind, but clarke himself suggests ( civ. 13 ) that those arguments \u2014 specifically those concerning the bucket \u2014 are telling against leibniz. that argument is indeed devastating to a general principle of relativity \u2014 the parity of all relative motions \u2014 but we have seen that it is highly questionable whether leibniz ' s equivalence of hypotheses amount to such a view. that said, his statements in the first four letters of the correspondence could understandably mislead clarke on this point \u2014 it is in reply to clarke ' s challenge that leibniz explicitly denies the parity of relative motions. but interestingly, clarke does not present a true version of newton ' s argument \u2014 despite some involvement of newton in writing the replies. instead of the argument from the uniqueness of the rate of rotation, he argues that systems with different velocities must be different because the effects observed if they were brought to rest would be different. this argument is of course utterly question begging against a view that holds that there is no privileged standard of rest! as we discuss in section 8, mach attributed to newton the fallacious argument that because the surface of the water curved even when it was not in motion relative to the bucket, it must be rotating relative to absolute space. our discussion of newton showed how misleading such a reading is. in the first place he also argues that there must be some privileged sense of rotation, and hence not all relative motions are equal. second, the argument is ad hominem against descartes, in which context a disjunctive syllogism \u2014 motion is either proper or ordinary or relative to absolute space \u2014 is argumentatively legitimate. on the other hand, mach is quite correct that newton ' s argument in the scholium leaves open the logical possibility that the privileged, true sense of rotation ( and acceleration more generally ) is some species of relative motion ; if not motion properly speaking, then relative to the fixed stars perhaps. ( in fact newton rejects this possibility in de gravitatione ( 1962 ) on the grounds that it would involve an odious action at a distance ; an ironic position given his theory of universal gravity. ) however the kind of folk - reading of newton that underlies much of the contemporary literature replaces mach ' s interpretation with a more charitable one. according to this reading, newton ' s point is that his mechanics \u2014 unlike descartes ' \u2014 could explain why", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6097064459001871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.229248"}
{"text": "the kind of folk - reading of newton that underlies much of the contemporary literature replaces mach ' s interpretation with a more charitable one. according to this reading, newton ' s point is that his mechanics \u2014 unlike descartes ' \u2014 could explain why the surface of the rotating water is curved, that his explanation involves a privileged sense of rotation, and that absent an alternative hypothesis about its relative nature, we should accept absolute space. but our discussion of newton ' s argument showed that it simply does not have an \u2018 abductive \u2019, \u2018 best explanation \u2019 form, but shows deductively, from cartesian premises, that rotation is neither proper nor ordinary motion. that is not to say that newton had no understanding of how such effects would be explained in his mechanics. for instance, in corollaries 5 and 6 to the definitions of the principles he states in general terms the conditions under which different states of motion are not \u2014 and so by implication are \u2014 discernible according to his laws of mechanics. nor is it to say that newton ' s contemporaries weren ' t seriously concerned with explaining inertial effects. leibniz, for instance, analyzed a rotating body ( in the specimen ). in short, parts of a rotating system collide with the surrounding matter and are continuously deflected, into a series of linear motions that form a curved path. but the system as leibniz envisions it \u2014 comprised of a plenum of elastic particles of matter \u2014 is far too complex for him to offer any quantitative model based on this qualitative picture. ( in the context of the proposed \u2018 abductive \u2019 reading of newton, note that this point is telling against a rejection of intrinsic rigidity or forces acting at a distance, not narrow relationism ; it is the complexity of collisions in a plenum that stymies analysis. and since leibniz ' s collision theory requires a standard of inertial motion, even if he had explained inertial effects, he would not have thereby shown that all motions are relative, much less that all are equal. ) although the argument is then not newton ' s, it is still an important response to the kind of relationism proposed by the folk - leibniz, especially when it is extended by bringing in a further example from newton ' s scholium. newton considered a pair of identical spheres, connected by a cord, too far from any bodies to observe any relative motions ; he pointed out that their rate and direction of rotation could still be experimental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6386116574106706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.230270"}
{"text": "in a further example from newton ' s scholium. newton considered a pair of identical spheres, connected by a cord, too far from any bodies to observe any relative motions ; he pointed out that their rate and direction of rotation could still be experimentally determined by measuring the tension in the rod, and by pushing on opposite faces of the two globes to see whether the tension increased or decreased. he intended this simple example to demonstrate that the project he intended in the principia, of determining the absolute accelerations and hence gravitational forces on the planets from their relative motions, was possible. however, if we further specify that the spheres and cord are rigid and that they are the only things in their universe, then the example can be used to point out that there are infinitely many different rates of rotation all of which agree on the relations between bodies. since there are no differences in the relations between bodies in the different situations, it follows that the observable differences between the states of rotation cannot be explained in terms of the relations between bodies. therefore, a theory of the kind attributed to the folk ' s leibniz cannot explain all the phenomena of newtonian mechanics, and again we can argue abductively for absolute space. ( of course, the argument works by showing that, granted the different states of rotation, there are states of rotation that cannot merely be relative rotations of any kind ; for the differences cannot be traced to any relational differences. that is, granted the assumptions of the argument, rotation is not true relative motion of any kind. ) this argument ( neither the premises nor conclusion ) is not newton ' s, and must not be taken as a historically accurate reading, however, that is not to say that the argument is fallacious, and indeed many have found it attractive, particularly as a defense not of newton ' s absolute space, but of galilean spacetime. that is, newtonian mechanics with galilean spacetime can explain the phenomena associated with rotation, while theories of the kind proposed by mach cannot explain the differences between situations allowed by newtonian mechanics, but these explanations rely on the geometric structure of galilean spacetime \u2014 particularly its connection, to interpret acceleration. and thus \u2014 the argument goes \u2014 those explanations commit us to the reality of spacetime \u2014 a manifold of points \u2014 whose properties include the appropriate geometric ones. this final doctrine, of the reality of spacetime with its component points or regions, distinct from matter, with geometric properties, is what we earlier identified as \u2018 substantiv", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6399185011075365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.236442"}
{"text": "deny any relations between bodies and spacetime itself. like the actual leibniz, they allow absolute quantities of motion, but claim that space and time themselves are nothing but the relations between bodies. of course, such views raise the question of how a motion can be not relative to anything at all, and how we are to understand the privileging of frames ; huggett ( 2006 ) contains a proposal for addressing these problems. ( note that sklar and van fraassen are committed to the idea that in some sense newton ' s laws are capable of explaining all the phenomena without recourse to spacetime geometry ; that the connection and the metrical properties are explanatorily redundant. a similar view is defended in the context of relativity in brown 2005. ) between the time of newton and leibniz and the 20th century, newton ' s mechanics and gravitation theory reigned essentially unchallenged, and with that long period of dominance, absolute space came to be widely accepted. at least, no natural philosopher or physicist offered a serious challenge to newton ' s absolute space, in the sense of offering a rival theory that dispenses with it. but like the action at a distance in newtonian gravity, absolute space continued to provoke metaphysical unease. seeking a replacement for the unobservable newtonian space, neumann ( 1870 ) and lange ( 1885 ) developed more concrete definitions of the reference frames in which newton ' s laws hold. in these and a few other works, the concept of the set of inertial frames was first clearly expressed, though it was implicit in both remarks and procedures to be found in the principia. ( see the entries on space and time : inertial frames and newton ' s views on space, time, and motion ) the most sustained, comprehensive, and influential attack on absolute space was made by ernst mach in his science of mechanics ( 1883 ). in a lengthy discussion of newton ' s scholium on absolute space, mach accuses newton of violating his own methodological precepts by going well beyond what the observational facts teach us concerning motion and acceleration. mach at least partly misinterpreted newton ' s aims in the scholium, and inaugurated a reading of the bucket argument ( and by extension the globes argument ) that has largely persisted in the literature since. mach viewed the argument as directed against a \u2018 strict \u2019 or \u2018 general - relativity \u2019 form of relationism, and as an attempt to establish the existence of absolute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6360268737019296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.241829"}
{"text": "( and by extension the globes argument ) that has largely persisted in the literature since. mach viewed the argument as directed against a \u2018 strict \u2019 or \u2018 general - relativity \u2019 form of relationism, and as an attempt to establish the existence of absolute space. mach points out the obvious gap in the argument when so construed : the experiment only establishes that acceleration ( rotation ) of the water with respect to the earth, or the frame of the fixed stars, produces the tendency to recede from the center ; it does not prove that a strict relationist theory cannot account for the bucket phenomena, much less the existence of absolute space. ( the reader will recall that newton ' s actual aim was simply to show that descartes ' two kinds of motion are not adequate to accounting for rotational phenomena. ) although mach does not mention the globes thought experiment specifically, it is easy to read an implicit response to it in the things he does say : nobody is competent to say what would happen, or what would be possible, in a universe devoid of matter other than two globes. so neither the bucket nor the globes can establish the existence of absolute space. both in mach ' s interpretations of newton ' s arguments and in his replies, one can already see two anti - absolute space viewpoints emerge, though mach himself never fully kept them apart. the first strain, which we may call \u2018 mach - lite \u2019, criticizes newton ' s postulation of absolute space as a metaphysical leap that is neither justified by actual experiments, nor methodologically sound. the remedy offered by mach - lite is simple : we should retain newton ' s mechanics and use it just as we already do, but eliminate the unnecessary posit of absolute space. in its place we need only substitute the frame of the fixed stars, as is the practice in astronomy in any case. if we find the incorporation of a reference to contingent circumstances ( the existence of a single reference frame in which the stars are more or less stationary ) in the fundamental laws of nature problematic ( which mach need not, given his official positivist account of scientific laws ), then mach suggests that we replace the 1st law with an empirically equivalent mathematical rival : mach ' s equation ( 1960, 287 ) the sums in this equation are to be taken over all massive bodies in the universe. since the top sum is weighted by distance, distant masses count much more than near ones. in a world with a ( reasonably ) static distribution of heavy distant bodies, such as we appear to live", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6358095990837467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.243668"}
{"text": "to be taken over all massive bodies in the universe. since the top sum is weighted by distance, distant masses count much more than near ones. in a world with a ( reasonably ) static distribution of heavy distant bodies, such as we appear to live in, the equation entails local conservation of linear momentum in \u2018 inertial \u2019 frames. the upshot of this equation is that the frame of the fixed stars plays exactly the role of absolute space in the statement of the 1st law. ( notice that this equation, unlike newton ' s first law, is not vectorial. ) this proposal does not, by itself, offer an alternative to newtonian mechanics, and as mach himself pointed out, the law is not well - behaved in an infinite universe filled with stars ; but the same can perhaps be said of newton ' s law of gravitation ( see malament 1995, and norton 1993 ). but mach did not offer this equation as a proposed law valid in any circumstances ; he avers, \u201c it is impossible to say whether the new expression would still represent the true condition of things if the stars were to perform rapid movements among one another. \u201d ( p. 289 ) it is not clear whether mach offered this revised first law as a first step toward a theory that would replace newton ' s mechanics, deriving inertial effects from only relative motions, as leibniz desired. but many other remarks made by mach in his chapter criticizing absolute space point in this direction, and they have given birth to the mach - heavy view, later to be christened \u201c mach ' s principle \u201d by albert einstein. the mach - heavy viewpoint calls for a new mechanics that invokes only relative distances and ( perhaps ) their 1st and 2nd time derivatives, and thus \u2018 generally relativistic \u2019 in the sense sometimes read into leibniz ' s remarks about motion. mach wished to eliminate absolute time from physics too, so he would have wanted a proper relationist reduction of these derivatives also. the barbour - bertotti theories, discussed below, provide this. mach - heavy apparently involves the prediction of novel effects due to \u2018 merely \u2019 relative accelerations. mach hints at such effects in his criticism of newton ' s bucket : newton ' s experiment with the rotating vessel of water simply informs us that the relative rotation of the water with respect to the sides of the vessel produces no noticeable centrifugal forces, but that such forces are produced by its relative rotation with respect to the mass of the earth and the other celestial bodies. no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6153770116045496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.246530"}
{"text": "us that the relative rotation of the water with respect to the sides of the vessel produces no noticeable centrifugal forces, but that such forces are produced by its relative rotation with respect to the mass of the earth and the other celestial bodies. no one is competent to say how the experiment would turn out if the sides of the vessel [ were ] increased until they were ultimately several leagues thick. ( 1883, 284. ) the suggestion here seems to be that the relative rotation in stage ( i ) of the experiment might immediately generate an outward force ( before any rotation is communicated to the water ), if the sides of the bucket were massive enough. more generally, mach - heavy involves the view that all inertial effects should be derived from the motions of the body in question relative to all other massive bodies in the universe. the water in newton ' s bucket feels an outward pull due ( mainly ) to the relative rotation of all the fixed stars around it. mach - heavy is a speculation that an effect something like electromagnetic induction should be built into gravity theory. ( such an effect does exist according to the general theory of relativity, and is called \u2018 gravitomagnetic induction \u2019. the recently finished gravity probe b mission was designed to measure the gravitomagnetic induction effect due to the earth ' s rotation. ) its specific form must fall off with distance much more slowly than 1 / r2, if it is to be empirically similar to newtonian physics ; but it will certainly predict experimentally testable novel behaviors. a theory that satisfies all the goals of mach - heavy would appear to be ideal for the vindication of strict relationism and the elimination of absolute quantities of motion from mechanics. direct assault on the problem of satisfying mach - heavy in a classical framework proved unsuccessful, despite the efforts of others besides mach ( e. g., friedlander 1896, fopl 1904, reissner 1914, 1915 ), until the work of barbour and bertotti in the 1970s and 80s. ( between the late 19th century and the 1970s, there was of course one extremely important attempt to satisfy mach - heavy : the work of einstein that led to the general theory of relativity. since einstein ' s efforts took place in a non - classical ( lorentz / einstein / minkowski ) spacetime setting, we discuss them in the next section. ) rather than formulating a revised law of gravity / inertia using relative quantities, barbour and bertotti attacked the problem using the framework of lagrangian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.630746965227051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.247742"}
{"text": "/ minkowski ) spacetime setting, we discuss them in the next section. ) rather than formulating a revised law of gravity / inertia using relative quantities, barbour and bertotti attacked the problem using the framework of lagrangian mechanics, replacing the elements of the action that involve absolute quantities of motion with new terms invoking only relative distances, velocities etc. their first ( 1977 ) theory uses a very simple and elegant action, and satisfies everything one could wish for from a mach - heavy theory : it is relationally pure ( even with respect to time : while simultaneity is absolute, the temporal metric is derived from the field equations ) ; it is nearly empirically equivalent to newton ' s theory in a world such as ours ( with a large - scale uniform, near - stationary matter distribution ) ; yet it does predict novel effects such as the ones mach posited with his thick bucket. among these is an \u2018 anisotropy of inertia \u2019 effect \u2014 accelerating a body away from the galactic center requires more force than accelerating it perpendicular to the galactic plane \u2014 large enough to be ruled out empirically. barbour and bertotti ' s second attempt ( 1982 ) at a relational lagrangian mechanics was arguably less machian, but more empirically adequate. in it, solutions are sought beginning with two temporally - nearby, instantaneous relational configurations of the bodies in the universe. barbour and bertotti define an \u2018 intrinsic difference \u2019 parameter that measures how different the two configurations are. in the solutions of the theory, this intrinsic difference quantity gets minimized, as well as the ordinary action, and in this way full solutions are derived despite not starting from a privileged inertial - frame description. the theory they end up with turns out to be, in effect, a fragment of newtonian theory : the set of models of newtonian mechanics and gravitation in which there is zero net angular momentum. this result makes perfect sense in terms of strict relationist aims. in a newtonian world in which there is a nonzero net angular momentum ( e. g., a lone rotating island galaxy ), this fact reveals itself in the classic \u201c tendency to recede from the center \u201d. since a strict relationist demands that bodies obey the same mechanical laws even in \u2018 rotating \u2019 coordinate systems, there cannot be any such tendency to recede from the center ( other than in a local subsystem ), in any of the relational theory ' s models", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6422257594658844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.250890"}
{"text": "a temptation to think of at least acceleration as \u2018 true \u2019 or \u2018 absolute \u2019. if such a realist believes motion to be by nature a relation rather than a property ( and as we saw in the introduction, not all philosophers accept this ) then she will feel obliged to accord some sort of existence or reality to the structure \u2014 e. g., the structure of galilean spacetime \u2014 in relation to which these motions are defined. for philosophers with such realist inclinations, the ideal relational account of motion would therefore be some version of mach - heavy. the special theory of relativity ( str ) is notionally based on a principle of relativity of motion ; but that principle is \u2018 special \u2019 \u2014 meaning, restricted. the relativity principle built into str is in fact nothing other than the galilean principle of relativity, which is built into newtonian physics. in other words, while there is no privileged standard of velocity, there is nevertheless a determinate fact of the matter about whether a body has accelerated or non - accelerated ( i. e., inertial ) motion. in this regard, the spacetime of str is exactly like galilean spacetime ( defined in section 5 above ). in terms of the question of whether all motion can be considered purely relative, one could argue that there is nothing new brought to the table by the introduction of einstein ' s str \u2014 at least, as far as mechanics is concerned. as dorling ( 1978 ) first pointed out, however, there is a sense in which the standard absolutist arguments against \u2018 strict \u2019 relationism using rotating objects ( buckets or globes ) fail in the context of str. maudlin ( 1993 ) used the same considerations to show that there is a way of recasting relationism in str that appears to be very successful. str incorporates certain novelties concerning the nature of time and space, and how they mesh together ; perhaps the best - known examples are the phenomena of \u2018 length contraction \u2019, \u2018 time dilation \u2019, and the \u2018 relativity of simultaneity. \u2019 since in str both spatial distances and time intervals \u2014 when measured in the standard ways \u2014 are observer - relative ( observers in different states of motion \u2018 disagreeing \u2019 about their sizes ), it is arguably most natural to restrict oneself to the invariant spacetime separation given by the interval between two points : [ dx2 + dy2 + dz2 \u2014 dt2 ] \u2014 the four - dimensional analog of the p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6598358592070058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.253631"}
{"text": "sizes ), it is arguably most natural to restrict oneself to the invariant spacetime separation given by the interval between two points : [ dx2 + dy2 + dz2 \u2014 dt2 ] \u2014 the four - dimensional analog of the pythagorean theorem, for spacetime distances. if one regards the spacetime interval relations between masses - at - times as one ' s basis on which space - time is built up as an ideal entity, then with only mild caveats relationism works : the \u2018 relationally pure \u2019 facts suffice to uniquely fix how the material systems are embeddable ( up to isomorphism ) in the \u2018 minkowski \u2019 spacetime of str. the modern variants of newton ' s bucket and globes arguments no longer stymie the relationist because ( for example ) the spacetime interval relations among bits of matter in newton ' s bucket at rest are quite different from the spacetime interval relations found among those same bits of matter after the bucket is rotating. for example, the spacetime interval relation between a bit of water near the side of the bucket, at one time, and itself ( say ) a second later is smaller than the interval relation between a center - bucket bit of water and itself one second later ( times referred to inertial - frame clocks ). the upshot is that, unlike the situation in classical physics, a body at rest cannot have all the same spatial relations among its parts as a similar body in rotation. we cannot put a body or system into a state of rotation ( or other acceleration ) without thereby changing the spacetime interval relations between the various bits of matter at different moments of time. rotation and acceleration supervene on spacetime interval relations. it is worth pausing to consider to what extent this victory for ( some form of ) relationism satisfies the classical \u2018 strict \u2019 relationism traditionally ascribed to mach and leibniz. the spatiotemporal relations that save the day against the bucket and globes are, so to speak, mixed spatial and temporal distances. they are thus quite different from the spatial - distances - at - a - time presupposed by classical relationists ; moreover they do not correspond to relative velocities ( - at - a - time ) either. their oddity is forcefully captured by noticing that if we choose appropriate bits of matter at \u2018 times \u2019 eight minutes apart, i - now am at zero distance from the surface of the sun ( of eight minutes \u2018 past \u2019, since it took", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6609506413440994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.254957"}
{"text": "either. their oddity is forcefully captured by noticing that if we choose appropriate bits of matter at \u2018 times \u2019 eight minutes apart, i - now am at zero distance from the surface of the sun ( of eight minutes \u2018 past \u2019, since it took 8 minutes for light from the sun to reach me - now ). so we are by no means dealing here with an innocuous, \u2018 natural \u2019 translation of classical relationist quantities into the str setting. on the other hand, in light of the relativity of simultaneity ( see note ), it can be argued that the absolute simultaneity presupposed by classical relationists and absolutists alike was, in fact, something that relationists should always have regarded with misgivings. from this perspective, instantaneous relational configurations \u2014 precisely what one starts with in the theories of barbour and bertotti \u2014 would be the things that should be treated with suspicion. if we now return to our questions about motions \u2014 about the nature of velocities and accelerations \u2014 we find, as noted above, that matters in the interval - relational interpretation of str are much the same as in newtonian mechanics in galilean spacetime. there are no well - defined absolute velocities, but there are indeed well - defined absolute accelerations and rotations. in fact, the difference between an accelerating body ( e. g., a rocket ) and an inertially moving body is codified directly in the cross - temporal interval relations of the body with itself. so we are very far from being able to conclude that all motion is relative motion of a body with respect to other bodies. it is true that the absolute motions are in 1 - 1 correlation with patterns of spacetime interval relations, but it is not at all correct to say that they are, for that reason, eliminable in favor of merely relative motions. rather we should simply say that no absolute acceleration can fail to have an effect on the material body or bodies accelerated. but this was already true in classical physics if matter is modeled realistically : the cord connecting the globes does not merely tense, but also stretches ; and so does the bucket, even if imperceptibly, i. e., the spatial relations change. maudlin does not claim this version of relationism to be victorious over an absolutist or substantivalist conception of minkowski spacetime, when it comes time to make judgments about the theory ' s ontology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6327521230680181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.256286"}
{"text": "spatial relations change. maudlin does not claim this version of relationism to be victorious over an absolutist or substantivalist conception of minkowski spacetime, when it comes time to make judgments about the theory ' s ontology. there may be more to vindicating relationism than merely establishing a 1 - 1 correlation between absolute motions and patterns of spatiotemporal relations. the simple comparison made above between str and newtonian physics in galilean spacetime is somewhat deceptive. for one thing, galilean spacetime is a mathematical innovation posterior to einstein ' s 1905 theory ; before then, galilean spacetime had not been conceived, and full acceptance of newtonian mechanics implied accepting absolute velocities and, arguably, absolute positions, just as laid down in the scholium. so einstein ' s elimination of absolute velocity was a genuine conceptual advance. moreover, the scholium was not the only reason for supposing that there existed a privileged reference frame of \u2018 rest \u2019 : the working assumption of almost all physicists in the latter half of the 19th century was that, in order to understand the wave theory of light, one had to postulate an aetherial medium filling all space, wave - like disturbances in which constituted electromagnetic radiation. it was assumed that the aether rest frame would be an inertial reference frame ; and physicists felt some temptation to equate its frame with the absolute rest frame, though this was not necessary. regardless of this equation of the aether with absolute space, it was assumed by all 19th century physicists that the equations of electrodynamic theory would have to look different in a reference frame moving with respect to the aether than they did in the aether ' s rest frame ( where they presumably take their canonical form, i. e., maxwell ' s equations and the lorentz force law. ) so while theoreticians labored to find plausible transformation rules for the electrodynamics of moving bodies, experimentalists tried to detect the earth ' s motion in the aether. experiment and theory played collaborative roles, with experimental results ruling out certain theoretical moves and suggesting new ones, while theoretical advances called for new experimental tests for their confirmation or \u2014 as it happened \u2014 disconfirmation. as is well known, attempts to detect the earth ' s velocity in the aether were unsuccessful. on the theory side, attempts to formulate the transformation laws for electrodynamics in moving frames \u2014 in such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6405183651419879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.257444"}
{"text": "happened \u2014 disconfirmation. as is well known, attempts to detect the earth ' s velocity in the aether were unsuccessful. on the theory side, attempts to formulate the transformation laws for electrodynamics in moving frames \u2014 in such a way as to be compatible with experimental results \u2014 were complicated and inelegant. a simplified way of seeing how einstein swept away a host of problems at a stroke is this : he proposed that the galilean principle of relativity holds for maxwell ' s theory, not just for mechanics. the canonical ( \u2018 rest - frame \u2019 ) form of maxwell ' s equations should be their form in any inertial reference frame. since the maxwell equations dictate the velocity c of electromagnetic radiation ( light ), this entails that any inertial observer, no matter how fast she is moving, will measure the velocity of a light ray as c \u2014 no matter what the relative velocity of its emitter. einstein worked out logically the consequences of this application of the special relativity principle, and discovered that space and time must be rather different from how newton described them. str undermined newton ' s absolute time just as decisively as it undermined his absolute space ( see note ). einstein ' s str was the first clear and empirically successful physical theory to overtly eliminate the concepts of absolute rest and absolute velocity while recovering most of the successes of classical mechanics and 19th century electrodynamics. it therefore deserves to be considered the first highly successful theory to explicitly relativize motion, albeit only partially. but str only recovered most of the successes of classical physics : crucially, it left out gravity. and there was certainly reason to be concerned that newtonian gravity and str would prove incompatible : classical gravity acted instantaneously at a distance, while str eliminated the privileged absolute simultaneity that this instantaneous action presupposes. several ways of modifying newtonian gravity to make it compatible with the spacetime structure of str suggested themselves to physicists in the years 1905 - 1912, and a number of interesting lorentz - covariant theories were proposed ( set in the minkowski spacetime of str ). einstein rejected these efforts one and all, for violating either empirical facts or theoretical desiderata. but einstein ' s chief reason for not pursuing the reconciliation of gravitation with str ' s spacetime appears to have been his desire, beginning in 1907, to replace str with a theory in which not only velocity could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6238104579401366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.258516"}
{"text": "desiderata. but einstein ' s chief reason for not pursuing the reconciliation of gravitation with str ' s spacetime appears to have been his desire, beginning in 1907, to replace str with a theory in which not only velocity could be considered merely relative, but also acceleration. that is to say, einstein wanted if possible to completely eliminate all absolute quantities of motion from physics, thus realizing a theory that satisfies at least one kind of \u2018 strict \u2019 relationism. ( regarding einstein ' s rejection of lorentz - covariant gravity theories, see norton 1992 ; regarding einstein ' s quest to fully relativize motion, see hoefer 1994. ) einstein began to see this complete relativization as possible in 1907, thanks to his discovery of the equivalence principle. imagine we are far out in space, in a rocket ship accelerating at a constant rate g = 9. 98 m / s2. things will feel just like they do on the surface of the earth ; we will feel a clear up - down direction, bodies will fall to the floor when released, etc. indeed, due to the well - known empirical fact that gravity affects all bodies by imparting a force proportional to their matter ( and energy ) content, independent of their internal constitution, we know that any experiment performed on this rocket will give the same results that the same experiment would give if performed on the earth. now, newtonian theory teaches us to consider the apparent downward, gravity - like forces in the rocket ship as \u2018 pseudo - forces \u2019 or \u2018 inertial forces \u2019, and insists that they are to be explained by the fact that the ship is accelerating in absolute space. but einstein asked : \u201c is there any way for the person in the rocket to regard him / herself as being \u2018 at rest \u2019 rather than in absolute ( accelerated ) motion? \u201d and the answer he gave is : yes. the rocket traveler may regard him / herself as being \u2018 at rest \u2019 in a homogeneous and uniform gravitational field. this will explain all the observational facts just as well as the supposition that he / she is accelerating relative to absolute space ( or, absolutely accelerating in minkowski spacetime ). but is it not clear that the latter is the truth, while the former is a fiction? by no means ; if there were a uniform gravitational field filling all space, then it would affect all the other bodies in the world \u2014 the earth, the stars, etc, imparting to them a downward acceleration away from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.627267368583921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.261231"}
{"text": "former is a fiction? by no means ; if there were a uniform gravitational field filling all space, then it would affect all the other bodies in the world \u2014 the earth, the stars, etc, imparting to them a downward acceleration away from the rocket ; and that is exactly what the traveler observes. in 1907, einstein published his first gravitation theory ( einstein 1907 ), treating the gravitational field as a scalar field that also represented the ( now variable and frame - dependent ) speed of light. einstein viewed the theory as only a first step on the road to eliminating absolute motion. in the 1907 theory, the theory ' s equations take the same form in any inertial or uniformly accelerating frame of reference. one might say that this theory reduces the class of absolute motions, leaving only rotation and other non - uniform accelerations as absolute. but, einstein reasoned, if uniform acceleration can be regarded as equivalent to being at rest in a constant gravitational field, why should it not be possible also to regard inertial effects from these other, non - uniform motions as similarly equivalent to \u201c being at rest in a ( variable ) gravitational field \u201d? thus einstein set himself the goal of expanding the principle of equivalence to embrace all forms of \u2018 accelerated \u2019 motion. einstein thought that the key to achieving this aim lay in further expanding the range of reference frames in which the laws of physics take their canonical form, to include frames adapted to any arbitrary motions. more specifically, since the class of all continuous and differentiable coordinate systems includes as a subclass the coordinate systems adapted to any such frame of reference, if he could achieve a theory of gravitation, electromagnetism and mechanics that was generally covariant \u2014 its equations taking the same form in any coordinate system from this general class \u2014 then the complete relativity of motion would be achieved. if there are no special frames of reference in which the laws take on a simpler canonical form, there is no physical reason to consider any particular state or states of motion as privileged, nor deviations from those as representing \u2018 absolute motion \u2019. ( here we are just laying out einstein ' s train of thought ; later we will see reasons to question the last step. ) and in 1915, einstein achieved his aim in the general theory of relativity ( gtr ). there is one key element left out of this success story, however, and it is crucial to understanding why most physicists reject einstein ' s claim to have eliminated absolute states of motion in gtr. going back to our accelerating rocket", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6010398544666378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.262378"}
{"text": "gtr ). there is one key element left out of this success story, however, and it is crucial to understanding why most physicists reject einstein ' s claim to have eliminated absolute states of motion in gtr. going back to our accelerating rocket, we accepted einstein ' s claim that we could regard the ship as hovering at rest in a universe - filling gravitational field. but a gravitational field, we usually suppose, is generated by matter. how is this universe - filling field linked to generating matter? the answer may be supplied by mach - heavy. regarding the \u2018 accelerating \u2019 rocket which we decide to regard as \u2018 at rest \u2019 in a gravitational field, the machian says : all those stars and galaxies, etc., jointly accelerating downward ( relative to the rocket ), \u2018 produce \u2019 that gravitational field. the mathematical specifics of how this field is generated will have to be different from newton ' s law of gravity, of course ; but it should give essentially the same results when applied to low - mass, slow - moving problems such as the orbits of the planets, so as to capture the empirical successes of newtonian gravity. einstein thought, in 1916 at least, that the field equations of gtr are precisely this mathematical replacement for newton ' s law of gravity, and that they fully satisfied the desiderata of mach - heavy relationism. but it was not so. ( see the entry on early philosophical interpretations of general relativity. ) in gtr, spacetime is locally very much like flat minkowski spacetime. there is no absolute velocity locally, but there are clear local standards of accelerated vs non - accelerated motion, i. e., local inertial frames. in these \u2018 freely falling \u2019 frames bodies obey the usual rules for non - gravitational physics familiar from str, albeit only approximately. but overall spacetime is curved, and local inertial frames may tip, bend and twist as we move from one region to another. the structure of curved spacetime is encoded in the metric field tensor gab, with the curvature encoding gravity at the same time : gravitational forces are so to speak \u2018 built into \u2019 the metric field, geometrized away. since the spacetime structure encodes gravity and inertia, and in a mach - heavy theory these phenomena should be completely determined by the relational distribution of matter ( and relative motions ), einstein wished to see the metric as entirely determined by the distribution of matter and energy. but what the gtr field equations entail is, in general, only a partial -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6244048842322976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.263429"}
{"text": "be completely determined by the relational distribution of matter ( and relative motions ), einstein wished to see the metric as entirely determined by the distribution of matter and energy. but what the gtr field equations entail is, in general, only a partial - determination relation. we cannot go into the mathematical details necessary for a full discussion of the successes and failures of mach - heavy in the gtr context. but one can see why the machian interpretation einstein hoped he could give to the curved spacetimes of his theory fails to be plausible, by considering a few simple \u2018 worlds \u2019 permitted by gtr. in the first place, for our hovering rocket ship, if we are to attribute the gravity field it feels to matter, there has got to be all this other matter in the universe. but if we regard the rocket as a mere \u2018 test body \u2019 ( not itself substantially affecting the gravity present or absent in the universe ), then we can note that according to gtr, if we remove all the stars, galaxies, planets etc. from the world, the gravitational field does not disappear. on the contrary, it stays basically the same locally, and globally it takes the form of empty minkowski spacetime, precisely the quasi - absolute structure einstein was hoping to eliminate. solutions of the gtr field equations for arbitrary realistic configurations of matter ( e. g., a rocket ship ejecting a stream of particles to push itself forward ) are hard to come by, and in fact a realistic two - body exact solution has yet to be discovered. but numerical methods can be applied for many purposes, and physicists do not doubt that something like our accelerating rocket \u2014 in otherwise empty space \u2014 is possible according to the theory. we see clearly, then, that gtr fails to satisfy einstein ' s own understanding of mach ' s principle, according to which, in the absence of matter, space itself should not be able to exist. a second example : gtr allows us to model a single rotating object in an otherwise empty universe ( e. g., a neutron star ). relationism of the machian variety says that such rotation is impossible, since it can only be understood as rotation relative to some sort of absolute space. in the case of gtr, this is basically right : the rotation is best understood as rotation relative to a \u2018 background \u2019 spacetime that is identical to the minkowski spacetime of str, only \u2018 curved \u2019 by the presence of matter in the region of the star. on the other hand, there is one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6428803246732304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.266342"}
{"text": "is best understood as rotation relative to a \u2018 background \u2019 spacetime that is identical to the minkowski spacetime of str, only \u2018 curved \u2019 by the presence of matter in the region of the star. on the other hand, there is one charge of failure - to - relativize - motion sometimes leveled at gtr that is unfair. it is sometimes asserted that the simple fact that the metric field ( or the connection it determines ) distinguishes, at every location, motions that are \u2018 absolutely \u2019 accelerated and / or \u2018 absolutely rotating \u2019 from those that are not, by itself entails that gtr fails to embody a folk - leibniz style general relativity of motion ( e. g. earman ( 1989 ), ch. 5 ). we think this is incorrect, and leads to unfairly harsh judgments about confusion on einstein ' s part. the local inertial structure encoded in the metric would not be \u2018 absolute \u2019 in any meaningful sense, if that structure were in some clear sense fully determined by the relationally specified matter - energy distribution. einstein was not simply confused when he named his gravity theory. ( just what is to be understood by \u201c the relationally specified matter - energy distribution \u201d is a further, thorny issue, which we cannot enter into here. ) gtr does not fulfill all the goals of mach - heavy, at least as understood by einstein, and he recognized this fact by 1918 ( einstein 1918 ). and yet \u2026 gtr comes tantalizingly close to achieving those goals, in certain striking ways. for one thing, gtr does predict mach - heavy effects, known as \u2018 frame - dragging \u2019 : if we could model mach ' s thick - walled bucket in gtr, it seems clear that it would pull the water slightly outward, and give it a slight tendency to begin rotating in the same sense as the bucket ( even if the big bucket ' s walls were not actually touching the water. while gtr does permit us to model a lone rotating object, if we model the object as a shell of mass ( instead of a solid sphere ) and let the size of the shell increase ( to model the \u2018 sphere of the fixed stars \u2019 we see around us ), then as brill & cohen ( 1966 ) showed, the frame - dragging becomes complete inside the shell. in other words : our original minkowski background structure effectively disappears, and inertia becomes wholly determined by the shell of matter, just as mach posited was the case. this complete determination of in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6339331994160233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.267845"}
{"text": "frame - dragging becomes complete inside the shell. in other words : our original minkowski background structure effectively disappears, and inertia becomes wholly determined by the shell of matter, just as mach posited was the case. this complete determination of inertia by the global matter distribution appears to be a feature of other models, including the friedman - robertson - walker - lemaitre big bang models that best match observations of our universe. finally, it is important to recognize that gtr is generally covariant in a very special sense : unlike all other prior theories ( and unlike many subsequent quantum theories ), it postulates no fixed \u2018 prior \u2019 or \u2018 background \u2019 spacetime structure. as mathematicians and physicists realized early on, other theories, e. g., newtonian mechanics and str, can be put into a generally covariant form. but when this is done, there are inevitably mathematical objects postulated as part of the formalism, whose role is to represent absolute elements of spacetime structure. what is unique about gtr is that it was the first, and is still the only \u2018 core \u2019 physical theory, to have no such absolute elements in its covariant equations. the spacetime structure in gtr, represented by the metric field ( which determines the connection ), is at least partly \u2018 shaped \u2019 by the distribution of matter and energy. and in certain models of the theory, such as the big bang cosmological models, some authors have claimed that the local standards of inertial motion \u2014 the local \u2018 gravitational field \u2019 of einstein ' s equivalence principle \u2014 are entirely fixed by the matter distribution throughout space and time, just as mach - heavy requires ( see, for example, wheeler and cuifollini 1995 ). absolutists and relationists are thus left in a frustrating and perplexing quandary by gtr. considering its anti - machian models, we are inclined to say that motions such as rotation and acceleration remain absolute, or nearly - totally - absolute, according to the theory. on the other hand, considering its most mach - friendly models, which include all the models taken to be good candidates for representing the actual universe, we may be inclined to say : motion in our world is entirely relative ; the inertial effects normally used to argue for absolute motion are all understandable as effects of rotations and accelerations relative to the cosmic matter, just as mach hoped. but even if we agree that motions in our world are in fact all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6603346726985986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.268942"}
{"text": "; the inertial effects normally used to argue for absolute motion are all understandable as effects of rotations and accelerations relative to the cosmic matter, just as mach hoped. but even if we agree that motions in our world are in fact all relative in this sense, this does not automatically settle the traditional relationist / absolutist debate, much less the relationist / substantivalist debate. many philosophers ( including, we suspect, nerlich 1994 and earman 1989 ) would be happy to acknowledge the mach - friendly status of our spacetime, and argue nevertheless that we should understand that spacetime as a real thing, more like a substance than a mere ideal construct of the mind as leibniz insisted. ( nerlich ( 1994 ) and earman ( 1989 ), we suspect, would take this stance. ) some, though not all, attempts to convert gtr into a quantum theory would accord spacetime this same sort of substantiality that other quantum fields possess. this article has been concerned with tracing the history and philosophy of \u2018 absolute \u2019 and \u2018 relative \u2019 theories of space and motion. along the way we have been at pains to introduce some clear terminology for various different concepts ( e. g., \u2018 true \u2019 motion, \u2018 substantivalism \u2019, \u2018 absolute space \u2019 ), but what we have not really done is say what the difference between absolute and relative space and motion is : just what is at stake? recently rynasiewicz ( 2000 ) has argued that there simply are no constant issues running through the history that we have discussed here ; that there is no stable meaning for either \u2018 absolute motion \u2019 or \u2018 relative motion \u2019 ( or \u2018 substantival space \u2019 vs \u2018 relational space \u2019 ). while we agree to a certain extent, we think that nevertheless there are a series of issues that have motivated thinkers again and again ; indeed, those that we identified in the introduction. ( one quick remark : rynasiewicz is probably right that the issues cannot be expressed in formally precise terms, but that does not mean that there are no looser philosophical affinities that shed useful light on the history. ) our discussion has revealed several different issues, of which we will highlight three as components of the \u2018 absolute - relative debate \u2019. ( i ) there is the question of whether all motions and all possible descriptions of motions are equal, or whether some are \u2018 real \u2019 \u2014 what we have called, in seventeenth century parlance, \u2018 true \u2019. there is a natural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6810924513192909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 44, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.269918"}
{"text": "debate \u2019. ( i ) there is the question of whether all motions and all possible descriptions of motions are equal, or whether some are \u2018 real \u2019 \u2014 what we have called, in seventeenth century parlance, \u2018 true \u2019. there is a natural temptation for those who hold that there is \u2018 nothing but the relative positions and motions between bodies ' ( and more so for their readers ) to add \u2018 and all such motions are equal \u2019, thus denying the existence of true motion. however, arguably \u2014 perhaps surprisingly \u2014 no one we have discussed has unreservedly held this view ( at least not consistently ) : descartes considered motion \u2018 properly speaking \u2019 to be privileged, leibniz introduced \u2018 active force \u2019 to ground motion ( arguably in his mechanics as well as metaphysically ), and mach ' s view seems to be that the distribution of matter in the universe determines a preferred standard of inertial motion. ( again, in general relativity, there is a distinction between inertial and accelerated motion. ) that is, relationists can allow true motions if they offer an analysis of them in terms of the relations between bodies. given this logical point, and given the historical ways thinkers have understood themselves, it seems unhelpful to characterize the issues in ( i ) as constituting an absolute - relative debate, hence our use of the term \u2018 true \u2019 instead of \u2018 absolute \u2019. so we are led to the second question : ( ii ) is true motion definable in terms of relations or not? ( of course the answer depends on what kind of definitions will count, and absent an explicit definition \u2014 descartes ' proper motion for example \u2014 the issue is often taken to be that of whether true motions supervene on relations, as newton ' s globes are often supposed to refute. ) it seems reasonable to call this issue that of whether motion is absolute or relative. descartes and mach are relationists about motion in this sense, while newton is an absolutist. leibniz is also an absolutist about motion in his metaphysics, and if our reading is correct, also about the interpretation of motion in the laws of collision. this classification of leibniz ' s views runs contrary to his customary identification as relationist - in - chief, but we will clarify his relationist credentials below. finally, we have discussed ( ii ) in the context of relativity, first examining maudlin ' s proposal that the embedding of a relationally - specified system in min", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6509431297750298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 45, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.271128"}
{"text": "- in - chief, but we will clarify his relationist credentials below. finally, we have discussed ( ii ) in the context of relativity, first examining maudlin ' s proposal that the embedding of a relationally - specified system in minkowski spacetime is in general unique once all the spacetime interval - distance relations are given. this proposal may or may not be held to satisfy the relational - definability question of ( ii ), but in any case it cannot be carried over to the context of general relativity theory. in the case of gtr we linked relational motion to the satisfaction of mach ' s principle, just as einstein did in the early years of the theory. despite some promising features displayed by gtr, and certain of its models, we saw that mach ' s principle is not fully satisfied in gtr as a whole. we also noted that in the absence of absolute simultaneity, it becomes an open question what relations are to be permitted in the definition ( or supervience base ) \u2014 spacetime interval relations? instantaneous spatial distances and velocities on a 3 - d hypersurface? ( in recent works, barbour has argued that gtr is fully machian, using a 3 - d relational - configuration approach. see barbour, foster and murchadha 2002. ) the final issue is that of ( iii ) whether absolute motion is motion with respect to substantival space or not. of course this is how newton understood acceleration \u2014 as acceleration relative to absolute space. more recent newtonians share this view, although motion for them is with respect to substantival galilean spacetime ( or rather, since they know newtonian mechanics is false, they hold that this is the best interpretation of that theory ). leibniz denied that motion was relative to space itself, since he denied the reality of space ; for him true motion was the possession of active force. so despite his \u2018 absolutism \u2019 ( our adjective not his ) about motion he was simultaneously a relationist about space : \u2018 space is merely relative \u2019. following leibniz ' s lead we can call this debate the question of whether space is absolute or relative. the drawback of this name is that it suggests a separation between motion and space, which exists in leibniz ' s views, but which is otherwise problematic ; still, no better description presents itself. others who are absolutists about motion but relationists about space include sklar ( 1974 ) and van", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.655583762336311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 46, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.273136"}
{"text": "motion and space, which exists in leibniz ' s views, but which is otherwise problematic ; still, no better description presents itself. others who are absolutists about motion but relationists about space include sklar ( 1974 ) and van fraassen ( 1985 ) ; sklar introduced a primitive quantity of acceleration, not supervenient on motions relative to anything at all, while van fraassen let the laws themselves pick out the inertial frames. it is of course arguable whether any of these three proposals are successful ; ( even ) stripped of leibniz ' s aristotelian packaging, can absolute quantities of motion \u2018 stand on their own feet \u2019? and under what understanding of laws can they ground a standard of inertial motion? huggett ( 2006 ) defends a similar position of absolutism about motion, but relationism about space ; he argues \u2014 in the case of newtonian physics \u2014 that fundamentally there is nothing to space but relations between bodies, but that absolute motions supervene \u2014 not on the relations at any one time \u2014 but on the entire history of relations. works cited in text - aristotle, 1984, the complete works of aristotle : the revised oxford translation, j. barnes ( ed. ), princeton : princeton university press. - barbour, j. and bertotti, b., 1982, \u201c mach ' s principle and the structure of dynamical theories, \u201d proceedings of the royal society ( london ), 382 : 295 - 306. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1977, \u201c gravity and inertia in a machian framework, \u201d nuovo cimento, 38b : 1 - 27. - brill, d. r. and cohen, j., 1966, \u201c rotating masses and their effects on inertial frames, \u201d physical review 143 : 1011 - 1015. - brown, h. r., 2005, physical relativity : space - time structure from a dynamical perspective, oxford : oxford university press. - descartes, r., 1983, principles of philosophy, r. p. miller and v. r. miller ( trans. ), dordrecht, london : reidel. - dorling, j., 1978, \u201c did einstein need general relativity to solve the problem of space? or had the problem already been solved by special relativity?, \u201d british journal for the philosophy of science, 29 : 311 - 323. - earman, j., 1989, world enough and spacetime :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6219203854793951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 47, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.274518"}
{"text": "relativity to solve the problem of space? or had the problem already been solved by special relativity?, \u201d british journal for the philosophy of science, 29 : 311 - 323. - earman, j., 1989, world enough and spacetime : absolute and relational theories of motion. boston : m. i. t. press. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1970, \u201c who ' s afraid of absolute space?, \u201d australasian journal of philosophy, 48 : 287 - 319. - einstein, a., 1918, \u201c prinzipielles zur allgemeinen relativitatstheorie, \u201d annalen der physik, 51 : 639 - 642. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1907, \u201c uber das relativitatsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen folgerungen, \u201d jahrbuch der radioaktivitat und electronik 4 : 411 - 462. - einstein, a., lorentz, h. a., minkowski, h. and weyl, h., 1952, the principle of relativity. w. perrett and g. b. jeffery, trs. new york : dover books. - foppl, a. \u201c uber absolute und relative bewegung, \u201d sitzungsberichte der munchener akad.. 35 : 383. - friedlander, b. and j., 1896, absolute und relative bewegung, berlin : leonhard simion. - friedman, m., 1983, foundations of space - time theories : relativistic physics and philosophy of science, princeton : princeton university press. - garber, d., 1992, descartes ' metaphysical physics, chicago : university of chicago press. - garber, d. and j. b. rauzy, 2004, \u201c leibniz on body, matter and extension, \u201d the aristotelian society : supplementary volume, 78 : 23 - 40. - hartz, g. a. and j. a. cover, 1988, \u201c space and time in the leibnizian metaphysic, \u201d nous, 22 : 493 - 519. - hoefer, c., 1994, \u201c einstein ' s struggle for a machian gravitation theory, \u201d studies in history and philosophy of science, 25 : 287 - 336. - huggett, n., 2006, \u201c the regularity account of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6137049818771056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 48, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.276241"}
{"text": "c., 1994, \u201c einstein ' s struggle for a machian gravitation theory, \u201d studies in history and philosophy of science, 25 : 287 - 336. - huggett, n., 2006, \u201c the regularity account of relational spacetime, \u201d mind, 115 : 41 - 74. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2000, \u201c space from zeno to einstein : classic readings with a contemporary commentary, \u201d international studies in the philosophy of science, 14 : 327 - 329. - lange, l., 1885, \u201c ueber das beharrungsgesetz, \u201d berichte der koniglichen sachsischen gesellschaft der wissenschaften zu leipzig, mathematisch - physische classe 37 ( 1885 ) : 333 - 51. - leibniz, g. w., 1989, philosophical essays, r. ariew and d. garber ( trans. ), indianapolis : hackett pub. co. - leibniz, g. w., and samuel clarke, 1715 \u2013 1716, \u201c correspondence \u201d, in the leibniz - clarke correspondence, together with extracts from newton ' s \u201c principia \u201d and \u201c opticks \u201d, h. g. alexander ( ed. ), manchester : manchester university press, 1956. - lodge, p., 2003, \u201c leibniz on relativity and the motion of bodies, \u201d philosophical topics, 31 : 277 - 308. - mach, e., 1883, die mechanik in ihrer entwickelung, historisch - kritisch dargestellt. 2nd edition. leipzig : brockhaus. english translation ( 6th edition, 1960 ) : the science of mechanics, la salle, illinois : open court press. - malament, d., 1995, \u201c is newtonian cosmology really inconsistent?, \u201d philosophy of science 62, no. 4. - maudlin, t., 1993, \u201c buckets of water and waves of space : why space - time is probably a substance, \u201d philosophy of science, 60 : 183 - 203. - minkowski, h. ( 1908 ). \u201c space and time, \u201d in einstein, et al. ( 1952 ), pp. 75 - 91. - nerlich, graham, 1994, the shape of space ( 2nd edition ), cambridge : cambridge university press. - neumann, c., 1870, ueber die principien der galilei - newton ' schen theorie. leipzig : b.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6609980882290303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 49, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.277875"}
{"text": "graham, 1994, the shape of space ( 2nd edition ), cambridge : cambridge university press. - neumann, c., 1870, ueber die principien der galilei - newton ' schen theorie. leipzig : b. g. teubner, 1870. - newton, i., 2004, newton : philosophical writings, a. janiak ( ed. ), cambridge : cambridge university press. - newton, i. and i. b. cohen, 1999, the principia : mathematical principles of natural philosophy, i. b. cohen and a. m. whitman ( trans. ), berkeley ; london : university of california press. - norton, j., 1995, \u201c mach ' s principle before einstein, \u201d in j. barbour and h. pfister ( eds. ) mach ' s principle : from newton ' s bucket to quantum gravity : einstein studies, vol. 6. boston : birkhauser, pp. 9 - 57. - norton, j., 1993, \u201c a paradox in newtonian cosmology, \u201d in m. forbes, d. hull and k. okruhlik ( eds. ) psa 1992 : proceedings of the 1992 biennial meeting of the philosophy of science association. vol. 2. east lansing, mi : philosophy of science association, pp. 412 - 20. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1992, \u201c einstein, nordstrom and the early demise of scalar, lorentz - covariant theories of gravitation, \u201d archive for history of exact sciences, 45 : 17 - 94. - pooley, o., 2002, the reality of spacetime, d. phil thesis, oxford university. - ray, c., 1991, time, space and philosophy, new york : routledge. - roberts, j. t., 2003, \u201c leibniz on force and absolute motion, \u201d philosophy of science, 70 : 553 - 573. - rynasiewicz, r., 1995, \u201c by their properties, causes, and effects : newton ' s scholium on time, space, place, and motion \u2014 i. the text, \u201d studies in history and philosophy of science, 26 : 133 - 153. - sklar, l., 1974, space, time and spacetime, berkeley : university of california press. - stein, h., 1977, \u201c some philosophical prehistory of general relativity, \u201d in minnesota studies in the philosophy of science 8 : foundations of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6484909555457219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 50, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.278998"}
{"text": "l., 1974, space, time and spacetime, berkeley : university of california press. - stein, h., 1977, \u201c some philosophical prehistory of general relativity, \u201d in minnesota studies in the philosophy of science 8 : foundations of space - time theories :, j. earman, c. glymour and j. stachel ( eds. ), minneapolis : university of minnesota press. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1967, \u201c newtonian space - time, \u201d texas quarterly, 10 : 174 - 200. - wheeler, j. a. and ciufolini, i., 1995, gravitation and inertia, princeton, n. j. : princeton u. press. notable philosophical discussions of the absolute - relative debates - barbour, j. b., 1982, \u201c relational concepts of space and time, \u201d british journal for the philosophy of science, 33 : 251 - 274. - belot, g., 2000, \u201c geometry and motion, \u201d british journal for the philosophy of science, 51 : 561 - 595. - butterfield, j., 1984, \u201c relationism and possible worlds, \u201d british journal for the philosophy of science, 35 : 101 - 112. - callender, c., 2002, \u201c philosophy of space - time physics, \u201d in the blackwell guide to the philosophy of science, p. machamer ( ed. ), cambridge : blackwell. 173 - 198. - carrier, m., 1992, \u201c kant ' s relational theory of absolute space, \u201d kant studien, 83 : 399 - 416. - dieks, d., 2001, \u201c space - time relationism in newtonian and relativistic physics, \u201d international studies in the philosophy of science, 15 : 5 - 17. - disalle, r., 1995, \u201c spacetime theory as physical geometry, \u201d erkenntnis, 42 : 317 - 337. - earman, j., 1986, \u201c why space is not a substance ( at least not to first degree ), \u201d pacific philosophical quarterly, 67 : 225 - 244. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1970, \u201c who ' s afraid of absolute space?, \u201d australasian journal of philosophy, 48 : 287 - 319. - earman, j. and j. norton, 1987, \u201c what price spacetime substantivalism : the hole story, \u201d british journal for the philosophy of science, 38 : 515 - 525. - ho", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6768692382031447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 51, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.279845"}
{"text": "287 - 319. - earman, j. and j. norton, 1987, \u201c what price spacetime substantivalism : the hole story, \u201d british journal for the philosophy of science, 38 : 515 - 525. - hoefer, c., 2000, \u201c kant ' s hands and earman ' s pions : chirality arguments for substantival space, \u201d international studies in the philosophy of science, 14 : 237 - 256. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1998, \u201c absolute versus relational spacetime : for better or worse, the debate goes on, \u201d british journal for the philosophy of science, 49 : 451 - 467. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1996, \u201c the metaphysics of space - time substantialism, \u201d journal of philosophy, 93 : 5 - 27. - huggett, n., 2000, \u201c reflections on parity nonconservation, \u201d philosophy of science, 67 : 219 - 241. - le poidevin, r., 2004, \u201c space, supervenience and substantivalism, \u201d analysis, 64 : 191 - 198. - malament, d., 1985, \u201c discussion : a modest remark about reichenbach, rotation, and general relativity, \u201d philosophy of science, 52 : 615 - 620. - maudlin, t., 1993, \u201c buckets of water and waves of space : why space - time is probably a substance, \u201d philosophy of science, 60 : 183 - 203. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1990, \u201c substances and space - time : what aristotle would have said to einstein, \u201d studies in history and philosophy of science, 531 - 561. - mundy, b., 1992, \u201c space - time and isomorphism, \u201d proceedings of the biennial meetings of the philosophy of science association, 1 : 515 - 527. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1983, \u201c relational theories of euclidean space and minkowski space - time, \u201d philosophy of science, 50 : 205 - 226. - nerlich, g., 2003, \u201c space - time substantivalism, \u201d in the oxford handbook of metaphysics, m. j. loux ( ed. ), oxford : oxford univ pr. 281 - 314. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1996, \u201c what spacetime explains, \u201d philosophical quarterly, 46 : 127 - 131. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1994, what spacetime explains : metaphysical essays on space and time, new york : cambridge univ", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6591413028757251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 52, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.280809"}
{"text": "314. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1996, \u201c what spacetime explains, \u201d philosophical quarterly, 46 : 127 - 131. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1994, what spacetime explains : metaphysical essays on space and time, new york : cambridge univ pr. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1973, \u201c hands, knees, and absolute space, \u201d journal of philosophy, 70 : 337 - 351. - rynasiewicz, r., 2000, \u201c on the distinction between absolute and relative motion, \u201d philosophy of science, 67 : 70 - 93. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1996, \u201c absolute versus relational space - time : an outmoded debate?, \u201d journal of philosophy, 93 : 279 - 306. - teller, p., 1991, \u201c substance, relations, and arguments about the nature of space - time, \u201d philosophical review, 363 - 397. - torretti, r., 2000, \u201c spacetime models for the world, \u201d studies in history and philosophy of modern physics, 31b : 171 - 186. - st. andrews school of mathematics and statistics index of biographies - the pittsburgh phil - sci archive of pre - publication articles in philosophy of science - ned wright ' s special relativity tutorial - andrew hamilton ' s special relativity pages descartes, rene : physics | general relativity : early philosophical interpretations of | newton, isaac : views on space, time, and motion | space and time : inertial frames | space and time : the hole argument | zeno of elea : zeno ' s paradoxes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.628513881194428, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c463babe-3f8d-40d5-a697-a0afccbbaf62>", "chunk_index": 53, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.281452"}
{"text": "san francisco, dec. 29, 2008 - - facial expressions of emotion are hardwired into our genes, according to a study published today in the journal of personality and social psychology. the research suggests that facial expressions of emotion are innate rather than a product of cultural learning. the study is the first of its kind to demonstrate that sighted and blind individuals use the same facial expressions, producing the same facial muscle movements in response to specific emotional stimuli. the study also provides new insight into how humans manage emotional displays according to social context, suggesting that the ability to regulate emotional expressions is not learned through observation. san francisco state university psychology professor david matsumoto compared the facial expressions of sighted and blind judo athletes at the 2004 summer olympics and paralympic games. more than 4, 800 photographs were captured and analyzed, including images of athletes from 23 countries. \" the statistical correlation between the facial expressions of sighted and blind individuals was almost perfect, \" matsumoto said. \" this suggests something genetically resident within us is the source of facial expressions of emotion. \" matsumoto found that sighted and blind individuals manage their expressions of emotion in the same way according to social context. for example, because of the social nature of the olympic medal ceremonies, 85 percent of silver medalists who lost their medal matches produced \" social smiles \" during the ceremony. social smiles use only the mouth muscles whereas true smiles, known as duchenne smiles, cause the eyes to twinkle and narrow and the cheeks to rise. \" losers pushed their lower lip up as if to control the emotion on their face and many produced social smiles, \" matsumoto said. \" individuals blind from birth could not have learned to control their emotions in this way through visual learning so there must be another mechanism. it could be that our emotions, and the systems to regulate them, are vestiges of our evolutionary ancestry. it ' s possible that in response to negative emotions, humans have developed a system that closes the mouth so that they are prevented from yelling, biting or throwing insults. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5267277597812626, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:359737ab-ec67-44a6-aa93-2ab3520a58e9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.285430"}
{"text": "feb. 8, 2006 older americans with high blood pressure and moderate to severe chronic kidney disease have a greater chance of developing heart disease than people with normal kidney function. this finding is one of three in a new paper published in the feb. 7 issue of the annals of internal medicine. the study also found these patients are at higher risk for developing heart disease than kidney failure ( end stage renal disease ). lastly, it found for the first time that new types of drugs such as ace inhibitors and calcium - channel blockers are no better than older type diuretic drugs, also called water pills, in preventing heart disease, and may be even less effective at preventing heart failure in patients with chronic kidney disease. lead author of the study is mahboob rahman, m. d., m. s., of case western reserve university school of medicine, university hospitals of cleveland and the louis stokes cleveland va medical center. the study was sponsored by the national heart lung and blood institute and coordinated by the clinical trials center at the university of texas school of public health in houston. the study looked at more than 31, 000 men and women 55 years and older who have high blood pressure and one other risk factor of cardiovascular disease, such as diabetes. a blood test was used to determine kidney function and severity of disease. patients with moderate chronic kidney disease had a 38 percent greater chance of developing heart disease and a 35 percent increase in overall cardiovascular disease ( which includes heart disease, stroke, heart failure and others ) than those with normal kidney function. in addition, patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease were twice as likely to develop heart disease than to experience kidney failure. rahman said the researchers are not quite sure why moderate and severe kidney disease leads to greater risk in heart disease. \" it may be related to other factors associated with renal failure, such as anemia or abnormalities of calcium or phosphorus metabolism, for example. we are participating in other ongoing studies to establish the connections, \" he said. the study also confirmed other earlier findings that diuretics are as effective as or better for preventing cardiovascular disease than newer drugs. \" overall, ace inhibitors and diuretics were about equally likely to protect against heart attacks, \" said rahman, \" but diuretics seemed more effective at preventing other kinds of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke and heart failure. \" calcium - channel blockers were about equal in protecting against all cardiovascular disease, but diuretics were more effective at preventing heart failure. these results held for all participants regardless of kidney function. rahman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4623012646577016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:598976ed-eff5-417d-a642-78c8f606bd6e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.290037"}
{"text": "jan. 30, 2009 a new way of making leds could see household lighting bills reduced by up to 75 % within five years. gallium nitride ( gan ), a man - made semiconductor used to make leds ( light emitting diodes ), emits brilliant light but uses very little electricity. until now high production costs have made gan lighting too expensive for wide spread use in homes and offices. however the cambridge university based centre for gallium nitride has developed a new way of making gan which could produce leds for a tenth of current prices. gan, grown in labs on expensive sapphire wafers since the 1990s, can now be grown on silicon wafers. this lower cost method could mean cheap mass produced leds become widely available for lighting homes and offices in the next five years. based on current results, gan led lights in every home and office could cut the proportion of uk electricity used for lights from 20 % to 5 %. that means we could close or not need to replace eight power stations. a gan led can burn for 100, 000 hours so, on average, it only needs replacing after 60 years. and, unlike currently available energy - saving bulbs gan leds do not contain mercury so disposal is less damaging to the environment. gan leds also have the advantage of turning on instantly and being dimmable. professor colin humphreys, lead scientist on the project said : \u201c this could well be the holy grail in terms of providing our lighting needs for the future. we are very close to achieving highly efficient, low cost white leds that can take the place of both traditional and currently available low energy light bulbs. that won \u2019 t just be good news for the environment. it will also benefit consumers by cutting their electricity bills. \u201d gan leds, used to illuminate landmarks like buckingham palace and the severn bridge, are also appearing in camera flashes, mobile phones, torches, bicycle lights and interior bus, train and plane lighting. parallel research is also being carried out into how gan lights could mimic sunlight to help 3m people in the uk with seasonal affective disorder ( sad ). ultraviolet rays made from gan lighting could also aid water purification and disease control in developing countries, identify the spread of cancer tumours and help fight hospital \u2018 super bugs \u2019. funding was provided by the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ). about gan leds a light - emitting diode ( led ) is a semiconductor diode that emits light when charged with electricity. leds are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5133582766966618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356d9855-1da1-42ce-95c5-c24f941a4519>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.294968"}
{"text": "bugs \u2019. funding was provided by the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ). about gan leds a light - emitting diode ( led ) is a semiconductor diode that emits light when charged with electricity. leds are used for display and lighting in a whole range of electrical and electronic products. although gan was first produced over 30 years ago, it is only in the last ten years that gan lighting has started to enter real - world applications. currently, the brilliant light produced by gan leds is blue or green in colour. a phosphor coating is applied to the led to transform this into a more practical white light. gan leds are currently grown on 2 - inch sapphire. manufacturers can get 9 times as many leds on a 6 - inch silicon wafer than on a 2 - inch sapphire wafer. in addition, edge effects are less, so the number of good leds is about 10 times higher. the processing costs for a 2 - inch wafer are essentially the same as for a 6 - inch wafer. a 6 - inch silicon wafer is much cheaper to produce than a 2 - inch sapphire wafer. together these factors result in a cost reduction of about a factor of 10. possible future applications - cancer surgery. currently, it is very difficult to detect exactly where a tumour ends. as a result, patients undergoing cancer surgery have to be kept under anaesthetic while cells are taken away for laboratory tests to see whether or not they are healthy. this may need to happen several times during an operation, prolonging the procedure extensively. but in the future, patients could be given harmless drugs that attach themselves to cancer cells, which can be distinguished when a blue gan led is shone on them. the tumour \u2019 s edge will be revealed, quickly and unmistakably, to the surgeon. - water purification. gan may revolutionise drinking water provision in developing countries. if aluminium is added to gan then deep ultra - violet light can be produced and this kills all viruses and bacteria, so fitting such a gan led to the inside of a water pipe will instantly eradicate diseases, as well as killing mosquito larvae and other harmful organisms. - hospital - acquired infections. shining a ultra - violet gan torch beam could kill viruses and bacteria, boosting the fight against mrsa and c difficile. simply shining a gan torch at a hospital wall or trolley, for example, could kill any \u2018 superbugs \u2019 lurking there. other social bookmarking and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5690638607180595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356d9855-1da1-42ce-95c5-c24f941a4519>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.296118"}
{"text": "mar. 6, 2013 boys are right - handed, girls are left... well at least this is true for sugar gliders ( petaurus breviceps ) and grey short - tailed opossums ( monodelphis domestica ), according to an article in biomed central \u2019 s open access journal bmc evolutionary biology that shows that handedness in marsupials is dependent on gender. this preference of one hand over another has developed despite the absence of a corpus collosum, the part of the brain which in placental mammals allows one half of the brain to communicate with the other. many animals show a distinct preference for using one hand / paw / hoof over another. this is often related to posture \u2013 an animal is more likely to show manual laterality if it is upright, related to the difficulty of the task, more complex tasks show a handed preference, or even with age. as an example of all three : crawling human babies show less hand preference than toddlers. some species also show a distinct sex effect in handedness but among non - marsupial mammals this tendency is for left - handed males and right - handed females. in contrast researchers from st petersburg state university show that male quadruped marsupials, such as who walk on all fours, tend to be right - handed while the females are left - handed, especially as tasks became more difficult. dr yegor malashichev from saint petersburg state university who led this study explained why they think this has evolved, \u201c marsupials do not have a corpus callosum \u2013 which connects the two halves of the mammalian brain together. reversed sex related handedness is an indication of how the marsupial brain has developed different ways of the two halves of the brain communicating in the absence of the corpus callosum. \u201d other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - andrey giljov, karina karenina, yegor malashichev. forelimb preferences in quadrupedal marsupials and there implications for laterality evolution in mammals. bmc evolutionary biology, 2013 ; 13 ( 1 ) : 61 doi : 10. 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 13 - 61 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4846121049610458, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0da0c3b0-3202-410e-943e-07c344d95981>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.300196"}
{"text": "web edition : march 4, 2013 pregnant women taking dha, an omega - 3 fatty acid in fish oil, give birth to babies that score slightly better on several health measurements than those born to women who don \u2019 t take the supplement, a study has found. dha, or docosahexaenoic acid, is a nutrient that promotes brain development ( sn online : 1 / 13 / 2009 ). susan carlson of the university of kansas medical center in kansas city and her colleagues randomly assigned 350 women to take daily capsules of either a placebo or dha starting midway through pregnancy. babies born to the women who took dha were slightly longer and heavier than the other babies and were less apt to spend time in the intensive care unit. overall rates of preterm birth, defined as birth before the 37th week of gestation, didn \u2019 t differ substantially between the groups. but among preterm babies, those in the dha group spent an average of nine days in the hospital compared with 41 days for those in the placebo group. while only one of 154 babies in the dha group was born very early \u2014 before 34 weeks \u2019 gestation \u2014 seven of 147 babies to non - dha mothers were born that early, carlson and colleagues report in the april american journal of clinical nutrition. s. e. carlson et al. dha supplementation and pregnancy outcomes. american journal of clinical nutrition. april 2013, in press. doi : 10. 3945 / ajcn. 112. 050021. [ go to ] n. seppa. omega - 3 fatty acid is early boost for female preemies. science news online. january 13, 2009. [ go to ] _", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47680245054417103, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa5c6e70-4e13-4fda-a48c-2cf94d43dcc8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.302005"}
{"text": "anthony stocks, chairman and professor of anthropology at idaho state university, responds : \" the evolution of smiles is opaque and, as with many evolutionary accounts of social behavior, fraught with just - soism. among human babies, however, the ' tooth - baring ' smile is associated less with friendship than with fright - - which, one might argue, is related to the tooth - baring threats of baboons. on the other hand, a non - toothy, not - so - broad - but - open - lipped smile is associated with pleasure in human infants. somehow we seem to have taken the fright - threat sort of smile and extended it to strangers as a presumably friendly smile. maybe it is not as innocent as it seems. \" all cultures recognize a variety of mouth gestures as indexes of inner emotional states. as in our own culture, however, smiles come in many varieties, not all of them interpreted as friendly. \" frank mcandrew, professor of psychology at knox college in galesburg, ill., has done extensive research on facial expressions. he answers as follows : \" baring one ' s teeth is not always a threat. in primates, showing the teeth, especially teeth held together, is almost always a sign of submission. the human smile probably has evolved from that. \" in the primate threat, the lips are curled back and the teeth are apart - - you are ready to bite. but if the teeth are pressed together and the lips are relaxed, then clearly you are not prepared to do any damage. these displays are combined with other facial features, such as what you do with your eyes, to express a whole range of feelings. in a lot of human smiling, it is something you do in public, but it does not reflect true ' friendly ' feelings - - think of politicians smiling for photographers. \" what is especially interesting is that you do not have to learn to do any of this - - it is preprogrammed behavior. kids who are born blind never see anybody smile, but they show the same kinds of smiles under the same situations as sighted people. \" mcandrew suggests several books that will be of interest to readers seeking more information on this topic : ' non - verbal communication. ' edited by r. a. hinde. cambridge university press, 1972. ' emotion : a psychoevolutionary synthesis. ' robert plutchik. harper and row, 1980. ' emotion in the human face. ' second edition. edited by paul ekman. cambridge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4816084957275635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3af07c55-7258-46ac-a3d2-070c181f11d6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.304995"}
{"text": "more 60 - second science plants can pull carbon dioxide, the planet - warming greenhouse gas, out of earth \u2019 s atmosphere. but these aren \u2019 t the only living organisms that affect carbon dioxide levels, and thus global warming. nope, i \u2019 m not talking about humans. humble sea otters can also reduce greenhouse gases, by indirectly helping kelp plants. that finding is in the journal frontiers in ecology and the environment. [ christopher c wilmer et al., do trophic cascades affect the storage and flux of atmospheric carbon? an analysis of sea otters and kelp forests ] researchers used 40 years of data to look at the effect of sea otter populations on kelp. depending on the plant density, one square meter of kelp forest can absorb anywhere from tens to hundreds of grams of carbon per year. but when sea otters are around, kelp density is high and the plants can suck up more than 12 times as much carbon. that \u2019 s because otters nosh on kelp - eating sea urchins. in the mammals \u2019 presence, the urchins hide away and feed on kelp detritus rather than living, carbon - absorbing plants. so climate researchers need to note that the herbivores that eat plants, and the predators that eat them, also have roles to play in the carbon cycle. [ the above text is a transcript of this podcast. ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44064916929981013, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:988dc99a-1448-437e-9ce7-9be18141d267>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.311662"}
{"text": "ourdocuments. gov. featuring 100 milestone documents of american history from the national archives. includes images of original primary source documents, lesson plans, teacher and student competitions, and educational resources. in 1866 the russian government offered to sell the territory of alaska to the united states. secretary of state william h. seward, enthusiastic about the prospects of american expansion, negotiated the deal for the americans. edouard de stoeckl, russian minister to the united states, negotiated for the russians. on march 30, 1867, the two parties agreed that the united states would pay russia $ 7. 2 million for the territory of alaska. for less that 2 cents an acre, the united states acquired nearly 600, 000 square miles. opponents of the alaska purchase persisted in calling it \u201c seward \u2019 s folly \u201d or \u201c seward \u2019 s icebox \u201d until 1896, when the great klondike gold strike convinced even the harshest critics that alaska was a valuable addition to american territory. the check for $ 7. 2 million was made payable to the russian minister to the united states edouard de stoeckl, who negotiated the deal for the russians. also shown here is the treaty of cession, signed by tzar alexander ii, which formally concluded the agreement for the purchase of alaska from russia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.37735780636228733, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8182aa95-78e2-42b3-a86d-30bb1a0fa8f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.323515"}
{"text": "filed under : foundational hand after studying the proportions of the foundational hand letters, the next step is to start writing the letters. each letter is constructed rather than written. the letters are made up of a combination of pen strokes, which are only made in a top \u2013 down or left \u2013 right direction. the pen is never pushed up. when we studied the proportions of the foundational hand we could group the letters according to their widths. now, we can group them according to the order and direction of the pen strokes. you may find it useful to look at the construction grid whilst studying the order and direction of the letters. the first group consists of the letters c, e, and o. these letters are based on the circle shape. this shape is produced with two pen strokes. visualise a clock face and start the first stroke at approximately the 11, and finish it in an anti - clockwise direction at 5. the second stroke starts again at the 11 and finishes in a clockwise direction on the 5 to complete the letter o. the first pen - stroke for the letters c and e are the same as the first of the letter o. the second pen - stroke on the c and e are shorter and finish around the 1 position on the imaginary clock face. finally, the letter e has a third stroke, starting at the end of the second stroke and finishes when it touches the first stroke. the next group of letters are d, q, b and p. all these letters combine curved and straight pen strokes. when writing these letters it can be useful to think of the underlying circle shape, which your pen will leave or join at certain points depending upon which letter is being written. the first stroke of the b starts at the ascender height of the letter, which can be eyed in at just under half the x - height ( body height of letters with no ascender or descender ). continue the ascender stroke of the b until it \u2018 picks up \u2019 the circle shape, follow round the circle until the pen reaches the 5 on the imaginary clock face. the second stroke starts on the first stroke following the circle round until it touches the end of the first stroke. the letter d is similar to the c except it has a third stroke for the ascender, which will touch the ends of the first and second stroke being for finishing on the write - line. letter p starts with a vertical stroke from the x - height down to the imaginary descender line, which is just under half the x - height", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5009149137180396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ebc9b632-c27d-4adb-85bd-b11864ab1adf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.331353"}
{"text": ", which will touch the ends of the first and second stroke being for finishing on the write - line. letter p starts with a vertical stroke from the x - height down to the imaginary descender line, which is just under half the x - height below the write - line. the second and third strokes are curved, starting on the descender stroke and following round the imaginary circle. the letter q is almost the same as the d, except it has a descender stroke rather than an ascender stroke. letters a, h, m, n, r all these letters combine curved and straight pen strokes. once again, think of the underlying circle shape, which your pen will leave or join at certain points depending upon the letter being written. the letter h consists of two pen strokes. the first is a vertical ascender stroke. the second stroke starts curved, follows the circle round, then leaves it and becomes straight. the letter n is produced exactly the same way as the letter h, except the first stroke is not so tall as it starts on the x - height line. the first two pen strokes of the letter m are the same as the letter n. then a third stroke is added which is identical to the second stroke. the letter r is also written the same way as the letter n except the second stroke finishes at the point where the circle would have been left and the straight is picked up. the first stroke of letter a is the same as the second stroke of the letters h, m and n. the second stroke follows the circle. finally, the third stroke starts at the same point as the second stroke, but is a straight line at a 30\u00b0 angle and touches the first stroke. the next group of letters are l, u and t. these letters are straight - forward. the letter l is the same as the first stroke of letter b. the letter u is also similar to the first stroke of letter b except it starts lower down. the second stroke starts on the x - height line and finishes on the write - line. letter t has the same first stroke as letter u. it is completed by a second horizontal stroke. the following letters k, v, w, x, y and z are made of at least one diagonal pen stroke. the letter k starts with a vertical ascender stroke, then a second stroke diagonal stroke which joins the vertical stroke. the final stroke is also diagonal and starts where the first and second stroke meet and stops when it touches the write - line. if you look closely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5096591258673633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ebc9b632-c27d-4adb-85bd-b11864ab1adf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.334632"}
{"text": "starts with a vertical ascender stroke, then a second stroke diagonal stroke which joins the vertical stroke. the final stroke is also diagonal and starts where the first and second stroke meet and stops when it touches the write - line. if you look closely you will see it goes further out than the second stroke. this makes the letter look more balanced. if the end of these two pen - strokes lined up the letter would look like it is about to fall over. letter v is simply two diagonal strokes and these are repeated to produce the letter w. the letter y is the same as the v except the second stroke is extended until to create a descender stroke. letter x is a little different, you need to create it in such a way that the two stroke cross slightly above the half - way mark on the x - height. this means the top part will be slightly smaller than the bottom which will give the letter a better balance. finally, in this group is letter z. the easiest way to produce this is with the two horizontal pen strokes, thenjoin these two strokes with a diagonal pen - stroke to complete the letter. now for the hardest letters ; f, g and s. out of these three letters, f is the simplest. it starts with a vertical ascender stroke \u2013 except this is not as tall as the other ascender strokes we have produced so far. this is because we have to allow for the second curved stroke. the overall height of these two strokes should be the same as other letters that have an ascender. finally, we need a horizontal stroke to complete the letter. which will you find the hardest letter g or s? these are trickier because unlike all the other letters we have written they do not relate so well to the grid. the letter g is made of a circle shape, with an oval / bowl shape under the write - line. you can see the letter g is made of three pen - strokes. the first stroke is just like the first stroke of the letter o for example, except it is a smaller. the second stroke starts like the second stroke of the letter o, but when it joins the first stroke it continues and changes direction in the gap between the bottom of the shape and the write - line. the third stroke completes the oval shape. finally, we have a little fourth stroke to complete the letter. the letter s is made up of three strokes. the first stroke is sort of an s shape! the second and third strokes complete the letter s. these are easier", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5001194282320844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ebc9b632-c27d-4adb-85bd-b11864ab1adf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.336134"}
{"text": "when it comes to spanish - style colonial charm, few cities in the western hemisphere can rival old san juan. but that doesn \u2019 t mean that puerto rico \u2019 s historical significance is exclusively within the capital city \u2019 s walls. roughly 100 miles southwest of san juan, the lovely town of san german holds the venerable distinction of being puerto rico \u2019 s second oldest city. founded in 1573 and named after king ferdinand the catholic \u2019 s second wife germaine of foix, san german became the island \u2019 s first settlement outside of san juan. its significance was such that the island was first divided into the san juan party and the san german party. the town also became the focal point from which other settlements were established, thus earning the nickname \u2018 ciudad fundadora de pueblos \u2019 ( roughly, town - founding city ). but while san juan went on to grow exponentially beyond the old city walls and other cities like ponce, mayaguez, arecibo or caguas grew in population and importance, san german remained a sleepy colonial town and one of the best - kept secrets within the island. from a historical perspective, san german \u2019 s most famous landmark is porta coeli church. one of the earliest examples of gothic architecture in the americas, the chapel was originally built as a convent in 1609 by the dominican order. it was reconstructed during the 18th century and expanded with a single nave church of rubble masonry. listed in 1976 in the u. s. national register of historic places, porta coeli was restored by the institute of puerto rican culture and now houses the museo de arte religioso, which showcases religious paintings and wooden carvings dating back from the 18th and 19th centuries. porta coeli overlooks quaint plazuela santo domingo, an elonganted, cobblestoned square enclosed by pastel - colored, colonial - style houses. a block away sits the town \u2019 s main square, plaza francisco mariano quinones, where the operational church of san german de auxerre is located. both porta coeli and san german de auxerre are part of the san german historic district, which was also listed in the u. s. national register of historic places in 1994 and includes about 100 significant buildings. though san german has long since lost its 16th - century designation as puerto rico \u2019 s most important city after san juan, the town is nonetheless a regional powerhouse in southwestern puerto rico, housing important insitutions as the main campus of universidad interamericana ( interamerican university )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37860657644601237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ab19afa-f944-43a1-ab9d-b8cf0b819be4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.342097"}
{"text": "the basic element in solar modules the wafers are further processed to solar cells in the third production step. they form the basic element of the resulting solar modules. the cells already possess all of the technical attributes necessary to generate electricity from sunlight. positive and negative charge carriers are released in the cells through light radiation causing electrical current ( direct current ) to flow. the \" cell \" business division is part of solarworld subsidiary deutsche cell gmbh and solarworld industries america lp. here, solar cells are produced from the preliminary product, the solar silicon wafer. the group manufactures both monocrystalline as well as polycrystalline solar cells. the monocrystalline as well as polycrystalline solar cells are produced around the clock in one of the most advanced solar cell production facilities. the wafers are produced in the clean rooms of the deutsche cell gmbh using the most cutting edge process facilities with the highest level of automation. through the fully integrated production concept, it is possible to flexibly control the use of all auxiliary materials necessary for production and to continuously optimize material utilization during operation. this concept allows us to assure the unique quality standard of our solar cells and simultaneously reduce the loss rate compared to conventional processes. this not only lowers production costs, it adds to the expertise in the solar cell production for the solarworld group. the wafer is first cleaned of all damage caused by cutting and then textured. a p / n junction is created by means of phosphorous diffusion which makes the silicon conductive. in the next step, the phosphorus glass layer produced by diffusion is removed. an anti - reflection layer is added. this which reduces optical losses and ensures electrical passivation of the surface is added. then, the contacts are attached to the front and back along with a rear contact. finally, every individual solar cell is tested for its optical qualities and the electrical efficiency measured.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5390826840036327, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23db29b2-778d-4f3d-8483-c82ac082e7e9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.345240"}
{"text": "by staff writers chicago il ( spx ) jan 11, 2013 technologically valuable ultrastable glasses can be produced in days or hours with properties corresponding to those that have been aged for thousands of years, computational and laboratory studies have confirmed. aging makes for higher quality glassy materials because they have slowly evolved toward a more stable molecular condition. this evolution can take thousands or millions of years, but manufacturers must work faster. armed with a better understanding of how glasses age and evolve, researchers at the universities of chicago and wisconsin - madison raise the possibility of designing a new class of materials at the molecular level via a vapor - deposition process. \" in attempts to work with aged glasses, for example, people have examined amber, \" said juan de pablo, uchicago ' s liew family professor in molecular theory and simulations. \" amber is a glass that has been aged millions of years, but you cannot engineer that material. you get what you get. \" de pablo and wisconsin co - authors sadanand singh and mark ediger report their findings in the latest issue of nature materials. ultrastable glasses could find potential applications in the production of stronger metals and in faster - acting pharmaceuticals. the latter may sound surprising, but drugs with the amorphous molecular structure of ultrastable glass could avoid crystallization during storage and be delivered more rapidly in the bloodstream than pharmaceuticals with a semi - crystalline structure. amorphous metals, likewise, are better for high - impact applications than crystalline metals because of their greater strength. the nature materials paper describes computer simulations that singh, a doctoral student in chemical engineering at uw - madison, carried out with de pablo to follow - up some intriguing results from ediger ' s laboratory. growing stable glasses several years ago, he discovered that glasses grown this way on a specially prepared surface that is kept within a certain temperature range exhibit far more stability than ordinary glasses. previous researchers must have grown this material under the same temperature conditions, but failed to recognize the significance of what they had done, ediger said. ediger speculated that growing glasses under these conditions, which he compares to the tetris video game, gives molecules extra room to arrange themselves into a more stable configuration. but he needed singh and de pablo ' s computer simulations to confirm his suspicions that he had actually produced a highly evolved, ordinary glass rather than an entirely new material. \" there ' s interest in making these materials on the computer because you have direct access to the structure, and you can therefore determine the relationship between the arrangement of the molecules", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5302290905735969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3f50b79-8c61-44c3-9407-5d3feede364f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.355418"}
{"text": "had actually produced a highly evolved, ordinary glass rather than an entirely new material. \" there ' s interest in making these materials on the computer because you have direct access to the structure, and you can therefore determine the relationship between the arrangement of the molecules and the physical properties that you measure, \" said de pablo, a former uw - madison faculty member who joined uchicago ' s new institute for molecular engineering earlier this year. there are challenges, though, to simulating the evolution of glasses on a computer. scientists can cool a glassy material at the rate of one degree per second in the laboratory, but the slowest computational studies can only simulate cooling at a rate of 100 million degrees per second. \" we cannot cool it any slower because the calculations would take forever, \" de pablo said. \" it had been believed until now that there is no correlation between the mechanical properties of a glass and the molecular structure ; that somehow the properties of a glass are \" hidden \" somewhere and that there are no obvious structural signatures, \" de pablo said. creating better materials ultrastable glasses achieve their stability in a manner analogous to the most efficiently packed, multishaped objects in tetris, each consisting of four squares in various configurations that rain from the top of the screen. \" this is a little bit like the molecules in my deposition apparatus raining down onto this surface, and the goal is to perfectly pack a film, not to have any voids left, \" ediger said. the object of tetris is to manipulate the objects so that they pack into a perfectly tight pattern at the bottom of the screen. \" the difference is, when you play the game, you have to actively manipulate the pieces in order to build a well - packed solid, \" ediger said. \" in the vapor deposition, nature does it for us. \" but in tetris and experiments alike, when the objects or molecules descend too quickly, the result is a poorly packed, void - riddled pattern. \" in the experiment, if you either rain the molecules too fast or choose a low temperature at which there ' s no mobility at the surface, then this trick doesn ' t work, \" ediger said. then it would be like taking a bucket of odd - shaped pieces and just dumping them on the floor. there are all sorts of voids and gaps because the molecules didn ' t have any opportunity to find a good way of packing. \" \" ultrastable glasses from in silico vapor deposition, \" by sadamand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5687412541656512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3f50b79-8c61-44c3-9407-5d3feede364f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.356729"}
{"text": "mission controllers received confirmation today that nasa ' s dawn spacecraft has escaped from the gentle gravitational grip of the giant asteroid vesta. dawn is now officially on its way to its second destination, the dwarf planet ceres. dawn departed from vesta at about 11 : 26 p. m. pdt on sept. 4 ( 2 : 26 a. m. edt on sept. 5 ). communications from the spacecraft via nasa ' s deep space network confirmed the departure and that the spacecraft is now traveling toward ceres. \" as we respectfully say goodbye to vesta and reflect on the amazing discoveries over the past year, we eagerly look forward to the next phase of our adventure at ceres, where even more exciting discoveries await, \" said robert mase, dawn project manager, based at nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, calif. launched on sept. 27, 2007, dawn slipped into orbit around vesta on july 15, 2011 pdt ( july 16 edt ). over the past year, dawn has comprehensively mapped this previously uncharted world, revealing an exotic and diverse planetary building block. the findings are helping scientists unlock some of the secrets of how the solar system, including our own earth, was formed. a web video celebrating dawn ' s \" greatest hits \" at vesta is available at http : / / www. nasa. gov / multimedia / videogallery / index. html? media _ id = 151669301. two of dawn ' s last looks at vesta are also now available, revealing the creeping dawn over the north pole. dawn spiraled away from vesta as gently as it arrived. it is expected to pull into its next port of call, ceres, in early 2015. dawn ' s mission is managed by jpl for nasa ' s science mission directorate in washington. dawn is a project of the directorate ' s discovery program, managed by nasa ' s marshall space flight center in huntsville, ala. ucla is responsible for overall dawn mission science. orbital sciences corp. in dulles, va., designed and built the spacecraft. the german aerospace center, the max planck institute for solar system research, the italian space agency and the italian national astrophysical institute are international partners on the mission team. the california institute of technology in pasadena manages jpl for nasa. more information about dawn : http : / / www. nasa. gov / dawn http : / / dawn. jpl. nasa. gov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4344699026521362, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d335bafc-4460-4b84-b589-da7814ca2914>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.359691"}
{"text": "| space today online covering space from earth to the edge of the universe | | cover | | rockets | | satellites | | shuttles | | stations | | astronauts | | solar system | | deep space | | global links | beating swords into plowshares converting military intercontinental ballistic missiles to peaceful space launchers russian submarine novomoscovsk launches satellites from barents sea the russian nuclear submarine novomoscovsk used a converted sea - launched ballistic missile to fire two small environmental research satellites into earth orbit from beneath the barents sea in 1998. a russian typhoon - class nuclear submarine the unusual launch was the first time a commercial payload had ever been sent from earth into orbit from a submarine and the first commercial space launch in the history of the russian navy. the satellites named tubsat were launched on a shitl rocket which was a converted sea - launched ballistic missile ( slbm ). the shitl rocket the shitl rocket family is one of a range of space launch vehicles derived from decommissioned ballistic missiles offered for sale by russia after the cold war. the industrial design bureau makeyev okb had been formed by the former soviet union in the 1950s to produce a storable liquid fuel rocket family. back then, those missiles were known as r - 11 for use on land and r - 11fm for use by the navy. makeyev went on to design and manufacture descendents of the r - 11 family, including the infamous scud - b missile and nearly all of russia ' s submarine - launched ballistic missiles ( slbms ). in the 1990s, makeyev and other okbs marketed a variety of space rockets converted from surplus slrbs, which could be launched from the ground, air, sea surface or underwater. during the cold war, the military slbm, which later would become the shitl space rocket, was known as r - 29rm and ss - n - 23. the manufacturer was designated rsm - 54. shitl is a three - stage liquid - fuel rocket. the satellites replaced the nuclear warhead inside a standard r - 29rm re - entry vehicle atop the ss - n - 23. the submarine launch plaform was novomoskovsk k - 407, a 667bdrm delta - iv - class or delfin - class submarine of the russian northern fleet ' s 3rd flotilla. the shitl ' s maiden flight took place july 7, 1998, while the submarine was in a barents sea firing range off the coast of the kolskiy peninsula at 69.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47396256697788064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4536940c-6c0c-4d1f-af8d-330268357f7b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.363756"}
{"text": "class submarine of the russian northern fleet ' s 3rd flotilla. the shitl ' s maiden flight took place july 7, 1998, while the submarine was in a barents sea firing range off the coast of the kolskiy peninsula at 69. 3 degrees n by 35. 3 degrees e. prior to launch, the space flight had been viewed as a risk because a different one of the northern fleet ' s delta - class submarines had suffered an accident in one of its rocket tubes on may 5, 1998. the shtil ' s former warhead faring housed an israeli instrument package and the german satellites tubsat - n and tubsat n - 1. the tiny satellites, referred to as nanosatellites, were built and operated by the technische universitat berlin ( tub ). each tubsat carried small store - and - forward communications payloads used to track transmitters placed on vehicles, migrating animals and marine buoys. the satellites were dropped off in elliptical orbits ranging from 250 to 500 miles above earth. they traveled around earth every 96 minutes. tubsat - n, designated internationally as 1998 - 042a, weighed eighteen lbs. while tubsat - n1, designated 1998 - 042b, weighed seven lbs. technically, putting satellites in low earth orbits is only a small step from delivering long - range warheads. the russians had been offering the submarine launch facility as a commercial service for some time and previously had conducted sub - orbital test flights. the benefits of a submarine launch are safety and ease of putting a payload into a particular orbit. by comparison, there are safety restrictions on the directions toward which land - based rockets can be launched. on the other hand, these submarine - based missiles converted to space rockets are only big enough to launch small research satellites. they aren ' t able to launch very large and heavy communications satellites or interplanetary space probes. however, the success of the shitl launch could open up a valuable small - satellite niche in the space - launch market for the russians. the northern fleet reportedly was paid $ 111, 000 for the launch, which helped the submarine crew sharpen skills diminished by a shortage of training funds. berlin technical university ' s transport and applied mechanics department plans to launch two more tubsats. learn more about nuclear submarines and missiles... taking nuclear weapons off hair - trigger alert scientific american, november 1997 launchers from decommissioned missiles sold by russia encyclopedia astronautica dlr german aerospace center top of this page swords into plowshares titan minute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4805431423226997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4536940c-6c0c-4d1f-af8d-330268357f7b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.366511"}
{"text": "in january 1992, a container ship near the international date line, headed to tacoma, washington from hong kong, lost 12 containers during severe storm conditions. one of these containers held a shipment of 29, 000 bathtub toys. ten months later, the first of these plastic toys began to wash up onto the coast of alaska. driven by the wind and ocean currents, these toys continue to wash ashore during the next several years and some even drifted into the atlantic ocean. the ultimate reason for the world ' s surface ocean currents is the sun. the heating of the earth by the sun has produced semi - permanent pressure centers near the surface. when wind blows over the ocean around these pressure centers, surface waves are generated by transferring some of the wind ' s energy, in the form of momentum, from the air to the water. this constant push on the surface of the ocean is the force that forms the surface currents. learning lesson : how it is currently done around the world, there are some similarities in the currents. for example, along the west coasts of the continents, the currents flow toward the equator in both hemispheres. these are called cold currents as they bring cool water from the polar regions into the tropical regions. the cold current off the west coast of the united states is called the california current. likewise, the opposite is true as well. along the east coasts of the continents, the currents flow from the equator toward the poles. there are called warm current as they bring the warm tropical water north. the gulf stream, off the southeast united states coast, is one of the strongest currents known anywhere in the world, with water speeds up to 3 mph ( 5 kph ). these currents have a huge impact on the long - term weather a location experiences. the overall climate of norway and the british isle is about 18\u00b0f ( 10\u00b0c ) warmer in the winter than other cites located at the same latitude due to the gulf stream. take it to the max! keeping current while ocean currents are a shallow level circulations, there is global circulation which extends to the depths of the sea called the great ocean conveyor. also called the thermohaline circulation, it is driven by differences in the density of the sea water which is controlled by temperature ( thermal ) and salinity ( haline ). in the northern atlantic ocean, as water flows north it cools considerably increasing its density. as it cools to the freezing point, sea ice forms with the \" salts \" extracted from the frozen water making the water below more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5166884595783358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dfd00b67-c3db-464f-93c1-6d6c5508de9d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.369490"}
{"text": "michele johnson, ames research center astronomers have discovered a pair of neighboring planets with dissimilar densities orbiting very close to each other. the planets are too close to their star to be in the so - called \" habitable zone, \" the region in a system where liquid water might exist on the surface, but they have the closest - spaced orbits ever confirmed. the findings are published today in the journal science. the research team, led by josh carter, a hubble fellow at the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics in cambridge, mass., and eric agol, a professor of astronomy at the university of washington in seattle, used data from nasa ' s kepler space telescope, which measures dips in the brightness of more than 150, 000 stars, to search for transiting planets. the inner planet, kepler - 36b, orbits its host star every 13. 8 days and the outer planet, kepler - 36c, every 16. 2 days. on their closest approach, the neighboring duo comes within about 1. 2 million miles of each other. this is only five times the earth - moon distance and about 20 times closer to one another than any two planets in our solar system. kepler - 36b is a rocky world measuring 1. 5 times the radius and 4. 5 times the mass of earth. kepler - 36c is a gaseous giant measuring 3. 7 times the radius and eight times the mass of earth. the planetary odd couple orbits a star slightly hotter and a couple billion years older than our sun, located 1, 200 light - years from earth to read more about the discovery, visit : the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics and university of washington press releases. ames research center in moffett field, calif., manages kepler ' s ground system development, mission operations and science data analysis. nasa \u2019 s jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, calif., managed the kepler mission ' s development. ball aerospace and technologies corp. in boulder, colo., developed the kepler flight system and supports mission operations with the laboratory for atmospheric and space physics at the university of colorado in boulder. the space telescope science institute in baltimore archives, hosts and distributes kepler science data. kepler is nasa ' s 10th discovery mission and is funded by nasa ' s science mission directorate at the agency ' s headquarters in washington.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4943305185959154, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21851e90-e451-4be9-b860-e7e63b41efac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.372334"}
{"text": "during the last 25 years, there has been debate about the value of corporate social responsibility ( csr ), particularly as it relates to the rise of \u201c ethical consumers. \u201d these are shoppers who base purchasing decisions on whether a product \u2019 s social and ethical positioning \u2014 for example, its environmental impact or the labor practices used to manufacture it \u2014 aligns with their values. many surveys purport to show that even the average consumer is demanding so - called ethical products, such as fair trade \u2013 certified coffee and chocolate, fair labor \u2013 certified garments, cosmetics produced without animal testing, and products made through the use of sustainable technologies. yet when companies offer such products, they are invariably met with indifference by all but a selected group of consumers. is the consumer a cause - driven liberal when surveyed, but an economic conservative at the checkout line? is the ethical consumer little more than a myth? although many individuals bring their values and beliefs into purchasing decisions, when we examined actual consumer behavior, we found that the percentage of shopping choices made on a truly ethical basis proved far smaller than most observers believe, and far smaller than is suggested by the anecdotal data presented by advocacy groups. the trouble with the data on ethical consumerism is that the majority of research relies on people reporting on their own purchasing habits or intentions, whether in surveys or through interviews. but there is little if any validation of what consumers report in these surveys, and individuals tend to dramatically overstate the importance of social and ethical responsibility when it comes to their purchasing habits. as noted by john drummond, ceo of corporate culture, a csr consultancy, \u201c most consumer research is highly dubious, because there is a gap between what people say and what they do. \u201d the purchasing statistics on ethical products in the marketplace support this assertion. most of these products have attained only niche market positions. the exceptions tend to be relatively rare circumstances in which a multinational corporation has acquired a company with an ethical product or service, and invested in its growth as a separate business, without altering its other business lines ( or the nature of its operations ). for example, unilever \u2019 s purchase of ben & jerry \u2019 s homemade inc. allowed for the expansion of the ben & jerry \u2019 s ice cream franchise within the united states, but the rest of unilever \u2019 s businesses remained largely unaffected. companies that try to engage in proactive, cause - oriented product development often find themselves at a disadvantage : either their target market proves significantly smaller than predicted by their focus groups and surveys or their costs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47628411282686467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:073b05ae-7c40-41bb-852f-740d0635d55d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.378658"}
{"text": "of unilever \u2019 s businesses remained largely unaffected. companies that try to engage in proactive, cause - oriented product development often find themselves at a disadvantage : either their target market proves significantly smaller than predicted by their focus groups and surveys or their costs of providing ethical product features are not covered by the prices consumers are willing to pay. ( for a different perspective on these issues, see \u201c the power of the post - recession consumer, \u201d by john gerzema and michael d \u2019 antonio, s + b, spring 2011. ) to understand the true nature of the ethical consumer, we set up a series of generalized experimental polling studies over nearly 10 years that allowed us to gather the social and ethical preferences of large samples of individuals. we then conducted 120 in - depth interviews with consumers from eight countries ( australia, china, germany, india, spain, sweden, turkey, and the united states ). we asked them not just to confirm that they might purchase a product, but to consider scenarios under which they might buy an athletic shoe from a company with lax labor standards, a soap produced in ways that might harm the environment, and a counterfeit brand - name wallet or suitcase. they were also asked how they thought other people from their country might respond to these products \u2014 a well - established \u201c projective technique \u201d that often reveals more accurate answers than questions about the respondent \u2019 s direct purchases. and they were asked about their own past behavior ; for example, all the interviewees admitted purchasing counterfeit goods at some point. the interviews asked participants explicitly about the ramifications of these ethical issues, and the inconsistencies between their words and their actions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.500267457319051, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:073b05ae-7c40-41bb-852f-740d0635d55d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.379673"}
{"text": "history of the red mass the \u201c red mass \u201d is an historical tradition within the catholic church dating back to the thirteenth century when it officially opened the term of the court for most european countries. the first recorded red mass was celebrated in the cathedral of paris in 1245. from there, it spread to most european countries. around 1310, during the reign of edward i, the tradition began in england with the mass offered at westminster abbey at the opening of the michaelmas term. it received its name from the fact that the celebrant was vested in red and the lord high justices were robed in brilliant scarlet. they were joined by the university professors with doctors among them displaying red in their academic gowns. the red mass also has been traditionally identified with opening of the sacred roman rota, the supreme judicial body of the catholic church. in the united states, the first red mass occurred in new york city on october 6, 1928. this mass was celebrated at old st. andrew \u2019 s church with cardinal patrick hayes presiding. today, well over 25 cities in the united states celebrate the red mass each year, with not only catholic but also protestant and jewish members of the judiciary and legal profession attending the mass. one of the better - known red masses is the one celebrated each fall at the cathedral of st. matthew the apostle in washington, d. c. it is attended by justices of the supreme court, members of congress, the diplomatic corps, the cabinet, and other government departments and, sometimes, the president of the united states. all officials attend in their capacity as private individuals, rather than as government representatives, in order to prevent any issues over separation of church and state. for the most part the red mass is like any other roman catholic mass. a sermon is given, usually with a message which has an overlapping political and religious theme. the mass is also an opportunity for the catholic church to express its goals for the coming year. one significant difference between the red mass and a traditional mass is that the prayers and blessings are focused on the leadership roles of those present and to invoke divine guidance and strength during the coming term of court. it is celebrated in honor of the holy spirit as the source of wisdom, understanding, counsel and fortitude, gifts which shine forth preeminently in the dispensing of justice in the courtroom as well as in the individual lawyer \u2019 s office.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40637638353120387, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4d2a3f5-9e6a-4040-9672-d562582ec4df>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.384823"}
{"text": "reading classic literatures classic literature, even though they were written fifty or hundred years ago, still has the power to affect the readers. the gift of literature to educate and inspire people transcends time. unfortunately, not all people like to read classic literature. sometimes, to understand classic literature, you have to be mature enough to enjoy and comprehend these writings. although we read classic literature because we have to do a report in school, we can also read them for enjoyment. you may have heard of famous authors of classical novels on the television and internet, you can check out their writings and their books. if you really want to get into the habit of reading classical literature, you can start by reading 30 minutes every day. you should have a dictionary near you when reading classical novels since the words used are always deep or its meaning has changed over time. to have a better understanding of the setting and the plot of the story, you can make a little background research on the era or its time period. you can also research on the background of the author. you really have to follow the structure of the story. most classical literature have complex storyline and plots which makes it hard sometimes to follow the story. the character development is also very extensive. seeing the overall theme of the story is very important as well as following the basic development of the characters and their story. there are literature companions that you can buy to help you get started with the classical literature. an example of a literature companion is the \" oxford companion to classical literature. \" another key to understanding classic literature is by understanding the use of the footnotes. these classical literature are full of footnotes that references the social and culture elements of their time.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42858175552670236, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:007f5583-acd1-46d2-9f51-3956850b8832>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.386825"}
{"text": "many of us act as though we all see the same reality, yet the truth is we don ' t. human beings have cognitive biases or blind spots. blind spots are ways that our mind becomes blocked from seeing reality as it is - blinding us from seeing the real truth about ourselves in relation to others. once we form a conclusion, we become blind to alternatives, even if they are right in front of their eyes. emily pronin, a social psychologist, along with colleagues daniel lin and lee ross, at princeton university ' s department of psychology, created the term \" blind spots. \" the bias blind spot is named after the visual blind spot. passing the ball - watch this video there is a classic experiment that demonstrates one level of blind spots that can be attributed to awareness and focused - attention. when people are instructed to count how many passes the people in white shirts make on the basketball court, they often get the number of passes correct, but fail to see the person in the black bear suit walking right in front of their eyes. hard to believe but true! blind spots & denial however, the story of blind spots gets more interesting when we factor in our cognitive biases that come from our social needs to look good in the eyes of others. when people operate with blind spots, coupled with a strong ego, they often refuse to adjust their course even in the face of opposition from trusted advisors, or incontrovertible evidence to the contrary. two well - known examples of blind spots are henry ford and a & p : - next > > - next > >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5561280102215034, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6513ee73-d970-4b01-a599-cce767241921>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.388514"}
{"text": "electrical research institute selects ipp as participant in carbon dioxide study the intermountain power project has been selected as one of five electric utilities in the united states and canada to participate in a study of technology for capturing carbon dioxide emissions from coal - fueled electrcity generation facilities. conducted by the electric power research institute, the study will examine the impacts of retrofitting advanced amine - based post - combustion carbon dioxide capture technology to existing coal - fired power plants, indicated epri representatives. as global demand for electricity increases and regulators worldwide look at ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, post - combustion capture for new and existing power plants could be an important option. however, retrofit of systems to an existing plant presents significant challenges, including limited space for new plant equipment, limited heat available for process integration, additional cooling water requirements and potential steam turbine modifications. \" epri ' s analyses have shown carbon capture and storage will be an essential part of the solution if we are to achieve meaningful carbon dioxide emissions reductions at a cost that can be accommodated by our economy, \" pointed out bryan hannegan, vice president of generation and environment at the research institute. \" projects such as this, in which a number of utility companies come forward to offer their facilities and form a collaborative to share the costs of research, are critical to establishing real momentum for the technologies that we will need. \" in addition to ipp, power plants in ohio, illinois, north dakota, and nova scotia will participate in the project. individual sites offers a unique combination of unit sizes and ages, existing and planned emissions controls, fuel types, steam conditions, boilers, turbines, cooling systems and options for carbon dioxide storage, pointed out epri representatives. the study - to be completed during 2009 - will provide the participants with valuable information applicable to their own individual power plants. a report for an individual operation will : a\u00a2assess the most practical carbon dioxide capture efficiency configuration based on site constraints. a\u00a2determine the space required for the carbon dioxide capture technology and the interfaces with existing systems. a\u00a2estimate performance and costs for the post - combustion capture plant. a\u00a2assess the features of the facility that materially affect the cost and feasibility of the retrofit. \" the participants in the intermountain power project are committed to maintaining high environmental standards, \" said general manager james hewlet. \" this study will help us evaluate options for managing the emissions of greenhouse gases in the future. it is a meaningful step in our three - decade track record of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4942673755813209, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e72b94a0-eaf5-4afc-87be-12f1cb211d61>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.391365"}
{"text": "friday is earth day. it \u2019 s a good time to consider how to preserve our environment. have you ever wondered how long it takes a plastic grocery bag to disintegrate? the decomposition rate chart presented on the commonwealth of virginia \u2019 s website ( http : / / www. deq. virginia. gov / recycle ) shows the relative speed of organic and inorganic materials. a banana peel takes 2 - 5 weeks ( put up to three around a rose bush for a healthy fertilizer ), a newspaper 3 - 6 months ( shred and add to your compost pile ), while a plastic bag will last a decade, a plastic beverage container or tin can a century, an aluminum can 2 - 5 centuries. to save space for future generations, recycling is the responsible thing to do. where can you recycle your disposables? the state \u2019 s recycling website provides very helpful information for hard - to - dispose of items, such as computers and automobile products. learn how and where to properly dispose of a variety of electronics, including cellphones, used oil, oil filters, antifreeze, and old medications ( do not flush them down the toilet ). for more ideas about where to recycle what, visit earth911 at http : / / earth911. com /. another resource with much potential is freecycle at http : / / www. freecycle. org /. this is a network for linking those who have something to dispose of and those who are looking for something, organized by zip code. all items offered must be free. read high tech trash : digital devices, hidden toxics, and human health by elizabeth grossman for an eye - opening explanation of the science, politics, and crimes in the collection of masses of e - waste. she follows the trail of toxins, including lead, mercury, chlorine and flame retardants, from mining and processing through disposal and dumping in india, china and nigeria, where unprotected workers boil the refuse to retrieve useful fragments. humanizing the impact of waste is paolo bacigalupi \u2019 s award winning novel for teens, ship breaker. in a futuristic world, teenaged nailer scavenges copper wiring from grounded oil tankers for a living, but when he finds a beached clipper ship with a girl in the wreckage, he has to decide if he should strip the ship for its wealth or rescue the girl. this is action - packed and very well - written. eminent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4659742500745463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:784096ad-82f2-4f71-89e3-c7cd918705e8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.396202"}
{"text": "a living, but when he finds a beached clipper ship with a girl in the wreckage, he has to decide if he should strip the ship for its wealth or rescue the girl. this is action - packed and very well - written. eminent harvard biologist e. o. wilson, pulitzer prize - winning author of more than twenty works of nonfiction, has written his first novel, anthill, about the interdependence of life in our biosphere. raphael semmes cody, a lonely child of contentious parents ( gentry v. redneck ) in south alabama, relishes summer freedom in a tract of old - growth longleaf pine forest and savanna on lake nokobee. he wanders off to observe salamanders and snakes and becomes enthralled by bugs ( \" every kid has a bug period \" says wilson. \" mine was especially intense and i never grew out of it. \" ). his fascination becomes a lifelong focus, which guides his direction and purpose in mediating competing interests of environmentalists and business. the novel includes \" the anthill chronicles \", a story within the story, which is a riveting account of three colonies of ants, their wars, destruction, and survival, told from their point of view. the simplicity of this satisfying coming of age tale belies an admirable complexity in its portrayal of the interrelatedness of all life. anthill bears comparison to huck finn and homer \u2019 s iliad in the recounting of epic journeys and the clash of civilizations. it is also very funny and full of sly observations about the \" gray wool of the confederacy \" and \" zircons in the rough \". anthill is destined to become a classic. for more about caring for the earth, visit www. tcplweb. org or call 988 - 2541.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4556434270067998, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:784096ad-82f2-4f71-89e3-c7cd918705e8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.396910"}
{"text": "i \u2019 m still following the assembly primer for hackers from vivek ramachandran of securitytube in preparation for penetration testing with backtrack. in this review i \u2019 ll cover data types and how to move bytes, numbers, pointers and strings between labels and registers. variables ( data / labels ) are defined in the. data segment of your assembly program. here are some of the available data types you \u2019 ll commonly use. data types in assembly ; photo credit to vivek ramachandran # demo program to show how to use data types and movx instructions. data helloworld :. ascii \" hello world! \" bytelocation :. byte 10 int32 :. int 2 int16 :. short 3 float :. float 10. 23 integerarray :. int 10, 20, 30, 40, 50. bss. comm largebuffer, 10000. text. globl _ start _ start : nop # exit syscall to exit the program movl $ 1, % eax movl $ 0, % ebx int $ 0x80 moving numbers in assembly introduction to mov this is the mov family of operations. by appending b, w or l you can choose to move 8 bits, 16 bits or 32 bits of data. to demonstrate these operations, we \u2019 ll be using the example above. moving a byte into a register movb $ 0, % al this will move the integer 0 into the lower 8 bits of the eax register. moving a word into a register movw $ 10, % ax this will move the integer 10 into the lower 16 bits of the eax register. moving a word into a register movl $ 20, % eax this will move the integer 20 into the 32 - bit eax register. moving a word into a label movw $ 50, int16 this will move the integer 50 into the 16 - bit label int16. moving a label into a register movl int32, % eax this will move the contents of the int32 label into the 32 - bit eax register. moving a register into a label movb % al, bytelocation this will move the contents of the 8 - bit al register into the 8 - bit bytelocation label. accessing memory locations ( using pointers ) in c we have the concept of pointers. a pointer is simply a variable that points to a location in memory. typically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4920718113534251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f45300-486b-4e99-b99a-aa17192aec04>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.416185"}
{"text": "the 8 - bit al register into the 8 - bit bytelocation label. accessing memory locations ( using pointers ) in c we have the concept of pointers. a pointer is simply a variable that points to a location in memory. typically that memory location holds some data that is important to us and that \u2019 s why we \u2019 re keeping a pointer to it so we can access the data later. this same concept can be achieved in assembly. moving a label \u2019 s memory address into a register ( creating a pointer ) movl $ int32, % eax this will move the memory location of the int32 label into the eax register. in effect the eax register is now a pointer to the data held by the int32 label. notice that we use movl because memory locations are 4 bytes. also notice that to access the memory location of a label you prepend the $ character. dereferencing a pointer ( accessing the contents of a memory address ) moving a word into a dereferenced location movl $ 9, ( % eax ) this will move the integer 9 into the memory location held in eax. in other words, if this were c, % eax would be considered a pointer and ( % eax ) would be the way we dereference that pointer to change the contents of the location it points to. the equivalent in c would like something like this : int int32 = 2 ; int * eax ; eax = & int32 ; * eax = 9 ; the only difference in the c example is that we had to define eax as an int pointer before we could copy the address of int32. in assembly we can just copy the address of int32 directly into the eax register, circumventing the need for an additional variable. but line 4 of this c example is the equivalent of the assembly example shown above. so to clarify one more time, eax does not change at all in this example ; eax still points to the same location! however, the data at that location has changed. so if eax contains the location of the int32 label, then int32 now contains 9. so it \u2019 s int32 that has changed, not eax. notice that we use the parentheses to access the memory location stored in the register ( dereference the pointer ). moving a dereferenced value into a register movl ( % eax ), % ebx in effect the eb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5133067096547944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f45300-486b-4e99-b99a-aa17192aec04>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.418196"}
{"text": "that we use the parentheses to access the memory location stored in the register ( dereference the pointer ). moving a dereferenced value into a register movl ( % eax ), % ebx in effect the ebx register is now a pointer to the data held by eax. notice that to access the memory location of the register we \u2019 re again enclosing the register name in parentheses. moving strings in assembly i can imagine that reading this you might be thinking, \u201c hey, strings are just bytes of data so why can \u2019 t i just move them using the same instructions i just learned? \u201d and the answers to that questions is you can! the problem is that strings are oftentimes much larger. a string might be 1 byte, 5 bytes, or 100 bytes. and none of mov instructions discussed above cover anything larger than 4 bytes. so let \u2019 s discuss the string operations that are available to alleviate the pains of copying large strings of data. a key difference between the standard mov operations and the string series of movs, stos and lods operations is the number of operands. with mov, you specify the source and destination via 2 operands. however, with the movs instructions, the source and destination addresses are placed into the esi and edi registers respectively. and with stos and lods, the operations interact directly with the eax register. this will become more clear with some examples. the df flag df stands for direction flag. this is a flag stored in the cpu that determines whether to increment or decrement a string \u2019 s memory address when string operations are called. when df is 0 ( cleared ) the addresses are incremented. when df is 1 ( set ) the addresses are decremented. in our examples the df flag will always be cleared. the usefulness of the df flag will make more sense in the examples. clearing the df flag df is set to 0. addresses are incremented where applicable. setting the df flag df is set to 1. addresses are decremented where applicable. in the example below, the following variables have been defined :. data helloworldstring :. asciz \" hello world of assembly! \". bss. lcomm destination, 100 movs : moving a string from one memory location to another memory location source : % esi ; should contain a memory address where the data to be copied resides ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.49868850885082683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f45300-486b-4e99-b99a-aa17192aec04>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.419284"}
{"text": "\" hello world of assembly! \". bss. lcomm destination, 100 movs : moving a string from one memory location to another memory location source : % esi ; should contain a memory address where the data to be copied resides ; the data at this address is not modified, but the address stored in the % esi register is incremented or decremented according to the df flag destination : % edi ; should contain a memory address where the data will be copied to ; after copying, the address stored in the % edi register is incremented or decremented according to the df flag movsb : move a single byte movsw : move 2 bytes movsl : move 4 bytes movl $ helloworldstring, % esi movl $ destination, % edi movsb movsw movsl in this example, we first move the address of helloworldstring into the esi register ( the source string ). then we move the address of destination into edi ( the destination buffer ). when movsb is called, it tells the cpu to move 1 byte from the source to the destination, so the \u2018 h \u2019 is copied to the first byte in the destination label. however, that is not the only thing that happens during this operation. you may have noticed that i pointed out how the address stored in the % esi and % edi registers are both incremented or decremented according to the df flag. since the df flag is cleared, both % esi and % edi are incremented by 1 byte. but why is this useful? well, what it means is that the next string operation to be called will start copying from the 2nd byte of the source string instead of the first byte. in other words, rather than copying the \u2018 h \u2019 a second time, we \u2019 ll start by copying the \u2018 e \u2019 in the helloworldstring instead. this is what makes the movs series of operations far more useful than the mov operations when dealing with strings. so, as you might imagine, when calling movsw the next 2 bytes are copied and destination now holds \u201c hel \u201d. and finally the movsl operation copies 4 bytes into destination, which makes it \u201c hello w \u201d. of course, the memory locations held in both % esi and % edi have now been incremented by 7 bytes each. so the final values are.. % es", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.48608803640258785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f45300-486b-4e99-b99a-aa17192aec04>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.420400"}
{"text": "copies 4 bytes into destination, which makes it \u201c hello w \u201d. of course, the memory locations held in both % esi and % edi have now been incremented by 7 bytes each. so the final values are.. % esi : $ helloworldstring + 7 % edi : $ destination + 7 helloworldstring : \" hello world of assembly! \" destination : \" hello w \" lods : moving a string from a memory location into the eax register source : % esi ; should contain a memory address where the data to be copied resides ; the data at this address is not modified, but the address stored in the % esi register is incremented or decremented according to the df flag destination : % eax ; the contents of this register are discarded because the data is copied directly into the register, not to any memory address residing in the register ; no incrementing or decrementing occurs because the destination is a register and not a memory location lodsb : move a single byte lodsw : move 2 bytes lodsl : move 4 bytes stos : moving a string from the eax register to a memory location source : % eax ; the contents of this register are copied, not the contents of any memory address residing in the register ; no incrementing or decrementing occurs because the source is a register and not a memory location destination : % edi ; should contain a memory address where the data will be copied to ; after copying, the address stored in the % edi register is incremented or decremented according to the df flag stosb : move a single byte stosw : move 2 bytes stosl : move 4 bytes rep : repeating an operation so you can move strings more easily this will continue executing the movsb operation and decrementing the ecx register until it equals 0. so if you wanted to copy a string in its entirety, you could follow this pseudo - code : * set esi to the memory address of the source string * set edi to the memory address of the destination string * set ecx to the length of the source string * clear the df flag so esi and edi will be incremented for each call to movsb * call rep movsb movl $ helloworldstring, % esi movl $ destinationusingrep, % edi movl $ 25, % ecx # because helloworldst", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4705920507858691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f45300-486b-4e99-b99a-aa17192aec04>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.422019"}
{"text": "it is not uncommon for patients to have increasing viral loads while on treatment. however, patients can have a disconnect : they may have detectable viral load and yet still be deriving benefit from their failing regimen. their cd4 t - cell counts are not plummeting and are often still increasing. overall, their general health remains well. these individuals continue with their daily life and routine, without any clinical consequences. the discordance between t - cells and viral load is often referred to as the disconnect syndrome. it is not a new disease, just an observation of the difference between viral and immunologic lab measures ( viral load test vs. t - cell count ). usually, patients on antiretroviral treatment demonstrate a drop in viral load ( often to undetectable levels ) while improving their immune system with an accompanying t - cell rise. the disconnect syndrome of rising viral load along with stable or improving immune markers such as t - cells is more common among patients who have a longer history of being on several antiviral regimens. viral drug resistance, which is associated with decreased efficacy of treatment, is not uncommon for these patients. they have fewer options than patients on their very first antiviral regimen. usually, patients with an overtly failing regimen need to undergo changes in their antiviral treatment. this is a basic tenet of care for the chronically hiv - infected individual. this is done to halt progression of hiv disease, to preserve immune system function and to avoid further resistance development. however, in the unique situation of the disconnect syndrome, a question may be posed : does every discordant patient merit a change in antiretroviral therapy? sometimes a clinician may consider the fact that the viral load ( hiv rna ) has not reached levels high enough to merit exposing their patient to further antiretroviral drugs. many patients in this disconnect situation have already been exposed to multiple antiviral agents. since undetectability does not mean one is cured, one must weigh the risks and benefits of modifying the regimen in order to lower the viral load. there exists a dilemma when considering altering a regimen in this unique situation. new antivirals to reduce viral load may forestall the emergence of more resistance mutations. on the other hand, one must consider that changing to yet another new regimen will reduce options for the future. this is critical in situations where new options for specific and heavily treated patients are not pl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4864510123215347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cdc2bab7-d594-4f51-9a83-92d392ec04a6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.429164"}
{"text": "may forestall the emergence of more resistance mutations. on the other hand, one must consider that changing to yet another new regimen will reduce options for the future. this is critical in situations where new options for specific and heavily treated patients are not plentiful. realistically, formulating a regimen for a heavily treated patient is often challenging because of the presence of multiple resistance mutations. therefore the likelihood or durability of fully suppressing viral load with a new regimen is in question. thus management of patients who are highly treatment experienced and who have a discordant response is a real quandary. it is believed that continuing the failing regimen further selects for resistance mutations, therefore further limiting future therapeutic options. but when there is stability in the elevated viral load together with increasing cd4 counts going yet higher, patients are obviously still deriving clinical benefit. no large prospective clinical trial has been performed to help provide insight for this situation. patients who manifest a disconnect do not have undetectable viral loads, so by definition they generally have mutations or resistance. these mutations occur in the virus itself, usually in response to drugs used against it. the mutations in turn allow hiv to develop drug resistance. this means what it says : hiv can resist the drug or drugs, therefore making the medications less effective in fighting the virus. individuals with a discordant response usually exhibit high numbers of mutations against the nucleoside drug class, which often includes the m184v mutation. this specific mutation of m184v ( refers to a change in the amino acid switch in hivs viral gene strand ) is most known for being the tell - tale sign of 3tc ( epivir ) resistance. but having the 184v resistance mutation has also been associated with sustained responses to antivirals, confirmed in several studies. generally, cross - resistance would be a concern. mutations that resist one drug may also resist another, especially one in the same drug class. this may lower the efficacy of new drugs which a patient has never taken before. however, if one has the 184v, without other nucleoside mutations, it does not confer resistance to other nucleosides such as ddi, d4t, ddc or abacavir ( videx, zerit, hivid or ziagen ). also, the m184v seems to result in re - sensitization of the virus to azt ( retrovir ) in patients who previously developed resistance to azt. finally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49252011554888675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cdc2bab7-d594-4f51-9a83-92d392ec04a6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.430384"}
{"text": "measured by immune cell proliferation and response to interleukin 15 ( a specific cytokine, protein produced by immune cells used for research purposes to measure immune response ), researchers found that discordant patients had responses similar to fully respondant patients ( stephano vella and colleagues, 9th retroviruses conference, seattle, february 2002 ). without attempting to advise whether patients in a disconnect situation should change or continue their treatment, the questions invoked here are placed on the table. the presence of primary resistance mutations can oddly enough be associated with the provision of some beneficial effects. however, developing resistance or discordance is not the preferred outcome. when a patient is facing this discordant predicament, the next path may not be always clear. phenomena are occurring in the disconnect syndrome that are below the surface. a patients decisions are often complicated by various confounding issues. this is compounded by the fact that data regarding the long - term outlook of patients continuing in this disconnect pattern is sorely lacking. some researchers have demonstrated higher progression rates while others concluded that the immunologic deterioration is delayed by an average of three years ( stephen deeks and colleagues, university of california at san francisco ). however large trials of disconnected patients who continue to maintain good clinical immunologic response to haart for a specified duration would provide greater insight into the risks. it seems that patients manifesting a disconnect who continue their treatment are stable clinically and not developing opportunistic infections. however, with the ongoing epidemic of resistance, it would be helpful to understand what it all means to a patients health and longevity. daniel s. berger, m. d. is medical director for northstar healthcare ; clinical assistant professor of medicine at the university of illinois at chicago and editor of aids infosource. he also serves as medical consultant and columnist for positively aware. inquiries are welcomed by dr. berger ; he can be reached at dsbergermd @ aol. com or 773. 296. 2400.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5324979995221876, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cdc2bab7-d594-4f51-9a83-92d392ec04a6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.435177"}
{"text": "in mathematics, hyperbolic functions are analogs of the ordinary trigonometric, or circular, functions. the basic hyperbolic functions are the hyperbolic sine \" sinh \" ( typically pronounced / \u02c8s\u026ant\u0283 / or / \u02c8\u0283a\u026an / ), and the hyperbolic cosine \" cosh \" ( typically pronounced / \u02c8k\u0252\u0283 / ), from which are derived the hyperbolic tangent \" tanh \" ( typically pronounced / \u02c8t\u00e6nt\u0283 / or / \u02c8\u03b8\u00e6n / ), etc., in analogy to the derived trigonometric functions. the inverse hyperbolic functions are the area hyperbolic sine \" arsinh \" ( also called \" asinh \", or sometimes by the misnomer of \" arcsinh \" ) and so on. just as the points ( cos t, sin t ) form a circle with a unit radius, the points ( cosh t, sinh t ) form the right half of the equilateral hyperbola. hyperbolic functions occur in the solutions of some important linear differential equations, for example the equation defining a catenary, and laplace ' s equation in cartesian coordinates. the latter is important in many areas of physics, including electromagnetic theory, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and special relativity. hyperbolic functions were introduced in the 18th century by the swiss mathematician johann heinrich lambert. the hyperbolic functions are : via complex numbers the hyperbolic functions are related to the circular functions as follows : where is the imaginary unit defined as. note that, by convention, sinh2x means ( sinhx ) 2, not sinh ( sinhx ) ; similarly for the other hyperbolic functions when used with positive exponents. another notation for the hyperbolic cotangent function is, though cothx is far more common. hyperbolic sine and cosine satisfy the identity which is similar to the pythagorean trigonometric identity. it can also be shown that the area under the graph of cosh x from a to b is equal to the arc length of cosh x from a to b. for a full list of integrals of hyperbolic functions, see list of integrals of hyperbolic functions in the above expressions, c is called the constant of integration. it is possible to express the above functions as taylor series : a point on the hyperbola xy = 1 with x > 1 determines a hyperbolic triangle in which the side adjacent to the hyperbolic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5440166104565458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34eefbfb-968b-4240-9caa-0182a3ca0559>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.445833"}
{"text": "expressions, c is called the constant of integration. it is possible to express the above functions as taylor series : a point on the hyperbola xy = 1 with x > 1 determines a hyperbolic triangle in which the side adjacent to the hyperbolic angle is associated with cosh while the side opposite is associated with sinh. however, since the point ( 1, 1 ) on this hyperbola is a distance \u221a2 from the origin, the normalization constant 1 / \u221a2 is necessary to define cosh and sinh by the lengths of the sides of the hyperbolic triangle. and the property that cosh t \u2265 1 for all t. the hyperbolic functions are periodic with complex period 2\u03c0i ( \u03c0i for hyperbolic tangent and cotangent ). the parameter t is not a circular angle, but rather a hyperbolic angle which represents twice the area between the x - axis, the hyperbola and the straight line which links the origin with the point ( cosh t, sinh t ) on the hyperbola. the function cosh x is an even function, that is symmetric with respect to the y - axis. the function sinh x is an odd function, that is \u2212sinh x = sinh ( \u2212x ), and sinh 0 = 0. the hyperbolic functions satisfy many identities, all of them similar in form to the trigonometric identities. in fact, osborn ' s rule states that one can convert any trigonometric identity into a hyperbolic identity by expanding it completely in terms of integral powers of sines and cosines, changing sine to sinh and cosine to cosh, and switching the sign of every term which contains a product of 2, 6, 10, 14,... sinhs. this yields for example the addition theorems the \" double angle formulas \" and the \" half - angle formulas \" the derivative of sinh x is cosh x and the derivative of cosh x is sinh x ; this is similar to trigonometric functions, albeit the sign is different ( i. e., the derivative of cos x is \u2212sin x ). the gudermannian function gives a direct relationship between the circular functions and the hyperbolic ones that does not involve complex numbers. the graph of the function a cosh ( x / a ) is the catenary, the curve formed by a uniform flexible chain hanging freely under gravity. from the definitions of the hyperbolic sine and cosine, we can derive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5424689697660176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34eefbfb-968b-4240-9caa-0182a3ca0559>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.447190"}
{"text": "the road to ' civilisation ' is paved with bad intentions. infestation, in ' fes \u2022 ta ' tion n. the state of being invaded or overrun by pests or parasites. do people inhabit the lands and forests that they have been living in for thousands of years or do they infest them? the answer to this no - brainer of a question might well lie at the root of the problem being faced by the jarawas in the andaman islands today. the video showing the jarawa women dancing on the andaman trunk road, apparently for food, is just the latest manifestation of a malaise that is so deep that one might well argue that there is no hope for the jarawa. in 1965, the ministry of rehabilitation, government of india, published an important document related to the andaman & nicobar islands : \u2018 the report by the inter departmental team on accelerated development programme for a & n islands. ' the contents of the report and their purpose were evident in the title itself \u2014 it laid out the roadmap for the development of these islands and set the stage for what was to happen over the decades that have followed. this little known report of less than a 100 pages in size is remarkable for the insight it provides into the thinking and the mindset of the times. there is what one might call a shocker on every page of this document and here is a just a sampling : page 26 : \u2026 the jarawas have been uniformly hostile to all outsiders with the result that about half the middle andaman is treated as a jarawa infested ( emphasis added ) area which is difficult for any outsider to venture \u2026 with the present road construction and the colonisation of the forest fringes, friction has become more frequent, and no month passes without a case of attack by the jarawas. page 69 : the completion of the great andaman trunk road would go a long way to help in the extraction of forest produces... a nation that had just fought its way out of the ignominy of being a colony was well on the way to becoming a coloniser itself. and those that came in the way could only be pests or parasites infesting the forests that had valuable resources locked away from productive use. it is also pertinent to note here that in 1957 itself, more than a 1000 sq. km of these \u201c jarawa infested \u201d forests of south and middle andaman had already been declared protected as a jarawa tribal reserve under the provisions of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45060493488971143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d3dd668b-c291-441d-b935-9480a07d7d9b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.459993"}
{"text": "pertinent to note here that in 1957 itself, more than a 1000 sq. km of these \u201c jarawa infested \u201d forests of south and middle andaman had already been declared protected as a jarawa tribal reserve under the provisions of the andaman and nicobar protection of aboriginal tribes regulation ( anpatr ) \u2014 1956. the 1965 report was in complete violation, or was a result of complete ignorance of this legal protection to the jarawa and the forests that they have inhabited for thousands of years. the seeds that were sown then have bloomed into myriad noxious weeds today and if one knows this history, the latest video that has generated so much heat is not in the bit surprising. much space in the media, both print and electronic, has been occupied in the last few days by a range of claims and counter claims \u2014 about the date of the video, about the police involvement in its making, the role of tour operators and about fixing blame and responsibility. a little known fact that lies at the root of the issue has been all but forgotten \u2014 the existence of the andaman trunk road, where this infamous video was shot about three years ago. the andaman trunk road that the 1965 report offered as a good way of extracting resources from the forests of the jarawa had been ordered shut by a supreme court order of 2002. it ' s been a decade now and in what can only be called audacious defiance, the administration of this little union territory has wilfully violated orders of the highest court of the land. a series of administrators have come and gone but contempt for the supreme court remains. whenever asked about the order, the administration has tried to hide behind technicalities of interpreting the court order and arguing that the court had never ordered the road shut in the first place. they forget that in march 2003, a few months after the sc orders had been passed, they had themselves filed an affidavit with a plea to \u201c permit the use / movement through the andaman trunk road. \u201d if it was not ordered shut, why the plea to keep it open? a few months later, in july 2003, the supreme court appointed central empowered committee reiterated explicitly that the court orders include those for the closure of the atr in those parts where it runs through the forests of the jarawa tribal reserve. the a & n administration has clearly violated the court ' s order both in letter and in spirit. it is a spirit that was evocatively articulated by dr. r. k. bhattacharch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4229247016373476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d3dd668b-c291-441d-b935-9480a07d7d9b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.461043"}
{"text": "forests of the jarawa tribal reserve. the a & n administration has clearly violated the court ' s order both in letter and in spirit. it is a spirit that was evocatively articulated by dr. r. k. bhattacharchaya, former director of the anthropological survey of india, in a report he submitted to the calcutta high court in 2004. \u201c the atr \u201d, he said, \u201c is like a public thoroughfare through a private courtyard \u2026 in the whole of human history, we find that the dominant group for their own advantage has always won over the minorities, not always paying attention to the issue of ethics. closure of the atr would perhaps be the first gesture of goodwill on part of the dominant towards an acutely marginalized group almost on the verge of extinction \u201d. the video in all its perversity offers us another opportunity, when all others in the past have been brushed aside either due to ignorance, arrogance or then sheer apathy. it ' s still not too late to make that \u2018 gesture of goodwill ' because otherwise there will be many more such videos down the years and much worse will follow. the lessons from history are very clear on this. and it will hardly be a consolation that a few people will be left saying we told you so. ( the writer is associated with kalpavriksh, one of the three ngos whose petition before the supreme court resulted in orders for the closure of the andaman trunk road in 2002. he is also the author of troubled islands \u2014 writings on the indigenous peoples and environment of the a & n islands. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4251364015893847, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d3dd668b-c291-441d-b935-9480a07d7d9b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.461908"}
{"text": "i was taught at medical school to remember that \u201c what \u2019 s common, is common \u201d. so if a patient comes into clinic with a sore throat, the chances are it is simply that \u2014 a sore throat. picking out the unusual diagnoses from seemingly common symptoms is one of the challenges of medicine, particularly when you are in general practice. back pain is a really common symptom to see in clinic and usually has no sinister cause. but there are some unusual diagnoses that present as back pain for doctors and patients to be mindful of. while lower back pain can be caused by physical injury, or slipped discs, for five per cent of sufferers, the pain is due to inflammation caused by a form of arthritis normally seen in young people. since back pain is so common, the problem can go undiagnosed for years and lead to long - term damage. but it can be treated. called axial spondyloarthritis, or axial spa, it primarily affects the sacroiliac joint ( the junction between the spine and the pelvis ). identifying the difference between this pain and mechanical back pain is vital, and there are a range of signals to look for. typically, symptoms first appear in young people in the prime of their lives \u2014 this alone should ring an alarm bell \u2014 and often they have back pain or stiffness that has lasted for over three months. this is certainly a trigger to go to the gp. it is common for axial spa patients to experience pain in the morning which improves with exercise but then worsens with rest. if these symptoms sound like a familiar pattern, a trip to the doctor will be necessary for some blood tests as well as a referral to get an mri scan. diagnosis of this condition has been known to take as long as 10 years for some sufferers, but vigilance from doctors in looking for uncommon causes of a common symptom, should hopefully improve the care that sufferers receive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4559429637329871, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bce777db-55c4-4d61-aa98-dd71307de129>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.464206"}
{"text": "solar - powered ion drive asteroid probe set for launch not much va - va - voom, but very economical nasa has confirmed that the \" dawn \" space probe to the asteroid belt will indeed launch on saturday, ending speculation that the mission might be delayed. after launching, dawn will spend four years in transit to the asteroids, circling the sun twice and gaining a \" gravity assist \" on the way by making a close approach to mars. planned voyage of the dawn space probe in 2011, dawn will go into orbit around vesta, one of the larger rock - like asteroids in the belt. after around five months studying vesta, the probe will depart in early 2012 and complete most of a further circuit round the sun, finally catching up with ceres in 2015 and going into orbit around it. ceres is a large example of the other main asteroid type, thought to be largely icy in composition. the dawn mission will be the first to go into orbit around a belt asteroid, and also the first to orbit two different bodies. this unusual flight profile would be all but impossible, according to nasa, were it not for the spacecraft ' s innovative propulsion system. dawn will lift off from earth aboard a conventional, chemical delta ii rocket, but its journey to the asteroids will be propelled - apart from the helping hand from martian gravity - by means of an ion drive. in an ion drive, thrust is still provided by throwing stuff out of the exhaust just as with a regular rocket. the difference is that rather than chemicals burning and expanding to throw themselves out of a combustion chamber, dawn ' s xenon propellant is squirted out of its back end using electrical power generated by solar panels. as one might expect, this produces an exceptionally feeble thrust ; equivalent to about 0. 02lb. the clever bit is that the ion engine achieves this thrust very economically, using only a tiny amount of propellant, because it accelerates the xenon - plasma exhaust to such a high velocity. dawn takes ages to squirt out a given amount of fuel, but when the ion drive finally does so it has achieved much more with it than a chemical rocket could have done. all this makes the multi - asteroid flightplan achievable within the nasa budget. now that nasa has addressed some technical concerns, it appears that dawn ' s saturday launch is a go, and then it ' s just four years until it gets to vesta. \u00ae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4666054612378041, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc8a9cff-ba2c-40af-89ae-143c7b188d0a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.469688"}
{"text": "cloudy outlook for climate models more aerosols - the solution to global warming? climate models appear to be missing an atmospheric ingredient, a new study suggests. december ' s issue of the international journal of climatology from the royal meteorlogical society contains a study of computer models used in climate forecasting. the study is by joint authors douglass, christy, pearson, and singer - of whom only the third mentioned is not entitled to the prefix professor. their topic is the discrepancy between troposphere observations from 1979 and 2004, and what computer models have to say about the temperature trends over the same period. while focusing on tropical latitudes between 30 degrees north and south ( mostly to 20 degrees n and s ), because, they write - \" much of the earth ' s global mean temperature variability originates in the tropics \" - the authors nevertheless crunched through an unprecedented amount of historical and computational data in making their comparison. for observational data they make use of ten different data sets, including ground and atmospheric readings at different heights. on the modelling side, they use the 22 computer models which participated in the ipcc - sponsored program for climate model diagnosis and intercomparison. some models were run several times, to produce a total of 67 realisations of temperature trends. the ipcc is the united nation ' s intergovernmental panel on climate change and published their fourth assessment report [ pdf, 7. 8mb ] earlier this year. their model comparison program uses a common set of forcing factors. notable in the paper is a generosity when calculating a figure for statistical uncertainty for the data from the models. in aggregating the models, the uncertainty is derived from plugging the number 22 into the maths, rather than 67. the effect of using 67 would be to confine the latitude of error closer to the average trend - with the implication of making it harder to reconcile any discrepancy with the observations. in addition, when they plot and compare the observational and computed data, they also double this error interval. so to the burning question : on their analysis, does the uncertainty in the observations overlap with the results of the models? if yes, then the models are supported by the observations of the last 30 years, and they could be useful predictors of future temperature and climate trends. unfortunately, the answer according to the study is no. figure 1 in the published paper available here [ pdf ] pretty much tells the story. douglass et al. temperature time trends ( degrees per decade ) against pressure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49118556703958083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee3fdce7-621c-4026-a762-105cef4462ab>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.475754"}
{"text": "education is the transmission of civilization. ~ william james durant ( 1885 \u2013 1981 ) and ariel durant, born chaya kaufman ( 1898 - 1981 ) after the murder of benazir bhutto, pakistan dominated the news for a week or so but that has now faded. we were regaled with speculation about the danger to the world posed by an unstable, nuclear - armed, undemocratic state where fundamentalist muslims find it easy to integrate into society. it was in pakistan that the taliban ( which took over the government of afghanistan and provided shelter to al qaeda ) were originally able to organize and build a foundation. a recent analysis on television suggests that the taliban are direct descendants of protestors who instigated the mutiny against british imperial rule and christian missionary zeal in 19th century india. but pakistan is also seen as a major bulwark in the \" war on terror \" and has been the recipient of $ 5bn in us aid since the attack on the twin towers. now the excitement has died down, pakistan has dropped out of media consciousness but its problems remain. and one of its greatest problems is education. like the rest of public life in pakistan, the education system is subject to endemic corruption. and this should trouble the rest of the world because education in pakistan is being exploited by fundamentalists in their drive to recruit new followers. when it was provided with american aid on a massive scale, pakistan promised to devote some of the money to improving its education system. the world bank has also allocated a separate $ 300mn specifically to support schools and colleges \u2013 but fearing that the money will disappear into a sink of corruption, it is reluctant to disburse the funds until proper control systems are put in place. these fears are justified. american officials supervising military aid suspect that invoices for supplies are inflated by as much as 30 %, enabling millions of dollars to disappear. and in the education system, officials estimate that corruption taps 15 % of intended expenditure. little has been done to improve education in pakistan. in the punjab, for example, there are 63, 000 state schools, of which : - 5, 000 ( 8 % ) have been condemned as dangerous structures. - 26, 000 ( 41 % ) have no electricity. - 16, 000 ( 25 % ) have no toilets. many teachers see their jobs as sinecures and don ' t turn up to work, while local inspectors distrust the information provided by the ministry of education. few schools have enough classrooms and some resort to teaching in the open air under", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5124814068731101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca196da4-3cdc-489d-9476-bb650b4c10d6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.483950"}
{"text": "have no toilets. many teachers see their jobs as sinecures and don ' t turn up to work, while local inspectors distrust the information provided by the ministry of education. few schools have enough classrooms and some resort to teaching in the open air under trees ( possibly safer than sitting in a classroom with cracks in the walls and an unstable roof ). often they have to cope with only one quarter of the desks required. understandably, parents are reluctant to send their children to these underfunded and under - supervised institutions. two groups of educators have moved in to fill this vacuum : private schools and religious madrassas. it is the madrassas that have attracted most attention and generated hysteria in the press both inside and outside pakistan. some of them are run by fundamentalists, preach jihad, and groom their students to be revolutionary fighters and suicide bombers the media in pakistan and across the world, supported by wild estimates made by pakistani police, have exaggerated the scale of this problem. a more restrained study by the world bank and harvard university has estimated that the true numbers of children being educated in madrassas represents a little less that 1 % of children in the 5 - 19 age group. these figures must be put into context : - 33 % of children are enrolled in state schools. - a further 12 % are enrolled in private schools. - 87 % of children enroll in primary education, but numbers fall sharply at secondary level. - literacy rates are 63 % for men and 36 % for women, showing that the standard of education is poor ( in comparison, the figures for india are 76 % and 54 % ). wealthily endowed madrassas the development of the private sector is striking. private schools now educate one third as many children as those educated in the state sector. the population values education and is willing to make sacrifices to give their children the schooling which the state fails to provide. much has been said about madrassas ( wealthily endowed by saudi money ) providing the only chance for the poorest pakistani families. but private schools are cheap and all but the very poorest can afford them. so is there nothing to worry about? indeed no. there are dangers and they are serious ones. the wb / harvard study showed that, while in most areas of pakistan madrassas account for less than 1 % of school enrolments, in the so - called tribal areas ( where pasto is the main language and there are strong links to afghanistan ) the percentage rises to over 7 %. these are the areas the state finds most difficult to control and, if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4522151527407254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca196da4-3cdc-489d-9476-bb650b4c10d6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.485590"}
{"text": "school enrolments, in the so - called tribal areas ( where pasto is the main language and there are strong links to afghanistan ) the percentage rises to over 7 %. these are the areas the state finds most difficult to control and, if madrassas do have a malign influence, it is here that it would be easiest to foment and develop an anti - democratic movement. children brought up to hate muslims the survey also estimated that there are about 175, 000 students enrolled in madrassas. if we make a guess that 5 % of madrassas are run by fundamentalists, this still means that almost 9000 children are being brought up to hate muslims who do not meet their own \" high \" standards. the theory propagated by the extremists is this. the only acceptable law is sharia law and this should be interpreted strictly ( hence the enforcement of headscarves and the like for women \u2026 among much worse horrors ). it is the duty of good muslims to create a state which accepts and enforces sharia. government leaders who do not concur are the enemy. those who conspire with the west are the enemy. muslims who support these governments are the enemy. in this way, the fundamentalist madrassas create a justification for killing other muslims. the suicide bombers are given a target and a cause. it has, however, very little to do with the west ; the majority of victims are much closer to home. but a flow of almost 9000 young men and women ( possibly more \u2013 other estimates are higher and my guess of 5 % of may be optimistic ) is more than enough to recruit suicide bombers and build momentum for the movement. dodging and weaving so let us return to benazir bhutto. she and her husband spent the years since she was ousted from power dodging and weaving to avoid convictions for corruption and embezzlement. indeed, she was convicted of money laundering by a swiss magistrate, while a british judge found grounds for a prosecution against her and / or her husband for purchasing an estate in the english home counties with the fruits of embezzlement. despite this track record, the west was keen to have bhutto as a friend in pakistan because of the fear that a nation with its own nuclear weapons could fall into the hands of someone worse. the us has provided huge amounts of cash, some of which has been used to buy delivery systems for these weapons of mass destruction, and has only recently begun to worry about whose finger might be on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4809659426872319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca196da4-3cdc-489d-9476-bb650b4c10d6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.487084"}
{"text": "named as a place to stay by & national geographic episode 13 season 4 weather in trinity trinity is surrounded by rocky beaches perfect for searching out treasures such as colourful seashells, sea glass and old clay pipes. visitors who come in late spring early summer just might get the change to witness \" the capelin run \". this is when thousands of silvery capelin roll up on the beaches to spawn. not only is it an amazing sight to behold, but it also serves as an indication that the whales, which feed on capelin, will soon be arriving! the bald eagle : bald eagles are no stranger to trinity bay. visitors can spot eagle ' s nests while hiking or taking a boat tour. these magnificent birds are often spotted soaring over the town of trinity and are hard to miss with wingspans sometimes reaching over 6 feet. immature eagles are brown and do not develop their white heads and tails until they are five years old. because trinity bay is a popular nesting ground, bird watchers can see these majestic creatures at their different ages. the atlantic puffin : atlantic puffins spend most of their time at sea but return to land during spring and summer to form breeding colonies. one such breeding colony is locatedin elliston on route 238 and is just a short drive from trinity. these white and black birds with colourful beaks are only 10 inches tall and flap their wings at over 400 beats per minute. it can often be difficult to photograph a puffin as it flies, but plenty can be spotted resting on land tending their burrows. the arctic tern : this bird is known for making the longest annual migration in the animal kingdom, guaranteeing itself two summers, lending it the nickname \" bird of the sun \". the arctic tern can often be spotted diving for small fish and crustacean around trinity ' s beaches and directly in front of the twine loft restaurant. bird watching links : eastern newfoundland birdfinder the province ' s tourism site provides information about birds, seabird ecological reserves, and private tour operators. the province ' s tourism site provides information about birds, seabird ecological reserves, and private tour operators. the natural history society of newfoundland and labrador ' s site has a birding checklist for the province, and occasionally information about birding activities. the province ' s parks and natural areas site lists and describes seabird ecological reserves. this google group site is where local birders report recent sightings of interest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38488867519949943, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d39dc008-9771-4524-8e8c-9d65199c8afd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.492473"}
{"text": "- the perfect storm : can disaster reduction occur in the face of climate change and population growth? - voicing slavery : elizabeth barrett browning and mary prince - osteoporosis : bouncing babies to crumbling wrinklies - the need to own our bones - what has the king \u2019 s speech done to improve public awareness about stuttering? - photons, spacecraft, atomic clocks and einstein \u2013 fundamental physics in the space environment - london : the divorce capital of the world. \u2018 big money \u2019 divorce cases : fairness, gender and judicial discretion - when technology design provokes errors - prometheus and i : building new body parts from stem cells - against nature? homosexuality and evolution - child development in developing countries - did democracy cause the american civil war? - the highs and lows of our nearest star, the sun - from pathogen to ally : engineering viruses to treat disease - designing for students - the price of the pouch : the evolutionary ramifications of mammalian reproductive strategies download lunch hour lectures to your mobile device from 7 days after the live event at itunes u. voicing slavery : elizabeth barrett browning and mary prince 25 october 2011 professor catherine hall ( ucl history ) women ' s voices were central to the struggle against slavery in the early 19th century. elizabeth barrett browning, one of britain ' s greatest poets, was the daughter of a slaveowner and the family money came from their jamaican plantations. she sympathised with the cause of antislavery - but that sympathy was complicated by her family connections. mary prince was an enslaved woman who was brought by her ' owner ' to britain, escaped, and recorded her narrative. it was published and provided a moving testimony of the cruelties of slavery and a significant weapon in the war against it. both these women had close connections with bloomsbury, and this lecture, in conjunction with the exhibition ' the slave owners of gower street ' will explore their lives and writings and the place of slavery in 19th century britain. this lecture marks black history month in october. there is also an exhibition in ucl \u2019 s south cloisters on the main campus entitled \u2018 the slave owners of gower street \u2019 page last modified on 25 oct 11 15 : 37", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4908427040228467, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5afd19c9-2c48-4a8c-8f5a-642b87e29790>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.500544"}
{"text": "please note : uc press e - books must be purchased separately from our print books, and require the use of adobe digital editions. if you do not already have adobe digital editions installed on your computer, please download and install the software. to complete your e - book order, please click on the e - book checkout button. a charge will appear on your credit card from ingram digital group. in a book of deep and telling ironies, peter schrag provides essential background for understanding the fractious debate over immigration. covering the earliest days of the republic to current events, schrag sets the modern immigration controversy within the context of three centuries of debate over the same questions about who exactly is fit for citizenship. he finds that nativism has long colored our national history, and that the fear \u2014 and loathing \u2014 of newcomers has provided one of the faultlines of american cultural and political life. schrag describes the eerie similarities between the race - based arguments for restricting irish, german, slav, italian, jewish, and chinese immigrants in the past and the arguments for restricting latinos and others today. he links the terrible history of eugenic \" science \" to ideas, individuals, and groups now at the forefront of the fight against rational immigration policies. not fit for our society makes a powerful case for understanding the complex, often paradoxical history of immigration restriction as we work through the issues that inform, and often distort, the debate over who can become a citizen, who decides, and on what basis. sources and acknowledgments 1. a city upon a hill 2. \u201c this visible act of ingurgitation \u201d 3. \u201c science \u201d makes its case 4. preserving the race 5. the great awhitening 6. \u201c they keep coming \u201d 7. a border without lines peter schrag, for many years the editorial page editor and later a weekly columnist for the sacramento bee, currently contributes to the nation, harper ' s, the los angeles times, and other publications. he is a visiting scholar at the institute for governmental studies at the university of california at berkeley and the author of several books, including paradise lost and california : america ' s high - stakes experiment ( both from uc press ) and final test : the battle for adequacy in america ' s schools. peter schrag is the 2010 winner of the carey mcwilliams award from the california studies association. \" peter schrag is the model for all political writers. he is committed, passionate, and el", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48353110242524855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70a25b7e-14c4-4b94-bb87-130249531268>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.507141"}
{"text": "place in the nation ' s life. drawing on his reading of primary sources and the latest scholarship, he tells a story rich in irony, detail, and nuance, tracing the history of nativism from the earliest days of the republic to the current debates over immigration reform. the book is particularly striking for the way that it connects the arguments and organizations of the current anti - immigration movement to their roots in the eugenics movement and pseudo - scientific racism of the early 20th century. \" \u2014 mark paul, new america foundation \" [ schrag ] delivers a story rich in irony, detail, and nuance, often told with passion and frequently challenging orthodoxies of both the political right and left. it is the right book at the right time. \" - mark paul, new america foundation \" history ' s lessons come through loud and clear as peter schrag vividly recounts the characters and the ideas behind that side of america that rejects immigration. illuminating both in its sweep and its detail this 300 - year narrative makes an important contribution to our understanding of today ' s policy debates. \" \u2014 roberto suro, author of strangers among us : latino lives in a changing america \" in an intemperate time, peter schrag ' s voice is lucid and truly american. \" \u2014 richard rodriguez", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48091629721838725, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70a25b7e-14c4-4b94-bb87-130249531268>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.511578"}
{"text": "have you ever wondered : where did we come from? what makes us different from all the other life forms on this planet? shannon dorey in her new book \" the master of speech \" just might have the answers and most people won ' t like them! ms. dorey has studied the life and works of marcel griaule, a french anthropologist, who 50 years ago recorded the oral history and mythology of the dogon, as told by ogotemmeli, a member of the tribe. the dogon are an isolated mountainous region of bandiagara, south of the sahara desert in mali, west africa. mr. griaule wrote about the dogon in his book, \" conversations with ogotemmeli \", published in 1947. the dogon mythology is disturbing because it claims that we were created by beings that genetically engineered our dna. in fact, the book states that our dna was manipulated three times and that three different versions of humans were designed. this was due to failed experiments by out creators. amphibious aliens from the sirian star system, that landed on earth with \" great noise and wind \" on a 3 - legged spacecraft. these aliens, named the nummo, didn ' t take into consideration the problems of combining their androgynous ( both male and female ) dna with the dna of single sexed animals ( us ). according to ms dorey on page 25, \" the nummo change the earth animals who are \" naked and speechless \" by using the \" fibers \" or the dna from the nummo world. the lack of intelligence on the earth is identified as \" disorder \" that the nummo want to end. by combining their dna with the earth animals they order the universe \". on page 26, ms dorey writes : \" ogotemmeli referred to the earth previously as being \" naked and speechless \" which is how animals are defined. so by connecting with the nummo, the animals become clothed and they learn to speak. \" as stated the nummo came from the sirius star system and resembled serpents, lizards, chameleons and fish! ms. dorey adds, \" the first important symbol found in ogotemmili conversation with griaule is the symbol of the \" word \" it self. the \" word \" is used as a metaphor for dna of the biologically engineered humans. this is because speech is synonymous with intelligence and the only way the earth animals are able to speak is when their dna is combined with the numm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5210749602108335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b122f64f-aa67-4100-a5dc-c6045083418c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.518982"}
{"text": "it self. the \" word \" is used as a metaphor for dna of the biologically engineered humans. this is because speech is synonymous with intelligence and the only way the earth animals are able to speak is when their dna is combined with the nummo ' s dna. the \" word \" is a key symbol and is used throughout to describe the three different version of the biologically engineered humans. \" on page 5, ms dorey writes : \".. the religion of the dogon tribe centered on the sirius star system and this information about the red - dwarf star had been told to griaule, and another anthropologist germaine dieterlen, sometime between 1931 and 1950. the dogon had told the anthropologists they had received their knowledge from visitors who came to the earth from another star system. \" how can we believe the dogon mythology? what proof is there that this tale, this story is any truer than that of any other culture or religion? on page 5 ms. dorey writes, \" what is even more important is that the dogon mythology evolved from an oral culture. the ancient stories told by ogotemmeli had been passed on from generation to generation throughout the ages \". read \" the master of speech \" and discover how the nummo story is woven into the creation myths of all the worlds major religions! learn the truth about immortality and reincarnation. in what may prove to be one of life ' s largest understatements, ms. dorey writes, \" it ( the dogon mythology ) provides us with the sought after missing link and answers to questions that have plagued humanity since the beginning of time. if you are interested in purchasing \" the master of speech \", please click here. publishers, to have your book reviews placed here please contact email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5740906302324441, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b122f64f-aa67-4100-a5dc-c6045083418c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.520195"}
{"text": "effect of district meter areas on water quality isbn : 1 84057 205 1 from the modelling work, case study and discussions with the industry, it is concluded that the net long term effect of creating dmas does not appear to be detrimental to water quality on a day to day basis. the short term effect of creating dmas depends on the extent with which the network has a potential to cause water quality problems, eg does it contain deposits and / or corroding mains. where these exist it is highly likely that work to install new valves and the set up of the dma will cause short term discoloured water for some customers. customers who bought this report also bought... various operational and maintenance strategies ( and the activities that comprise the strategy ) are adopted by water suppliers in order to maintain water quality at acceptable levels. conversely, acitivities applied to a netw... more... price : \u00a3100 add to basket this report investigates the prediction of chlorine by means of a field study. the prediction of water age was successful. further research is needed on chlorine decay. the importance of pipe material, diameter, temperature,... more... price : \u00a3150 add to basket the manual provides guidance to staff engaged in managing district meter areas ( dmas ). it guides the practitioner through the stages of : 1. setting up and maintaining districts, 2 monitoring leakage, 3 se... more... price : \u00a3100 add to basket this study aims to advance understanding on discolouration in drinking water. work products include : - a literature review of corrosion and iron discolouration. - analysis of relationships between corrosion, tuberculatio... more... price : \u00a3100 add to basket the first update of ' managing leakage ', the 1995 water industry report. economics of leakage methodology, both short and long term is developed in detail. there are case studies on whole - life costing. seven key areas of ukwi... more... price : \u00a350 add to basket", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5143148231033978, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3e2a0d3-af54-4156-b61a-eac569b35d42>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.523847"}
{"text": "| \u00a9 2007 care | | already inundated from previous cyclones, madagascar \u2019 s northern and northwestern regions were hit by cyclone indlala on 15 march. | by blue chevigny new york, usa, 19 march 2007 \u2013 the rain is coming down in sheets over the capital city of madagascar, antananarivo, in the aftermath of indlala, the latest cyclone to hit the island nation. madagascar is in the midst of an extreme cyclone season, with four major storms already having devastated the country since december, the most recent one on 15 march. tropical cyclone indlala destroyed 90 per cent of the traditional homes in the northern antlaha region where it touched down that day, as well as disabling electricity and communications, destroying many administrative buildings and ravaging the area \u2019 s crops. according to unicef communication officer misbah sheikh, 293, 000 families are already affected by the floods from previous storms. \u201c with indlala, the numbers will go up, \u201d she adds. continuing impact on children ms. sheikh worries about the effects on families and children in the north and northwest of the country, the regions hardest - hit by the latest storm. a rapid assessment team has been sent by unicef to survey the damage. \u201c seventy per cent of madagascar \u2019 s population is rural, \u201d says ms. sheikh. \u201c they live in wooden houses, sometimes with thatched roofs, so they have probably experienced a lot of damage. children are over half of the population and are, of course, the first affected. \u201d | \u00a9 unicef video | | much of the population in flood - affected rural areas of madagascar lives in wooden houses with thatched roofs that are likely to sustain serious storm damage. | in the regions of madagascar stricken by the previous cyclones, unicef had already been providing relief in the form of tents, water purification supplies and water canisters, as well as nutritional support and emergency school supplies. no sooner did the situation begin to stabilize than cyclone indlala hit. ms. sheikh says this pattern is a huge problem. \u201c every time we attack an emergency, another pops up, \u201d she laments. un issues flash appeal complicating matters further, in the south of madagascar \u2013 which is a huge country the size of france, belgium and luxembourg combined \u2013 an entirely different problem persists. while flooding afflicts the country \u2019 s northern and central regions, the population in the south has been overwhelmed by a severe drought, which has led to undernutrition, water and sanitation problems and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3756471989998962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c5039a3-36bb-45fa-8f10-2dafc4d0a4d4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.531184"}
{"text": "want to stay on top of all the space news? follow @ universetoday on twitter one of the most prominent features in the solar system is jupiter \u2019 s red spot. this is a massive storm three times the size of the earth that has been raging across the cloud tops of jupiter since astronomers first looked at it with a telescope. known as the great red spot, this is an anticyclonic ( high pressure ) storm that rotates around the planet at about 22\u00b0. astronomers think that its darker red color comes from how it dredges up sulfur and ammonia particles from deeper down in jupiter \u2019 s atmosphere. these chemicals start out dark and then lighten as they \u2019 re exposed to sunlight. smaller storms on jupiter are usually white, and then darken as they get larger. the recently formed red spot jr. storm turned from white to red as it grew in size and intensity. astronomers aren \u2019 t sure if jupiter \u2019 s red spot is temporary or permanent. it has been visible since astronomers started making detailed observations in the 1600s, and it \u2019 s still on jupiter today. some simulations have predicted that this a storm like this might be a permanent fixture on jupiter. you can still see the red spot with a small telescope larger than about 15 cm ( 6 inches ). the edge of the red spot is turning at a speed of about 360 km / h ( 225 mph ). the whole size of the spot is ranges from 24, 000 km x 12, 000 km to as wide as 40, 000 km. you could fit two or three earths inside the storm. the actual edge of the storm lifts up about 8 km above the surrounding cloud tops. astronomers have noticed that it \u2019 s been slowly shrinking over the last decade or so, losing about 15 % of its total size. this might be a temporary situation, or jupiter \u2019 s red spot might go on losing its size. if it continues, it should look almost round by 2040. we \u2019 ve also recorded an episode of astronomy cast all about jupiter. listen here, episode 56 : jupiter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4995078062415006, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68a72837-7ba3-46cd-8706-3d1dfcca933e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.537498"}
{"text": "socialsekreteraren har ordet! en studie av hur ungdomar beskrivs i socialtjanstens yttranden avseende unga lagovertradare. sammanfattning : the purpose of this essay was to examine how youths are described in certain written statements that are produced by the social services. the statements that this study has focused on, are those written with the purpose of serving the court with suggestions of treatment - measures when a person between 15 and 18 is suspected of having committed a crime. the main issues were : how is the content in these statements described and what do these descriptions tell the reader? do the images of youths in the statements differ, depending on the degree of intervention for the suggested treatment - measure? the essay is based on a qualitative content - analysis of 50 statements and the material has been analysed from a social - constructive theoretical perspective. the study shows that the youths in the statements are described through descriptions that reinforces a positive or a negative image of the youth, and that these descriptions are described as either utterances or facts. depending on the degree of intervention for the suggested treatment - measures, the information in the statements differ in that descriptions that are likely to reinforce a positive image of the youth are more frequent in the statements where no or less intervening treatment - measures is suggested. i addition to this, descriptions that are likely to reinforce a negative image of the youth are more frequent in the statements where more intervening treatment - measures is suggested. the study further shows that descriptions are more often described as facts in the statements with more intervening suggested treatment - measures. in addition to this, descriptions are more often described as utterances in the statements with less intervening suggested treatment - measures. har kan du hamta uppsatsen i fulltext. ( folj lanken till nasta sida )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5542697812612783, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84af515e-8825-46ed-8ba7-1bfc992af98a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.542189"}
{"text": "- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb the story of creation. * 1in the beginning, when god created the heavens and the eartha \u2014 2 * and the earth was without form or shape, with darkness over the abyss and a mighty wind sweeping over the waters \u2014 b 3then god said : let there be light, and there was light. c 4god saw that the light was good. god then separated the light from the darkness. 5god called the light \u201c day, \u201d and the darkness he called \u201c night. \u201d evening came, and morning followed \u2014 the first day. * 6then god said : let there be a dome in the middle of the waters, to separate one body of water from the other. 7god made the dome, * and it separated the water below the dome from the water above the dome. and so it happened. d 8god called the dome \u201c sky. \u201d evening came, and morning followed \u2014 the second day. 9then god said : let the water under the sky be gathered into a single basin, so that the dry land may appear. and so it happened : the water under the sky was gathered into its basin, and the dry land appeared. e 10god called the dry land \u201c earth, \u201d and the basin of water he called \u201c sea. \u201d god saw that it was good. 11f then god said : let the earth bring forth vegetation : every kind of plant that bears seed and every kind of fruit tree on earth that bears fruit with its seed in it. and so it happened : 12the earth brought forth vegetation : every kind of plant that bears seed and every kind of fruit tree that bears fruit with its seed in it. god saw that it was good. 13evening came, and morning followed \u2014 the third day. 14then god said : let there be lights in the dome of the sky, to separate day from night. let them mark the seasons, the days and the years, g 15and serve as lights in the dome of the sky, to illuminate the earth. and so it happened : 16god made the two great lights, the greater one to govern the day, and the lesser one to govern the night, and the stars. h 17god set them in the dome of the sky, to illuminate the earth, 18to govern the day and the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. god saw that it was good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5088040924683919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d279c51f-d85b-49c1-9b42-e3b3ddd59587>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.560604"}
{"text": "night, and the stars. h 17god set them in the dome of the sky, to illuminate the earth, 18to govern the day and the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. god saw that it was good. 19evening came, and morning followed \u2014 the fourth day. 20i then god said : let the water teem with an abundance of living creatures, and on the earth let birds fly beneath the dome of the sky. 21god created the great sea monsters and all kinds of crawling living creatures with which the water teems, and all kinds of winged birds. god saw that it was good, 22and god blessed them, saying : be fertile, multiply, and fill the water of the seas ; and let the birds multiply on the earth. j 23evening came, and morning followed \u2014 the fifth day. 24k then god said : let the earth bring forth every kind of living creature : tame animals, crawling things, and every kind of wild animal. and so it happened : 25god made every kind of wild animal, every kind of tame animal, and every kind of thing that crawls on the ground. god saw that it was good. 26l then god said : let us make * human beings in our image, after our likeness. let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, the birds of the air, the tame animals, all the wild animals, and all the creatures that crawl on the earth. 27god created mankind in his image ; in the image of god he created them ; male and female * he created them. 28god blessed them and god said to them : be fertile and multiply ; fill the earth and subdue it. * have dominion over the fish of the sea, the birds of the air, and all the living things that crawl on the earth. m 29 * n god also said : see, i give you every seed - bearing plant on all the earth and every tree that has seed - bearing fruit on it to be your food ; 30and to all the wild animals, all the birds of the air, and all the living creatures that crawl on the earth, i give all the green plants for food. and so it happened. 31god looked at everything he had made, and found it very good. evening came, and morning followed \u2014 the sixth day. o * [ 1 : 1 \u2013 2 : 3 ] this section, from the priestly source, functions as an introduction,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4927792146210784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d279c51f-d85b-49c1-9b42-e3b3ddd59587>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.561938"}
{"text": "\u2019 adam is here the generic term for humankind ; in the first five chapters of genesis it is the proper name adam only at 4 : 25 and 5 : 1 \u2013 5. in our image, after our likeness : \u201c image \u201d and \u201c likeness \u201d ( virtually synonyms ) express the worth of human beings who have value in themselves ( human blood may not be shed in 9 : 6 because of this image of god ) and in their task, dominion ( 1 : 28 ), which promotes the rule of god over the universe. * [ 1 : 27 ] male and female : as god provided the plants with seeds ( vv. 11, 12 ) and commanded the animals to be fertile and multiply ( v. 22 ), so god gives sexuality to human beings as their means to continue in existence. * [ 1 : 28 ] fill the earth and subdue it : the object of the verb \u201c subdue \u201d may be not the earth as such but earth as the territory each nation must take for itself ( chaps. 10 \u2013 11 ), just as israel will later do ( see nm 32 : 22, 29 ; jos 18 : 1 ). the two divine commands define the basic tasks of the human race \u2014 to continue in existence through generation and to take possession of one \u2019 s god - given territory. the dual command would have had special meaning when israel was in exile and deeply anxious about whether they would continue as a nation and return to their ancient territory. have dominion : the whole human race is made in the \u201c image \u201d and \u201c likeness \u201d of god and has \u201c dominion. \u201d comparable literature of the time used these words of kings rather than of human beings in general ; human beings were invariably thought of as slaves of the gods created to provide menial service for the divine world. the royal language here does not, however, give human beings unlimited power, for kings in the bible had limited dominion and were subject to prophetic critique. * [ 1 : 29 ] according to the priestly tradition, the human race was originally intended to live on plants and fruits as were the animals ( see v. 30 ), an arrangement that god will later change ( 9 : 3 ) in view of the human inclination to violence. by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5180931273084353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d279c51f-d85b-49c1-9b42-e3b3ddd59587>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.574541"}
{"text": "everyone is familiar with weather systems on earth like rain, wind and snow. but space weather \u2013 variable conditions in the space surrounding earth \u2013 has important consequences for our lives inside earth \u2019 s atmosphere. solar activity occurring miles outside earth \u2019 s atmosphere, for example, can trigger magnetic storms on earth. these storms are visually stunning, but they can set our modern infrastructure spinning. on jan. 19, scientists saw a solar flare in an active region of the sun, along with a concentrated blast of solar - wind plasma and magnetic field lines known as a coronal mass ejection that burst from the sun \u2019 s surface and appeared to be headed for earth. when these solar winds met earth \u2019 s magnetic field, the interaction created one of the largest magnetic storms on earth recorded in the past few years. the storm peaked on jan. 24, just as another storm began. \u201c these new storms, and the storm we witnessed on sept 26, 2011, indicate the up - tick in activity coming with the earth \u2019 s ascent into the next solar maximum, \u201d said usgs geophysicist jeffrey love. \u201d this solar maximum is the period of greatest activity in the solar cycle of the sun, and it is predicted to occur sometime in 2013, which will increase the amount of magnetic storms on earth. magnetic storms, said love, are a space weather phenomenon responsible for the breathtaking lights of the aurora borealis, but also sometimes for the disruption of technology and infrastructure our modern society depends on. large magnetic storms, for example, can interrupt radio communication, interfere with global - positioning systems, disrupt oil and gas well drilling, damage satellites and affect their operations, and even cause electrical blackouts by inducing voltage surges in electric power grids. storms can also affects airline activity \u2014 as a result of last weekend \u2019 s storm, both air canada and delta air lines rerouted flights over the arctic bound for asia as a precautionary measure. although the storm began on the 19th of january, it did not peak until january 24th. while this particular storm had minor consequences on earth, other large storms can be crippling, love said. he noted that the largest storm of the 20th century occurred in march, 1989, accompanied by auroras that could be seen as far south as texas, and sent electric currents into earth \u2019 s crust that made their way into the high - voltage canadian hydro - quebec power grid. this caused the transformer to fail and left more than 6 million people without power for 9 hours. the same storm also damaged and disrupted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46178196822655043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf427001-3692-4386-aad9-df932c4b7088>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.581577"}
{"text": "electric currents into earth \u2019 s crust that made their way into the high - voltage canadian hydro - quebec power grid. this caused the transformer to fail and left more than 6 million people without power for 9 hours. the same storm also damaged and disrupted the operation of satellites, gps systems, and radio communication systems used by the united states military. while large, the 1989 storm pales in comparison to one that occurred in september 1859 and is the largest storm in recorded history. scientists estimate that the economic impact to the united states from a storm of the same size in today \u2019 s society could exceed $ 1 trillion as a result of the technological systems it could disrupt. the usgs, a partner in the multi - agency national space weather program, collects data that can help us understand how magnetic storms may impact the united states. constant monitoring of earth \u2019 s magnetic field allows us to better assess the impact of these phenomena on earth \u2019 s surface. to do this, the usgs geomagnetism program maintains 14 observatories around the united states and its territories, which provide ground - based measurements of changes in the magnetic field. these measurements are being used by the noaa space weather prediction center and the us air force weather agencyto track the intensity of the magnetic storm generated by this solar activity. in addition to providing data to its customers, the usgs produces models of the earth \u2019 s magnetic field that are used in a host of applications, including gps receivers, military and civilian navigational systems, and in research for studies of the effects of geomagnetic storms on the ionosphere ( a shell of electrons and electrically charged atoms and molecules surrounding earth ), atmosphere, and near - space environment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5216451705876197, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf427001-3692-4386-aad9-df932c4b7088>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.585261"}
{"text": "contamination and pollution introduction of harmful substances into the environment by human action or natural processes. northern gulf of mexico ecosystem change and hazard susceptibility [ more info ] map interfaces and data in the area offshore louisiana, mississippi, and alabama which was affected most by hurricane katrina and, more recently, the oil spill. nutrients national synthesis project : nutrients in rivers, streams, and aquifers in the united states [ more info ] this nutrients national synthesis project site on the u. s. study of nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, as contaminants in high concentrations links to an overview, study team, featured reports, publications, and national datasets. nutrients in the nation ' s streams and groundwater : national findings and implications [ more info ] despite public sector efforts to reduce nonpoint - source nutrients in streams and rivers, concentrations have remained the same or increased, continuing to pose risks to aquatic life and human health. occurrence of emerging contaminants in water and bed material in the missouri river, north dakota, 2007 [ more info ] water monitoring results, focused on wastewater compounds, human - health pharmaceutical compounds, hormones, and antibiotics in water, and waste indicators, hormones, and antibiotics in solids. occurrence of escherichia coli in the cuyahoga river in the cuyahoga valley national park, ohio [ more info ] explains how this important indicator bacteria is used to detect problems in the water supply that may affect human health, focusing on a specific recreational area. occurrence of selected radionuclides in ground water used for drinking water in the united states [ more info ] results ( *. pdf ) of a 1998 targeted reconnaissance survey on the sources of radium, polonium, and lead radionuclides, data collection and laboratory methods, existing occurrences in drinking water, risk assessments, and compliance monitoring. occurrence, distribution, and concentrations of selected contaminants in streambed - and suspended - sediment samples collected in bexar county, texas, 2007 - 09 [ more info ] study showing which chemicals found in sediments were most common, with methods used and likely consequences of their high concentrations. oil pollution impacts on birds [ more info ] a compilation of information, including reports, bibliographies, and data, on all aspects oil toxicity relevant to birds and other wildlife. operational guidelines for geological fieldwork in areas endemic for coccidioidomycosis ( valley fever ) [ more info ] report giving operational guidelines that will lower the risk of coccidioidomycosis ( valley fever", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5237487908697631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:15b9b669-353b-4313-8a6b-718fe72f8c9a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.589066"}
{"text": "fact sheet on the historic and current conditions of mangroves of dry tortugas national park, a cluster of islands and coral reefs west of key west, florida. mangroves and nesting frigate bird colonies are at risk to destruction by hurricanes. doppler radar imaging is used for tracking the migration and behavior of bird populations. with the u. s. fish and wildlife service and other agencies, usgs uses this technology to assist decision makers balance natural and industrial concerns updated summaries of research in the arctic national wildlife refuge, alaska, on caribou, muskoxen, predators ( grizzly bears, wolves, golden eagles ), polar bears, snow geese and their wildlife habitats with maps of land - cover and vegetation. fact sheet on the need to protect biological soil crusts in the desert. these crusts are most of the soil surface in deserts not covered by green plants and are inhabited by cyanobacterium ( blue - green algae ) and other organisms useful to the ecosystem. overview of research of the ecology branch on the ecological consequences of habitat degradation due to altered environment, nonindigenous species, and atmospheric alterations. includes links to staff and research projects. assessment of the importance of the conservation reserve program in preventing the decline of grassland breeding birds by preserving grassland habitats in north dakota. published as wilson bulletin v. 107 no. 4, pp. 709 - 718 ( 1995 ). study of wildland fire history and fire ecology such as plants in the sierra nevada forests, california shrublands, the mojave, and sonoran deserts to develop management techniques that will reduce hazards. catalog of bird species common to forest and rangeland habitats in the u. s. with natural histories including taxonomic information, range, and habitat descriptions to assist land managers in resource management. text available as a *. zip file. macroinvertebrate data collected by usgs or usfs from 73 sites from 2000 to 2007 and algal data collected from up to 26 sites between 2000 and 2001 in the eagle river watershed, with emphasis on methods of sample collection and data processing. plan for an upcoming study, at the microbiological scale, of the benthic communities ( including corals ) that reside in and around mid - atlantic canyons, which are located at the edge of the continental shelf. homepage for the northern prairie wildlife research center, jamestown, nd, with links to announcements, science prgorams, biological resources finder, publications search option, contacts, and answers to common questions about the center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4609754396849538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1f08313-76c3-44a3-9f2b-c45baa25f3f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.611867"}
{"text": "edge of the continental shelf. homepage for the northern prairie wildlife research center, jamestown, nd, with links to announcements, science prgorams, biological resources finder, publications search option, contacts, and answers to common questions about the center links to ornithology programs at patuxent wildlife research center, laurel, md, including large scale survey analysis of bird populations, research tools, datasets and analyses, bird identification, and seasonal bird lists. core web page from america ' s first wildlife experiment station and a leading wildlife management refuge, the patuxent wildlife research center, laurel, maryland with links to projects, publications, library, contacts, and how to get there. biomonitoring projects studying the status and trends of the nation ' s environmental resources and programs studying amphibians and birds. links to long - term programs, resources and references, and related links. report on effects of the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide on plants and animals, especially birds, in the great plains including effects of carbon dioxide fertilization, ultraviolet radiation, climate change, and harmful effects on bird habitats. project is designed to integrate studies from a number of researchers compiling data from terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecosystems within south florida. links to publications, maps, posters, and data of studies. report prepared for the u. s. fish and wildlife service with descriptions of exotic aquatic species introduced in the southeast united states with information on populations, geographic distribution, and origins. complex interactions among hydrologic events initiated by people and the behaviors and characteristics of animal species ( both native and introduced ) lead to important scientific and management problems. information on the nwrc wetlands ecology branch, which conducts research related to sustainable management and restoration of the nation ' s coastal saltwater wetlands, freshwater wetlands, submerged aquatic ecosystems, and coastal prairie. how will the increasing use of wind turbines affect populations of wild birds and bats? this shows which birds and bats we study, and the aspects of their ecology that may be affected by wind energy development. main page for accessing links for information and data on the san francisco bay estuary and its watershed with links to highlights, water, biology, wetlands, hazards, digital maps, geologic mapping, winds, bathymetry and overview of the bay. clearinghouse for the description and availability of multiple geospatial datasets relating to alaska from many federal, state and local cooperating agencies under the coordination of the alaska geographic data committee. links to volcanism, volcanic history, volcanic rocks, and general geology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47937304004837855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1f08313-76c3-44a3-9f2b-c45baa25f3f7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.613027"}
{"text": "description and availability of multiple geospatial datasets relating to alaska from many federal, state and local cooperating agencies under the coordination of the alaska geographic data committee. links to volcanism, volcanic history, volcanic rocks, and general geology by state, by region, national parks and national monuments and a brief introduction to volcanism around the u. s. entitled : windows into the past. they ' re abundant in this area, but hard to count reliably. we outline a procedure for estimating the population sizes so that we can determine whether they ' re increasing or dwindling. we must both listen for their calls and visually confirm them. homepage for the dept. of the interior ' s initiative coordinated by the usgs, for amphibian ( frogs, toads, salamanders and newts ) monitoring, research, and conservation. links to national atlas for amphibian distribution, photos, and interactive map serve links to information on species of frogs, toads, and salamanders located in the southeastern united states and the u. s. virgin islands, with information on appearance, habitats, calls, and status, plus photos, glossary, and provisional data. we removed non - native fish from a section of the river and the endangered native species humpback chub increased in abundance. but it is not yet clear that decreased competition explains the rebound in population. background information and genetic sequencing data for more than 1, 000 individual field isolates of the fish virus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus ( ihnv ) collected in western north america from 1966 to the present, updated annually. wildlife you see in a national park or other reserved area don ' t know about the park boundary. bobcat, martens, mink, and moose need different types of living space and habitat. development outside the park affects their ability to inhabit the park. using genetic analysis of organic material found in aquatic environments it is possible to detect the presence of organisms without necessarily observing or capturing individuals. explains terms, methods, and prospective utility of this approach. previous analysis showed this area to have reduced macroinvertebrate biodiversity, an important measure of ecosystem health. new observations indicate that conditions have improved ; report includes methods and results of sampling. project of the gulf of mexico integrated science program that evaluates the transport and sedimentation of contaminates through the mississippi river and atchafalaya river delta to the near - shore gulf of mexico. includes aerial photographs. small wetlands in this large", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46245555089403406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1f08313-76c3-44a3-9f2b-c45baa25f3f7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.614306"}
{"text": "project of the gulf of mexico integrated science program that evaluates the transport and sedimentation of contaminates through the mississippi river and atchafalaya river delta to the near - shore gulf of mexico. includes aerial photographs. small wetlands in this large area have hosted migratory birds for a long time, but with changes in agricultural practice and regional climate those habitats may not remain hospitable to the wild populations. brief review of bat research in the san francisco bay area and southern california providing land managers with information on the occurrence and status of bat species with links to bat inventories for california and related material. a literature synthesis and annotated bibliography focus on north america and on refereed journals. additional references include a selection of citations on bat ecology, international research on bats and wind energy, and unpublished reports. a geologic and oceanographic study of the waters and continental shelf of gulf of the farallones adjacent to the san francisco bay region. the results of the study provide a scientific basis to evaluate and monitor human impact on the marine environment. a web - enabled database that provides for the capture, curation, integration, and delivery of bioassessment data collected by usgs, principally macroinvertebrate, algae, fish, and supporting habitat data from rivers and streams. biomonitoring of environmental status and trends ( best ) program is designed to assess and monitor the effects of environmental contaminants on biological resources with links to detailed information on specific species. explains biological soil crusts, organism - produced soil formations commonly found in semiarid and arid environments, with special reference to their biological composition, physical characteristics, and ecological significance. bird banding is used to study the movement, survival and behavior of birds. the bird banding laboratory site has links to the value, procedure and history of bird banding, how to report bird bands ( english & spanish ), and resources for birders. geographical access to multiple bird checklists developed by others that indicate the seasonal occurrence of birds in a given area. a record documentation form to document supporting details of rare bird observations is also available. this web site is an outgrowth of an agreement between the usgs and the new england aquarium, designed to summarize and make available results of scientific research. it will also present educational material of interest to wide audiences. description of bryophytes ( mosses, liverworts, and hornworts ) and lichens ( dual organisms of a fungus and an alga or a cyanobacterium ) that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49106183104509243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1f08313-76c3-44a3-9f2b-c45baa25f3f7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.616563"}
{"text": "educational material of interest to wide audiences. description of bryophytes ( mosses, liverworts, and hornworts ) and lichens ( dual organisms of a fungus and an alga or a cyanobacterium ) that are part of forest ecosystems in the pacific northwest with information on habitat and conservation. manual for research program on the nesting habits of sea turtles of the virgin islands, with descriptions of species, nesting behavior, observation methods, record keeping, tagging, and tissue sample collection. ( pdf file, 121 pp. ) buffelgrass ( pennisetum ciliare ) poses a problem in the deserts of the united states, growing in dense stands and introducing a wildfire risk in an ecosystem not adapted to fire. this report explains what we are doing to help mitigate its effects. combining genetic data with current and predicted climate scenarios, we are modeling the predicted future distributions of wildlife populations in the arctic and identifying key environmental variables that determine important animal habitat. three themes of ongoing research : forecasting polar bear and walrus population response to changing marine ecosystems ; measuring wildlife population changes in the arctic coastal plain, and wildlife communities in the boreal - arctic transition zone. identification of epiphytes ( plants obtaining moisture and nutrients from the air and rain and usually living on another plant ) on seaweed in tampa bay, florida. abstract of symposium presentation with photos. detailed publication on the classification system for an inventory of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the united states used to describe ecological taxa and arrange them in a system useful to resource managers. overview of interdisciplinary research studies in glacier national park to understand how this mountain wilderness responds to present climatic variability and other external stressors, such as air pollution, and links to detailed reports. home page for coastal and marine geology with links to topics of interest ( sea level change, erosion, corals, pollution, sonar mapping, and others ), sound waves monthly newsletter, field centers, regions of interest, and subject search system. changes in both the ocean and coastal ecosystems may have negative effects on sea otter populations in the coastal northwest and alaska. a study underway will examine these factors and the overall health of sea otter populations. declines in fish and wildlife populations, water - quality issues, and changes in coastal habitats have prompted this usgs study of the region ' s nearshore life and environment. includes links to data from published reports. coverage of the coastal prairie ecology research ( cper ) team, national wetlands research center, providing scientific information to aid the conservation, management,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5043533153772009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1f08313-76c3-44a3-9f2b-c45baa25f3f7>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.619181"}
{"text": "usgs study of the region ' s nearshore life and environment. includes links to data from published reports. coverage of the coastal prairie ecology research ( cper ) team, national wetlands research center, providing scientific information to aid the conservation, management, and restoration of ecosystems in the greater coastal prairie region. website for the columbia environmental research center with links to staff, publications, databases, field stations, and projects including those on the rio grande, burrowing owls, sea turtles, and geospatial technology. links to columbia environmental research center online databases with text, data, and metadata on toxicity, missouri river, biomonitoring of environmental status and trends, contaminants, and sediments. web site for an internet map service ( ims ) serving base cartographic data, usgs data, science applications and real time modelling analyses for the columbia river basin using geospatial analysis technology. describes research to assess the effectiveness of the current system and distribution of marine reserves and protected areas in the virgin islands and puerto rico for conserving reef ecosystems and resources. the information provided in the cee - tv database profiles available geo - referenced information on contaminant exposure and effects in terrestrial vertebrates along the u. s. coasts. the database utilizes microsoft ' s access 2000 for windows. report with mini - movie and photos on the hypothesis that the atmospheric transport of dust arising from the desertification in northern africa led to algal infestation of corals, coral diseases, and the near extinction of associated sea urchins. shows how coral reef specimens are collected, the type of information gained from them, and the methods by which they are measured and studied to understand recent ( past few centuries ) changes in climate. locations for nine species of large constrictors, from published sources, along with monthly precipitation and average monthly temperature for those locations. shapefiles for each snake species studied. three mathematical models using information about the geographic distribution and character of land surface characteristics along with proposed modifications or plausible events to determine the likely costs and benefits of actions and events. population size, foaling, deaths, age structure, sex ratio, age - specific survival rates, and more over a 14 year time span. this information will help land and wildlife managers find the best maintenance and conservation strategies. article from wildlife monographs no. 100 ( 1988 ) on the relationships of wetland habitat dynamics and life history to the breeding distributions of the various species of ducks with information on research methods and references. use of diatoms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4657319758472581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1f08313-76c3-44a3-9f2b-c45baa25f3f7>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.621417"}
{"text": "best maintenance and conservation strategies. article from wildlife monographs no. 100 ( 1988 ) on the relationships of wetland habitat dynamics and life history to the breeding distributions of the various species of ducks with information on research methods and references. use of diatoms in biostratigraphy, coastal and estuarine studies, paleoceanology, paleoliminology, earthquake studies, environmental quality and forensic studies. includes listing of usgs diatom projects and links to other diatom websites. maps of the ranges of tree species in north america compiled by elbert little and others were digitized for use in usgs vegetation and climate modeling studies. can be downloaded as arcview shapefiles and in pdf graphic files. comprehensive bibliography on the ecology, conservation, and management of north american waterfowl and their wetland habitats. facilitates searching or downloading as *. zip files and use with procite utility. satellite images of geographic areas of interest, cities, deserts, glaciers, geologic features, disaster areas, water bodies, and wildlife linked with articles, maps, and other images such as avhrr, photographs, and special project images. research and monitoring to develop fundamental understanding of ecosystem function and distributions, physical and biological components and trophic dynamics for freshwater, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems and the human and fish and wildlife communitie comparison of water in two adjacent watersheds before and after implementing a brush management strategy in one of the watersheds helps us see what water resource characteristics are sensitive to brush management and how. by measuring the current and historical growth rates of coral skeletons, and using field experiments, we intend to find out whether rising atmospheric co2 and rising sea levels will cause coral reefs to erode and cease to function. study of the effects of the practice of cycling municipal nutrient - enriched wastewater from holding ponds through forested wetlands. studies were in the cypiere perdue swamp, louisiana, and the drummond bog, wisconsin. sixty - five sampling sites, selected by a statistical design to represent lengths of perennial streams in north dakota, were chosen to be sampled for water chemistry and mercury in fish tissue to establish unbiased baseline data. sixty - five sampling sites, selected by a statistical design to represent lengths of perennial streams in north dakota, were chosen to be sampled for fish and aquatic insects ( macroinvertebrates ) to establish unbiased baseline data. integrated network of real - time water - level monitoring, ground - elevation modeling, and water - surface modeling that provides scientists and managers with current on - line water -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48726702856799703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1f08313-76c3-44a3-9f2b-c45baa25f3f7>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.623182"}
{"text": "aquatic insects ( macroinvertebrates ) to establish unbiased baseline data. integrated network of real - time water - level monitoring, ground - elevation modeling, and water - surface modeling that provides scientists and managers with current on - line water - depth information for the entire freshwater portion of the greater everglades. wetlands and oil wells shouldn ' t mix, but in some areas they do. this explains what problems may arise and how we study the effects of highly salty water produced by oil wells when it leaks into nearby wetlands and streams. constructed farm ponds represent significant breeding, rearing, and overwintering habitat for amphibians in the driftless area ecoregion of minnesota, wisconsin, and iowa. links to fact sheet, brochure, annual reports, field manual, and final report. this program is focused on the study of fishes, fisheries, aquatic invertebrates, and aquatic habitats, and evaluates factors that affect aquatic organism health, population fitness, biological diversity, and aquatic community and habitat function. explains how we assessed the quality of a wetland as indicated by its plant species composition and abundance for marsh and swamp sites, to summarize the effectiveness of restoration projects in louisiana. home page of the forest and rangeland ecosystem science center, corvallis, providing research and technical support for ecosystem management in the western u. s. links to projects, field stations, fact sheets, partnerships, and publications. homepage of the fort collins science center in colorado with links to programs in ecological research programs, staff directory, products library, news and events, and research features and spotlights. overview with links to studies on the effects of human activity on the san francisco estuary with loss of historic fresh and saltwater tidal marshes reducing habitats, introducing contaminants in waste, and creating dredging problems. home page for the front range infrastructure resources project, a demonstration study of the northern colorado front range urban corridor and the entire rocky mountain front range urban corridor with links to projects, datasets, and publications. program to keep common species common by identifying those species and plant communities that are not adequately represented in existing conservation lands. links to projects, applications, status maps, and a searchable database. describes the value of molecular biology genetic tools in enhancing the delineation of the genetic diversity and the effects of environmental degradation on living species. links to research, which differentiated two species of sage - grouse. geographic analysis and monitoring program ( gam ) conducts studies about land surface change, environmental and human health, fire and urban ecology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4658034001607813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1f08313-76c3-44a3-9f2b-c45baa25f3f7>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.624613"}
{"text": "diversity and the effects of environmental degradation on living species. links to research, which differentiated two species of sage - grouse. geographic analysis and monitoring program ( gam ) conducts studies about land surface change, environmental and human health, fire and urban ecology, and natural hazards to help decision - makers in land - use planning and land management. field methods, topics of investigation, shoreline changes, publications, and satellite imagery related to geologic and hydrologic processes affecting lake pontchartrain and adjacent lakes which form a large estuary in the gulf coast region. description of the geospatial multi - agency coordination ( geomac ) project, online maps of current wildland fire locations using netscape communicator or microsoft internet explorer, and user guide on how to use mapping application. review of the size of breeding populations of giant canada geese by states in the mississippi, atlantic, central, and pacific flyways and the management problems caused by rapid increases of local breeding populations. site for great lakes science center, ann arbor, which provides information about biological resources in the great lakes basin. links to personnel, publications, data, library, facilities, research vessels, great lakes issues, and research. website of the gulf of mexico integrated science program to understand the framework and processes of the gulf of mexico using tampa bay as a pilot study. links to publications, digital library, water chemistry maps, epiphytes, and field trips. tide stage, specific conductance, water temperature, and freshwater inflow at selected hudson river ( new york ) gages updated every 4 - hours to measure the effects of freshwater withdrawals and upstream movement of the salt front. airborne scanning laser surveys ( lidar ) are used to obtaining data to investigate the magnitude and causes of coastal changes that occur during severe storms. links to examples of coastal mapping during specific hurricanes. a brief definition and explanation of hypoxia with special reference to the gulf of mexico hypoxic zone along the louisiana - texas coast as well as extensive links to usgs and other related information resources. information about the causes and impact of hypoxia with links to usgs and other federal agency information and activities related to nutrients in the mississippi river basin and hypoxia in the gulf of mexico. description of the use of a miniature video - camera system deployed at nests of passerine species in north dakota to videotape predation of eggs or nestlings by animals such as mice, ground squirrels, deer, cowbirds and others. recent physical changes over time, including trends toward", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5017421306210229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1f08313-76c3-44a3-9f2b-c45baa25f3f7>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.625928"}
{"text": "video - camera system deployed at nests of passerine species in north dakota to videotape predation of eggs or nestlings by animals such as mice, ground squirrels, deer, cowbirds and others. recent physical changes over time, including trends toward earlier snowmelt runoff, decreasing river ice, and increasing spring water temperatures, may affect salmon populations ; we want to know how important these effects are. article from status and trends of the nation ' s biological resources on the serious impacts to river systems due to damming and flow regulation, and rehabilitation, monitoring, and research on such rivers. landscapes of interwoven wetlands and uplands offer a rich set of ecosystem goods and services. changes in climate and land use can affect the value of those services. we study these areas to understand how they may be changing. we conducted a national landowner survey, evaluated short - term vegetation responses to land management practices ( primarily grazing, haying, and burning ), and initiating a long - term vegetation monitoring study for wetland buffers. description of research program for immediate and long - term management of grizzly bears ( ursus arctos horribilis ) inhabiting the greater yellowstone ecosystem. includes links to reports in pdf format and cooperating organizations. links to research projects that will improve the ability to detect, monitor, and predict the effects of invasive species, including exotic animals, on native ecosystems of the pacific southwest ( california, nevada, utah, and arizona ). will salt marshes survive if sea level rises quickly? the answer depends on whether the areas surrounding them can allow salt marsh fauna and flora to migrate there. local topography, both natural and manmade, is the main factor limiting this migration. handbook on monitoring methods for lake management, including program design, sampling methods and protocol, biota and chemical sampling methods, laboratory methods, preservation of data and samples, glossary, and bibliography. ( pdf file, 92 pp. ) this website is a gateway to information and data on lake tahoe with links to lake tahoe initiative, geography, history, lake facts, gis data, dem, doq, dlg imagery, bathymetry, satellite imagery, land cover, census, soils, pictures, and general maps. homepage for the leetown science center in west virginia conducting research on aquatic and terrestrial organisms and their supporting ecosystems with links to directions, general description, library, projects, fact sheets, and facilities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48875417713842245, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1f08313-76c3-44a3-9f2b-c45baa25f3f7>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.626998"}
{"text": "interactive tool : when are you most fertile? what does this tool measure? back to top click here to find out when you are most likely to get pregnant. this interactive tool estimates your peak fertility period, also known as your \" fertile window. \" this is when you are most likely to get pregnant. do not use this tool to prevent pregnancy. to find your peak fertility period, the tool first calculates the day you are most likely to ovulate. this is the day an ovary releases an egg. in the tool, you will enter the typical length of your menstrual cycle, and you will click on the first day of your last menstrual period. - to know how long your cycles are, track the number of days on a calendar for 2 or 3 months or cycles. your menstrual cycle begins with the day your period starts and ends the day before your next period starts. - if you do not know the number of days in your menstrual cycle, you can use 28 days. this is the average length of a menstrual cycle. but if your cycle is longer or shorter than that, or if it is not always the same length, this tool will not predict your fertile window very well. this calculator is meant to give you a rough estimate. women usually ovulate at day 15, but it ' s also normal to ovulate well before or after the 15 - day mark. for information about reading your body ' s signs to tell when you will ovulate, see fertility awareness. health tools back to top health tools help you make wise health decisions or take action to improve your health. | interactive tools are designed to help people determine health risks, ideal weight, target heart rate, and more. | what do the results tell me? back to top your \" fertile window \" is up to 6 days long, once a month. it includes : - the day you ovulate. this is when you have the best chance of becoming pregnant. ( a human egg usually lives for only 12 to 24 hours after ovulation. this is why you are not likely to get pregnant by having sex a day after you ovulate. ) - the 5 days before ovulation. this is because sperm can live in a woman ' s body for 3 to 5 days after sex. when an egg is released, one of these sperm is ready to fertilize it. if you want to become pregnant, try to have sex every", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45390439661410353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d807cc4b-3bf1-47e0-a050-b44a010c2a8a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.633431"}
{"text": "is because sperm can live in a woman ' s body for 3 to 5 days after sex. when an egg is released, one of these sperm is ready to fertilize it. if you want to become pregnant, try to have sex every day or every other day from your first fertile day to your last fertile day. what ' s next? back to top if your periods are irregular, this calculator is not a good way to predict your ovulation dates. do not use this tool to prevent pregnancy. source : fritz ma, speroff l ( 2011 ). clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility, 8th ed., philadelphia : lippincott williams and wilkins. references back to top other works consulted - fritz ma, speroff l ( 2011 ). clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility, 8th ed., philadelphia : lippincott williams and wilkins. credits back to top | primary medical reviewer | | adam husney, md - family medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | kirtly jones, md - obstetrics and gynecology | | last revised | | october 29, 2012 | to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2013 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42561743467701324, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d807cc4b-3bf1-47e0-a050-b44a010c2a8a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.634032"}
{"text": "image : sierra nevada corporation sierra nevada corporation \u2019 s dream chaser spacecraft is being prepared for its first test flights as part of nasa \u2019 s commercial space program, and it \u2019 s a design that wouldn \u2019 t look out of place on a poster stuck to a 10 - year - old \u2019 s wall. the dream chaser is one of three vehicles competing for nasa contracts to replace the space shuttle orbiters for transporting astronauts to the international space station and elsewhere in low earth orbit. unlike its capsule competitors from boeing and spacex, the dream chaser is a flying, lifting body design that could land on a runway, much closer in concept to the orbiters that were retired in 2011. sierra nevada announced that it will be partnering with veteran space vehicle maker and aerospace juggernaut lockheed martin to build the second dream chaser vehicle. the two companies will also collaborate on ongoing parts of nasa \u2019 s commercial crew program, which is currently in the certification products contract phase. sierra nevada, spacex and boeing are developing versions of their space vehicles that will meet nasa certification for safety and performance. \u201c the snc team is thrilled that lockheed martin will be joining our expanding world - class team of partner organizations, \u201d said mark sirangelo, head of sierra nevada \u2019 s space system group. lockheed martin will build the next dream chaser at the facility in michaud, louisiana where the external tanks for the space shuttles were made. the company is no stranger to the current commercial space programs as it builds the atlas v rocket ( in a joint venture with boeing ) to be used by the dream chaser as well as boeing \u2019 s cst - 100 spacecraft. sierra nevada says the first dream chaser spacecraft is currently bring prepared for transport at the company \u2019 s facility in colorado. in the next few weeks snc expects to transport the vehicle to edwards air force base in california \u2019 s mojave desert where flight testing will take place. the dream chaser will be dropped from a helicopter at 12, 000 feet and and is expected to reach speeds of around 300 knots ( 345 mph ) before landing at a touchdown speed of around 180 knots ( 207 mph ). for the initial test flights, the dream chaser will glide to the ground autonomously without a pilot. the glide flights are scheduled to begin within the next two months and sierra nevada says the flight test vehicle will make just a few flights to gather the data necessary to further refine the flight characteristics of the design. the second dream chaser \u2013 built by lockheed martin \u2013 will be the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47702040937968554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4abc34f9-9bde-4342-be02-fb5417a2e9d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.639983"}
{"text": "ear mites ( otodectes ) in cats what are ear mites? the ear mite otodectes cynotis is a surface mite that lives on cats, dogs, rabbits and ferrets. it is usually found in the ear canal but it can also live on the skin surface. the entire ear mite life cycle takes place on animals. ear mites are highly contagious, and cats become infested by direct contact with another infested animal. the mite is barely visible to the naked eye and may be seen as a white speck moving against a dark background. what is the life cycle of the ear mite? it takes approximately 3 weeks for a mite to develop from egg to adult, going through a total of 5 stages. adult ear mites live about 2 months, during which time they continually reproduce. the entire ear mite life cycle takes place on the host animal, although mites can survive for a limited time in the environment. what are the clinical signs of ear mites? ear mites are the most common cause of feline ear disease and infection. they are the second most common ectoparasite ( external parasite ) found on cats ; the most common is the flea. infestations are most common in kittens and young cats although cats of any age can be affected. clinical signs of infestation vary in severity from one cat to another and include combinations of : 1. ear irritation causing scratching at the ears or head shaking 2. a dark waxy or crusty discharge from the ear 3. areas of hair loss resulting from self - trauma - scratching or excessive grooming 4. a crusted rash around or in the ear 5. an aural hematoma - a large blood blister on the ear, caused by rupture of small blood vessels between the skin and cartilage - caused by scratching at the ears skin lesions most frequently affect the ear and surrounding skin but occasionally other areas of the body may be affected. how are ear mite infestations diagnosed? typical clinical signs with a history of contact with other cats or dogs would suggest the involvement of ear mites. although ear mites cause over half of all feline ear disease, other conditions can result in very similar clinical signs and must be ruled - out before treatment is begun. a veterinarian makes the diagnosis by observing the mite. this is usually straightforward and may be done either by examination of the cat ' s ears with an otos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4218158534644365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3e4f992e-2aa7-4d91-8367-908e61644695>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.644788"}
{"text": "in very similar clinical signs and must be ruled - out before treatment is begun. a veterinarian makes the diagnosis by observing the mite. this is usually straightforward and may be done either by examination of the cat ' s ears with an otoscope or by microscopic examination of discharge from the ear. if the ears are very sore, the cat may need to be sedated to allow the ears to be properly examined and treated. how are ear mites treated? three steps are required to treat ear mites successfully : 1. treat the ears of all affected and susceptible pets 2. treat the skin of all affected and susceptible pets 3. treat the indoor environment because the mite is capable of limited survival off pets \" it is necessary for the entire course of treatment to last a minimum of three weeks. \" your veterinarian will advise you about which insecticidal products are suitable. there are several ear medications licensed for the treatment of ear mites in cats. no medication can penetrate the eggs or pupae, so treatment is directed at killing the adult and larval forms. because of the length of the life cycle, it is necessary for the entire course of treatment to last a minimum of three weeks. there are no products licensed for use on the house or on an animal ' s skin but many products licensed for flea control are effective. your veterinarian may ask to re - examine the cat to ensure that the mites have been eliminated after the initial treatment has been performed. do ear mites affect people? ear mites may cause a temporary itchy rash on susceptible people if there are infested pets in the household. eradication of the mites from the pets will cure the problem.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4044150113035885, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3e4f992e-2aa7-4d91-8367-908e61644695>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.645506"}
{"text": "n his thoughtful history of eton, christopher hollis points out the complexities involved when discussing matters of class distinction at the school and in society as a whole during the centuries since its founding. first of all what we may call a whig theory of history doesn ' t really apply ; that is, class distinctions have not, as many have claimed, gradually attenuated. things are more complicated than that. when discussing either british society or the institution of the english public school, one frequently encounters the claim, as hollis puts it, \" that class distinctions are perhaps still strong but... that they have been gradually and steadily growing less over the generations. the truth is... by no means so simple. turning to the issue of class in the eton henry vi founded, he argues, it would be somewhat less than a half truth to say that eton was in its foundation a school for poor boys. in the first place of course the ' poor and needy ' boys whom henry had in mind were not the sons of serfs. they were rather the sons of tradesmen. in the second place in the middle ages instruction in a school was almost always free. eton was in no way unique in providing free tuition. the originality in henry ' s plan was his conception of a school in which poor and needy ' scholars were to be educated side by side with richer commensales. nonetheless, despite the king ' s apparently radical juxtaposition of sons of tradesman and nobility, one form of class distinction \u2014 well known since victorian times \u2014 did not yet exist : up to the beginning of the nineteenth century no one ever suggested that the local tradesman ' s son \u2014 the son of the man who made no pretence to be a gentleman \u2014 should be excluded from the school. eton of the early nineteenth century was by no means what could be called a democratic or an egalitarian school. the sons of noblemen had what would seem to us offensive and ridiculous privileges within the school \u2014 a special dress \u2014 a special seat in chapel and the like. on occasion at any rate, as appears in various memoirs, they behaved with ill - bred insolence towards their inferiors within the school. yet class distinctions were so clearly established in society at large that it was not thought that the nobleman ' s son could be in any way contaminated or his prestige put in jeopardy if he had to spend his school days sitting at the same bench or kneeling at the same block as a tradesman ' s son. when and why, then,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5102353310330427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a15f0aee-00cc-4c7e-8d8f-7e70a1bc9b51>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.653105"}
{"text": "the nobleman ' s son could be in any way contaminated or his prestige put in jeopardy if he had to spend his school days sitting at the same bench or kneeling at the same block as a tradesman ' s son. when and why, then, did fear of class contamination come about? with increasing social mobility, for as long as everyone assumed they existed in a rigidly hierarchical society in which each order and occupation had an essentially fixed position, no one feared that they might be mistaken for someone of a lower social and economic class. perhaps surprisingly \u2014 until, that is, one thinks about the matter a bit \u2014 the upwardly mobile, rather than members of the established nobility, first demanded class separation : it was the middle class after their victory in 1832 which brought in this notion of personal segregation \u2014 of the class school. it was the manufacturers who had recently raised themselves from the ranks who did not feel confident that their children would preserve their refinement if they were educated alongside tougher and poorer boys. it was in the second half of the nineteenth century that there appeared for the first time the notion of a school to which only the sons of gentlemen should be admitted and reforms, desirable in themselves, were then for the first time twisted so as to preserve the exclusive character of the school. one paradoxical result of these changed attitudes was that during the first two decades of the twentieth century eton \" was much more egalitarian within itself than had been the eton of fifty years before. the boys were less conscious of social differences among themselves. but also the social differences among them were much less. to be an etonian was then in itself the real social distinction, and it was much more firmly believed than it had been earlier that gentle birth both required and produced a higher moral code \" ( 291 ). hollis, christopher. eton : a history. london : hollis and carter,. last modified 26 july 2006", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47293532918924974, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a15f0aee-00cc-4c7e-8d8f-7e70a1bc9b51>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.654096"}
{"text": "the art of painting portrait miniatures has its origin with the illuminators of medieval times, whose tiny depictions of scenes from the bible were incorporated into manuscripts. this art form developed and expanded in sixteenth and seventeenth century europe when a demand grew for small mementos of wives and children or deceased relatives that could be carried when travellingmmuch as we carry a photogaph of our wife or family in our wallets today. miniature portraits played an important role in the personal relations of the upper middle - class and the nobility of the time ; they were tokens of affection or love. in that respect they were similar to mourning brooches containing plaited locks of the hair of the \u201c dearly departed \u201d that also became common in victorian times. indeed, miniature portraits came to be used by the royal courts of europe as things approaching a currency. they were given to royal favourites by the monarch, exchanged with other kings, princes or ambassadors, or created to commemorate a royal engagement or marriage. as the american periodical scribner \u2019 s magazine commented in 1897 : the miniature, the little picture that could be covered by a kiss or hidden in the palm of the hand had an intimate and personal quality, it was a pledge of affection, often a gauge of stolen joys ; it could be carried by the exiled in never so hurried a flight, could be concealed in the lid of a comfit case prior to the eighteenth century, miniatures were painted in an assortment of media : oil, watercolour or sometimes enamel \u2014 but watercolour nevertheless predominated. they were also painted variously on vellum, chicken - skin or cardboard, and even on copper. during the eighteenth century, however, watercolour on ivory became the standard medium, and this continued until the miniature was gradually replaced by daguerreotypes and photography about the end of the nineteenth century. the zenith of the popularity of miniature portraits, both in europe and north america was in mid - victorian times. miniatures were usually small and oval or round. some were as tiny as 40 mm by 30 mm. they were often enclosed in a locket or a covered \u201c portrait box \u201d. indeed, the housing for the portraits was sometimes decorated with elements of death or romance such as carved initials or flowers or braided locks of hair. when used for mourning, appropriate imagery was sometimes incorporated on the reverse of the locket or frame, such as mourners at a tomb. as the genre moved into victorian times some miniatures grew larger ( up to 150 mm by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44068528201805357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00c10ecb-4b9f-4c4a-bb45-5c73bd1f930d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.658649"}
{"text": "locks of hair. when used for mourning, appropriate imagery was sometimes incorporated on the reverse of the locket or frame, such as mourners at a tomb. as the genre moved into victorian times some miniatures grew larger ( up to 150 mm by 200mm ) and were painted in square or rectangular form, to be displayed on walls or in cabinets. the innovative use of ivory as a \u201c canvas \u201d was introduced by the italian painter rosalba carriera in about 1700 as it provided a luminous surface for transparent pigments such as watercolour. the ivory was cut from the elephant \u2019 s tusk in thin sheets lengthways, sometimes so thin as to be almost translucent. ivory is, however, difficult to paint on with watercolour, being greasy and non - absorbent. miniaturists consequently roughened the surface with fine sandpaper or powdered pumice. they also bleached it in sunlight to make it more white. another technique was to degrease it with vinegar and garlic, or by pressing it with a hot iron between sheets of paper. some artists used a brush with a single hair, and added gum arabic to the paint to make it stickier. some added liquid from the gall bladder of cows or bulls to make it flow more easily. victorian society particularly appreciated the technical difficulties of painting such small fine portraits, and that led to a finer appreciation of the particular aesthetics of the genre. generally - speaking victorian miniatures encompassed a lighter palette of colour, monochromatic backgrounds and brushwork that exploited the translucency of the ivory on which it was painted. among the best - known english miniature painters of the early nineteenth century were john engleheart ( 1784 to 1862 ) and his uncle george engleheart ( 1750 to 1829 ) ( who kept his colours in small, specially - made round ivory boxes with screw lids. he used only ivory palettes, ivory mixing - bowls, small ivory basins in sets, and ivory brush rests ), richard cosway ( 1742 to 1821 ), and sir william charles ross ( 1794 to 1860 ). those best known in the latter half of the nineteenth century include : alyn williams ( 1865 to 1955 ), maria eliza burt ( 1841 to 1931 ) ( she married the well - known war artist, william simpson ) and the australian bess norris ( 1878 to 1939 ). alyn williams founded the society of miniature painters in 1896, but its name soon changed to the royal miniature society ( on the granting of the royal prerogative ), and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4201418818309264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00c10ecb-4b9f-4c4a-bb45-5c73bd1f930d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.660185"}
{"text": "even the first census of 1801 divided the population into those ' chiefly employed in agriculture ', those ' chiefly employed in trade, manufacturers or handicraft ', and others. from 1841 onwards, information was gathered on each person ' s occupation and this formed the basis for very detailed tables. the 1841 occupational tables, used here, listed over 3, 000 different occupational titles. this was partly because no advance plans had been made for dealing with the enormous range of job titles people gave, but by 1881 the more organised classification used in the county level tables covered 414 categories. unfortunately, because of the need to reorganise these statistics into different areas, for 1971 to 1991 we must work with data for over 10, 000 wards, and only a very simple industrial classification is available for these. we therefore present long - run industrial change using just six broad sectors. in general, early census reports applied just one classification to occupations, which led to three separate issues getting mixed up : social status, what the individual worker did, and what their employer ' s business was. modern censuses have separate tables for each of these. nb our 1841 data are geographically crude, which results in some districts in the same county having identical figures. our detailed statistics are held in structures called ncubes, which you can think of as tables with one dimension, or with two... or with twenty. their dimensions are defined by the variables each ncube combines, and each variable is made up of categories. these ncubes are available at national level for this theme : | available ncubes | | period covered | | variables ( number of categories ) | standardised industrial classification ( 1968 ) by sex | | 1841 to 1931 | | standard industrial classification ( 1968 ) ( 28 ) | standardised industry data | | 1841 to 2001 | | 2001 ' key statistics ' industries | total employed in all industries | | 1841 to 2001 | | employed in all industries | working age population by sector | | 1921 to 1931 | | cambridge group industrial sector | males aged 20 & over, in 9 occupational categories | | 1831 | | 1831 occupational categories | males aged 20 & over, in four industrial categories | | 1831 | | 1831 occupational categories ( simplified ) | occupation data classified by the booth main sectors plus sex | | 1841 | | booth - armstrong industrial sectors ( 10 ) | persons of working age by sex & 1921 occupational order | | 1921 | | 1921 occupational classification ( 31 ) | persons of working age by sex & 1931 occupational order | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46915618135909687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b24b31aa-b103-4229-bcd8-662b04628045>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.662876"}
{"text": "no news in this list. kusatsu - shirane volcanokusatsu - shirane volcano is a complex of overlapping cones and 3 lake - filled craters ( karagama, yugama, mizugama ) at the summit. it is located 150 km nw of tokyo. all historical eruptions have consisted of phreatic explosions from the acidic crater lakes or their margins. there are fumaroles and hot springs around the flanks of the volcano, and many rivers draining from the volcano are acid. similar to ijen volcano, the crater was the site of active sulfur mining for many years during the 19th and 20th centuries. background : the andesitic - to - dacitic volcano was formed in 3 eruptive stages beginning in the early to mid pleistocene. the pleistocene oshi pyroclastic flow produced extensive welded tuffs and non - welded pumice that covers much of the east, south and sw flanks. the latest eruptive stage began about 14, 000 years ago. yugama crater ( \" hot - water cauldron \" ) contains the most active vent. its lake is 270 m wide and up to 27 m deep and contains highly acidic ( ph = 1. 2 ) and salty ( app. 1 % salt ) water. the surface temperature of the lake is heated by vents at the lake bottom. in the interval 1910 to 1918, water temperatures reached a maximum of 100\u00b0c. subaqueous fumaroles with molten sulfur pools exist in the center of the lake. - smithsonian / gvp - b. takano, k. watanuki ( 1990 ) \" monitoring of volcanic eruptions at yugama crater lake by aqueous sulfur oxyanions \", journal of volcanology and geothermal research, volume 40, issue 1, january 1990, pages 71 - 87 a small hydrothermal explosion likely occurred at kusatsu - shirane volcano on 7 february 1996. broken pieces of the ice sheet 20 - 30 cm in diameter were found washed ashore and discolored water was observed at the nw part of the lake. probably, a sudden sudden discharge of fluid or a minor hydrothermal explosion was the cause. a small eruption occurred from yugama crater on 6 january 1989. it produced small amounts of volcanic ash on the frozen surface of the crater lake. kusatsu - shirane volcano had 5 phreatic eruptions during 1982 - 83. eruptions occurred on 26 october 1982, 29 december 1982, 26 july 1983, 13 november 1983, and on 10 december", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40117282840821333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc0ada5d-89c4-4053-aa17-e78bf7f94d2d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.672940"}
{"text": "on the frozen surface of the crater lake. kusatsu - shirane volcano had 5 phreatic eruptions during 1982 - 83. eruptions occurred on 26 october 1982, 29 december 1982, 26 july 1983, 13 november 1983, and on 10 december 1983. the water temperature at yukama crater lake increased strongly and reached to 55. 5 deg c after the first eruption, but did not increase further during the later eruptions. ( source : gvp / monthly reports ) a phreatic eruption occurred at mizugama crater on 2 march 1976. a new crater 50 m in diameter and 10 m deep was formed in the ne part of mizugama crater. the only event interrupting 34 years of quiet at kusatsu - shirane volcano between the eruptions in 1942 and 1976 was a small phreatic explosion in 1958. an eruption occurred in 1942 and was unusual as it came from a different location than most activity at the volcano. a cluster of small craters was formed on the north flank of mizugama crater. a second group of craters formed on the south flank of yugama crater. the largest historical eruption at kusatsu - shirane volcano was in 1932. it producing a 20 cm ash deposit reaching up to 2 km east of yugama crater.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4120992086814286, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc0ada5d-89c4-4053-aa17-e78bf7f94d2d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.675251"}
{"text": "papandayan is situated on the island of java, at 7\u00b032 ' s and 107\u00b073 ' e, rising 2. 665 m asl, and lies apprx. 175 km south east of the indonesian capital jakarta. papandayan is a complex stratovolcano with four large summit craters, the youngest of which has breached to the ne by collapse during a brief eruption in 1772 and contains active fumarole lighter colored area on the left is alun - alun, the uppermost of four the valley below in the center of the photo extending to the ne in the breach left by collapse in 1772. the volcano in the distance is gunung guntur, another historically photo : tom casadevall, 1986 ( usgs ) the broad 1. 1 km wide, flat - floored alun - alun crater truncates the summit of papandayan, and gunung puntang to the north gives the volcano a twin - peaked appearance. episodes of collapse have given the volcano an irregular profile and avalanches that have impacted lowland areas beyond the volcano. since its first historical eruption in 1772, in which a catastrophic debris avalanche destroyed 40 villages, only two small phreatic eruptions have occured from the vents in the ne - flank fumarole field, kawah mas. rises ffrom a sulfur - encrusted fumarole at kawah mas ( golden crater ), a frequently visited destination at papandayan. a lirge number of high - temperature fumaroles, with temperatures of several hundred degrees c, are located within kawah mas. photo by lee siebert, 1995 ( smithsoinian institution ) november 21st, 2002 volcanic activity dominated by explosion and emission, which has medium - high intensity. these activities were accompanied by the crater - wall collapsing, near activity at kawah baru, 17 november 2002 on picture for larger view up to 07. 45 local time today, there were 98 times explosions, that produced a white - grey ash plume which rose 200 - 600 m high and blew westward. seismograph remain showing volcanic tremosr, emissions ( medium - high intensity ), and continuous explosions. list of seismic record is : 10 shallow volcanic, 1 low frequency, and continuous tremor. on 14 november 2002 on picture for larger view november 20th, 2002 white thick ash plume emitted westward, and reached 100 - 1500 m asl. heavy rain occurred at 05. 02 local time. ash eruptions also occurred, reaching 1500 m", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39969713774009286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:628a7389-59bc-4a00-a799-bde12a30bbbb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.690539"}
{"text": "continuous tremor. on 14 november 2002 on picture for larger view november 20th, 2002 white thick ash plume emitted westward, and reached 100 - 1500 m asl. heavy rain occurred at 05. 02 local time. ash eruptions also occurred, reaching 1500 m asl, ashfall drifting northeast, then north and northwest. this eruption had its source in nangklak crater, one of eruption points. ash fall reached 2 cm thickness in radius of 2 km ( northwest ). seismic activity revealed as volcanic, tremor, and medium intensity of continuous emission. explosion earthquake noted 1 time. list of seismic record is : 17 shallow volcanic, 1 deep volcanic, 2 tectonic, continuous tremor, and 1 low frequency. volcano status is in level 3. at tea plantation ( left ) and vegetable fields right ) caused by ashfall. looks like norway during winter with snow all over.. november 19th, 2002 volcanic activity dominated by ash emission, while medium pressured - ash explosion occurred continuously. white - thin ash plume rose from the crater westward, about 200 - 700 m high, with medium pressure, no rainfall around the volcano. seismic activity noted continuous emission earthquake, continuous explosion, 2 volcanic, continuous tremor, and tectonic. on november 18th, 2002, 12. 00 local time, volcano status reduced into november 17th, 2002 despite the obvious dangers, many people entered the safety area near mount papandayan ' s crater to get a closer look at the huge majestic eruption. hundreds of villagers, foreigners, photographers and cameramen took the risk of going in closer than one - kilometer radius cordon zone around the volcano ' s crater, which was still spewing ash and thick smoke on saturday. ( so if you ever wondered why people get caught in volcano - eruptions, one of the answers are given here..... ) damage on rice fields caused by lahar flood on 11 november 2002 the volcano is still dangerous and no one is allowed to enter the forbidden are. despite the decreasing number of eruptions, there are no signs that the 2, 665 - meter - high volcanic peak will slow down completely and the situation is still similar to that on friday. there is nothing the authorities can do to help them if the volcano starts to discharge hot lava that could flow down to farmlands and villages. nonetheless, it was a good scene for viewers on saturday morning to see the volcano ' s awesome power as it spewed hot ash and thick smoke to a height of 6, 000 meters in the air. the ash has been blown to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4594511904461004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:628a7389-59bc-4a00-a799-bde12a30bbbb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.691579"}
{"text": "villages. nonetheless, it was a good scene for viewers on saturday morning to see the volcano ' s awesome power as it spewed hot ash and thick smoke to a height of 6, 000 meters in the air. the ash has been blown to the volcano ' s southeast over several tea plantations in bandung \u00a9 tempo / hariyanto 2002 - 11 - 14 november 16th, 2002 according to monitoring and seismographic records, the volcano, after its major eruption early this morning ( friday ), has shown increasing activity by continually spewing hot ash and thick smoke to a height of 6, 000 meters. so far the volcano has spewed out more than one million cubic meters of volcanic material, including silica, magnesium and sulfur, which would be dangerous to humans if it were mixed with the mudflows moving toward the cileutik, cibeureum and cimanuk from the volcano. some 2, 600 hectares of paddy (? ) field in the regency were suffering a shortage of water as the mudflows had damaged several dams on the cibeureum river. about rp 7. 5 billion ( us $ 830, 000 ) to rp 10 billion would be needed to repair the damaged dams over the next five years. much to do when you have to evacuate \u00a9 tempo / arie basuki ; 2002 - 11 - 15 november 15th, 2002 papandayan erupted early this morning, around 6 : 00 o ' clock local time, belching thick smoke up to 6. 000 m into the sky, sending hot ash and lava onto nearby areas, and triggering panic among residents in nearby areas. ( indonesian post said : ' there were no signs of hot lava or clouds of poisonous gas that often accompany a major eruption took place at 6 : 33 a. m. this morning. after that more than 10 big eruptions were recorded within an hour. friday morning ' s eruption was the biggest so far since the papandayan volcano began to rumble early this week. before the eruption as many as 48 tremors were recorded in 12 hours. the long - dormant papandayan volcano has been causing havoc in the area since monday afternoon, when lahar - - accumulated lava from past flows - - on the volcano ' s peak broke off after heavy rains and poured down on nearby villages, burying 17 houses, an islamic boarding school and two bridges. officials on friday issued their maximum alert status for papandayan in west java province after a dawn eruption. residents have been evacuated out of a four kilometre area around", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3793667362234133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:628a7389-59bc-4a00-a799-bde12a30bbbb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.692543"}
{"text": "poured down on nearby villages, burying 17 houses, an islamic boarding school and two bridges. officials on friday issued their maximum alert status for papandayan in west java province after a dawn eruption. residents have been evacuated out of a four kilometre area around the volcano. november 13th, 2002, 08 : 00 gmt at least 5, 000 people have fled their homes near a volcano in indonesia ' s west java province which is emitting smoke and mudflows. at least six out of eight craters of the papandayan volcano began emitting white and black smoke on tuesday. the authorities have also closed an area of seven kilometres from the peak of the volcano. and here comes what is confusing : the volcano near the town of garut had since tuesday been emitting mudflows known as lahar into the cibeureum river. since this is not a mud - volcano, the only answer i can imagine, is that rain has fallen and brought ash from the flanks downwards and that mixture has become mudflows. anyone else have any suggestions? at least 18 homes in two villages had been destroyed by the mudflows, and 5, 000 people had fled their homes compared to 2, 000 on monday, when the volcano belched smoke and lava. the refugees have taken shelter in a mosque, a sport stadium and a local provincial government office in cisurupan. the mudflows covered around 43 hectares of rice fields in one village. officials have set up four emergency medical posts to help the villagers. \u00a9 tempo / arie basuki ; 2002 - 11 - 14 november 13th, 2002, 07 : 00 gmt there have been no reports of fatalities but the lava has destroyed houses in a nearby village. the authorities has rised the alarm - level, as they expect more lava is trying to get out from the volcano in the november 13th, 2002 ' papandayan volcano cools down, 3, 000 people refuse to return ' - that ' s the next newsline we read, and you get a bit confused, after having heard that this was only a mudslide. according to ' the jakarta post ', papandayan now has stopped spewing out lava, but 3, 000 frightened villagers are still too scared to return home. on tuesday afternoon only white smoke was emitting from one of its craters, but during monday the number of residents who had fled their homes rose from 2, 000 to 3, 000. there are 5 villages that have been evacuated. lava and ash have flowed down the volcano - flanks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38072765690910104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:628a7389-59bc-4a00-a799-bde12a30bbbb>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.693473"}
{"text": "was emitting from one of its craters, but during monday the number of residents who had fled their homes rose from 2, 000 to 3, 000. there are 5 villages that have been evacuated. lava and ash have flowed down the volcano - flanks into the cibeureum november 12th, 2002, afternoon it might have been a mudslide, mistaken for an eruption. november 12th, 2002 a news - article this morning says : ' thousands flee volcano in indonesia '. it is the papandayan volcano that should have erupted yesterday, forcing about 1, 000 people to flee their villages. lava has been spewed into the air around 3 pm local time. inhabitants of two nearby villages have already moved to safer places, and the authorities are prepaired to evacuate other citites. it has now, tuesday morning, been confirmed that there has been an eruption here, and we will be back later today with more news. however, there are no immediate reports of damage latest news always above. older eruptions also in the years 1923 and 1942 were small eruptions, both at vei, with much lesser damages and casualties than the great vei 3 eruption of 1772. of the summit of papandayan on august 8, 1772, accompaniesd by a brief, 5 minute long explosive eruption, produced a debris avalanche that swept over lowland areas to the east, destroying 40 villages and killing 2. 957 the farmland in the foreground are underlain by the deposits from this which traveled 11 km from the volcano. photo : tom casadevall, 1986 ( usgs ) bilder og tekst denne side : photo and text this page : kimberly, p., siebert, l., luhr, j. f., and simkin, t. ( 1998 ). volcanoes of indonesia, v. 1. 0 ( cd - rom ). smithsonian institution, global volcanism program, digital information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4012125400613425, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:628a7389-59bc-4a00-a799-bde12a30bbbb>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.694248"}
{"text": "amniotic fluid index is a way of measuring the amount of liquid that is around a baby ( fetus ) in the uterus during pregnancy. it is usually done as part of the biophysical profile ( bpp ), which is a series of tests that measure the health of the baby during pregnancy. amniotic fluid protects the fetus from temperature extremes and from being bumped or hurt as the mother moves around. it also allows the fetus to move around in the uterus and is important for lung and limb development. a problem with the amount of amniotic fluid could point to a problem with the growing fetus. too much or too little fluid could also cause problems during labor and delivery. doctors use ultrasound to calculate the amniotic fluid index. the doctor looks at the amount of amniotic fluid in four different areas of the uterus. the four areas are called quadrants. the doctor measures how much fluid is in each quadrant. then he or she adds up the numbers to get an idea of the total amount of fluid that surrounds the baby. june 18, 2012 sarah marshall, md - family medicine & william gilbert, md - maternal and fetal medicine how this information was developed to help you make better health decisions. to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2013 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. we are happy to take your appointment request over the phone, or, you may fill out an online request form. disclaimer : the information on this website is for general informational purposes only and should not be relied upon as a substitute for sound professional medical advice, evaluation or care from your physician or other qualified health care provider.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5057029992476314, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27c74257-5fcc-434b-9b5d-1106d1ab41e4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.696135"}
{"text": "when bullying goes high - tech researcher says as many as 25 % of teens have experienced cyberbullying brandon turley didn ' t have friends in sixth grade. he would often eat alone at lunch, having recently switched to his school without knowing anyone. while browsing myspace one day, he saw that someone from school had posted a bulletin - - a message visible to multiple people - - declaring that turley was a \" f - -. \" students he had never even spoken with wrote on it, too, saying they agreed. feeling confused and upset, turley wrote in the comments, too, asking why his classmates would say that. the response was even worse : he was told on myspace that a group of 12 kids wanted to beat him up, that he should stop going to school and die. on his walk from his locker to the school office to report what was happening, students yelled things like \" f - - \" and \" fatty. \" \" it was just crazy, and such a shock to my self - esteem that people didn ' t like me without even knowing me, \" said turley, now 18 and a senior in high school in oregon. \" i didn ' t understand how that could be. \" a pervasive problem as many as 25 percent of teenagers have experienced cyberbullying at some point, said justin w. patchin, who studies the phenomenon at the university of wisconsin - eau claire. he and colleagues have conducted formal surveys of 15, 000 middle and high school students throughout the united states, and found that about 10 percent of teens have been victims of cyberbullying in the last 30 days. online bullying has a lot in common with bullying in school : both behaviors include harassment, humiliation, teasing and aggression, patchin said. cyberbullying presents unique challenges in the sense that the perpetrator can attempt to be anonymous, and attacks can happen at any time of day or night. there ' s still more bullying that happens at school than online, however, patchin said. and among young people, it ' s rare that an online bully will be a total stranger. \" in our research, about 85 percent of the time, the target knows who the bully is, and it ' s usually somebody from their social circle, \" patchin said. patchin ' s research has also found that, while cyberbullying is in some sense easier to perpetrate, the kids who bully online also tend to bully at school. \" technology isn ' t necessarily creating a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4611692295165377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4fe9e6c-7498-41e9-9fe5-7d52cc75a8c2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.710806"}
{"text": "\" patchin said. patchin ' s research has also found that, while cyberbullying is in some sense easier to perpetrate, the kids who bully online also tend to bully at school. \" technology isn ' t necessarily creating a whole new class of bullies, \" he said. the conversations that need to be happening around cyberbullying extend beyond schools, said thomas j. holt, associate professor of criminal justice at michigan state university. \" how do we extend or find a way to develop policies that have a true impact on the way that kids are communicating with one another, given that you could be bullied at home, from 4 p. m. until the next morning, what kind of impact is that going to have on the child in terms of their development and mental health? \" he said. holt recently published a study in the international criminal justice review using data collected in singapore by his colleague esther ng. the researchers found that 27 percent of students who experienced bullying online, and 28 percent who were victims of bullying by phone text messaging, thought about skipping school or skipped it. that ' s compared to 22 percent who experienced physical bullying. those who said they were cyberbullied were also most likely to say they had considered suicide - - 28 percent, compared to 22 percent who were physically bullied and 26 percent who received bullying text messages. although there may be cultural differences between students in singapore and the united states, the data on the subject of bullying seems to be similar between the two countries, holt said. a recent study in the journal jama psychiatry suggests that both victims and perpetrators of bullying can feel long - lasting psychological effects. bullying victims showed greater likelihood of agoraphobia, where people don ' t feel safe in public places, along with generalized anxiety and panic disorder. people who were both victims and bullies were at higher risk for young adult depression, panic disorder, agoraphobia among females, and the likelihood of suicide among males. those who were only bullies showed a risk of antisocial personality disorder. since everything we do online has a digital footprint, it is possible to trace anonymous sources of bullying on the internet, he said. patchin noted that tangible evidence of cyberbullying may be more clear - cut than \" your word against mine \" situations of traditional bullying. patchin advises that kids who are being cyberbullied keep the evidence, whether it ' s an e - mail or facebook post, so that they can show it to adults they trust. historically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46073540403444224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4fe9e6c-7498-41e9-9fe5-7d52cc75a8c2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.712648"}
{"text": "your word against mine \" situations of traditional bullying. patchin advises that kids who are being cyberbullied keep the evidence, whether it ' s an e - mail or facebook post, so that they can show it to adults they trust. historically, there have been some issues with schools not disciplining if bullying didn ' t strictly happen at school, but today, most educators realize that they have the responsibility and authority to intervene, patchin said. adults can experience cyberbullying also, although there ' s less of a structure in place to stop it. their recourse is basically to hire a lawyer and proceed through the courts, patchin said. even in school, though, solutions are not always clear. turley ' s mother called the school on his behalf, but the students involved only got a talking - to as punishment. cyberbullying wasn ' t considered school - related behavior, at least at that time, he said. \" i was just so afraid of people, \" says turley, explaining why he went to different middle schools each year in sixth, seventh and eighth grade. he stayed quiet through most of it, barely speaking to other students. fighting back by speaking out turley started slowly merging back into \" peopleness \" in eighth grade when he started putting video diaries on youtube. soon, other students were asking him to help them film school project videos, track meets and other video projects. in high school, turley discovered an organization called westophate. org, a nonprofit organization devoted to helping people who have been bullied and allow them a safe space to share their stories. emily - anne rigal, the founder of the organization, experienced bullying in elementary school, getting picked on for her weight. although she and turley lived on opposite sides of the country, they became friends online, united by their passion for stopping bullying. westophate. org has achieved a wide reach. rigal has received all sorts of honors for her efforts, from the presidential volunteer service award to a teennick halo award presented by lady gaga. turley designed the westophate. org website and most of its graphics, and is actively involved in the organization. in additional to rigal, he has many other friends in different states whom he ' s met over the internet. \" i got cyberbullied, and i feel like, with that, it made me think, like, well, there has to be somebody on the internet who doesn ' t hate me, \" he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48401503658449896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4fe9e6c-7498-41e9-9fe5-7d52cc75a8c2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.713771"}
{"text": "he ' s met over the internet. \" i got cyberbullied, and i feel like, with that, it made me think, like, well, there has to be somebody on the internet who doesn ' t hate me, \" he said. \" that kind of just made me search more. \" ashley berry, 13, of littleton, colo., has also experienced unpleasantness with peers online. when she was 11, a classmate of hers took photos of ashley and created an entire facebook page about her, but denied doing it when ashley confronted the student whom she suspected. \" it had things like where i went to school, and where my family was from and my birthday, and there were no security settings at all, so it was pretty scary, \" she said. the page itself didn ' t do any harm or say mean things, ashley said. but her mother, anna berry, was concerned about the breach of privacy, and viewed it in the context of what else was happening to her daughter in school : friends were uninviting her to birthday parties and leaving her at the lunch table. \" you would see a girl who should be on top of the world coming home and just closing herself into her bedroom, \" berry said. berry had to get police involved to have the facebook page taken down. for seventh grade, her current year, ashley entered a different middle school than the one her previous school naturally fed into. she says she ' s a lot happier now, and does media interviews speaking out against bullying. these days, berry has strict rules for her daughter ' s online behavior. she knows ashley ' s passwords, and she ' s connected with her daughter on every social network that the teen has joined ( except instagram, but ashley has an aunt there ). ashley won ' t accept \" friend \" requests from anyone she doesn ' t know. technical solutions to technical problems parents, extended relatives, internet service providers and technology providers can all be incorporated in thinking about how children use technology, holt said. apps that control how much time children spend online, and other easy - to - use parental control devices, may help, holt said. there could also be apps to enable parents to better protect their children from certain content and help them report bullying. scientists at massachusetts institute of technology are working on an even more automated solution. they want to set up a system that would give bullying victims coping strategies, encourage potential bullies to stop and think before posting something offensive, and allow onlookers to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49539258397757785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4fe9e6c-7498-41e9-9fe5-7d52cc75a8c2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.716958"}
{"text": "scientists at massachusetts institute of technology are working on an even more automated solution. they want to set up a system that would give bullying victims coping strategies, encourage potential bullies to stop and think before posting something offensive, and allow onlookers to defend victims, said henry lieberman. lieberman ' s students birago jones and karthik dinakar are working on an algorithm that would automatically detect bullying language. the research group has broken down the sorts of offensive statements that commonly get made, grouping them into categories such as racial / ethnic slurs, intelligence insults, sexuality accusations and social acceptance / rejection. while it ' s not all of the potential bullying statements that could be made online, mit media lab scientists have a knowledge base of about 1 million statements. they ' ve thought about how some sentences, such as \" you look great in lipstick and a dress, \" can become offensive if delivered to males specifically. the idea is that if someone tries to post an offensive statement, the potential bully would receive a message such as \" are you sure you want to send this? \" and some educational material about bullying may pop up. lieberman does not want to automatically ban people, however. \" if they reflect on their behavior, and they read about the experience of others, many kids will talk themselves out of it, \" he said. lieberman and colleagues are using their machine learning techniques on the mtv - partnered website \" a thin line, \" where anyone can write in their stories of cyberbullying, read about different forms of online disrespect, and find resources for getting help. the researchers ' algorithm tries to detect the theme or topic of each story, and match it to other similar stories. they ' re finding that the top theme is sexting, lieberman said. \" we ' re trying to find social network sites that want to partner with us, so we can get more of this stuff out into the real world, \" lieberman said. turley and rigal, who is now a freshman at columbia university, are currently promoting the idea of having a \" bully button \" on facebook so that people can formally report cyberbullying to the social network and have bullies suspended for a given period of time. they haven ' t gotten a response yet, but they ' re hopeful that it will take off. in the meantime, turley is feeling a lot safer in school than he used to. \" times have changed definitely, where people are becoming slowly more aware, \" he said. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4952883701267686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4fe9e6c-7498-41e9-9fe5-7d52cc75a8c2>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.718882"}
{"text": "for further information contact : channel islands field station 1901 spinnaker drive ventura, ca 93001 - 4354 phone : ( 805 ) 658 - 5753 fax : ( 805 ) 893 - 8062 the southern california bight and its offshore islands are a unique natural resource with many sensitive and endemic plants and animals. this area is also an expanding urban center for the nation. the corresponding elimination and degradation of coastal habitats have created a need for scientifically guided management. the channel islands field station has cooperative agreements with channel islands national park in ventura, calif., and the university of california, santa barbara, that facilitate collaboration between field station scientists and university and park biologists. the linkage with the university also provides opportunities to supervise graduate students in marine ecology and work in laboratories with flow - through seawater to allow housing temperate marine species. channel islands national park provides access to the habitats of several rare and endemic plant species suffering from the impacts of exotic weeds and feral animals. the national park also has a wealth of marine resources in need of study and management. field station biologists analyze data collected from the park and assist with the park ' s extensive resource monitoring program. scientists at the channel islands field station conduct research on the ecology and conservation biology of sensitive plants and animals at the channel islands and along california ' s coast. in doing so, the field station supports information needs of the national park service, u. s. fish and wildlife service, and other state and federal clients such as the department of defense, national marine sanctuary, and california department of fish and game. some examples of ongoing research in plant ecology include rare plant demography, effects of grazing by feral animals on native plant communities, restoration ecology, and the distribution of invasive exotic weeds. examples of research in marine ecology are restoration strategies for the nearly extirpated white abalone, patterns of disturbance for threatened western snowy plovers, marine reserve design, and kelp forest community dynamics.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.433329858999662, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:336bac34-53a3-416a-b178-3b92b0c2f01e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.724246"}
{"text": "\u2018 bristol cats \u2019 study, growing from strength to strength! what \u2019 s it all about? the \u2018 bristol cats \u2019 study is a \u2018 first of its kind \u2019 study by the university of bristol, investigating the health, welfare and behaviour of cats living in the uk. the study is taking place to help find the causes of common behaviour problems and diseases of cats - eg obesity & hyperthyroidism - as the causes of these conditions are poorly understood. how is information collected? information is collected via four questionnaires when kittens are aged eight to16 weeks, six, 12 and 18 months of age. the data will be analysed to see what extent certain characteristics eg obesity are associated with management - eg diet, lifestyle and other factors eg breed. what are the benefits? the researchers aim to provide guidance to practitioners, owners and the cat community at large, to improve the health and welfare of cats. in order to do this, they need the help of kitten owners and hope to enrol 900 kittens by december 2011 to ensure robust statistical results. study progress to date... between march and september 2011, 588 kittens registered on the study \u2013 a fantastic response and thank you to everyone who has already enrolled! not surprisingly, the most commonly registered cat breed was found to be the moggy / mixed breed / domestic short hair. how to get involved : can you help by spreading the word to kitten owners, cat breeders or anyone with a kitten? if so, please contact the \u2018 bristol cat \u2019 study team at the university of bristol, using the details below, to request a poster to display and a supply of flyers to pass on to kitten owners. alternatively, if you have a kitten between eight and 16 weeks of age, please log - on to the study website and complete a questionnaire. the researchers are also keen to hear from owners of more than one kitten. full details about the study can be found at www. vetschool. bris. ac. uk / cats, together with a link to the first questionnaire. please also contact the team if you would prefer to receive a paper copy of the questionnaire in the post. with grateful thanks for your help! the \u2019 bristol cats \u2019 study team bristol cats, dr jane murray university of bristol tel : 07827 981412", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4425698656643583, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4d501eb-de0d-4eaa-8aab-b7691f46475c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.728430"}
{"text": "| woodruff plant in flower | woodruff plant in flower | galium odoratum | woodruff ( galium odoratum ) is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family rubiaceae, native to europe, north africa and western asia. it grows to 30 - 50 cm ( 12 - 20 ins. ) long, often lying flat on the ground or supported by other plants. the plant is also known in english as sweet woodruff or wild baby ' s breath. \" master of the woods \" is probably a translation of the german name waldmeister. names like \" sweetscented bedstraw \", \" cudweed \" and \" ladies ' bedstraw \" should be avoided ; the former two properly refer to galium triflorum, the latter to galium verum. the leaves are simple, lanceolate, glabrous, 2 - 5 cm long, and borne in whorls of 6 - 9. the small ( 4 - 7 mm diameter ) flowers are produced in cymes, each white with four petals joined together at the base. the seeds are 2 - 4 mm diameter, produced singly, and each seed is covered in tiny hooked bristles which help disperse the seed by sticking temporarily to clothing and animal fur. this plant prefers partial to full shade in moist, rich soils. in dry summers it needs frequent irrigation. propagation is by crown division, separation of the rooted stems, or digging up of the barely submerged perimeter stolons. woodruff, as the scientific name odoratum suggests, is a strongly scented plant, the sweet scent being derived from coumarin. this scent increases on wilting and then persists on drying, and woodruff is used in pot - pourri and as a moth deterrent. it is also used, mainly in germany, to flavour may wine ( called \" maiwein \" or \" maibowle \" in german ), beer ( berliner weisse ), brandy, sausages, jelly, jam, a soft drink ( tarhun ), ice cream, and a herbal tea with gentle sedative properties. high doses can cause headaches, due to the toxity of coumarin. very high doses of coumarin can cause vertigo, somnolence or even central paralysis and apnoea while in a coma. since 1981, woodruff may no longer be used as an ingredient of industrially produced drinks and foodstuffs in germany ; it has been replaced by artificial aromas and colorings. there is no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4393209750752162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da4d041d-5591-4f05-83af-2c4ed1cb6d20>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.780350"}
{"text": "in the star wars : where science meets imagination exhibit, luke skywalker ' s landspeeder is on display for the first time. click on image for full size courtesy of landspeeder image \u00a9 2006 lucasfilm ltd. & tm photo : dom miguel photography star wars exhibition brings reality to fantasy news story originally written on april 16, 2008 a new museum exhibit shows that some of the robots, vehicles and devices from the star wars films are close to the types of things scientists have developed to use in space. the exhibition - - at the science museum of minnesota in st. paul, minn., from june 13 until august 24 - - showcases landspeeders, r2d2 and other items from the star wars films. visitors will learn how researchers today are pursuing similar technologies. the exhibit developers were surprised and excited to learn that many of today ' s scientists were inspired by the fantasy technologies they saw in the star wars movies. one of the goals of the exhibit is to be an inspiration for the kids will be the next set of future scientists. the exhibit contains film clips, props, models and costumes. visitors are encouraged to participate in hands - on exhibits and activities. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store includes fun classroom activities for you and your students. issues of nesta ' s quarterly journal, the earth scientist are also full of classroom activities on different topics in earth and space science! you might also be interested in : scientists have learned that mount hood, oregon ' s tallest mountain, has erupted in the past due to the mixing of two different types of magma. \" the data will help give us a better road map to what a future... more the earth ' s mantle is a rocky, solid shell that is between the earth ' s crust and the outer core, and makes up about 84 percent of the earth ' s volume. the mantle is made up of many distinct portions or... more some geologic faults that appear strong and stable, slip and slide like weak faults, causing earthquakes. scientists have been looking at one of these faults in a new way to figure out why. in theory,... more the sun goes through cycles that last approximately 11 years. these solar cycle include phases with more magnetic activity, sunspots, and solar flares. they also include phases with less activity. the... more studying tree rings doesn ' t only tell us the age of that tree. tree rings also show what climate was like for each year of a tree ' s life,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5687903662498933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b520b6fd-c96f-4973-b437-da14b19d3e8f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.798032"}
{"text": "this photograph shows the stones of stonehenge up close. stonehenge is the most well known megalithic structure. click on image for full size image courtesy of corel photography what are megaliths? have you ever seen a megalith? maybe you have and you just didn ' t know it! a megalith is made of huge stones. they were put together by ancient people. sometimes the stones look like a stone fort and sometimes they are just rocks that have been stood on end. other megaliths look like big mounds of rocks, but those mounds have secret chambers inside of them! megaliths can be found all over. they are in europe, russia, the americas, africa, and asia. some megaliths were road markers like our present - day road signs. some were probably ancient sites of worship. still others were graveyards. and others might have been astronomy observatories. we do know that these structures must have been really important to the people who built them! some of the megaliths are almost 7, 000 years old. that means that 7, 000 years ago people were moving stones of up to 180 tons in weight around. they did that without cranes or trucks or even simple horse - drawn carts! the most famous megalithic site is stonehenge in england. but there are other cool ones too. take a look at newgrange of ireland, balnuaran of clava in scotland, pentre ifan in wales, the stones of fossa in italy and the carnac stones of france. shop windows to the universe science store! the summer 2010 issue of the earth scientist, available in our online store, includes articles on rivers and snow, classroom planetariums, satellites and oceanography, hands - on astronomy, and global warming. you might also be interested in : ancient people all over the world built stone structures. some of the stone structures marked graveyards for these people. in wales, there are some stones named pentre ifan that mark a grave. there is... more the stones of carnac, france, are very famous because there are a lot of them and because they are so old! the oldest stones found in carnac are from about 4, 500 b. c. that ' s older than the stones at stonehenge!... more you may have heard of the lake called loch ness, where people think they ' ve seen the loch ness monster. near loch ness there are three giant stone tombs you may not have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4676448897369142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:31beb50b-7fdd-475e-80d0-b560100cbada>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.809418"}
{"text": "although there have been relatively few major incidents \u2013 such as a blade flying off in north dakota last year \u2013 a lot more come under the category of falls and electric shocks such as those caused by arc flashes. according to wally tinsley, lead power systems engineer at diversified power management company eaton corp, osha investigated over 30 arc flash accidents in us wind farms in one year. understandably, the industry is giving far more attention to safety. osha and the american wind energy association ( awea ) have formed an alliance to improve safety standards. its purpose is to develop consensus on standardising safety practices, to ensure compliance and to establish training programmes. awea has agreed to help osha inspect us wind facilities region by region. most wind turbine oems have joined the awea safety committee. and with good reason \u2013 a rise in accidents could lead to soaring insurance costs and expensive worker ' s compensation claims. and a poor safety record would fan the fire of the anti - wind lobby. \" the safe operation of wind turbines will be a significant factor in promoting the wind industry, \" says grayling vander velde an environmental health and safety expert at us utility duke energy ' s wind energy production division in charlotte, north carolina. \" as companies recognize hazards, they have worked together to reduce or eliminate that hazard. this has allowed the overall safety of the wind industry to continue to improve. \" while ohsa efforts will cover the spectrum of possible safety issues, two issues attracting attention are minimising arc flash and at - height rescue procedures. an arc flash is essentially the release of electrical energy due to an electric arc. it has the potential to cause serious injury or even death. \" arc flash is a concern for wind turbines due to the limited area in the base of the tower and nacelle, as well as when operating pad mount transformers, \" says vander velde. \" for example, the restricted area within the tower would confine any energy produced to that area and to any individuals within the tower. \" what is to be done about arc flash? tinsley highlights the importance of an arc flash hazard assessment to isolate trouble spots so mitigation measures can be instituted. possible areas of high risk include squirrel cage induction generators, doubly fed induction generators and direct - drive turbines. \" a smart way to mitigate arc flash hazard is through remote access and remote switching, \" says tinsley. vander velde concurs. his company has adopted a remote operator design for some of its wind - related electrical equipment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4744305599533055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ffb8d83-3a11-4f1a-9358-5101bd718d12>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.827017"}
{"text": "turbines. \" a smart way to mitigate arc flash hazard is through remote access and remote switching, \" says tinsley. vander velde concurs. his company has adopted a remote operator design for some of its wind - related electrical equipment to allow the employees to reduce the need to go inside the tower. \" we have also developed computer access that allows the switches to be operated remotely, \" says vander velde. training is another important facet of any safety programme related to arc flash. duke energy, for instance, requires national fire protection association ' s nfpa 70e training, a standard to promote electrical safety in the workplace, to along with an employee qualification programme. there is also plenty of arc - flash rated equipment around including headgear, coveralls, gloves, rainwear and even beard nets. but it takes training for employees to recognize the need for it. by the very nature of the business, most accidents are likely to happen off the ground. so what do you do when a worker is injured a hundred metres up? \" osha requires that employers not only protect works from fall hazards, but also have a rescue plan in place for workers who may be suspended from a fall arrest system, \" says kevin denis, training manager at gravitec systems inc. of poulsbo, washington, a company that provides fall protection equipment and equipment. \" although there is a regulatory requirement for the employer to provide rescue, there are no specific guidelines for wind industry rescue programmes. \" denis explained that a well - designed fall protection programme would go a long way towards preventing the need for rescue. this begins with personal protective equipment such as hard hats, gloves and safety harnesses and continues into good housekeeping practices like not cluttering up the nacelle with tools, replacement parts or personal items. another step in at - height safety is teaching workers to evacuate dangerous areas under their own power. there are many situations where use of the ladder is not an option. for example, a worker may already be suspended below the hub to do blade repair / inspection when high winds make a rapid descent imperative. in those cases, competence is called for in using the various descent control devices available on the market. standards are also evolving concerning what is known as high - angle rescue, defined as terrain that has a slope angle of 60 and higher where rescuers are dependent upon ropes. this might involve other wind technicians or emergency personnel and a variety of safety systems. denis stresses the need for the writing of proper procedures for every", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44514252517707853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ffb8d83-3a11-4f1a-9358-5101bd718d12>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.829725"}
{"text": "rescue, defined as terrain that has a slope angle of 60 and higher where rescuers are dependent upon ropes. this might involve other wind technicians or emergency personnel and a variety of safety systems. denis stresses the need for the writing of proper procedures for every wind farm including a fall protection code that clearly outlines the required action for all possible events. currently, osha rule 1910 : 66 ( f ) is fairly general : \" the employer shall provide for prompt rescue of employees in the event of a fall or shall assure the self - rescue capability of employees. \" the only way to ensure this is by establishing effective training programmes for new and existing employees. \" even though the incidents are infrequent, the potential for high angle rescue is a concern for everyone, \" says vander velde. \" most sites now require all their employees to be trained in a high angle rescue system. \" medical help at height some go beyond high angle rescue training and require additional emergency management training such as support for injuries that occur in remote areas. duke energy reports great success with the implementation of an elevated emergency management ( emm ) programme. each year, the company holds an emergency response drill that involves all site personnel and may include off site personnel. this drill is to practice emergency response skills as well as assess existing levels of knowledge. during one of the first such drills, several wind technicians said they felt they needed more emergency medical treatment training. that led to a new safety programme involving one of duke ' s wind site managers who was an emergency medical technician ( emt ) and a company called tech safety lines of carrollton, texas that supplies rescue training and equipment. this team worked together to develop training to address a range of injuries. the company now provides annual emm retraining for all employees. this programme deals with such situations as victims being suspended in their harness and needing relief before being lowered to the ground. it is all very well to call a medic. but what if you are 50 miles from the nearest doctor and in a location that can only be accessed along a dirt track? and in any case, rural emergency response teams do not typically have the training or tools to reach a patient dangling from a rotor. \" emergencies involving a post - fall suspended victim get most of the attention but the larger percentage of up - tower injuries involve soft - tissue or bone and joint injuries, \" says brent wise, a partner at tech safety lines. \" victims suspended in their harness need relief and lowering as quickly as possible, however many up - tower accidents would benefit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.521709863895982, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ffb8d83-3a11-4f1a-9358-5101bd718d12>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.837997"}
{"text": "of up - tower injuries involve soft - tissue or bone and joint injuries, \" says brent wise, a partner at tech safety lines. \" victims suspended in their harness need relief and lowering as quickly as possible, however many up - tower accidents would benefit greatly from medical care before being assisted to ground. \" he says that some wind industry safety programmes failed to achieve adequate patient assessment in their procedures for responding to an emergency aloft. a fellow worker might overlook what might be indistinct signs of a serious internal injury such as a broken arm. \" the fractured bone could potentially puncture an artery in the process of a haphazard evacuation attempt \u2014 making a relatively serious but manageable injury into a critical if not fatal event, \" says wise. those completing the emm programme are able to : ensure scene safety for both the rescuer and the victim ; prioritise care for life - threatening injuries ; recognize and care for traumatic injures including burns, severe bleeding, electrocution, and amputation ; apply moldable splints for injured bones and joints ; apply patient packaging and stabilisation ; and evacuate a victim with minimal disruption of care. \" best practices would include an understanding that trained medical help is most likely remote if not altogether unavailable up - tower, \" says wise. \" each climber should be capable of assessing a medical event, providing appropriate treatment, and stabilising the injured member until turned over to a medical professional. \" the subject of \" packaging \" was continually stressed by duke and tech safety lines. what they mean is how to safely harness the person to be lowered to the ground. tech safety lines recommends a device known as a spec - pak, which is a combination of a class iii harness and a backboard. it is designed to immobilise a victim and facilitate evacuation with minimal disruption of care. wind turbine design worker comfort is not necessarily a priority in wind turbine design. consequently, the wind turbine technician spends much of his or her day in tight spaces. additionally, many of the components are heavy and have to be lifted in awkward positions. this is added to the repetitive motion of climbing ladders. \" ergonomics is a very prominent issue within wind turbines, \" says vander velde. \" further studies need to be done in order to determine what action should be taken. \" with osha scrutinising wind farms all around the us, expect that the next generation of wind turbines will be called upon to improve ergonomics and provide greater built - in safety mechanisms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4700353903854728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ffb8d83-3a11-4f1a-9358-5101bd718d12>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.843701"}
{"text": "in order to determine what action should be taken. \" with osha scrutinising wind farms all around the us, expect that the next generation of wind turbines will be called upon to improve ergonomics and provide greater built - in safety mechanisms and practices. and older models will probably be required to retrofit improvements or risk being phased out. having a wind safety programme is one thing, but it is quite another to get it used by personnel. after all, it is often easier and quicker to do without a harness or don the required electrical gear to avoid arc flash. so how do you get around the urge to cut corners or ignore safety rules for a quick trip up top to perform a two - minute maintenance task? todd karasek, vice president of ehs at suzlon wind energy corp, sums it up nicely. \" the overwhelming numbers of policies are procedures can sometimes cause staff to ignore the rules or be slow with compliance, \" he says. \" in many cases, complying with safety procedures is difficult, inconvenient, slow and uncomfortable. \" his solution is to lay out clear consequences both positively and negatively. this goes beyond just saying that following a procedure will keep you safe and failing to follow it could get you hurt. the way to make such a programme work is to concentrate on the positive. \" catch them doing something right, \" says karasek. \" concentrate on recognizing the right behaviours. \" but where there is a carrot, there must also be a stick. in this case, suzlon has created a series of levels of safety violation which have different actions and penalties associated with them. this ranges from written reprimands all the way up to suspension and even termination. failure to wear arc flash - protective equipment or working under the influence of drugs or alcohol, for example, are grounds for dismissal. this article originally appeared in wind stats magazine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4776212660395004, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ffb8d83-3a11-4f1a-9358-5101bd718d12>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.846117"}
{"text": "1516 : two bavarian dukes issue a decree that limits the ingredients used in brewing beer to barley, water and hops. referred to today as the reinheitsgebot ( purity ordinance ), the decree has come to be known as a beer - purity law that was intended to keep undesirable or unhealthy ingredients out of beer. but the original text doesn \u2019 t explicitly state the reasoning behind the regulation. an english translation of the decree simply states, \u201d we wish to emphasize that in future in all cities, markets and in the country, the only ingredients used for the brewing of beer must be barley, hops and water. \u201d in fact, the main intent of the decree had more to do with bread than beer. \u201c the government simply didn \u2019 t want people using valuable grains for beer, \u201d said historian maureen ogle, author of ambitious brew : the story of american beer. \u201c i think it was really just an attempt to keep beermakers from infringing on the territory of people who made bread. \u201d ensuring cheap bread was critical in times of food scarcity, a real problem for 16th - century bavaria. while barley is not very digestible and consequently does not make for good eating, grains like wheat and rye are great for bread. the bavarian leadership wanted to head off competition for those grains, in order to keep the price of food down. an unintended side effect of the regulation may have been a purer brew, but ogle suspects the idea that purity motivated the rule may have germinated after world war ii, when germany \u2019 s economy was struggling. \u201c after the war, they were looking for ways to bolster their economy, and one thing they could do is export beer, \u201d ogle said. \u201c my educated guess is it \u2019 s directly connected to this drive. \u201d the beer - purity angle probably really took hold in the united states in the 1960s as craft brewing was becoming more popular, ogle said. the reinheitsgebot is still discussed on beer blogs today. \u201c if here had been no craft - beer movement, there wouldn \u2019 t be anybody sitting around talking about this law today, \u201d she said. the name reinheitsgebot did not appear in print until 1918, and wasn \u2019 t applied beyond bavaria until 1871 when the german empire was formed. according to the german beer institute, the law became an official part of the tax code in 1919 \u2014 despite the protestations of brewers \u2014 when bavaria refused to join the weimar republic unless the law", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49039118963183687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd9d7c66-e498-4c5d-a20d-100096978ae4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.854989"}
{"text": "applied beyond bavaria until 1871 when the german empire was formed. according to the german beer institute, the law became an official part of the tax code in 1919 \u2014 despite the protestations of brewers \u2014 when bavaria refused to join the weimar republic unless the law was enforced throughout the republic. until germany joined the european union in 1987, a version of the reinheitsgebot was still part of the german tax code, with the addition of yeast ( until louis pasteur came along, yeast \u2019 s role in fermentation wasn \u2019 t known ), and the inclusion of ingredients that can also be used in other food, such as wheat. many german brewers still proudly claim to follow the reinheitsgebot, and beers that do comply get special protections as a traditional food. it \u2019 s used as a marketing tool, and the beers have \u201c gebraut nach dem deutschen reinheitsgebot \u201d ( brewed according to the german purity ordinance ) on the label. today the penalty for not abiding by the reinheitsgebot may only be the upturned noses of some american craft brewers. but in the 16th century, the consequences of brewing an offending beer were far more dire : they lost the beer. \u201c whosoever knowingly disregards or transgresses upon this ordinance, shall be punished by the court authorities \u2019 confiscating such barrels of beer, without fail. \u201d image : no, these soldiers are not confiscating transgressive beer. the caption says, \u201c preparations for the kaiser \u2019 s birthday celebration at the front. beer delivered from home is unloaded. \u201d on the left - hand inset, \u201c zensiert \u201d means \u201c censored. \u201d circa 1915 - 1918. courtesy new york public library - april 7, 1933 : gimme a tall, cold one - it \u2019 s beer o \u2019 clock! watch has built - in bottle opener - why geologists love beer - how wired. com built beer robot, our diy kegerator - beer gear, from can to refrigerator robot - april 23, 1827 : shedding a ray of light on rays of light - april 23, 1940 : batteries included, and they don \u2019 t leak - april 23, 1984 : aids virus disclosed, and a premature promise made - aug. 10, 1519 : magellan sets sail into history", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44873076999783384, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd9d7c66-e498-4c5d-a20d-100096978ae4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.856528"}
{"text": "this is one of my favorite stories. in short, one of john burk \u2019 s ( @ occam98 ) students wanted to launch a space balloon. if you want all the details, this post at quantum progress pretty much says it all. the part that makes this story so cool is that it was the student who did all of the set up and fundraising and stuff. love it. oh, and the student is apparently named \u201c m. \u201d i wonder if the student is either one of the men in black or a james bond scientist. ok, you know what i do, right? i need to add something. here is a very nice video of the space balloon launch. you know i like to use pictures for data from time to time, right? one problem is that i don \u2019 t know much about cameras. there, i said it. really, almost all of my photos are made with my phone. that is what makes the phone so great, you almost always have your camera with you. to make these pictures useful for physics, it helps to know the angular size of the picture. here is a diagram so you can see what i am talking about : there are 20 seconds left on the clock. your team is down by 2 points such that a field goal would win it. the ball is spotted on the hash mark at the 15 yard line and it is first down. what to do? should you call a run play so that the ball is in the center of the field? or should the ball be kicked from where it is? so there is the question. is it better to kick the ball from an angle or move back and kick it head on? let me just look at one aspect of this situation. what is the angular size of the goal post from the location of the kicker? i am not looking at the height of the horizontal goal post \u2013 i will assume the kicker can get the ball over this. this was on reddit. it is an image from google maps showing an aircraft. not surprising, there are lots of aircraft that get caught by the cameras in mid flight. but what about the colors? is this some rainbow - unicorn plane? i am not sure of the exact details, but this rainbow effect is from the camera. i am not sure why, but this camera is capturing red green and blue ( and probably white ) colors separately at different times. here is the actual link to the google map. the first thing that comes to my mind is \u2013 i wonder how fast the plane", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5392992311081041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab1372c3-67f1-40bb-a97d-79e3d444774a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.863740"}
{"text": "not sure why, but this camera is capturing red green and blue ( and probably white ) colors separately at different times. here is the actual link to the google map. the first thing that comes to my mind is \u2013 i wonder how fast the plane was moving. that question is difficult to answer because i don \u2019 t know how much time was between each \u2018 color filter \u2019 photo. oh well, i will proceed anyway. first, some info. reading through the very insightful reddit comments, it seems the commenters are certain that the plain is an embraer erj 145. really, all i need is the length. wikipedia lists it with a 29. 87 m length and a 20. 04 meter wingspan. from the image, does the rainbow plane have the same ratio of length to wingspan as listed? ok, not quite the same. maybe that is close enough. the one thing is that the image clearly has some distortion. either the plane it turning or the image has been adjusted to make it look like it is a top down view. well, surfing around a bit i couldn \u2019 t find another plane that was close in length / wing span ratio. i am going with erj 145. if i scale the image from the length of the plane, how \u201c far \u201d between the different colors? here is a plot of the 4 color images. note that for this image, i put the axis along the fuselage of the plane. the points are the locations of the back tip of one of the wings. the first cool thing that i can learn from this is that there must have been a cross - wind. the aircraft is not traveling in the direction that it is heading. of course this is not uncommon, planes do this all the time. oh, let me not that i am assume the aircraft is far enough away from the satellite that the multiple colors are due to the motion of the plane and not the satellite. this is probably a good assumption since the houses below are not rainbow colored. what about the speed? if it is moving at a constant velocity, then : i know the changes in position. so, let me just call the change in time 1 cs ( cs for camera - second ). this means that the plane \u2019 s speed would be 1. 8 m / cs. ok, let \u2019 s just play a game. what if the time between frames was 1 / 100th of a second? that would mean that the speed would be 180 m / s or 400 mph. that is possible since wikipedia lists the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5218512610473677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab1372c3-67f1-40bb-a97d-79e3d444774a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.866627"}
{"text": "/ cs. ok, let \u2019 s just play a game. what if the time between frames was 1 / 100th of a second? that would mean that the speed would be 180 m / s or 400 mph. that is possible since wikipedia lists the max speed at around 550 mph. if the time between images is 1 / 30th of a second ( i picked that because that is a common frame rate for video ) then the speed would be 54 m / s ( 120 mph ). that doesn \u2019 t seem too low. i would imaging the landing speed would be around that speed ( or maybe a little lower \u2013 but what do i know? ) but wait \u2013 there is more. can i determine the altitude of the plane? well, suppose i have two objects of two different lengths that are two different distances from a camera. here is an example. my notation here looks a little messy, but both objects have a length ( l ) and a distance from the camera ( r ). they also have an angular size, denoted by \u03b8. about angular size, i can write the following. i don \u2019 t know the distances from the camera and i don \u2019 t know the angles. but, i can sort of measure the angles. suppose i measure the number of pixels each object takes up in the photo. then the angular size could be written as : where p1 is the pixel size of an object and c is some constant for that particular camera. now i can re - write these angular equations and divide so that i get rid of the c. i can get values for all the stuff on the right of that equation. here are my values ( object 1 is the plane and object 2 is the background \u2013 really, i will just use the scale provided by google maps ). oh, one more thing. i am not going to measure the pixel length but rather some arbitrary length of the same scale. l1 = 29. 87 m p1 = 1 unit l2 = 10 m p2 = 0. 239 unit putting in my values above i get the ratio of the distances from the camera as : now i just need one of the r \u2018 s \u2013 ideally it would be r2 ( the distance the camera is from the ground ). wikipedia says that the satellite images are typically taken from an aircraft flying 800 - 1500 feet high. so, suppose r2 = 1500 feet ( 457 meters ). in this case the altitude of the rainbow plane would be : 1000 feet would mean that the rainbow plane is probably landing ( or taking off", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5118253499655695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab1372c3-67f1-40bb-a97d-79e3d444774a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.867841"}
{"text": "dictionary of wisconsin history search results for : keyword : ' lac du flambeau ' term : dubay [ dube ), john baptiste 1810 - 1887 definition : ( note : birth date given in original as \" july 10, 1810 [? ]. \" ) pioneer fur trader, b. probably in green bay. he was the son of a french trader and a menominee indian. although the facts of dubay ' s early life are obscure, it appears that from 1824 to 1839 he was engaged in the fur trade at saginaw and sault ste. marie, mich., and at lac du flambeau, wis., either in the employ of the american fur co. or operating his own posts. in 1839 he purchased the american fur company ' s post at fort winnebago ( portage ), where he served as hercules l. dousman ' s ( q. v. ) agent until 1851 and continued his residence in the portage area until 1858. a colorful and well - known figure in early wisconsin, dubay was frequently utilized by the u. s. and territorial governments as indian interpreter, and was also called upon by the indians and half - breeds to act as a spokesman in their behalf. in 1857 while living near portage he became involved in a property dispute with william s. reynolds, and, while drunk, shot and killed him. a widely publicized murder trial was held in madison in which many of wisconsin ' s leading figures testified in dubay ' s behalf. moses m. strong ( q. v. ) and harlow s. orton ( q. v. ) conducted dubay ' s defense and luther s. dixon ( q. v. ) acted as assistant prosecutor. the jury failed to reach a verdict in the first trial, and a second trial produced the same result. although one other attempt was made to renew the case, proceedings were eventually dropped. dubay retired to a trading post north of stevens point, where he lived in obscurity until his death. m. e. krug, dubay ( appleton [ 19461 ) ; hist. of n. wis. ( chicago, 1881 ) ; wpa ms. [ source : dictionary of wisconsin biography ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41878073492915174, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c8d7dc2e-2f87-4f01-9daf-322be9e3fc91>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.870438"}
{"text": "learn something new every day more info... by email a block diagram is a graphical method used to explain the concept of a system without the need to understand the individual components within that system. this type of diagram might be used in a variety of industries to illustrate and educate individuals about how a system operates, either in part or in its entirety. block diagrams usually will have a logical, methodical flow from beginning to end. engineers and software programmers are examples of individuals who might be familiar with block diagrams. block diagrams essentially are synonymous with flow charts, but a block diagram is generalized in nature. sometimes block diagrams are used to conceal specific information or processes that might prove to be advantageous or detrimental, whichever the case might be. people who are being presented with a block diagram should be able to develop an understanding of what that block represents. to assist in understanding the block itself, lines should be drawn to the block representing various inputs, outputs or alternative choices. depending on the type of process being illustrated, blocks might serve in any capacity that is needed to adequately describe the process or parts of the process. for instance, a manufacturing cell of machine tools might include a drill press, a milling machine and a sanding machine. to illustrate a process within that cell, each machine tool might be represented by its own block. when the manufacturing process is illustrated in its entirety, a single block might be used to represent all of the components within that cell. a block diagram also can be used to illustrate how a computer program works or how parts of a program work. if, for instance, a program is needed to calculate four different methods of interest rates, a block might represent each of these lines of code for one of these methods. in this way, a supervisor does not need to understand the code itself, as it is written, as long as the purpose of that block is communicated effectively. some block diagrams can be used as a way to map out a process as a top - down diagram. for instance, a person who has an inspired project might use a block diagram as a way to convey the idea as a series of individual blocks, each of which helps support the main topic. later, these individual blocks might then be analyzed and further developed into additional block diagrams as needed. this method can be repeated until the process is mapped out to the satisfaction of all those involved with the project. if compiled and mapped out completely, the block diagram might resemble a pine tree type of structure of the entire project, which is typical for a top - down diagram.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6053914171152074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c34c5c0-a1b4-4d46-b4ea-5cdd8086df4a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.878352"}
{"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - v. to establish in office ; install. century dictionary and cyclopedia - to set or place ; establish, as in a rank or condition. - to invest. gnu webster ' s 1913 - v. to set, place, or establish, as in a rank, office, or condition ; to install ; to invest. - from in - + state. ( wiktionary ) \u201c north carolina improved to 21 - 1 in instate tournament games, including 6 - 0 in games played here - home to atlantic coast conference rival wake forest. \u201d \u201c while this was not a war, the instate was the same. \u201d \u201c but, the difficult national environment for democrats coupled with a surge in republican energy instate - - the result of the passage of a stringent immigration bill - - quickly turned the race into a serious contest. \u201d \u201c soccer board of directors voted to re - instate the provisional sanction. \u201d \u201c after a first refusal, obama says he ' ll now re - instate solar water heating to the white house roof, and will add photo - voltaic cells that will generate electricity. \u201d \u201c if we want to avoid catastrophic climate change and avoid climate disaster, we need to instate a moratorium on drilling in the arctic. \u201d \u201c i think only money from instate sources should be allowed to pay for the campaign. \u201d \u201c this seems like more of a power play to me : they want a worldwide governing body to oversee this and have them instate rules in place that will change our lives forever. \u201d \u201c it ' s time to re - instate the tax breaks from the 2000 - 2004 period and we all have to face the fact that these bills must be paid. \u201d \u201c then if congress really thinks this is incorrect, they can re - instate them. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 instate \u2019. the only letters without a \" satine \" bingo possibility : j, q, y words found through wordie ' s random word function. i didn ' t take phrases, foreign, misspelled, or madeupical words, so i looked at about 200 words to assemble this list. i was surprise... looking for tweets for instate.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.518072361029424, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7182c3f0-5278-41e6-ae9b-bc961c31adc2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.886955"}
{"text": "if you really want to hit a home run with a global warming story, manage to link climate change to the beloved rainforest of the amazon. the rainforest there is considered by many to be the \u201c lungs of the planet, \u201d the rainforest surely contains a cure for any ailment imaginable, all species in the place are critical to the existence of life on the earth, and the people of the amazon are surely the most knowledgeable group on the planet regarding how to care for mother earth. the global warming alarmists have taken full advantage of the amazon and they are very quick to suggest that the amazon ecosystem is extremely sensitive to climate change. furthermore, not only can climate change impact the amazon, but global climate itself is strongly linked to the state of the amazon rainforest. but, as usual, there is more to this story than meets to eye ( or, rather, the press ). for instance, a headline last year from usa today sounded the alarm declaring \u201c amazon hit by climate chaos of floods, drought \u201d. in the first few sentences, we learn that \u201c across the amazon basin, river dwellers are adding new floors to their stilt houses, trying to stay above rising floodwaters that have killed 44 people and left 376, 000 homeless. flooding is common in the world \u2019 s largest remaining tropical wilderness, but this year the waters rose higher and stayed longer than they have in decades, leaving fruit trees entirely submerged. only four years ago, the same communities suffered an unprecedented drought that ruined crops and left mounds of river fish flapping and rotting in the mud. experts suspect global warming may be driving wild climate swings that appear to be punishing the amazon with increasing frequency. \u201d this piece is typical of thousands of other news stories about calamities in the amazon that are immediately blamed on global warming. other headlines quickly found include \u201c ocean warming - not el nino - drove severe amazon drought in 2005 \u201d or \u201c amazon droughts will accelerate global warming \u201d or \u201c amazon could shrink by 85 % due to climate change, scientists say. \u201d notice that climate change can cause droughts and floods in the amazon plus droughts in the amazon can cause global warming ( by eliminating trees that could uptake atmospheric carbon dioxide ). throughout many of these stories, the words \u201c delicate \u201d and \u201c irreversible \u201d are used over and over. as we have discussed countless times in other essays, climate models are predicting the greatest warming in the mid - to - high latitudes of the northern hemisphere during the winter season. the amazon is not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3921013102586258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d043e2c-548a-4380-aff6-44daad02285d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.895446"}
{"text": "irreversible \u201d are used over and over. as we have discussed countless times in other essays, climate models are predicting the greatest warming in the mid - to - high latitudes of the northern hemisphere during the winter season. the amazon is not located in a part of the earth expected to have substantial warming due to the buildup of greenhouse gases. somewhat surprisingly, the ipcc technical summary comments \u201c the sign of the precipitation response is considered less certain over both the amazon and the african sahel. these are regions in which there is added uncertainty due to potential vegetation - climate links, and there is less robustness across models even when vegetation feedbacks are not included. \u201d basically, the models are not predicting any big changes in precipitation in the amazon due to the change in atmospheric composition, nor are the models predicting any big change in temperature. should the people of the amazon deforest the place down to a parking lot, there is evidence that precipitation would decrease. there is a lot going on in the amazon \u2013 deforestation, elevated carbon dioxide levels, global warming, and all these reported recent droughts and floods. one would think that the entire place is a wreck! a recent article in hydrological processes might come as a huge surprise to the climate change crusade. the first two sentences of the abstract made this one an immediate favorite at world climate report. the author has the nerve to write \u201c rainfall and river indices for both the northern and southern amazon were used to identify and explore long - term climate variability on the region. from a statistical analysis of the hydrometeorological series, it is concluded that no systematic unidirectional long - term trends towards drier or wetter conditions have been identified since the 1920s. \u201d we should leave it at that! the author is jose marengo with brazil \u2019 s \u201c centro de ciencia do sistema terrestre / instituto nacional de pesquisas espaciais \u201d ; the work was funded by the brazilian research council and the \u201c uk global opportunity fund - gof - dangerous climate change \u201d. very interesting \u2013 we suspect the \u201c dangerous climate change \u201d group was not happy with the first two sentences of the abstract. jose marengo begins the piece noting \u201c the main objective of this study is the assessment of long - term trends and cycles in precipitation in the entire amazon basin, and over the northern and southern sections. it was addressed by analysing rainfall and streamflow indices, dating from the late 1920s \u201d. the figure 1 shows his subregions within", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4682430467049769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d043e2c-548a-4380-aff6-44daad02285d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.896539"}
{"text": "- term trends and cycles in precipitation in the entire amazon basin, and over the northern and southern sections. it was addressed by analysing rainfall and streamflow indices, dating from the late 1920s \u201d. the figure 1 shows his subregions within the greater amazon basin. figure 1. orientation map showing the rainfall network used on this study for ( a ) northern amazonia ( nar ) and ( b ) southern amazonia ( sar ) ( from marengo, 2009 ). the bottom line here is amazing. the author writes \u201c the analysis of the annual rainfall time series in the amazon represented by the nar and sar indices indicates slight negative trends for the northern amazon and positive trends for the southern amazon. however, they are weak and significant at 5 % only in the southern amazon \u201d ( figure 2 ). so, nothing is happening out of the ordinary in the north and the south is getting wetter. there is definitely variability around the weak trends, but it all seems to be related to natural variability, not deforestation or global warming. figure 2. historical hydrometeorological indices for the amazon basin. they are expressed as anomalies normalized by the standard deviation from the long - term mean, ( a ) northern amazonia, ( b ) southern amazonia. the thin line represents the trend. the broken line represents the 10 - year moving average ( from marengo, 2009 ). marengo notes \u201c since 1929, long - term tendencies and trends, some of them statistically significant, have been detected in a set of regional - average rainfall time series in the amazon basin and supported by the analysis of some river streamflow time series. these long - term variations are more characteristic of decadal and multi - decadal modes, indicators of natural climate variability, rather than any unidirectional trend towards drier conditions ( as one would expect, due to increased deforestation or to global warming ). \u201d [ emphasis added ] jose \u2013 nice work, have a cuervo on us!!! marengo, j. a. 2009. long - term trends and cycles in the hydrometeorology of the amazon basin since the late 1920s. hydrological processes, 23, 3236 - 3244.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4516628879386804, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d043e2c-548a-4380-aff6-44daad02285d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.897787"}
{"text": "a footnote. fourteen bars. can a fifty - five second composition be a key to unlocking chopin \u2019 s life - long aesthetic? cantabile. an italian word first used around 1724. it means \u201c singable, \u201d \u201c songlike, \u201d or indicates \u201c a style of playing designed to imitate the human voice. \u201d twice in his life chopin fell head - over - heels in love \u2026 with singers. a third became a close friend and collaborator. days after his arrival in paris, chopin wrote home heady with the endless buffet of spectacular voices he was hearing night after night. chopin was identifying something of himself in these great voices and in what they were singing - most notably in the \u201c never - ending melody \u201d chopin reported hearing in vincenzo bellini \u2019 s operas. for many music scholars, chopin \u2019 s love of opera, and of singing, is the key to understanding his music ; they call it chopin \u2019 s \u201c cantabile aesthetic. \u201d flowing, singable, lines, bellini \u2019 s bel canto, translated to the black and white of the keys. cantabile is also the title of this briefest of chopin miniatures. chopin wrote it in paris around 1834, but it didn \u2019 t get published until nearly a century later. despite its brevity, it sums up the singing soul of chopin. as chopin \u2019 s biographer, james hunecker wrote, \" he may become old - fashioned, but, like mozart, he will remain eternally beautiful. \u201d - jennifer foster", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5477784672869417, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6fdeec6c-ec4a-4bf6-b800-40aa24ba9dd4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.902148"}
{"text": "5th forum top 25 highlights - thematic programme during the scores of discussions in over one hundred sessions, some overall messages emerged : - water is a common denominator for many development issues and the key to successfully resolving those challenges. - because of the interrelatedness of water issues across so many different sectors, progress can only be achieved through an interdisciplinary approach. there is a need to reinforce the preliminary linkages made at the 5th world water forum and continue to think out of the box. - education, capacity development and financial support are needed in virtually every domain to support further progress. - solutions must be sustainable and flexibly adapted to specific local or regional circumstances : no \u201c one size fits all \u201d approach can be applied to water management. - stakeholders need to be engaged through participatory processes in the earliest stages of water resource development strategies. - the 5th world water forum enabled greater focus and synergies to move forward on today \u2019 s water - related challenges and to create more political will. climate change, disasters and migration while climate change, disasters and migration are distinct in scope and challenges, joint reflection on these issues at the 5th world water forum concluded that good adaptation measures implemented for climate change and disasters will, in fact, assist in mitigating migration. one billion slum dwellers worldwide demonstrate that unsolved rural problems lead to urban problems. therefore, more work is needed to continue to dovetail efforts before crises arise, despite disparities among these domains. in addition, the message that water is the medium through which climate change acts and the work on \u201c hotspots \u201d and recommendations formulated at the 5th world water forum will be channeled into the unfccc cop15 processes, as well as to other international processes. advancing human development and the mdg \u2019 s regardless of whether or not the mdg \u2019 s are achieved, after 2015, the remaining half of the population will still need to be served. at the 5th world water forum, the main impediments to reaching the mdgs were identified as a lack of effective management, investment, institutional capacity and political priority. one suggested instrument to ensure coverage for all school - aged children was the creation of a global convention to implement wash in schools. however, the necessity was also made clear to move away from increasing crisis management toward a process steered by more long - term development objectives, in which the challenges are recognized as all being interconnected. this will be especially important in harmonizing water use between energy production, food production and other uses, so that these needs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4756545359159014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f06d30b-3404-4da2-80fc-1f227258a4f9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.909123"}
{"text": "crisis management toward a process steered by more long - term development objectives, in which the challenges are recognized as all being interconnected. this will be especially important in harmonizing water use between energy production, food production and other uses, so that these needs complement each other rather than compete against one another. the fundamental baseline associated with all development and environmental challenges is that by 2050, the world \u2019 s population will rise to over 9 billion people, and all will need water and sanitation. managing and protecting water resources this theme perhaps offered the most fertile terrain for building bridges between polarized viewpoints : on transboundary issues, on storage issues, on infrastructure and environment, and between policy and implementation. generally, it was agreed that river basin organizations offer a vehicle through which a range of partners can work together. in addition, a \u201c handbook on integrated water resources management in basins \u201d was presented, providing useful advice on how to improve governance of freshwater resources in basins. it was also recommended that iwrm needs to be practiced at different scales in order for it to be helpful in enabling governments and all stakeholders to determine how to allocate water appropriately and which global solutions are most appropriate for any given situation. but most of all, these recommendations must lead to action. governance and management a wide majority of stakeholders reaffirmed support for the right to water and sanitation, already extensively recognized by many states, and supported further efforts for its implementation. in addition, a better understanding of the complementary roles of public and private sectors was achieved, recognizing that specific circumstances call for specific solutions. moreover, 10 priority issues for catalyzing institutional change and policies were identified. in an effort to address corruption issues, participants called for the creation of an international tribunal to address violations and launched an appeal to incorporate anti - corruption safeguards into project designs. the need for public participation as an essential component of good governance was also emphasized. through a series of panels, sessions and side events throughout the week, financing issues received much greater attention than ever before from forum participants. despite recognition that financing needs for the water sector are still enormous and remain a major constraint for further development, the discussions enabled a much better understanding of the fundamentals of water economics. it was agreed that funds need to be allocated where they can have the biggest impact. by flexibly balancing \u201c the 3 ts : tariffs, taxes and transfers \u201d, the sector is consciously shifting its operational paradigm from \u201c full cost recovery \u201d to \u201c sustainable cost recovery. \u201d although higher priority for water should still be requested in national budgets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47554678552477847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f06d30b-3404-4da2-80fc-1f227258a4f9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.910678"}
{"text": "what is a letter of intent? letters of intent, commonly referred to as ' heads of agreement ', are used to indicate the terms under which two or more people intend to enter into a contractual relationship when doing business together. the term ' letter of intent ' has no legal significance. however, the courts have often treated so - called letters of intent as contracts capable of being enforced, so care must be taken when drafting them. one legally binding clause that is normally included in a letter of intent is the confidentiality clause in which it is agreed that confidential information acquired during negotiations will not be disclosed to any third party or otherwise used. why use letters of intent? many letters of intent are really a mechanism by which the parties to a deal give each other reassurance of their intentions. they provide strategic guidance as to how a deal is to be done. they are also useful when outsiders need to be brought into the picture. for example, a takeover deal may need to be financed by institutional investors. the letter of intent is a valuable tool for them in their decision - making. a letter of intent can be submitted to the relevant authorities in order to obtain a clearance that a particular way of structuring a deal will not cause problems : for example, obtaining a tax clearance from the inland revenue. what problems might arise? letters of intent can present problems. unless drafted carefully, a letter of intent can create a contract, enforceable in the courts. for example, the use of the words ' subject to contract ', which normally operate to show that contractual relations will be created later, are not always effective in this regard. similarly, the courts have ruled on several occasions that work done following agreement of a letter of intent should be paid for at a reasonable rate, when the anticipated contract did not materialise. if negotiations fail, there may be a damaging ' loss of face ' if details have been disclosed to third parties. in addition, uk tax law will often catch ' arrangements ' in which a series of predetermined steps is carried out with the effect that tax payable is reduced. the existence of a letter of intent could justify the tax authorities arguing that an arrangement was in effect. this can be of particular importance in management buyouts, sales of businesses and similar deals. what should be included? normally, letters of intent should contain the following clauses : - a statement of the law under which the letters are drafted ; - a statement that they are not binding, or clear identification of any parts that are intended to be contractually binding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4527570254688106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d98000c-3e7c-4e69-9679-ccf7af99c10a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.914549"}
{"text": "information contained on this page is provided by newsusa, an independent third - party content provider. worldnow and this station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. / centers for disease control and prevention ) - as a parent, you know how much you do to keep your little one safe and healthy. even if you don ' t have kids, you still play an important role in protecting babies - - like your friend ' s newborn, your grandchild or even a baby you run into at the store. these children have something in common : they are vulnerable to whooping cough ( or pertussis ). we can all do something to protect them by getting immunized. whooping cough can take a toll on anyone, but it can be deadly for young children. today, there are cases in every state, and the country is on track to have the most reported cases since 1959. from january through september 2012, about 30, 000 cases of whooping cough were reported, along with 14 deaths. most of those deaths were among babies younger than three months old. how can you protect yourself and help keep babies safe? protection can start before a baby is even born. pregnant moms should get a tdap vaccine, which is a booster shot combining protection against whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria. she ' ll be protecting herself so she won ' t spread whooping cough to her newborn, and some protection will be passed on to her baby. the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) also recommends that anyone around babies get the whooping cough vaccine at least two weeks before coming into close contact with an infant. in fact, every adult is recommended one dose of tdap to protect themselves, even if they ' re not going to be around babies. during pregnancy, moms should talk to others about getting the tdap vaccine. this includes her spouse, grandparents, siblings, aunts, uncles, cousins, babysitters and day care staff. after the baby arrives, he ' ll get his first dose of dtap ( the childhood vaccine combining protection against whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria ) at two months of age. he should complete the vaccine series by getting additional doses at 4 months, 6 months, 15 through 18 months and 4 through 6 years of age. since the protection the dtap vaccine provides young children decreases over time, preteens need the tdap booster shot at 11 or 12 years old. now is the time to do your part to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.398385169342937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73c26be0-2f26-4e30-bb0b-496147a5065a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.919999"}
{"text": "the case of the first toddler ever to be \" functionally cured \" of hiv could have wide - ranging effects on the global fight to end the aids epidemic. \" if we can replicate this in other infants... this has huge implications for the burden of infection that ' s occurring globally, \" said dr. deborah persaud, a pediatrician at the johns hopkins children ' s center. persaud is the lead author of a report on the toddler ' s case that was presented at the 2013 conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections in atlanta on monday. \" for the unfortunate ones who do get infected, if this can be replicated, this would offer real hope of clearing the virus. \" some 1, 000 infants are born with hiv every day, according to the latest estimates from the unaids global report. that means some 330, 000 children are living with the deadly virus. the majority of these infections are in the developing world. the most common way children get hiv is through perinatal transmission - - hiv transmission from an infected mother to a child while she is pregnant, giving birth or when she breast - feeds the child. the number of infant infections in the united states has gone down some 90 percent since the mid - ' 90s, according to the centers for disease control and prevention ; that ' s in large part because pregnant women are routinely tested. when a mother is identified as being hiv positive, her doctor is then able to administer preventive interventions that will, in most cases, keep the virus in check. in developing countries, infants born to mothers with hiv are not so lucky. there, mothers are less likely to be treated with antiretroviral drugs that would prevent transmission during pregnancy. in north africa and the middle east, for instance, 3 percent of pregnant women with hiv received antiretroviral medications, according to the u. n. report. some 23 percent in west and central africa did. testing is also less sophisticated in these areas. the unidentified mississippi woman in this case had no prenatal care and was not diagnosed as hiv positive until just before she delivered the baby. that ' s why dr. hannah gay, an associate professor of pediatrics at the university of mississippi medical center, administered the drugs within 30 hours after the baby was born. typically, a baby born to a woman with hiv would be given two drugs as a prophylactic measure. gay said her standard is to use a three - drug regimen to treat an infection. she did", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40205875890287424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f8a33a-c786-4438-87d6-ed462a34f0b8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.922798"}
{"text": "the issue of discipline will doubtless be an important one in your selection of a school. you ' ll be concerned, and rightly so, that your child has a safe and ordered environment in which to learn. the school ' s rules and regulations should be spelled out in their printed material ; look them over carefully. but just as vital, you ' ll need to investigate how well these rules are actually enforced by the administration. what type of punishment do they carry out for various actions? do you agree with these steps? another area to evaluate is the type of peer pressure your children are likely to encounter at a given school. with today ' s problems such as alcohol, drugs, sex and gang violence, you ' ll want to know what your child might be up against. also, how does school policy respond to these situations? you might also ask if discipline is enforced off the school grounds ; can students be expelled for certain behaviors that take place away from school? some parents prefer strict disciplinary action, with no exceptions made ; others favor a more lenient approach. obviously, you ' ll want to find a school whose philosophy is more or less consistent with your own. \u00a92004 bluestreak media. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42861909776183094, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3257428a-55be-4194-aa3a-a4effcf66616>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.924433"}
{"text": "welcome to professor pam ' s home page rules for capitalization not capitalize common nouns the represent general classifications. we want to deal with a good company. note : many companies capitalize the word \u201c company \u201d in their in - house materials when they are referring to their own company. if you work for that company, you will, of course, follow the company protocol. not capitalize general occupational titles not used with names. he is a lawyer. personal names and titles : the following forms for titles in the inside address, salutation, and body of a business letter. capitalize the first letter of each title. titles such as professor or senator are spelled in full within titles when they are used with names. jenkins, but the professor example : i work for the \u201c the \u201d at the beginning of a company name only if it is actually part of the name. example : we will visit the first national bank. words as for or and are not capitalized within a company name. days, months, holidays. capitalize the names of days of the week, months, and holidays. we will arrive on monday. do not capitalize north, southeast, western, etc., when they simply indicate directions. capitalize such words when they represent definite geographic regions. capitalize directions when they are actual parts of geographic names. his home is in northern ireland. \u00a9division of business, economics & mathematics, wvup, 2011. steve. morgan @ mail. wvu. edu ; business division office :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44285599542357434, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acec2200-acf7-4524-a8e4-0a7ad27b93d8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.926745"}
{"text": "you will learn the basics of yoga \u2014 the abc \u2019 s \u2014 the sun salutation and basic sitting and standing positions. this course will help you master the basic vocabulary upon which most yoga traditions are based. with yoga basic, you can learn the basics of yoga in 90 - minute sessions. you can start immediately and join at any time. yoga basic is especially suitable for : - just trying out yoga - quickly yet throughouly learning the basic elements of yoga - finding out how to adapt yoga exercises to your body flexibility and day. - getting a feel for how different exercises have different physical and mental effects we recommend yoga basic for : - those coming from other yoga styles - as a preparation for those wanting to learn the dynamic styles of yoga ( ashtanga, vinyasa flow ) - sun salutation : simple form. the sun salutation ( surya namaskara ) is an essential part of the traditional yoga practice. it stretches all limbs, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. at the same time, it works the internal organs and glands and thus activates the entire body. - basic standing and sitting positions : the special effects of the positions, you know which positions are particularily important for you. - you will learn to adjust the basic positions to your physical fitness and flexibility, so you \u2019 ll know in any yoga course \u2014 also at home \u2014 how far you can go. - you will learn step by step how to link the movement to an energizing breathing technique ( ujai breathing ). this breathing technique can also be used in your daily life to promote peace, concentration, and composure. - anyone can join at any time!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4490642424665781, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76b77d98-1e4b-44c2-ad18-30f2432897ba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.928765"}
{"text": "in grammar terms, a participle is an adjective ( descriptive word ) made from a verb. ( noun ) an example of a participle is \" sleeping \" in the phrase \" sleeping dogs. \" see participle in webster ' s new world college dictionary origin : ofr < l participium < particeps, participating, partaking < participare, participate : from participating in the nature of both v. & adj. see participle in american heritage dictionary 4 origin : middle english origin :, from old french origin :, variant of participe origin :, from latin participium ( translation of greek metokhe, sharing, partaking, participle ) origin :, from particeps, particip -, partaker ; see participate. usage note : participial phrases such as walking down the street or having finished her homework are commonly used in english to modify nouns or pronouns, but care must be taken in incorporating such phrases into sentences. readers will ordinarily associate a participle with the noun, noun phrase, or pronoun adjacent to it, and misplacement may produce comic effects as in he watched his horse take a turn around the track carrying a racing sheet under his arm. a correctly placed participial phrase leaves no doubt about what is being modified : sitting at her desk, jane read the letter carefully. \u2022 another pitfall in using participial phrases is illustrated in the following sentence : turning the corner, the view was quite different. grammarians would say that such a sentence contains a \u201c dangling participle \u201d because there is no noun or pronoun in the sentence that the participial phrase could logically modify. moving the phrase will not solve the problem ( as it would in the sentence about the horse with a racing sheet ). to avoid distracting the reader, it would be better to recast the sentence as when we turned the corner, the view was quite different or turning the corner, we had a different view. \u2022 a number of expressions originally derived from participles have become prepositions, and these may be used to introduce phrases that are not associated with the immediately adjacent noun phrase. such expressions include concerning, considering, failing, granting, judging by, and speaking of. thus one may write without fear of criticism speaking of politics, the elections have been postponed or considering the hour, it is surprising that he arrived at all. learn more about participle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.51642054020464, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b481868-aae9-43e9-8611-77aab1bbc462>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.932596"}
{"text": "most viewed stories farmworkers face special risks and health issues thanks to the agricultural workers that toil in the fields, millions of people are fed during the winter. but these farmworkers face different health issues and risks than the general population. \u201c they do a lot of repetitive work. there are a lot of back injuries, \u201d noted amanda aguirre, ceo / president of the regional center for border health it might be a challenge to keep their feet dry. \u201c the fields are wet, muddy. if someone is diabetic, it might be a problem, \u201d she said. the same conditions increase their risk of getting fungus under their nails. they have to protect themselves from the insecticides applied to the crops. they are experts at using a knife to cut lettuce and broccoli, but they ' re still at risk of injuries, especially in cold weather, when fingers might be numb. tuberculosis, which spreads easily, is a concern because farmworkers spend a lot of time in small, confined spaces with large groups of people, either living together or traveling to job sites on buses. other concerns include sexually transmitted diseases, chronic diseases such as diabetes, lack of preventive care and continuity of care since migrant workers \u2014 and their families \u2014 move a lot. \u201c they follow the crops. today they ' re here and tomorrow in salinas, \u201d aguirre noted. these migrant farmworkers are the reason the sunset community health clinic exists. sunset began receiving federal funding through a public health service grant to the yuma county migrant health program in 1972, according to the center ' s website. services were provided out of a trailer in somerton during those early days. today the center serves 27, 000, including 6, 000 migrant workers. some agricultural groups and major companies provide health insurance for their temporary workers, who might be on their payroll for six months or so. some unions, particularly in california, also provide health insurance, thanks to the movement started by cesar chavez. this type of insurance extends into mexico, where farmworkers and their families can access health - care services and have it paid by american insurance. aguirre noted that pan american underwriters and western growers both provide health insurance for farmworkers, often with coverage for services in mexico. this is how many farmworkers and their families like it. \u201c because we ' re on the border, a lot of workers cross into mexico for service, \u201d aguirre pointed out. the san luis clinic, which is run by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3953282299642912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e548cfc-e4f6-4318-80ca-f4120469a9cd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.936157"}
{"text": ". this is how many farmworkers and their families like it. \u201c because we ' re on the border, a lot of workers cross into mexico for service, \u201d aguirre pointed out. the san luis clinic, which is run by the regional center for border health, a private, nonprofit organization, is designated as a rural health care provider. it also sees farmworkers, takes all insurance and has a sliding fee scale. the clinic will not deny anyone services and will donate medical services should someone not have the means to pay for them. some farmworkers might also qualify for the arizona health care cost containment system, depending on the individual ' s work and insurance status. or if they ' re temporary workers and they qualify for unemployment benefits during the off season, they might also be enrolled in ahcccs. while farmworkers face special health issues, aguirre believes agricultural companies are paying more attention to worker safety. \u201c education and awareness are very important, \u201d she said, noting that the focus must be on keeping families healthy, impressing upon them the importance of good nutrition and giving them access to primary health care services. \u201c they have a difficult skill, a skill they know very well. it ' s very unique, \u201d aguirre added. \u201c not many people want to do that, so we need to value them as part of our community and make sure to offer them services as well as we can. \u201d mara knaub can be reached at email @ example. com or 539 - 6856. find her on facebook at facebook. com / ysmaraknaub or on twitter at @ ysmaraknaub.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3815646951751809, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e548cfc-e4f6-4318-80ca-f4120469a9cd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.936871"}
{"text": "seattle and beyond it was immensely significant for black america that the last major public demonstration in the u. s. in the 20th century was a protest over global economics and trade. more than forty thousand people came to seattle to oppose the policies of the world trade organization, which since 1995 has functioned like an international cabal in league with powerful corporate and financial interests. labor activists went to seattle to force the wto to enact trade sanctions against nations that use child labor, prohibit labor unions and that pay slave wages to their workers. environmental activists came to seattle to pressure the wto to ensure environmental safeguards would be part of any global trade agreements. what motivated both labor and environmentalists is the political recognition that issues like human rights, employment and healthcare cannot be addressed individually as separate issues. nor can they be effectively discussed only in the context of a single nation - state. capital is now truly global, and any analysis of specific socioeconomic problems that may exist in our country must be viewed from an international perspective. the wto was set up to be the global headquarters for drafting and enforcing trading rules. when one member country challenges another ' s trading practices, disputes are settled secretly by panels of trade experts. elaine bernard, director of harvard ' s trade union program, explains that the wto ' s rules are based on privatization, free trade and few regulations on the environment. bernard states the wto ' s rules \" value corporate power and commercial interests over labor and human rights, environmental and health concerns, and diversity. they increase inequality and stunt democracy. the wto version of globalization is not a rising tide lifting all boats, as free traders insist, but a dangerous race to the bottom. \" what kinds of \" dangerous \" priorities are we talking about? consider that the wto ' s rules that deny third world nations the right to have automatic licensing on patented but absolutely essential medicines. so for example, even when african nations currently ravaged by diseases such as aids acquire the scientific and technical means to manufacture drugs to save millions of lives, the wto ' s first concern is the protection of the patents and profits of powerful drug companies. the wto defines itself as a \" trade \" organization, which is incapable of pursuing social goals, such as extending the rights to freedom of collective bargaining to third world and poor workers. thus when an authoritarian regime markets clothing and athletic shoes that were produced by child labor under sweatshop conditions, the wto claims that there is nothing it can do. the demonstrations in seattle, however, showed that growing numbers of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49414337591635027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34a44b30-6dcc-407a-8bf5-21c4a99e6610>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.943666"}
{"text": "and poor workers. thus when an authoritarian regime markets clothing and athletic shoes that were produced by child labor under sweatshop conditions, the wto claims that there is nothing it can do. the demonstrations in seattle, however, showed that growing numbers of americans are recognizing that all of these issues - third world sweatshops, the destruction of unions, deteriorating living standards, the dismantling of social programs inside the u. s. - are actually interconnected. \" globalization \" is not some abstraction, but a destructive social force that has practical consequences on how we live, work and eat. there is a direct connection between the elimination of millions of jobs that can sustain families here in the u. s., and the exportation of jobs into countries without unions, environmental and safety standards. as real jobs disappear for millions of u. s. workers, and as welfare programs are eliminated, the only alternative is to use the prisons as the chief means of regulating mass unemployment. thus in the 1990s in the u. s., a period of so - called unprecedented capitalist expansion, the number of prisoners in federal, state and local correctional facilities roughly doubled. between 1995 and 1997, according to the national jobs for all coalition, the average incomes of the poorest 20 percent of female - headed families fell. in 1998, 163 cities and 670 counties had unemployment rates that were more than 50 percent higher than the national average. these deep pockets of joblessness and hunger are not accidental : they represent the logical economic consequences of a nation that builds one hundred new prison cells a day and sanctions the exportation of millions of jobs. black americans therefore should be in the forefront of the debates about international trade, but we must do so by recalling the activist slogan of the sixties : \" think globally, act locally. \" there is an inescapable connection between seattle and sing sing prison, between global inequality and the brutalization of third world labor and what ' s happening to black, brown and working people here in the u. s. as globalized capitalism destroys democracy, unions and the environment abroad, it is carrying out a similar agenda in our own backyards. for these reasons, we must create new organizations and a new political language that can unify international groups into collective protest action. we are challenged to build new political networks and information sharing across the boundaries of race, gender, class and nation. we must make the connections in the fight for democracy in the 21st century. dr. manning marable is professor of history and political science, and the director", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5310342031911273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34a44b30-6dcc-407a-8bf5-21c4a99e6610>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.944858"}
{"text": "the department of education recently issued a guidance to support educators in combating bullying in schools by clarifying when student bullying may violate federal education anti - discrimination laws. the guidance, which comes in the form of a \" dear colleague \" letter sent to schools, colleges and universities, explains educators ' legal obligations to protect students from student - on - student racial and national origin harassment, sexual and gender - based harassment, and disability harassment. the letter provides examples of harassment and illustrates how a school should respond in each case. ( november 23, 2010 ) celebrate the 35th anniversary of the passage of public law 94 - 142, now known as the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ). on november 29, 1975, then - president gerald ford signed into law the education for all handicapped children act ( public law 94 - 142 ). in adopting this landmark civil rights measure, congress opened public school doors for millions of children with disabilities and laid the foundation of the country \u2019 s commitment to ensuring that children with disabilities have opportunities to develop their talents, share their gifts, and contribute to their communities. while tremendous progress has been made over the years, we must continue the hard work and address the challenges that still exist. although we are able to help many individual students to achieve their goals, we must strive to ensure that all children have the support they need and to find ways to meet each student \u2019 s needs within the context of each school. ( november 18, 2010 ) department awards $ 3. 5 million to 15 special education parent centers ; one million dollars to ten community parent resource centers the u. s. department of education announced the award of more than $ 3. 5 million in grants to operate 15 special education parent training and information ( pti ) centers in 11 states, the district of columbia, the virgin islands, and guam. the department also awarded $ 1 million to provide funding for ten community parent resource centers ( cprcs ). with the new grants, the department now funds 106 information centers for parents of students with disabilities. every state has at least one parent information center, which assist parents as they work to ensure their children receive a free, appropriate public education as guaranteed by federal law. in addition, community parent resource centers provide services to underserved parents of children with disabilities in targeted communities throughout the country. for a list of education department - funded special education parent information and training centers, visit http : / / www. taalliance. org / ptidirectory / index. asp ( october 7, 2010 ) sue sw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46282675551989455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5facaf7-f407-4635-841d-85d1eaf12dd2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.954358"}
{"text": "the country. for a list of education department - funded special education parent information and training centers, visit http : / / www. taalliance. org / ptidirectory / index. asp ( october 7, 2010 ) sue swenson begins duties as osers deputy assistant secretary and melody musgrove becomes director of the office of special education programs ( osep ). sue swenson comes from her own company which specializes in management, payment technologies and social entrepreneurship to support people with disabilities and their families. formerly the executive director of the arc of the united states and the joseph p. kennedy, jr. foundation, as well as the commissioner of the administration on developmental disabilities ( add ), swenson brings a wealth of experience in disability related issues including family support, inclusion, and transition to name a few. melody musgrove came from lrp publications where she served as the director of business development. formerly, she was the state director of special education in mississippi, a due process hearing officer, an assistant superintendent for curriculum and federal programs for the lawrence county school district, an assistant principal, and a special education teacher at the elementary, middle and high school levels. musgrove has been noted for her work to reduce the achievement gap for traditionally under - performing students, conducted statewide self - assessments, and designed and implemented a focused system of monitoring local districts. ( august 19, 2010 ) 20th anniversary of the americans with disabilities act a cause for celebration and rededication to equal educational opportunity for students with disabilities u. s. secretary of education arne duncan commemorated the 20th anniversary of the americans with disabilities act \u2019 s ( ada ) enactment by applauding the legislation and by rededicating the u. s. department of education to the ada \u2019 s effective implementation. \u201c the americans with disabilities act is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation. it protects individuals with disabilities from discrimination and promotes their full inclusion into education and all other aspects of our society, \u201d duncan said. \u201c i want to celebrate the progress that we \u2019 ve made and highlight our commitment to continuing the work of providing equal access for all americans. i acknowledge we still have work to do and renew my commitment to ensuring that individuals of all ages and abilities have an equal opportunity to realize their full potential. \u201c with president obama \u2019 s support, \u201d duncan said, \u201c we are strengthening our efforts to ensure that all students, including those with disabilities, have the tools they need to benefit from a world - class education that prepares them for success in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4004942631762189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5facaf7-f407-4635-841d-85d1eaf12dd2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.955471"}
{"text": "potential. \u201c with president obama \u2019 s support, \u201d duncan said, \u201c we are strengthening our efforts to ensure that all students, including those with disabilities, have the tools they need to benefit from a world - class education that prepares them for success in college and careers. \u201d to learn more about osers, the ada technical assistance centers and the independent living programs authorized by the rehabilitation act go to http : / / www2. ed. gov / about / offices / list / osers / index. html? src = oc. for further information about the ada, section 504 and ocr, please visit http : / / www2. ed. gov / policy / rights / guid / ocr / disability. html. ( july 26, 2010 ) assistant secretary of education alexa posny to discuss reauthorization of esea, idea at indiana education forum u. s. assistant secretary for special education and rehabilitative services alexa posny will deliver remarks and participate in a q & a at an education forum on friday, may 28 in bloomington, ind. dr. posny will discuss the priorities in the reauthorization of the elementary and secondary education act, and how it will serve as the roadmap for idea reauthorization. the education forum is being sponsored by the indiana council of administrators of special education. dr. alexa posny, assistant secretary for special education and rehabilitative services, u. s. department of education discussion of how esea reauthorization aligns with idea reauthorization at indiana education forum bloomington high school south 1965 s. walnut street friday, may 28 at 9 : 30 a. m. ( may 28, 2010 ) the department has posted a summary of state laws, regulations, policies, and guidelines regarding the use of restraint and seclusion techniques in schools : http : / / www. ed. gov / policy / seclusion / seclusion - state - summary. html. the summary is a result of u. s. secretary of education arne duncan \u2019 s letter issued to chief state school officers on july 31, 2009, urging a review of current state policies and guidelines regarding the use of restraint and seclusion in schools. since august, the department \u2019 s regional comprehensive centers have researched and compiled information on state - by - state restraint and seclusion techniques. \u201c restraint and seclusion policies should be reviewed regularly to prevent the abuse of such techniques and ensure that schools provide a safe learning environment for all of our children,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4944571186306842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5facaf7-f407-4635-841d-85d1eaf12dd2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.956656"}
{"text": "the classical world and classical language from the john paul ii library homepage, select find articles by and then subject. under history, select the ancient world and early christianity. this section guides you to many resources that pertain to the classical world. if you know the title of the journal, go to find articles by title of journal and follow along. remember that information about his period comes to us from two main sources : the written record and the physical remains of these cultures. the study of archeology plays an important role in interpreting both the ruins of these cultures and the writings that they have left behind. many nations and places in ancient history still exist today. if you perform a search in a general database using egypt or rome as a term without additional qualifiers, you may have results that pertain to the modern rather than the ancient world 1. you may search by words anywhere ( a keyword approach ) title, author, subject. i suggest that you use keyword - at least at first. 2. subject headings should be used only after finding the appropriate one to use. you can never be sure as to the exact subject heading in use until you have some experience with the database. 3. after using keywords, you may find a subject heading that is useful for your search. these subject headings are in the blue print under the citations for the articles and you can click on them to bring up those citations. some important facts about inter library loan - - - 1. books take at least 3 days 2. articles take at least 5 daysprint citation and attach pink form with your contact information 3. please print the article citation from the database. if submitting a list, please make it very clear as to which articles you wish to order. ( please order handwritten next to each one you want is fine ) 4. the issn number is very importantit can be found on most databasesplease include it. journals in john paul ii library many of the databases do not include the full text of the article. the library subscribes to over 700 journals. current copies are on the main floor and the older copies are on the second floor, bound and arranged in call number order. some older journals are in storage and there is a 24 - hour turn around on requests. you may check to see if we subscribe to a journal by checking the jpii catalog. you may see if we have full text access to a journal by using the find articles by title of journal option. please remember to search by the exact name of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4721090299807227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c776b895-794a-4324-9f91-d5f60779d1fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.962123"}
{"text": "the western wall additional western wall pics | history of the wall | | power and the wall | | gender and the wall | | links | history of the wall the western wall is the last remnant of the holy temple in jerusalem, which was destroyed in 70 ce by titus and the roman legions. interestingly, the romans did not destroy the protective wall which surrounded the temple. this last remnant of the temple quickly became one of the most celebrated religious sites in jerusalem. the kotel ha - ma ' aravi ( western wall ) stands upon the temple mount and stretches 200 meters. for many reasons the wall attracts visitors from around the world. it is one of the holiest sights in jerusalem and some believed that here abraham bound isaac. jewish people have been praying at the wall for two thousand years and travel from around the world to gather and pray at this holy site. jews pray facing the wall three times daily, often in tears which is why some refer to the wall as the \" wailing wall \". in fact, the wall is an ancient praying site for jews since the middle ages and the sheer longevity of the wall is phenomenal. this leads many jews to believe that the wall is holy and has been blessed by god. power and the wall aside from the historical significance of the wall, another attraction to the wall stems from the perception of the wall as an appropriate metaphor for the struggle of survival of the jewish people themselves. for just as the jewish peoples ' existence has been endangered over the course of history, the wall ' s existence has been threatened as well. the romans burned the entire temple but inexplicably left the outer wall unscathed. remarkably, the wall still exists and just as remarkably so do the jews. this religious connection that many jews feel with the wall, arguably makes the wall the most powerful and emotional religious site in jerusalem. the amount of people that come to the wall to pray on a daily basis is amazing and the emotion that is so commonly exhibited by these people leaves many observers in awe. the wall also holds an important position within ancient jewish prophecies. one being that the holy temple will eventually be reconstructed. rebuilt in its original form, standing upon the temple mount surrounded by the wall. the second prophecy involves the arrival of the messiah, for some jews attest that only the true messiah will cause enough power for the temple ' s construction. whether a person is jewish or not, the power that the wall holds within the jewish community is undeniable. gender and the wall although the wall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44821586367639316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5bedf79-1a28-449a-977c-b0a07077838b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.968764"}
{"text": "some jews attest that only the true messiah will cause enough power for the temple ' s construction. whether a person is jewish or not, the power that the wall holds within the jewish community is undeniable. gender and the wall although the wall is considered by jews as a holy place of worship it does not allow for all members of the jewish community to pray in the same area. orthodox jews believe that women should not don prayer shawls or lead services and should be separated from men during prayer. so, jewish women are expected to pray at a specific area of the wall without torahs. some women, who have attempted to pray at the wall have even encountered violence from orthodox men. unfortunately, the space at the wall is not entirely equal and the israeli government, for fear of the power of the orthodox within jerusalem will not protect a woman who wants to pray at any part of the wall. instead women must pray at a separate area of the wall and if they feel inclined to pray elsewhere there is a chance she would be met by men who use violence as a deterrent. the mob rule of the western wall is unfortunate but indicative of orthodox gender practice in general, in which women are not permitted to read from the torah, pray in the same area as men or allowed to lead religious services. we may conclude that the separatism that occurs at the wall is not an isolated event but rather an extension of orthodox jewish practice concerning gender. messianic prophecy concerning the wall wailing wall kvitel service send a message to put in the wall. window on the wall 24 hour view of the western wall.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48273521418378007, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5bedf79-1a28-449a-977c-b0a07077838b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.969514"}
{"text": "home fire safety for family and friends of older adults when it comes to fire, adults over age 65 are at greater risk than any other group. most fire deaths occur in the home and it is important for older adults to know how to protect themselves. if you have a relative, friend or neighbor in this high - risk group, please take a few minutes to complete this fire safety check of their home. conduct the following safety checks : - check that there are working smoke alarms on every level of the home and in sleeping areas. - make sure the older person can hear the alarm when it activates. if not, there are now a variety of smoke alarms on the market that combine sound and light to alert those with limited hearing that there is a fire in the home. - check that the smoke alarms have been tested. if not, test the smoke alarm by pressing the alarm test button. if it is difficult to reach, use a broom handle or ruler to test it. - check that the batteries have been changed within the past year. batteries should be replaced each year. it is a good idea to mark the date on the batteries so that anyone will know when they were last replaced. families are encouraged to change the batteries in the fall during \" change your clock, change your batteries \" programs. a chirping sound indicates a low battery, but this sound can be difficult for an older person to hear or recognize. - check for scorch marks on pots and pans. if you find scorch marks, discuss with the older person. he / she may be leaving cooking unattended. - check that clothing, bedding, furniture and floors are free of cigarette burns. if you find cigarette burns, discuss the situation with your older friend or relative. - do you know how to leave quickly if there is a fire? - check that the older person knows two ways out in case the main route is blocked by smoke or flames. check that all doors and windows in the escape route can be easily opened. - do you have a neighbor who can help in an emergency? - is there a phone near your bed in case you need help? - what would you do if the room filled with smoke? - demonstrate how to crawl low and go. - for those living in apartments : - do you know the sound of the fire alarm and what to do if the alarm sounds? find out correct procedures from building management. - do you ever leave cooking unattended? - most kitchen fires start because cooking food has been left una", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40327585100375773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99330924-df10-4f1a-9b25-8e1ca35960f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.976025"}
{"text": ": - do you know the sound of the fire alarm and what to do if the alarm sounds? find out correct procedures from building management. - do you ever leave cooking unattended? - most kitchen fires start because cooking food has been left unattended. never leave items cooking unattended on the stovetop. it ' s best to turn off the stove before leaving the kitchen and to closely monitor things cooking in the oven. use a timer or take an item such as a potholder as a reminder if there is something cooking in the oven. - do you know what to do if a pot on the stove catches fire? - keep a proper fitting lid nearby and safely slide it over the burning pot. - if a grease fire starts : - using a potholder, place a lid over the burning pan. - turn off the heat source. - leave the lid on the pan until it is completely cool. - never use water on a grease fire. - don ' t try to carry a pan that is on fire to the sink or outdoors. smother the fire with a lid and leave the pan where it is. - if a grease fire starts : - are combustibles or things that can easily ignite, such as dish towels or curtains near the stove? - keep anything that can easily catch fire away from the stove. - do you wear tight - fitting or rolled up sleeves when you use the stove? - dangling sleeves can easily brush against a hot burner and quickly catch fire. - are you careful not to reach over hot burners? - use the front burners as much as possible. - do you keep portable heaters at least 3 feet from any combustible materials, such as drapes, clothing or furniture? - space heaters can quickly warm up a cold room, but they have also been the cause of many serious home fires. remind your friend or relative that portable heaters should be at least three feet from all combustible materials, including paper, bedding, furniture and curtains. never use your heater to dry clothing or shoes and make sure that all heaters are turned off before leaving your home or going to bed. - if you smoke, do you consider yourself a careful smoker? - smokers should use large, deep ashtrays and never smoke when drowsy or in bed. - where do you empty your ashtrays? - soak cigarette butts and cigar ashes in water before discarding or in a non - combustible can.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41562510603598574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99330924-df10-4f1a-9b25-8e1ca35960f1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.977516"}
{"text": "volume 11, number 3 \u2014 march 2005 rumor surveillance and avian influenza h5n1 we describe the enhanced rumor surveillance during the avian influenza h5n1 outbreak in 2004. the world health organization \u2019 s western pacific regional office identified 40 rumors ; 9 were verified to be true. rumor surveillance informed immediate public health action and prevented unnecessary and costly responses. in january 2004, 14 persons in vietnam were admitted to provincial hospitals with severe respiratory illness ( 1 ). avian influenza h5n1 was detected in samples from 3 of these patients. health officials and the world health organization ( who ) were concerned, as these were sporadic cases of an influenza strain that normally infects birds exclusively ( 2 ). furthermore, little was known about the extent of the outbreak, its potential for international spread, and the possible evolution of a pandemic influenza strain. who issued an international public health alert on january 13, 2004, to inform the world about the outbreak ( 1 ). news of the outbreak led to international anxiety and the propagation of unofficial outbreak reports or disease rumors ( 3 ). these rumors could have led countries to impose trade and travel restrictions with negative social, economic, and health consequences ( 3, 4 ). to protect both the international community and the affected countries, who introduced enhanced rumor surveillance for reports of avian influenza h5n1, a process of investigating unofficial reports of disease events to determine their veracity. rumor surveillance aims to decrease the potential for misinformation and misunderstanding and to inform the public and health officials about disease outbreaks, facilitate a rapid response, and promote public health preparedness ( 3 ). rumor surveillance is a passive process, where rumors are identified from media reports, professional groups, the public, and persons in the who network, which is made up of who headquarters, country offices, and who collaborating centers. in an enhanced system, rumor surveillance is intensified by actively seeking out rumors and undertaking more rigorous follow up. this surveillance includes analyzing more media sources and regularly requesting information from the who network about outbreak events. previous studies have examined the role of enhanced rumor surveillance during public health emergencies, such as the chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986 and the outbreak of ebola in uganda in 2000 ( 5, 6 ). however, research has not examined the role of rumor surveillance in multicountry or regional outbreaks. the importance of rumor surveillance is likely to increase as the international community considers the revised draft of the international health regulations ( ihr ). article 8 of the ihr working paper (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4969295924245709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35b1806c-e026-4097-aa0c-64e1d238bdf3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.992007"}
{"text": "role of rumor surveillance in multicountry or regional outbreaks. the importance of rumor surveillance is likely to increase as the international community considers the revised draft of the international health regulations ( ihr ). article 8 of the ihr working paper ( 7 ) states, \u201c who, in consultation with the health administration of the state concerned, shall verify rumors of public health risks which may involve or result in international spread of disease. \u201d during the avian influenza outbreak, who \u2019 s western pacific regional office ( wpro ) was the focal point for identifying rumors and coordinating their investigations in the region ( 8 ). wpro covers 37 nations and stretches from china in the north and west, to new zealand in the south, and to french polynesia in the east ( 9 ). this study examines whether the enhanced rumor surveillance undertaken by wpro during the first 40 days of the outbreak achieved its aims of 1 ) offering timely assistance to potentially affected nations, 2 ) prompting countries to undertake preparedness measures appropriate to their level of risk of being affected, and 3 ) informing the public and the international community about relevant events. wpro designated a rumor surveillance officer to develop and implement the rumor surveillance system for avian influenza in animals and humans. this officer actively assessed media sources and email - based public health discussion and regularly contacted the who network to identify rumors. media sources included journalists visiting wpro and web sites for television networks and newspapers. most were english - based media sources ; however, some were also in japanese and arabic. to increase the scope of the active media search, this officer also accessed the global public health intelligence network ( 10 ), an electronic surveillance system that continuously monitors > 600 media sources and biomedical journals in a number of languages, including chinese, spanish, english, and french. each rumor was followed up by an email or a telephone request to the relevant who country office to investigate its veracity. the who country office in turn sought verification from the country \u2019 s health authorities. overall, the onus of the verification process was in the hands of the affected countries \u2019 health authorities. the authorities had to demonstrate to who that appropriate investigations were conducted to deem rumors correct or incorrect. to ensure this process, who sometimes supported rumor verification by assisting in laboratory testing or shipment of isolates. once available, the outcome of the investigation was disseminated to who stakeholders, including the outbreak response team. for events reported in the media, wpro \u2019 s media officers made information publicly available through press releases and media interviews, as well as providing up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49841303999563324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35b1806c-e026-4097-aa0c-64e1d238bdf3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.993765"}
{"text": "available, the outcome of the investigation was disseminated to who stakeholders, including the outbreak response team. for events reported in the media, wpro \u2019 s media officers made information publicly available through press releases and media interviews, as well as providing up - to - date information on the who web site ( http : / / www. who. int ). from january 20 to february 26, 2004, a total of 40 rumors were identified, most within 4 weeks of the outbreak alert ( figure ). the rumors concerned 12 countries and 1 special administrative region. of the total rumors received, 19 ( 48 % ) were received from the media, 18 ( 45 % ) from the who network, 2 ( 5 % ) from embassy staff living in affected countries, and 1 ( 2 % ) from promed digest with a media source as the origin. nine ( 23 % ) rumors were confirmed to be true events : 5 in china and 1 each in cambodia, japan, laos, and south korea. of the incorrect rumors, 6 were in china, 6 in laos, 4 in vietnam, 4 and in hong kong, 3 in cambodia, 2 in germany, and 1 each in bangladesh, indonesia, japan, malaysia, saudi arabia, and singapore. the average period for verification of true events was 2. 7 days ( range 1 \u2013 5 days ). the average period to verify that a rumor was incorrect was 9. 3 days ( range 1 \u2013 26 days ). sixty percent of the rumors related to human outbreaks, of which 1 was true, and 40 % to animal outbreaks, of which 8 were true. the table provides examples of rumors received during the 40 - day study, the outcomes of the investigation, and the public health action taken. the remaining 32 rumors are not shown for reasons of brevity and privacy ; however, not all rumors resulted in public health action after the verification process. this finding was expected because the high sensitivity of the system decreased the predictive value positive. wpro \u2019 s enhanced rumor surveillance system identified many rumors. most were identified in the first few weeks after the public health alert. a similar pattern was also observed during the 2003 sars outbreak, when most rumors were received within the first 7 weeks of the public health alert ( 11 ). the decreased rate of rumor detection later in the outbreak is consistent with allport and postman \u2019 s basic law of rumor ( 12 ). according to this law, the amount of rumors in circulation is roughly equal to the importance of the rumor multiplied by the uncertainty surrounding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47977218810835276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35b1806c-e026-4097-aa0c-64e1d238bdf3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.995851"}
{"text": "of rumor detection later in the outbreak is consistent with allport and postman \u2019 s basic law of rumor ( 12 ). according to this law, the amount of rumors in circulation is roughly equal to the importance of the rumor multiplied by the uncertainty surrounding the rumor. we found that, as more information became available about the outbreaks and about the h5n1 virus, fewer rumors circulated. this decrease was despite the fact that the importance of the disease remained high because of the ongoing risk for evolution of a pandemic influenza strain. through rumor surveillance, who assisted affected countries by issuing guidelines, providing technical expertise, and mobilizing supplies. unaffected countries also took action by banning the importation of poultry from affected countries. this action was crucial in preventing the further spread of avian influenza. an important part of rumor surveillance is the timely dissemination of accurate information to reduce misunderstanding and unwarranted concern, especially for rumors reported in the media. one example was the need to address the international concern that arose about the rumor that pigs were infected with avian influenza ( 13 ). if the rumor had not been reported to be incorrect publicly after the verification process, health authorities may have heightened avian influenza surveillance to include the investigation of persons with symptoms of influenza and a history of contact with pigs. the literature lacks guidance on how to establish and operate enhanced rumor surveillance during large outbreaks. based on our experience and drawing on the recommendations in standard texts on public health surveillance ( 14, 15 ), we suggest the following criteria for developing rumor surveillance : 1 ) define the goals of surveillance as part of an early warning system in which each rumor deserves investigation to determine its veracity ; 2 ) apply a case definition that will have a high level of sensitivity ( and therefore a relatively lower specificity ) to identify the event of interest early in the outbreak ; 3 ) articulate clearly the steps to be undertaken to assess the veracity of the rumor, the criteria for deeming the verification process complete, and the ethics and confidentiality in conducting investigations ; 4 ) clarify the actions to be taken if the rumored events are true, or incorrect, or if the response of the verifying authority lacks credibility ; 5 ) delegate responsibility for data collection, management of the rumor database, and verification to a person trained in surveillance. this person must have access to relevant national and international networks and appropriate negotiation skills to investigate the veracity of the rumors. in selected instances, multilingual staff may be essential ; 6 ) include among the data sources print and electronic media, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.529747853226562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35b1806c-e026-4097-aa0c-64e1d238bdf3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:00.997439"}
{"text": ". this person must have access to relevant national and international networks and appropriate negotiation skills to investigate the veracity of the rumors. in selected instances, multilingual staff may be essential ; 6 ) include among the data sources print and electronic media, the global public health intelligence network, national health authorities, and professional bodies and networks. consider mechanisms for the public to report rumors through a hotline or an email address ; 7 ) develop mechanisms to provide regular updates on current verification activities, the number of rumors investigated, and their outcomes to the outbreak response team ; 8 ) provide regular feedback on the outcomes of investigations to those who provided data, and where appropriate, to the international community ; and 9 ) evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the investigations and upgrade the rumor surveillance system through a process of continuous quality improvement. ms. samaan is completing a field epidemiology training program at the australian national university and is currently working at the australian department of health and ageing. her research interests include emergency disease outbreak response and mental health epidemiology. we thank roseanne muller and janet li for their comments. this research was supported by the masters of applied epidemiology program at australian national university. the masters of applied epidemiology program is funded by the australian department of health and ageing. - world health organization. avian influenza a ( h5n1 ) in humans and poultry in viet nam. [ cited 2003 may 14 ]. available from http : / / www. who. int / csr / don / 2004 _ 01 _ 13 / en / - yuen ky, chan pk, peiris m, tsang dn, que tl, shortridge kf, clinical features and rapid viral diagnosis of human disease associated with avian influenza h5n1 virus. lancet. 1998 ; 351 : 467 \u2013 71. - grein tw, kamara ko, rodier g, plant aj, bovier p, ryan mj, rumors of disease in the global village : outbreak verification. emerg infect dis. 2000 ; 6 : 97 \u2013 102. - health canada. learning from sars : renewal of public health in canada, october 2003. [ cited 2003 may 14 ]. available from http : / / www. hc - sc. gc. ca / english / protection / warnings / sars / learning. html - rahu m. health effects of the chernobyl accident : fears, rumors and the truth. eur j cancer. 2003 ; 39", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47966390699636763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35b1806c-e026-4097-aa0c-64e1d238bdf3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.004882"}
{"text": "hc - sc. gc. ca / english / protection / warnings / sars / learning. html - rahu m. health effects of the chernobyl accident : fears, rumors and the truth. eur j cancer. 2003 ; 39 : 295 \u2013 9. - okware si, omaswa fg, zaramba s, opio a, lutwama jj, kamugisha j, an outbreak of ebola in uganda. trop med int health. 2002 ; 7 : 1068 \u2013 75. - world health organization. international health regulations : working paper for regional consultations. [ cited 2004 jun 21 ]. available from http : / / www. who. int / csr / resources / publications / csrpublications / en / index8. htm - world organization for animal health. update on avian influenza in animals in asia. [ cited 2004 may 15 ]. available from http : / / www. oie. int / downld / avian % 20influenza / a _ ai - asia. htm - world health organization western pacific regional office. in brief. [ cited 2004 oct 6 ]. available from http : / / www. wpro. who. int / in _ brief. asp - world health organization. epidemic intelligence \u2014 systematic event detection. [ cited 2004 oct 6 ]. available from http : / / www. who. int / csr / alertresponse / epidemicintelligence / en / - muller r. chasing rumors : a field placement with the who sars team in manila april \u2013 june 2003. the northern territory disease control bulletin 2003 ; 10 : 1 \u2013 4. available from : http : / / www. nt. gov. au / health / cdc / bulletin / june _ 2003. pdf - allport gw, postman l. the psychology of rumor. new york : holt, rinehart & winston ; 1947. - health e - line. bird flu death toll hits 18, pigs in focus. reuters health online. 2004 feb 6. available from http : / / www. nt. gov. au / health / cdc / bulletin - teutsch sm, churchill re, eds. principles and practice of public health surveillance. 2nd ed. new york : oxford university press ; 2000. - thacker sb, birkhead gs. surveillance. in : gregg mb, editor. field epidemiology. 2nd ed. new york : oxford university press ; 2002. p.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49550124100293624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35b1806c-e026-4097-aa0c-64e1d238bdf3>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.008442"}
{"text": "another day, another planet, another micro \u2014 but the ace is so fast that even bill bennett had to switch into hyper - drive to review it. the jupiter ace is a radical departure from the mainstream of micro - computing, and could prove to be the start of a very important new - trend. rather than accepting the prevailing wisdom, jupiter cantab designed the machine around the forth language. in a way, this makes the ace a breakthrough \u2014 it is both the first mass - produced home computer not to use that tired old lady of micro languages, basic, and is also one of the fastest micros ever made. the speed clement is vital ; it is more or less the justification for using a hitherto arcane computer tongue. but speed is not the only - advantage of forth, or indeed of the ace. it has that all - important feature ; structure. structured programming is definitely the \u201c coming thing \u201d. it is preferred by both educationalists and professional programmers alike, and leads me to another fashionable computer buzz - word ; portability. portability is an important conception in micro - computing. put simply it means the ability of one computer to run a program written for another, taking the hardware differences into account. forth is highly portable. providing the relevant hardware details, such as screen and memory size, are taken into account, any program written in forth should run on any forth system. programming in forth is so fundamentally different to programming in basic that some people prefer not to call forth software \u201c programs \u201d at all. it is important to discard all your current ideas about programming before you start with the language forth. when writing a basic program, it seems quite normal to think of the control passing through program lines. these lines are like rails along which the control runs, complete with loops and goto jumps. the control path is often difficult to follow even in your own, short, well - documented programs. imagine trying to sort out someone else \u2019 s epic and rather badly - documented program, which they quickly wrote in the middle of the night. this just does not happen with forth, because each little section of code is debugged as it is written, and the control path does not really exist as a concept. a forth system contains a set of words, called a kernel in some implementations. on the jupiter ace they are referred to as rom - words, because they are in the machine \u2019 s 8k of read - only memory. these words act on whatever number is on the top of the stack, which is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5011031840947171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86293a34-6d1f-492e-9863-50ae171dffc1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.037682"}
{"text": "in some implementations. on the jupiter ace they are referred to as rom - words, because they are in the machine \u2019 s 8k of read - only memory. these words act on whatever number is on the top of the stack, which is the area of memory that the system plays with. the best way to think of a stack is as a pile of plates. these plates are the numbers. plates can be added to the top of the pile at any time, but only the one on the top can be worked on. this is a much more convenient way of managing the memory than using addresses, though with forth it is still possible to define variables and constants. each word in the rom - word set can be thought of as a call to a machine - code subroutine. usually any value sent into a subroutine is called a \u201c parameter \u201d. in forth the relevant parameters are those numbers at present on the top of the stack. for example : plus is a forth word \u2014 written + \u2014 which adds together the two numbers at the top of the system stack, and then puts the resulting number in their place. thus, on the jupiter, when you input 2 enter the screen shows 2 ok 3 enter the screen shows 3 ok + enter the screen shows + ok. enter the screen shows 5 ok the command \u201c. \u201d prints out whatever is currently on the top of the stack. for conven - ience i will call this \u201c dot \u201d. we can think of the numbers 2 and 3 as parameters sent to the plus routine, and the resultant value 5 as the parameter sent to the dot routine. as soon as a forth word is entered it is obeyed. a number of words can be entered at a time. for example, our example could have been input as : 2 3 +. enter the result 5 is printed immediately at the cursor position. it is very important to remember to put a space between all forth words or numbers as they are entered. forth really comes into its own when users start to define their own words. this is very simple to do. new words are formed by combining words already defined, and in some cases using numbers which are placed on the stack. for example, to write a word that will add two numbers together and then print out the result, we shall use the name plus : : plus +. ; enter the colon at the beginning indicates that a new word is being defined. what follows it \u2014 plus in this case \u2014 is the name of that word. we input the +", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5341042714567875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86293a34-6d1f-492e-9863-50ae171dffc1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.040418"}
{"text": "the result, we shall use the name plus : : plus +. ; enter the colon at the beginning indicates that a new word is being defined. what follows it \u2014 plus in this case \u2014 is the name of that word. we input the + and. to tell the computer that these are the forth words which go to make up our word, plus, and the semi - colon at the end closes the definition. once a new word is defined it appears on the top of the vocabulary list. the vocabulary initially contains the 140 rom - words, and, the top word in the list is forth. this merely indicates that the words below it constitute the main vocabulary. the forth word vlist makes the machine print out a list of all the words in the vocabulary, including all the new ones. it is possible to define the same word twice. if, having typed in the word plus as i des - cribed you decided that you wanted to change it so that the screen cleared first, you would have to use the editor. enter the following : and up comes the previous definition of that word, laid out thus ; : plus +. the word cls \u2014 clear screen \u2014 would need to be added before the word +. this is done by moving the cursor to the position where the extra word \u2014 or words \u2014 are to be inserted and typing that word in. the cursor - control keys are the 5, 6, 7 and 8, used in the same way as on the zx - 81. once the word has been changed to the corrected form, typing enter now places that word in the vocabulary. if at this stage you type vlist, you would find that there are two versions of the word plus in the list. the computer would always execute the second version, leaving the first for dead. this makes debugging software incredibly easy because any incorrectly - defined words can be tested as they are entered and continually hacked about until they reach a correct form. because all previous attempts at the same word are kept in the dictionary, you can return to these at any time. when the definitive version of the word has been created, you can save memory space by deleting with replace all the intermediate attempts. unlike most implementations of forth, the ace has a substantial level of error - checking. for example, the stack will not overflow. it is also made more powerful by the ability to redefine words without the system crashing. however, should you require yet more speed than normally available, there is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5576171787817825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86293a34-6d1f-492e-9863-50ae171dffc1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.042603"}
{"text": "level of error - checking. for example, the stack will not overflow. it is also made more powerful by the ability to redefine words without the system crashing. however, should you require yet more speed than normally available, there is a fast command. this does away with the error - checking, so it is wise to use it only when a program is totally debugged. it takes the computer \u2019 s speed up to about 90 percent of a machine - coded program, but it does disable the break key. at an end - user price of \u00a389. 95, the jupiter ace is an excellent way of learning an important new computer language. it will have a special appeal to those who feel that they have now grown out of their zx - 81s, especially as far as basic programming is concerned. it will also be a godsend to those who want the speed and economy of machine code but cannot grasp its principles. the jupiter ace comes in a white plastic case, not all that dissimilar in style to the now - defunct zx - 80 \u2032 s horrible box. it is undoubtedly the machine \u2019 s worst feature, and the cost - cutting that has been done here could turn out to be that ha \u2019 porth of tar that spoilt the ship. the printing on the case is in a matt - black, broken only by a series of red lines. these red lines are obviously the microcomputer world \u2019 s equivalent of the \u201c go - faster \u201d stripes that teenage car owners sport to make their old ford cortinas look a little sleeker. the truth of the matter is that the jupiter is very fast. the manufacturer claims that it is the fastest microcomputer in this quadrant of the galaxy. this has a lot to do with the rapidity of the forth language, but some of the credit has to go to the z - 80a processor which nips along at a rate of knots \u2014 3. 25mhz to be precise. speed implies heat, but there is not much danger of the jupiter overheating, or at least a sight less danger than some machines, because inside that flimsy plastic case is plenty of breathing room and what is more, the case is better ventilated than that of the zx range of computers. sinclair cognoscenti will smile when they peer inside the case and see the heat sink. i often wonder why they are such odd shapes \u2014 could it be they were designed by picasso? comparisons with the sinclair", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5162169634070914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86293a34-6d1f-492e-9863-50ae171dffc1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.043908"}
{"text": "of the zx range of computers. sinclair cognoscenti will smile when they peer inside the case and see the heat sink. i often wonder why they are such odd shapes \u2014 could it be they were designed by picasso? comparisons with the sinclair machines will inevitably keep cropping up, because the designers of the ace were, until recently, in the employ of sinclair research and so take some of the credit and blame for the zx spectrum. apart from the gross departure of choosing the forth language, the design is fairly standard. sinclair owners will find much inside the ace \u2019 s case that is familiar to them. the keyboard closely resembles that on the zx - 81, both in the number of keys and their layout. but rather than having those horrid little squares that you have to struggle to push down as you program, the ace uses a rubbery \u201c moving - key \u201d design. personally i find it is a little like shaking a dead man \u2019 s hand. the keys do at least have the advantage of being readable \u2014 that is, there are none of the spectrum \u2019 s red words which you can only track down using special spectacles. another small mercy that we can thank jupiter for \u2014 or zeus if you are greek \u2014 is that there is no single - keyword entry to contend with. however, the designers probably did not abandon it for any good reason, but merely because the infinity of word names available to forth makes it impracticable. there are also some significant advances. for example, there are both upper and lower - case letters. it is also possible for the user to define his own character set \u2014 in fact by doing so, some reasonably high - resolution graphics are possible. in this way the graphics of the ace remind me of a non - colour spectrum. in normal mode there are 32 character positions across the display and 24 down. in the plot mode, there is a resolution of 64 by 48 points \u2014 not exactly high resolution. if you are prepared to play about with the character definition then this increases to a respectable 192 by 256. the operation of the word plot is like the other forth words. the top three numbers on the stack are the parameters which are passed to a machine - code routine. at the top of the stack is a number which describes how the point is to be drawn, and the next two give its screen location. probably the biggest advantage of the ace \u2019 s picture quality over the zx - 81 \u2032 s is that the ace has a rock - steady black screen on which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5039025524516352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86293a34-6d1f-492e-9863-50ae171dffc1>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.045147"}
{"text": "describes how the point is to be drawn, and the next two give its screen location. probably the biggest advantage of the ace \u2019 s picture quality over the zx - 81 \u2032 s is that the ace has a rock - steady black screen on which any printing appears in white : the zx - 81 docs the reverse which is not a natural way for a computer to behave. the two machines certainly have a good deal in common, apart from the designer. the review machine did not have a power supply. that was no problem because i used the sinclair research one, which worked perfectly. the user port on the rear of the ace, closely resembles that on the sinclair machines. it is not difficult to justify this as there are not really many ways of presenting the z - 80 lines at the edge of a board. any device that connects to the rear of a sinclair computer will snugly fit on the back of the ace. all that is needed is a special cable that unshuffles the lines. it will probably take a few months at least for a budding forth programmer to need more than the 3k of user ram that comes as standard with the ace, but should you ever require more, the sinclair 16k ram pack will fit the bill. forth was originally designed as a control language, and the jupiter ace makes a fine control computer. in fact, this may become its eventual role. there are two words, in and out for controlling the data lines. put the ace together with any of the available add on hardware designed for the sinclair, and you have a powerful control system. the way forward other features available on the ace include a speaker, which can operate right across the audio range. but, like the spectrum \u2019 s, it is very quiet. it is controlled by the rom - word beep, and can be manipulated very easily by the language. again, forth is ideal for this kind of programming, and musical sequences are among the easiest things to write on the ace. there is also a quartz timer, which doubles as the system clock. this can be accessed from forth and has a number of possible applications. the timer sorts a number in four bytes, from 15403 to 15406. these can be extracted by use of the fetch word, written as @. i expect the most common use for such a facility will be in the timing of responses and in the generation of random numbers. here is a very crude random - number generator : : rand 15403 @. ; perhaps the way forward for the ace", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4547143721443426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86293a34-6d1f-492e-9863-50ae171dffc1>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.046157"}
{"text": "japan has been hit by the worst crisis since 1945, as an earthquake and tsunami have killed 10, 000, destroyed tens of thousands of buildings, displaced hundreds of thousands, and left millions without power or water. as the nation braces for more aftershocks, people have resorted to using sea water in an attempt to prevent a nuclear meltdown from adding a third catastrophe, which has already leaked and caused a mass evacuation. according to greenpeace, \" we are told by the nuclear industry that things like this cannot happen with modern reactors, yet japan is in the middle of a nuclear crisis with potentially devastating consequences \u2026 the evolving situation at fukushima remains far from clear, but what we do know is that contamination from the release of cesium - 137 poses a significant health risk to anyone exposed. cesium - 137 has been one if the isotopes causing the greatest health impacts following the chernobyl disaster, because it can remain in the environment and food chain for 300 years. \u201d whereas the first two catastrophe \u2019 s were natural and unpredictable, a nuclear meltdown is entirely unnatural and entirely predictable. according to the local anti - nuclear group, citizens \u2019 nuclear information centre, the nuclear crisis comes a month before the 25th anniversary of the chernobyl disaster, the largest nuclear meltdown in history, which showered europe in a radioactive cloud causing a quarter of a million cancers, 100, 000 of them fatal. as of this writing the disaster in japan is already the third worst in history, behind chernobyl and the three mile island partial meltdown in 1979, and comes only 12 years after a fatal overexposure of workers at a nuclear plant in tokaimura, japan. even without the inherent risk of a meltdown, nuclear power is a threat to health. the problem is not just the few terrible times when they don ' t work, but the daily experience of when they do work. as climate campaigner george monbiot wrote more than a decade ago, \u201c the children of women who have worked in nuclear installations, according to a study by the national radiological protection board, are eleven times more likely to contract cancer than the children of workers in non - radioactive industries. you can tell how close to [ the nuclear plant in ] sellafield children live by the amount of plutonium in their teeth. \u201d add to this the morbidity and mortality or working in uranium mines and the dangers of disposing of radioactive waste, and you have negative health impacts at every stage of nuclear power ( for a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.427915878839233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8f50eee-35e0-4fe2-8425-891ee98718b0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.065617"}
{"text": "the amount of plutonium in their teeth. \u201d add to this the morbidity and mortality or working in uranium mines and the dangers of disposing of radioactive waste, and you have negative health impacts at every stage of nuclear power ( for a summary see the uk \u2019 s campaign for nuclear disarmament ). despite this, governments have invested massively in the nuclear industry and globalized the risk. canada has exported nuclear reactors while building seven of its own, and despite concerns about safety the ontario government plans on investing $ 36 billion into nuclear power at the same time as its backing off wind power. reasons and excuses while nuclear power is a clear and present danger to the health of the planet and its people, it is a thriving industry driven by economic and military competition. vandana shiva \u2014 who studied nuclear physics and now leads the climate justice movement in india \u2014 has exposed the hypocrisy of us hostility to iranian nuclear power when it is doing the same thing to promote nuclear power and weapons in india as a bulwark against china : as shiva summarized in her book soil not oil, \u201c nuclear winter is not an alternative to global warming \u201d, and it is a tragedy that japan has become the test case against both military and civilian arms of the nuclear industry - - from the atomic bomb 65 years ago to the nuclear meltdown today. but instead of admitting the problems of nuclear power, the nuclear industry and its supporters have greenwashed it and presented it as a solution to global warming. some environmentalists, such as gaia theorist james lovelock, have fallen prey to these claims. lovelock, whose ideas are driven by apocalyptic predictions and an extreme pessimism, has gone so far as to claim that \u201c nuclear power is the only green solution \u201d. while former us president george bush defended his country \u2019 s 103 nuclear power plants as not producing \" a single pound of air pollution or greenhouses gases \u201d, dr. helen caldicott has refuted the claim in her important book nuclear power is not the answer, which proves that even without meltdowns nuclear power is a threat to the planet : the false dichotomy between carbon emissions and nuclear power is also refuted by those developing the tar sands, who have proposed using nuclear power to pump tar sands oil. people power, green jobs fortunately there are growing anti - nuclear campaigns uniting indigenous groups, ngos and the broader climate justice movement to challenge nuclear power in all its stages \u2014 from mining to use to waste disporal. as vandana shiva writes in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5365135418814302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8f50eee-35e0-4fe2-8425-891ee98718b0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.069868"}
{"text": "people power, green jobs fortunately there are growing anti - nuclear campaigns uniting indigenous groups, ngos and the broader climate justice movement to challenge nuclear power in all its stages \u2014 from mining to use to waste disporal. as vandana shiva writes in soil not oil, meanwhile in canada indigenous groups are leading opposition to transportation of nuclear waste through the great lakes and their surrounding communities, declaring \u201c what we do to the land, we do to ourselves. \u201d last year the german government extended nuclear power against the will of the majority but after news of the leak in japan, 50, 000 people formed a human chain from a nuclear reactor to stuttgart demanding an end to nuclear power. uniting these campaigns with the labour movement raises the demands of good green jobs for all, to transform our oil and nuclear economy into one based on ecological and social sustainability and justice. instead of the billions in subsidies for the nuclear industry, governments could be investing in solar, wind and clean electricity, while retrofitting buildings, which could solve the economic and climate crises without the inherent dangers of nuclear power. as greenpeace wrote, \" our thoughts continue to be with the japanese people as they face the threat of a nuclear disaster, following already devastating earthquake and tsunami. the authorities must focus on keeping people safe, and avoiding any further releases of radioactivity... greenpeace is calling for the phase out of existing reactors, and no construction of new commercial nuclear reactors. governments should invest in renewable energy resources that are not only environmentally sound but also affordable and reliable. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48311408806246664, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8f50eee-35e0-4fe2-8425-891ee98718b0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.070900"}
{"text": "[ previous ] | [ session 38 ] | [ next ] r. greenberg, g. hoppa, b. r. tufts, p. e. geissler ( lpl, univ. of arizona ) the characteristics of chaos regions on europa suggest they may be sites of melt - through from below. they are wide - ranging in size, location and age. most are similar to conamara with a matrix reminiscent of frozen slush, and often rafts of pre - existing crust. edges are of two types : ramps, perhaps the tapering of crustal thickness to zero, or cliffs where rafts appear to have broken clear from the shore. of the lenticulae, \" spots \" generally appear to be small chaoses with textured matrix and occasional rafts, \" pits \" may represent incipient melting nearly at the surface, and many \" domes \" may be small chaoses raised by isostatic compensation following refreezing of the crust. the extent of chaoses often appears to be limited by ridge systems with the coastline parallel and set back by a distance comparable to the width of the ridge system. pre - existing ridges often survive as causeways or chains of rafts. boundaries of chaoses are apparently not controlled by pre - existing cracks, evidence that formation is essentially a thermal, rather than mechanical process. evidently ridges thicken the crust such that melt - through is more likely between ridge systems. subsequent cracks and ridges form across pre - existing chaoses : recent chaoses have few cracks or ridges across them ( with paths somewhat jagged as they meander among rafts ), while the remains of old chaoses are only isolated rafts surrounded by densely ridged terrain. thus two fundamental resurfacing processes have alternated over europa ' s geological history : melt - through ( at various places and times ) forming chaos terrain, and criss - crossing by cracking and ridge - building forming densely ridged ( and other tectonic ) terrain. mapping of chaos features based on morphology at 200 m shows that they correlate well with dark regions in global ( 2 km resolution ) mosaics ( except dark regions due to ridge margins or craters ), so considerable area has been available to accommodate the expansion of crust that occurs along extensional bands and ridges. chaos ubiquity suggests europan geology has been dominated by the effects of having liquid water under a very thin ice shell, with chaos regions being widespread examples of zero shell thickness.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5036676825037867, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a232fb81-3ec2-4360-929a-30eecd54018a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.076968"}
{"text": "we are six weeks into the 2010 - 11 school year, and now that the dust has settled, some inspiration has hit to get me blogging again. recently, a third grade teacher asked me if there were any podcasts \u201c out there \u201d that taught the parts of speech. she was looking for some reinforcement for the nouns work that they were doing in the classroom. this would be a good avenue to reach the different learning styles in her classroom. excited to get ipods into the hands of third graders, i did a little searching and came across this tremendous resource that i would like to share : mrcoley. com. this site has wonderful examples of podcasts by both students and teacher ( and one fit the bill for the parts of speech topic ) ; however, this site is has even more to offer beyond podcasts. it has gotten me and some of the teachers at my school thinking about how we can use our nanos in a whole new way : for flash cards. it \u2019 s a basic concept that mr. brent coley, a 5th grade teacher, explains with step by step directions and tutorials ( thank you! ). using powerpoint or keynote, make simple slides that teach or review a concept. then save them as pictures that can be loaded on an ipod. by clicking \u201c next \u201d on the photo album \u2019 s contents on the ipod, a student can review at his / her own pace. by having the ipod \u201c play \u201d the slide show, it now is more advanced for such subjects as math facts, adding in the element of a timer. now, third graders are trying to \u201c beat the ipod \u201d to the answer! sure, the students could do their fact practice with paper flash cards, but this \u201c hook \u201d of using the ipods makes the learning very exciting and motivating. one teacher reported to me that 19 sets of earbuds came in on one day \u2019 s notice. ( students have to supply their own earbuds to use our nanos, and if you don \u2019 t have earbuds, you can \u2019 t use them. ) she said that getting permission slips back in a timely fashion never happens, but using an ipod got their attention! engagement is up! ( even in the bus line on the way home, students enthusiastically were telling me that their teacher was signing out the ipods again for another lesson. ) wondering how slides will look on something as small as an ipod nano? here \u2019 s what an explorer review that i created looks like : nothing fancy, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4901836205405857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:326bc4c2-c884-47ce-b0ec-ca465772acdc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.081602"}
{"text": "search : advanced search browse by category : my question is how do we know whether to say ittaqullah and not attaqullah or uttaqullah. assalamu alaikum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh kindly explain the rules of how to read a word when one needs to seperate it from the word before it for example i know that when we seperate ya ayyuhallazina amanuttaqullaha and want to say ' fear allah ' on its own, we say ittaqullaha. my question is how do we know whether to say ittaqullah and not attaqullah or uttaqullah. i remember learning the rule long ago, something to do with the sign ( fathah, dhamma, kasra ) on the next letter, but have since forgotten. please explain with examples from the qur ' an. jazak allahi kkhair wa alaikum assalaam wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh, the rules involved in the question are the hamzah al - wasl rules. we have to look at the word beginning with the hamzah al - wasl and determine whether it is a verb, a noun, or a participle. in this case, the word is a command form of a verb. in a verb starting with hamzah al - wasl, we look at the vowel on the third letter, if it is a fathah or a kasrah, then we start the hamzah al - wasl with a kasrah. to see the detailed lessons on hamzah al - wasl, please see the following link. you will find many examples in the eight different lessons insha ' allah : wa iyyaaakum wa - l - muslimeen. powered by kbpublisher ( knowledge base software )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45651015742701306, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c6f4278-b82f-405a-b505-f0bdb7783673>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.085680"}
{"text": "this is a language dependent introduction course on computer program design and development. emphasis is on the identification and solution of business problems through systems of computer programs. programs are described and designed through such tools as program flowcharts, structure charts, and pseudocode. within this framework, programming languages are treated as tools which can be selected, as appropriate, to implement the designs. this course provides the foundation for a program of study in computer science. it introduces the discipline of computing and the roles of professionals. a contemporary high - level language with appropriate constructs for structured design and structured types is presented. it integrates an introduction to algorithm design, an understanding of abstraction applied to date types and structures, and an appreciation of imperative and object - oriented programming. programming assignments are an integral part of this course. prerequisite : csc 110 or permission of instructor. this course develops the discipline of computing and the roles of professionals by introducing software engineering early in the learning process. this course formally presents abstract date types ( adts ). the adts presented are stacks, queues, lists, trees, graphs and tables. simple sorting and searching techniques, along with their efficiency are studied. the use of pointers and recursion is covered. programming assignments are an integral part of this course. prerequisite : csc 111. this course covers the manner in which the computer is used to solve problems. lectures cover the style and techniques necessary to solve problems using the visual basic programming language. object - oriented programming ( oop ) will be covered. this course will allow students to take advantage of the many new capabilities of building applications in a graphical user interface ( gui ). this course emphasizes the organization and operation of real computer systems at the architectural level. the mapping of statements and constructs in a high - level language onto sequences of machine instruction is studied, as well as the internal representation of simple data types and structures. topics include the fetch / execute cycle, bus structures, memory hierarchy, addressing modes, and subroutines. alternative architectures, such as vector and parallel models, are presented. three lecture hours per week. prerequisites : csc 111, mat 161. this course is the capstone course for the as degree in computer science. the course focuses on software engineering and requires a major software project. topics include : object - orientation, software design tools and techniques ( such as data flow diagrams, structure charts, crc cards, algorithms, pseudocode ), software reuse, software test strategies, and documentation standards", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5029095859147241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d9edda2-9014-4c10-a6b5-6b63470295c3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.091960"}
{"text": "and requires a major software project. topics include : object - orientation, software design tools and techniques ( such as data flow diagrams, structure charts, crc cards, algorithms, pseudocode ), software reuse, software test strategies, and documentation standards. prerequisite : csc 112. this course is an introduction to game programming techniques and gaming development. topics include 2d graphics and code generated animation, sound technologies, interactivity, and multi - player games. prerequisite : csc 111 or csc 264 or permission of instructor. this course is an introduction to the administration of servers operating in a client server environment. students will be introduced to the system software running client server networks, and will learn to install, configure, monitor, and manage a network server. specific topics include server software installation, protocols, shells, system and user administration, scripts, and daemons. students will be exposed to several different operating systems and several server applications, such as web, ftp, database, and mail servers. three lecture hours. prerequisite : cis 130 or permission of instructor. the fundamentals of database design and implementation are introduced with an emphasis on data relationships. utilization of a database management system ( dbms ) and its components will be covered, along with structured query language ( sql ) and data security techniques. prerequisite : cis / csc major with sophomore standing. an introduction to the c + + language which provides software developers with an \" extendable \" language in which abstract data types suitable for a given application can be created and then used as naturally as built - in data types. while based on the c programming language, c + + provides data and function encapsulation, function overloading, inheritance, strong typing, and other features needed for object - oriented programming ( oop ). this makes c + + a true high - level language suitable for professional software engineering. the language constructs and oop methods are introduced with a series of examples of increasing sophistication which are the basis of project assignments. four lecture hours and one optional recitation hour per week. prerequisite : csc 110 or permission of instructor. this course introduces object - oriented java using current technical advances in programming methodology, web - based applications, and applications for hand - held devices. java methods, classes, objects, inheritance, graphics, animation, and networking are discussed. four lecture hours per week. prerequisite : csc 110 or permission of instructor. this course builds upon the fundamental topics explored in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5081750317330653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d9edda2-9014-4c10-a6b5-6b63470295c3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.093828"}
{"text": "if the city feels hotter to you in the summer, you ' re right. the japan meteorological agency has proved that all the asphalt and tall buildings and exhaust heat are indeed to blame. \" urban heat islands \" raised the daily august temperatures by 1 to 2 degrees in japan ' s three biggest megalopolises of tokyo, osaka and nagoya, the jma said july 9. this is the first time the jma has analyzed the effects of urban heat islands, where asphalt, buildings and heat from the exhaust of automobiles and air conditioners and other factors contribute to a rise in temperatures. the jma used data from last august to simulate air temperatures on the assumption that all ground surface was covered by grassland and that there was no exhaust heat from human activities in the three megalopolises, and compared the numerical outcomes with what was actually recorded. the urban heat islands accounted for rises of about 2 degrees in the cities ' central areas and about 1 degree on their outskirts, jma officials said. it is believed that air temperatures have risen about 3 degrees in the three big cities during the last 100 years due to both global warming and urban heat islands, but the jma has never evaluated to what extent the urban heat islands are responsible. \" urbanization accounted for as much part of the temperature rises as global warming, \" a jma representative said. \" the situation is thought to be similar in other regions of advanced urbanization. \" - \u00ab prev - next \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44032363586111656, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ecb6b354-28af-45b3-9398-6ade895716d1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.095601"}
{"text": "in a new study launched wednesday by the international energy agency ( iea ), weeks ahead of the durban climate change talks, scientists warn that if the current trend to build high - carbon generating infrastructures continues, the world ' s carbon budget will be swallowed up by 2017, leaving the planet more vulnerable than ever to the effects of irreversible climate change. according to the iea ' s world energy outlook, today ' s energy choices are likely to commit the world to much higher emissions for the next few decades. the current industrial infrastructure is already producing 80 % of the world ' s \" carbon budget \". the report estimates that global primary energy demand rebounded by a remarkable 5 % in 2010, pushing co2 emissions to a record 30. 6 gigatonnes ( gt ) in 2010. subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption of fossil fuels jumped to over $ 400bn ( \u00a3250. 7bn ). the iea warns of a \" lock in \" effect ; whereby high - carbon infrastructures built today contribute to the old stock of emissions in the atmosphere, thus increasing the danger of runaway climate change. according to the report, there are few signs to suggest that the urgently needed change in direction in global energy trends is under way. as the world gears up towards the durban talks later this month and rio + 20 in seven months, the un environment programme ( unep ) plans to launch a new report on 23 november 2011 that reviews the latest data on the gap between commitments by nations to reduce their emissions and the actual emissions reductions required to keep global temperature rise under 2 degrees c. the report also tackles the question - how can the gap be bridged? the new report is a follow up to \" bridging the gap \", which was launched last december and became a key benchmark for the international climate negotiations in cancun. unep will also launch on 25 november a study that will outline the measures and costs of reducing black carbon and non - co2 gases to slow climate change. the new unep report outlines a package of 16 measures which could reduce global warming, avoid millions of premature deaths and reduce global crop yield losses by tackling black carbon, methane and ground - level ozone - substances known as short - term climate forcers. the report demonstrates that half of these measures can deliver net cost savings over their lifetime, for example, from reduced fuel consumption or the use of recovered gas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47828259276534824, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2adf5ab5-5523-43c6-83a2-23a3360b0e2c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.099196"}
{"text": "arguably, the most significant advancement of the 21st century, social media has had a profound impact on our lives. but has it improved our lives? it is a question with a philosophical ring and one that opens up a host of other queries. first, we must analyse the conveniences and abilities social media has given us. if one is to measure the noteworthiness of broadband by calculating the amount of time spent on specific elements, then social media would come on top. facebook boasts a billion users and twitter 500 million. that ' s one out of every seven human beings alive on earth and this doesn ' t even take into consideration the numbers conversing online through google + and what not. it isn ' t just how many social media users there are on earth that indicates how much an influence it has had on our lives. it is the amount of time such a large proportion of the human population spends on these sites. a study late last year concluded that one out of every seven minutes online are spent on facebook, while similar figures are to be expected with twitter. however, has this actually improved our lives? a report by published in the guardian in mid - march established a correlation between facebook usage and levels of obsessions with self - image, shallow friendships and being a socially disruptive narcissist. the theory was that the social media site had become a platform for empty self - expression and popularity contesting. social media does have its benefits of course. one would have to look no further than the arab spring to identify these. the platform ' s ability to organise and mobilise protests has been cited as the catalyst behind the arab protests that saw the overthrow of prominent dictators throughout the middle east. these uprisings were branded ' twitter revolutions ' and it is supposed that the ability to network and spread news through social media sites helped the protests spread in a way that would not have been possible otherwise. while one cannot exactly obtain a broadband speed test and determine the connection levels in the countries involved in the arab spring at the time ; it is accepted that high speed connections were available in the right places throughout the middle east. this increases the likelihood of social media having had a fundamental role to play in the uprisings. however, it has also been suggested that the impact of social media on these revolutions has been overstated, particularly in the western media. this logic argues that there were large scale revolutions before social media, indicating that the protests would have spread regardless. in truth, it is likely that social media did play some role.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4400056262962286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9f1e303-724e-4bb0-8883-96548ef68658>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.102503"}
{"text": "yellow tangs, zebrasoma flavescens, are reef fish found in the waters west of hawaii and east of japan in the pacific ocean. they mainly live off the coast of hawaii, but are also found in the more western ranges of their habitat, including the islands ryukyu, mariana, marshall, marcus, and wake. they prefer subtropical waters. ( agbayani, 2008 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ) yellow tangs are reef - associated fish. their preferred water temperature is around 21 degrees celsius. they inhabit coral reefs in subtropical waters, but generally do not live in tropical seas. yellow tangs mainly live in the sub - surge zone of a coral reef, this is the area with the least wave action. zebrasoma flavescens live at depths of 2 to 46 meters. the clear larva of yellow tangs develop into marine plankton, in this stage they are carried close to reefs where they settle in coral crevices. ( agbayani, 2008 ; ogawa and brown, 2001 ; reynolds and casterlin, 1980 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ) yellow tangs have a clear larval stage before developing into juveniles. juveniles and adults have a narrow, oval body. they have an average length - weight ratio between 2. 93 and 3. 16. they have a long snout for eating algae, a large dorsal fin with four to five spines, and an anal fin with three spines. like other surgeonfish and tangs ( acanthuridae ), yellow tangs have a white, scalpel - like spine on both sides of the tail that can be used for defense or aggression. yellow tangs are named for their bright yellow coloring ; the only area that is not yellow is the white spine. at night, this bright yellow color changes to a darker, grayer yellow with a white lateral line. ( agbayani, 2008 ; froese, 1998 ; guiasu and winterbottom, 1998 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ; wood, 2008 ) yellow tangs begin their lives as fertilized eggs floating in open water. after hatching, the clear, pelagic larvae develop in the plankton. they enter the acronurus larva stage where they develop an oval body, dorsal and ventral fins, and spines. after about ten weeks, they enter a planktonic stage. here, waves carry them to a coral reef where they take refuge and continue to develop and grow. ( brough and brough, 2008 ; sale, et", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4764299728480006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec113256-0ade-48f5-a524-8c0cc66e22cf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.131691"}
{"text": "ventral fins, and spines. after about ten weeks, they enter a planktonic stage. here, waves carry them to a coral reef where they take refuge and continue to develop and grow. ( brough and brough, 2008 ; sale, et al., 1984 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ; wood, 2008 ) zebrasoma flavescens can spawn in groups or in pairs. when in groups, females release eggs and males release sperm into open water where fertilization occurs. when in pairs, the male courts a female by changing colors and exhibiting a shimmering movement. the two fish then swim upward and simultaneously release their eggs or sperm into the water. males may spawn with multiple females in one session, while females typically spawn only once a month. ( brough and brough, 2008 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ; wood, 2008 ) yellow tangs reproduce externally. their spawning peaks from march to september, but some fish spawn at all times throughout the year. an average female can release about 40, 000 eggs. ( agbayani, 2008 ; detroit zoological society, 2008 ; lobel, 1989 ) there is no parental investment in yellow tangs beyond the fertilization of eggs. juvenile yellow tangs are often territorial. this trait usually diminishes as the fish mature and start to roam wider areas of the reef. adult tangs live singly or in small, loose groups. these groups sometimes contain other species of fish, like sailfin tang ( zebrasoma veliferum ). yellow tangs are diurnal. during the day, tangs move from place to place, grazing on algae ; at night, they generally rest alone in coral reef crevices. ( agbayani, 2008 ; atkins, 1981 ; brough and brough, 2008 ; wood, 2008 ) when they are juveniles, yellow tangs have small home ranges that they defend, often staying within a few meters of one area. not much is known about the home ranges of adult yellow tangs. ( parrish and claisse, 2005 ) when mating, males change colors and exhibit a shimmering movement to attract females. in defense or aggression, yellow tangs extend their fins to full length, greatly increasing their size. they also expose their scalpel - like scales on their fins as a warning sign. they use these not only to defend themselves from predators, but also to scare away competitors for food or territory. ( brough and brough, 2008 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ) yellow tang", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46924530605025333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec113256-0ade-48f5-a524-8c0cc66e22cf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.136668"}
{"text": "like scales on their fins as a warning sign. they use these not only to defend themselves from predators, but also to scare away competitors for food or territory. ( brough and brough, 2008 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ) yellow tangs have a long, down - turned mouth with small teeth that are specialized for grazing on algae. because they are mainly herbivores, they spend a large amount of their time grazing either alone or in groups. a large portion of their diet consists of uncalcified and filamentous algae that grows on coral reefs. in addition to smaller types of algae, yellow tangs feed on macroalgae, such as seaweed. yellow tangs will also eat some types of zooplankton. ( guiasu and winterbottom, 1998 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ; wylie and paul, 1988 ) predators of zebrasoma flavescens include larger fish and predatory invertebrates such as crabs and octopi. yellow tangs rely on camouflage and their scalpel - like fins to protect themselves. to humans, these fish appear bright yellow, but, to other fish, yellow tangs blend in very well with coral reef backgrounds. according to marshall et al. ( 2003 ) wavelength differences between yellow and average reef color become negligible at the depths where yellow tangs are found. in addition to camouflage, zebrasoma flavescens use their scalpel - like fins for defense. ( barry and hawryshyn, 1999 ; detroit zoological society, 2008 ; marshall, et al., 2003 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ) yellow tangs, along with other algae feeders, are crucial parts of coral reef ecosystems. they feed on algae and seaweed that grow on the reefs, preventing them from overgrowing and killing corals. yellow tangs are also a food source for larger fish and invertebrates. ( detroit zoological society, 2008 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ) yellow tangs are important for tourism and the aquarium trade. their bright yellow color is well recognized by scuba divers and other tourists on hawaiian reefs. they are also a valuable resource in aquarium trade ; they are the number one collected fish for export out of hawaii. their coloring, hardiness, and low cost all attribute to their popularity in marine aquariums, making them one of the ten most popular fish. ( brough and brough, 2008 ; ogawa and brown, 2001 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ) yellow tangs, along with other surgeon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4477025039597804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec113256-0ade-48f5-a524-8c0cc66e22cf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.144287"}
{"text": "attribute to their popularity in marine aquariums, making them one of the ten most popular fish. ( brough and brough, 2008 ; ogawa and brown, 2001 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ) yellow tangs, along with other surgeonfish ( acanthuridae ), are not generally dangerous. when they are young, they possess venom glands. as they age into juveniles and adults, they lose these glands. if yellow tangs are provoked, they can inflict deep injuries with the sharp blades on their tails. ( agbayani, 2008 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ) zebrasoma flavescens is not a threatened or endangered species. tanya dewey ( editor ), animal diversity web. kara zabetakis ( author ), university of maryland, baltimore county, kevin omland ( editor, instructor ), university of maryland, baltimore county. body of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ), australia, asia, and the western hemisphere. this is the world ' s largest ocean, covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria. uses smells or other chemicals to communicate having markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect. humans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals. ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals. animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature fertilization takes place outside the female ' s body union of egg and spermatozoan an animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants. having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature. offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters, clutches, etc. ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ). seaweed. algae that are large and photosynthetic. a large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. in insects, \" incomplete meta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4655967931702277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec113256-0ade-48f5-a524-8c0cc66e22cf>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.151701"}
{"text": "definition, survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ). seaweed. algae that are large and photosynthetic. a large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. in insects, \" incomplete metamorphosis \" is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and \" complete metamorphosis \" is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis. having the capacity to move from one place to another. specialized for swimming the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body. the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets. the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females. structure produced by the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral polyps ( class anthozoa ). coral reefs are found in warm, shallow oceans with low nutrient availability. they form the basis for rich communities of other invertebrates, plants, fish, and protists. the polyps live only on the reef surface. because they depend on symbiotic photosynthetic algae, zooxanthellae, they cannot live where light does not penetrate. mainly lives in oceans, seas, or other bodies of salt water. breeding is confined to a particular season remains in the same area reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female associates with others of its species ; forms social groups. uses touch to communicate defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south. an animal which has an organ capable of injecting a poisonous substance into a wound ( for example, scorpions, jellyfish, and rattlesnakes ). uses sight to communicate breeding takes place throughout the year animal constituent of plankton ; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae. ( compare to phytoplankton. ) agbayani, e. 2008. \" zebrasoma flavescens \" ( on - line ). fishbase. accessed april 08, 2008 at http", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5882657207884477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec113256-0ade-48f5-a524-8c0cc66e22cf>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.154299"}
{"text": "crustaceans and fish larvae. ( compare to phytoplankton. ) agbayani, e. 2008. \" zebrasoma flavescens \" ( on - line ). fishbase. accessed april 08, 2008 at http : / / www. fishbase. org / summary / speciessummary. php? id = 6018. atkins, p. 1981. behavioral determinants of the nocturnal spacing pattern of the yellow tang zebrasoma flavescens ( acanthuridae ). pacific science, 35 : 263 - 264. barry, k., c. hawryshyn. 1999. effects of incident light and background conditions on potential conspicuousness of hawaiian coral reef fish. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 79 : 495 - 508. brough, d., c. brough. 2008. \" animal - world \" ( on - line ). accessed april 08, 2008 at http : / / animal - world. com / encyclo / marine / tangs / yellow. php. detroit zoological society, 2008. \" detroit zoo \" ( on - line ). accessed april 09, 2008 at http : / / www. detroitzoo. org / zoo / index. php? option = content & task = view & id = 562 & itemid = 610. dodds, k. 2007. \" reef resources \" ( on - line ). accessed may 03, 2008 at http : / / www. reefresources. net / rr _ profiles / viewtopic. php? t = 153. froese, r. 1998. length - weight relationships for 18 less - studied fish species. journal of applied ichthyology, 14 : 117 - 118. guiasu, r., r. winterbottom. 1998. yellow juvenile color pattern, diet switching and the phylogeny of the surgeonfish genus zebrasoma. bulletin of marine science, 63 : 277 - 294. lobel, p. 1989. ocean current variability and the spawning season of hawaiian reef fishes. environmental biology of fishes, 24 : 161 - 171. marshall, n., k. jennings, w. mcfarland, e. loew, g. losey. 2003. visual biology of hawaiian coral reef fishes. bioone, 3 : 467 - 480. ogawa, t., c. brown. 2001. ornamental reef fish aquaculture and collection in hawaii. aquarium sciences and conservation, 3 : 151", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4674110956729467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec113256-0ade-48f5-a524-8c0cc66e22cf>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.157757"}
{"text": "2003. visual biology of hawaiian coral reef fishes. bioone, 3 : 467 - 480. ogawa, t., c. brown. 2001. ornamental reef fish aquaculture and collection in hawaii. aquarium sciences and conservation, 3 : 151 - 169. parrish, j., j. claisse. 2005. \" university of hawaii, department of zoology \" ( on - line pdf ). post - settlement life history of key coral reef fishes in a hawaiian marine protected area network. accessed may 03, 2008 at http : / / www. hawaii. edu / ssri / hcri / files / res / parrish _ c _ noaa _ final _ 2004. pdf. reynolds, w., m. casterlin. 1980. thermoregulatory behavior of a tropical reef fish, zebrasoma flavescens. oikos, 34 : 356 - 358. sale, p., w. douglas, p. doherty. 1984. choice of microhabitats by coral reef fishes at settlement. coral reefs, 3 : 91 - 99. waikiki aquarium, 1999. \" marine life profile : yellow tang \" ( on - line pdf ). waikiki aquarium educational department. accessed april 07, 2008 at http : / / www. waquarium. org / mlp / root / pdf / marinelife / vertebrates / yellowtang. pdf. wood, a. 2008. \" animal life resource \" ( on - line ). accessed april 09, 2008 at http : / / animals. jrank. org / pages / 2212 / surgeonfishes - relatives - acanthuroidei - yellow - tang - zebrasoma - flavescens - species - accounts. html. wylie, c., v. paul. 1988. feeding preferences of the surgeonfish zebrasoma flavescens in relation to chemical defenses of tropical algae. marine ecology, 45 : 23 - 32.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4538309246023771, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec113256-0ade-48f5-a524-8c0cc66e22cf>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.159336"}
{"text": "you might check the following : the fuel pressure regulator ( 1 ) is a diaphragm - operated cartridge relief valve with the fuel pump pressure on one side and the regulator spring pressure and intake manifold vacuum on the other. a retainer ( 2 ) holds the fuel pressure regulator. the regulator ' s function is to maintain a constant pressure differential across the injectors at all times. the pressure regulator compensates for engine load by increasing the fuel pressure as engine vacuum drops. with the ignition on leaving the engine off ( zero vacuum ), the fuel pressure at the pressure test connection should be 415 - 455 kpa ( 6o - 66 psi ). if the pressure is too low, poor performance could result. if the pressure is too high, excessive odor may result. the engine coolant temperature sensor is a thermistor ( a resistor which changes value based on temperature ) mounted in the engine coolant passage. low coolant temperature produces a high resistance 100, 000 ohms at - 40\u00b0c ( - 40\u00b0f ) while high temperature causes low resistance 70 ohms at 130\u00b0c ( 266\u00b0f ). the vcm supplies a 5 volt signal to the engine coolant temperature sensor through a resistor in the vcm and measures the voltage. the voltage will be high when the engine is cold. the voltage will be low when the engine is hot. by measuring the voltage, the vcm calculates the engine coolant temperature. engine coolant temperature affects most systems the vcm controls. the scan tool displays engine coolant temperature in degrees. after engine start - up, the temperature should rise steadily to about 9o\u00b0c ( 194\u00b0f ) then stabilize when thermostat opens. if the engine has not been run for several hours ( overnight ), the engine coolant temperature and intake air temperature displays should be close to each other. when the vcm detects a malfunction in the engine coolant temperature ( ect ) sensor circuit, the following diagnostic trouble code ( dtc ) s will set : dtc p0117 circuit low. dtc p0118 circuit high. dtc p0125 excessive time to closed loop. dtc p1114 circuit intermittent low. dtc p1115 circuit intermittent high.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5102085470778348, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3fc0c7d-0af3-4077-87b9-f0252c549b2e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.163811"}
{"text": "does your jurisdiction have a public information call center ( picc )? this toolkit is designed to walk you through the basic steps of developing a picc to help build the capacity to handle a surge in phone calls during a public health emergency. | seattle & king county advanced practice center | | risk communication | | word | | reference / guides | | english | | 1 / 16 / 2012 3 : 43 pm | | gaurav mahajan | < br > prepare for medical surge by engaging community pharmacies / pharmacists with preparedness efforts. federal, state, and local governments must reach out to pharmacists to ensure that they are included in policy decisions and emergency planning, and to seek their input on the pharmaceutical needs of vulnerable populations. rx4prep is an interactive, educational website to help local health departments obtain information about collaborating with pharmacies and connect with other users. < br > < br > | montgomery county advanced practice center | | chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive preparedness | | website ; podcast | | reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 13 / 2012 4 : 46 pm | | susan wherley | | blueprint for the use of volunteers in hospitals and rural medical centers ; building preparedness : proven tools for your health department | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20101002 | 1. engage local health departments ( lhds ) and pharmacies / pharmacists to work together on all hazards emergency preparedness and response. 2. define important resources to increase awareness and understanding of public health and pharmacy organizations. 3. provide current tools, resources and materials that : \u2022 identify strategies to connect lhds and community pharmacists and other local pharmacy leaders ; \u2022 foster sustainable relationships by demonstrating new products and areas of mutual benefit ; \u2022 create links between hospitals, healthcare professionals, emergency management, lhds, and pharmacists / pharmacies ; and \u2022 describe trainings and drills that lhds and community pharmacists and pharmacies can use to train, be ready and practice for emergencies. < br > alternative care sites, shelters, and points of dispensing ( pods ) require a specific number and type of facility depending upon the public health scenario and the number of persons affected. the alternative care site planning model is intended to help public health officials evaluate the resources required to staff and equip alternative care sites in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45553727463770394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d86136fc-8941-4e92-bfcc-62b262a4f812>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.433967"}
{"text": "pods ) require a specific number and type of facility depending upon the public health scenario and the number of persons affected. the alternative care site planning model is intended to help public health officials evaluate the resources required to staff and equip alternative care sites in multiple emergency scenarios. < br > < br > | montgomery county advanced practice center | | workforce | | website | | 3 / 13 / 2012 1 : 46 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20101003 | the alternative care site planning model is intended to help public health officials evaluate the resources required to staff and equip alternative care sites in multiple emergency scenarios. this model focuses on the critical resources needed for alternative care sites. it is not intended to manage all materials required. users must have microsoft excel in order to operate the model. does the public really understand the difference between the terms \" avian influenza \" and \" pandemic influenza \"? do they know how avian and pandemic influenzas are spread? are they familiar with simple ways to prepare for influenza? this tool is both a resource for local health departments to educate their communities and a self - study for persons who wish to increase their own knowledge and awareness. this tool includes a pdf of the \u201c complete presentation guide \u201d which includes the powerpoint presentation with speaker ' s notes, pre - and post - tests, suggested handouts, and interactive activities. word documents are available for the pre - and post - test and evaluation. | montgomery county advanced practice center | | risk communication | | word ; pdf | | reference / guides | | english | | 5 / 20 / 2011 11 : 05 am | | ian goldstein | < br > prepare for an emergency by equipping first responders with the medication they need to safely respond to a biological incident or other public health disaster. protect first responders while cutting down on response time. the bio - pack toolkit demonstrates an effective model of medication prepositioning implemented in montgomery county, md. < br > < br > | montgomery county advanced practice center | | mass medical countermeasures ; workforce | | hostedvideo | | reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 13 / 2012 4 : 56 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc2005681 | \u2022 demonstrate an effective model of medication prepositioning for first responders through bio - packs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5366806813784607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d86136fc-8941-4e92-bfcc-62b262a4f812>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.442575"}
{"text": "pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc2005681 | \u2022 demonstrate an effective model of medication prepositioning for first responders through bio - packs. \u2022 highlight challenges of medication prepositioning, including implementation, screening, purchase, storage, and dispensing. < br > foster relationships with community partners and incorporate volunteers into local preparedness and response. this toolkit was developed to help hospitals and public health agencies integrate volunteer support into hospital inpatient, emergency department, and incident response operations through deployment of just - in - time training ( jitt ) and exercise curricula. < br > < br > | mesa county advanced practice center | | partnerships and collaborations ; volunteer management | | website ; podcast | | reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 14 / 2012 10 : 21 am | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20102192 | \u2022 refine medical surge tools in a way that will enhance partnership - building. \u2022 make the use of medical and non - medical volunteers in public health and hospital activities more efficient. \u2022 simplify exercises and just - in - time training. \u2022 provide tools for volunteer management and integration into hospitals. \u2022 communities will develop a local committee that coordinates emergency preparedness and response planning efforts among the communities \u2019 stakeholders. \u2022 a homeland security exercise and evaluation program ( hseep ) - compliant training and exercise program will be created. this program will develop a jurisdiction ' s target capabilities and make the most use of limited resources. \u2022 the hospital, volunteer organization, and local public health agency will be prepared to use volunteers in a surge situation and agree on how to integrate them into hospital operations. \u2022 the local hospital or medical center will have a joint commission - compliant emergency operations plan ( eop ) that is up - to - date. < br > a continuity of operations plan ( coop ) facilitates the performance of a health department ' s functions during a public health emergency or other situation which may interrupt normal services. < br > < br > this tip sheet guides local health departments through the second phase of coop planning, the process of identifying critical functions and services. < br > < br > | montgomery county advanced practice center | | continuity of operations planning | | word | | reference / guides ; training | | english | | 3 / 14 / 2012 12 : 01 pm | | susan wherley |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4879712015971097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d86136fc-8941-4e92-bfcc-62b262a4f812>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.447150"}
{"text": ". < br > < br > | montgomery county advanced practice center | | continuity of operations planning | | word | | reference / guides ; training | | english | | 3 / 14 / 2012 12 : 01 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20071696 | \u2022 identify critical day - to - day services of the local health department that will need to continue to ensure uninterrupted performance during a wide spectrum of emergency events or disasters. < br > building a public health community of practice \u2013 a biosurveillance resource compendium is a cd toolkit intended to help public health agencies implement an effective, comprehensive biosurveillance program. providing approximately 40 resources, the cd includes a series of articles on implementing biosurveillance initiatives, materials defining and discussing the development of a public health community of practice, specific examples of real - world tools and resources that have proven beneficial in north texas ( including system response protocols ), and a research report on biosurveillance system efficacy. < br > < br > | tarrant county advanced practice center | | biosurveillance, disease detection, and investigation | | cd | | reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 14 / 2012 3 : 58 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20081484 | \u2022 help public health agencies strengthen partnerships with stakeholders at the federal, state and local levels and with the medical community, law enforcement, first responders, and schools. < br > learn about public health preparedness issues such as isolation and quarantine, workforce activation / surge, vulnerable populations planning, risk communications, and pandemic influenza preparedness with tools directed towards local health departments ( lhds ), businesses, and community agencies. < br > < br > | seattle & king county advanced practice center | | risk communication | | cd | | training | | english | | 3 / 14 / 2012 3 : 55 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20091746 | build, strengthen, and carry out emergency response strategies in : \u2022 vulnerable and at - risk populations \u2022 risk communication \u2022 pandemic flu \u2022 healthcare response \u2022 isolation and quarantine \u2022 community and partner engagement < br > help businesses, government agencies,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5007240435723964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d86136fc-8941-4e92-bfcc-62b262a4f812>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.450860"}
{"text": "build, strengthen, and carry out emergency response strategies in : \u2022 vulnerable and at - risk populations \u2022 risk communication \u2022 pandemic flu \u2022 healthcare response \u2022 isolation and quarantine \u2022 community and partner engagement < br > help businesses, government agencies, and community - based organizations in your jurisdiction with pandemic flu planning efforts. < br > < br > this 20 - minute video profiles leaders from a variety of organizations as they prepare for the consequences of an influenza pandemic. < br > < br > | seattle & king county advanced practice center | | pandemic influenza preparedness ; risk communication | | hostedvideo ; pdf | | reference / guides ; training ; templates | | english | | 3 / 14 / 2012 4 : 31 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20081323 | \u2022 prevent and prepare for pandemic influenza in your community by working with local businesses, government agencies, and organizations. < br > partner with community emergency response team ( cert ) trainers in your jurisdiction to provide them with pandemic h1n1 influenza training resources. increase awareness of the threat of a pandemic influenza and its impact on the community and give cert participants the education and tools needed to increase preventive health behaviors and limit the spread of the pandemic influenza virus. | santa clara county advanced practice center, revised by the san francisco bay area advanced practice center | | workforce | | cd ; hostedvideo | | training ; reference / guides ; checklists | | english ; asl ( sign ) ; french ; hmong ; spanish | | 10 / 25 / 2012 1 : 41 pm | | ian goldstein | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20091779 | \u2022 describe the differences between seasonal, avian, and pandemic h1n1 influenza \u2022 identify steps of how to prepare a household for pandemic influenza. \u2022 describe the function of certs and potential roles during an influenza pandemic. \u2022 learn how to use personal protective equipment ( ppe ) for certs. < br > avoid congestion, crowding, and confusion by quickly creating an accurate model that will provide assistance with planning for a public health vaccination or dispensing clinic. this tool can be used either in the advance planning stages or for immediate support during an actual event. the computer model is designed to assist in planning a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48454945021041496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d86136fc-8941-4e92-bfcc-62b262a4f812>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.452185"}
{"text": "that will provide assistance with planning for a public health vaccination or dispensing clinic. this tool can be used either in the advance planning stages or for immediate support during an actual event. the computer model is designed to assist in planning a clinic with improved efficiency and performance while enlightening the planners on what to expect in the event of an outbreak. < br > < br > | montgomery county advanced practice center | | mass medical countermeasures | | website | | reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 21 / 2012 5 : 04 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc2008258 | \u2022 create mathematical and simulation models of mass dispensing and vaccination clinics ( also known as points of dispensing or pods ). \u2022 develop decision support tools to help emergency preparedness planners plan clinics that have enough capacity to serve residents quickly while avoiding unnecessary congestion. < br > the closed pod partnerships : train the trainer website is designed for businesses, faith - based and community - based organizations, higher education institutions ( colleges and universities ) and federal agencies that are interested in partnering with their local health department as closed points of dispensing ( pods ) for mass dispensing of antibiotics to employees, family members and / or clients in the event of a large scale infectious disease emergency. this resource includes self - guided online training modules, forms, templates, fact sheets, planning resources, checklists, and information useful for staff setting up and working a closed pod. < br > < br > | san francisco bay area advanced practice center | | partnerships and collaborations | | website | | reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 22 / 2012 1 : 20 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20101780 | \u2022 learn how a closed point of dispensing ( pod ) works. \u2022 set up and activate a closed pod. \u2022 conduct just - in - time training for closed pod staff. < br > tabletop exercises are one of the strategies that the public health workforce can use to convene and engage their community partners. this resource provides state and local public health entities with information and guidance on the key ingredients to consider when developing and facilitating a bioterrorism tabletop exercise. | dekalb county board of health advanced practice center, revised by the san francisco bay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5069541907826155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d86136fc-8941-4e92-bfcc-62b262a4f812>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.453838"}
{"text": "this resource provides state and local public health entities with information and guidance on the key ingredients to consider when developing and facilitating a bioterrorism tabletop exercise. | dekalb county board of health advanced practice center, revised by the san francisco bay area advanced practice center | | workforce | | pdf | | training ; reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 22 / 2012 1 : 34 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc200567 | \u2022 set goals. \u2022 select a coordinator, a facilitator, and participants. \u2022 develop the scenario and questions. \u2022 address logistical issues. < br > provide child care providers with the knowledge and skills to develop a continuity of operations plan ( coop ) for emergency events, specifically an h1n1 influenza pandemic. this tool includes a trainer outline, notes, handouts, and powerpoint presentations. the training can be used by local health departments or other community service agencies to help prepare the child care community for emergency events. | montgomery county advanced practice center | | workforce | | pdf | | training | | english | | 3 / 22 / 2012 1 : 57 pm | | susan wherley | | emergency response planning for child care providers | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20091732 | \u2022 describe the purpose and components of a continuity of operations plan ( coop ). \u2022 recall the response sequence for children or staff with pandemic flu symptoms. \u2022 identify local, state, and national resources for keeping up - to - date on pandemic flu and other emergency information. < br > this training program guides medical reserve corps ( mrc ) volunteer candidates through various topics that conform to the mrc core competencies matrix. the tool covers various topics, including disaster preparedness, universal precautions, the health insurance portability and accountability act ( hipaa ), and other topics essential for the proper training of volunteers. the cd - rom includes resource links, videos, a course map, and exercises for self - assessment. < br > < br > | tarrant county advanced practice center | | workforce | | hostedvideo ; powerpoint | | training ; other ; reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 22 / 2012 4 : 44 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20091728 | \u2022", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47341045068656934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d86136fc-8941-4e92-bfcc-62b262a4f812>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.455350"}
{"text": "other ; reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 22 / 2012 4 : 44 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20091728 | \u2022 domain 1 : health, safety, and preparedness \u2022 domain 2 : roles and responsibilities of volunteers \u2022 domain 3 : introduction to public health \u2022 domains 2 & 3 : shared content < br > this toolkit is intended to serve as a resource to help you develop a plan for family assistance services that can be applied to all hazards. it contains four sections related to developing a family assistance center ( fac ) plan : prepare to plan, components of plan, role of federal partners, and training resources. < br > < br > | seattle & king county advanced practice center | | partnerships and collaborations | | website | | 3 / 23 / 2012 1 : 58 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20102208 | \u2022 understand the context and rationale for operating family assistance centers ( facs ) during mass - casualty or mass - fatality incidents. \u2022 identify the principles that should guide the operations of a fac. \u2022 develop a plan for a fac, including strategies for addressing the behavioral health needs of families. this crisis communications guide and checklist, created by the montgomery county advanced practice center, is to assist public health planners in the preparation for a public health emergency by equipping them with the knowledge and understanding of basic crisis communications components. the 2001 anthrax crisis is used to illustrate key components of the ideas discussed. approximately 30 pages long and available in pdf format, this guide is divided into three sections : a literature review ; a quick guide that summarizes key points from the relevant literature ; and, a checklist for message development / evaluation. | montgomery county advanced practice center | | risk communication | | pdf | | reference / guides | | english | | 5 / 20 / 2011 11 : 05 am | | ian goldstein | the crisis, emergency, and risk ( cerc ) toolkit evolved from santa clara county ' s increased understanding and recognition of the need to build a strong operational framework for emergency public communication activities. toolkit materials are predicated on \" lessons learned \" from actual events and best practices from the numerous trainings, drills, tabletops and exercises in which we have been participants and / or facilitators. the goal of the cerc tool", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.448413932975485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d86136fc-8941-4e92-bfcc-62b262a4f812>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.457733"}
{"text": "toolkit materials are predicated on \" lessons learned \" from actual events and best practices from the numerous trainings, drills, tabletops and exercises in which we have been participants and / or facilitators. the goal of the cerc toolkit is to provide information and materials to other public health departments and assist in the development and organization of public information activities. the ultimate goal is for all public health departments to be better prepared in order to communicate efficiently and effectively in a public health emergency. | santa clara county advanced practice center | | risk communication | | website | | reference / guides | | english | | 5 / 20 / 2011 11 : 05 am | | ian goldstein | the guide to multi - jurisdictional collaborations is a resource for leaders in public health emergency preparedness who seek answers about their community ' s capacity to respond to disasters. this guide provides examples of laws, inter - jurisdictional cooperation agreements, collaborations, policies, practices, and procedures. additionally, the guide addresses various formal and informal means to develop agreements, potential legal issues these agreements may generate, and the benefits and liabilities governments and their agents may reasonably expect when entering into such agreements. | western new york public health alliance advanced practice center | | partnerships and collaborations | | pdf | | reference / guides | | english | | 1 / 10 / 2011 9 : 47 am | | ian goldstein | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20091690 | < br > this module provides an engaging educational experience that simulates field - based decisions related to environmental health issues for two scenarios : a major flood and a chemical spill caused by a train derailment. < br > < br > | twin cities metro advanced practice center, revised by the mesa county advanced practice center | | environmental health emergency preparedness | | cd ; podcast | | training ; reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 23 / 2012 4 : 41 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20091722 | after reading the background information, choose which scenario you want to complete. playing the role of an environmental health professional, answer questions about how you would address a variety of issues that you encounter during the disaster. after answering each question, you earn points based on the relative correctness of your decision, given the three choices available in each situation. you also receive feedback explaining the merits or drawbacks of the possible answer answers. at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4585138647475282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d86136fc-8941-4e92-bfcc-62b262a4f812>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.460929"}
{"text": "encounter during the disaster. after answering each question, you earn points based on the relative correctness of your decision, given the three choices available in each situation. you also receive feedback explaining the merits or drawbacks of the possible answer answers. at the end of each scenario, you obtain your final score and can review the questions and feedback. < br > design and conduct a full - scale disaster exercise using a dvd - based interactive training course designed to assist public health and emergency management professionals. the dvd includes video footage that details tarrant county ' s full - scale dirty bomb disaster drill. the tool also includes an interactive training manual as well as a chapter - based lecture series focused on the design and evaluation components of a public health exercise. < br > < br > | tarrant county advanced practice center | | chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive preparedness | | dvd ; hostedvideo ; pdf | | exercises ; training | | english | | 3 / 26 / 2012 2 : 29 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc2005272 | \u2022 identify the basic components of a field functional exercise for public health. \u2022 compare a field functional exercise to drills, tabletops, full - scale exercises, and top offs. \u2022 set performance expectations and scale the exercise to include budget considerations. \u2022 plan a field functional exercise. \u2022 define key collaboration and partnerships including required expertise and level of experience. < br > discover the process for utilizing pharmacies as medication dispensing and vaccination sites during emergencies by building effective partnerships between local health departments and community pharmacists. this toolkit contains four sections related to developing effective and sustainable medication dispensing strategies : background, planning, activation & operation, and policy & legal. a user guide and table top exercise are also available on the website. < br > < br > | seattle & king county advanced practice center | | partnerships and collaborations ; mass medical countermeasures | | website | | 3 / 26 / 2012 2 : 53 pm | | susan wherley | | a prescription for preparedness : an online community for local health departments and pharmacists to help ready america for emergencies | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20102206 | \u2022 document the process for developing collaborative drug therapy agreements and memoranda of understanding between local health departments ( lhds ) and ph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5029464915419103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d86136fc-8941-4e92-bfcc-62b262a4f812>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.464639"}
{"text": "http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20102206 | \u2022 document the process for developing collaborative drug therapy agreements and memoranda of understanding between local health departments ( lhds ) and pharmacists / their organizations to utilize pharmacies as medication dispensing and vaccination sites during emergency events. \u2022 document a medication and vaccine distribution strategy that involves partnering between lhds and pharmacy organizations for responding to emergency events. \u2022 identify opportunities and challenges in working with community pharmacists for emergency preparedness and response. < br > for this training module, environmental health professionals from around the country shared how they dealt with actual disasters and emergencies. their real - world stories \u2013 through which they share valuable tips, techniques, and lessons learned \u2013 will guide you through the preparation, response, and recovery stages of emergencies and disasters. | twin cities metro advanced practice center | | environmental health emergency preparedness | | website | | reference / guides | | english | | 4 / 17 / 2012 3 : 52 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc2007968 | after completing this module, you will be able to apply the eight environmental health core competencies based on the insights gained and lessons learned by environmental health professionals in dealing with actual emergences and disasters. < br > during a public health emergency, time, accuracy, and data collection are essential in medical clinics. one way to improve results is through the use of an electronic medical screening tool. emedcheck, an ongoing project with the university of maryland, is a medical screening tool used on iphone / ipad, blackberry, or palm pda. two medical screening tools have been developed : one for a cities readiness initiative ( cri ) anthrax scenario and a second for a hepatitis a outbreak. < br > < br > | montgomery county advanced practice center | | partnerships and collaborations | | website | | 3 / 26 / 2012 4 : 20 pm | | susan wherley | | a prescription for preparedness : an online community for local health departments and pharmacists to help ready america for emergencies ; developing effective and sustainable medication dispensing strategies | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20101004 | \u2022 decrease the amount of time spent on patient registration and screening. \u2022 improve the accuracy of medication allocation to patients. \u2022 serve as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47831406492839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d86136fc-8941-4e92-bfcc-62b262a4f812>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.469649"}
{"text": "| | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20101004 | \u2022 decrease the amount of time spent on patient registration and screening. \u2022 improve the accuracy of medication allocation to patients. \u2022 serve as a data collection system. the santa clara county public health department advanced practice center created the emergency dark site toolkit : a toolkit on how to build, use and maintain an emergency dark site for public health emergencies. this toolkit is intended to serve local health departments in setting up a public health department emergency dark site - - a static web page used to post critical public health emergency messages when a server goes down. the santa clara county apc, in conjunction with stanford university and google, tested their newly created dark site during the april 2009 h1n1 outbreak. due to an overwhelming number of web hits, the santa clara county public health department ' s server went down, resulting in the activation of their dark site. when the site was activated, the public information officer had a new tool to manage the public demand for h1n1 information. the emergency dark site toolkit : a toolkit on how to build, use and maintain an emergency dark site for public health emergencies includes step - by - step instructions to build your own emergency dark site for public health emergencies. insert the cd into your computer or download the program and follow the interactive menus to view the simple instructions. | santa clara county advanced practice center | | risk communication | | cd | | reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 8 / 2012 5 : 01 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20091949 | the emergency dispensing site action plan template ( version 1. 5 ) is an all - hazards post - exposure prophylaxis response plan capable of addressing a range of public health threats. this planning template lays out a process for planning, opening, operating, and closing an emergency dispensing site ( eds ) or dispensing vaccination center ( dvc ). it also includes critical plan elements, such as job action sheets and incident response forms. | cambridge advanced practice center | | mass medical countermeasures | | word ; pdf | | reference / guides ; templates | | english | | 5 / 20 / 2011 11 : 00 am | | ian goldstein | < br > this tool includes a series of pictograms designed to facilitate communication and promote", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4647341747325552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d86136fc-8941-4e92-bfcc-62b262a4f812>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.476901"}
{"text": "| word ; pdf | | reference / guides ; templates | | english | | 5 / 20 / 2011 11 : 00 am | | ian goldstein | < br > this tool includes a series of pictograms designed to facilitate communication and promote universal access to emergency dispensing site services and other mass care services. please note that this tool is currently being revised and a new version will be released in 2012. | cambridge advanced practice center, revised by the multnomah county advanced practice center | | mass medical countermeasures | | cd | | templates ; training | | english | | 4 / 16 / 2012 4 : 50 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20071675 | the signs were developed in collaboration with local and state public health professionals, and experts in universal design and accessibility. the signs are large, high contrast pictograms of station activities, accompanied by simple, one - word descriptions in english and spanish. this tool has been created to help participants gain knowledge and skills to work at a emergency dispensing site ( eds ) in order to increase the efficiency, effectiveness and speed of a universally accessible emergency mass prophylaxis operation. this training approach is well suited for an audience of local public health and mrc volunteers who are leaders either within their departments or in their communities. teach your volunteers how to use job action sheets, work within the chain of command, trouble - shoot bottle necks, and identify client barriers to service. the two complementary trainings included in this pdf tool are : 1. eds 1 : the mechanics of an eds 2. eds 2 : facilitating clients through an eds | cambridge advanced practice center | | mass medical countermeasures | | pdf | | training ; reference / guides | | english | | 5 / 20 / 2011 11 : 01 am | | ian goldstein | < br > download a quick reference guide to provide step - by - step emergency information to food managers and other supervisory personnel at food service establishments. the handbook addresses both naturally - occurring and man - made emergencies. | twin cities metro advanced practice center, revised by the mesa county advanced practice center | | environmental health emergency preparedness | | pdf | | reference / guides ; checklists | | english | | 3 / 26 / 2012 4 : 52 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc2005268", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47900506597344605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d86136fc-8941-4e92-bfcc-62b262a4f812>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.483300"}
{"text": "yes, it ' s protect your groundwater day! here is some information from the national ground water association : everyone can and should do something to protect groundwater. why? we all have a stake in maintaining its quality and quantity. - for starters, 95 percent of all available freshwater comes from aquifers underground. being a good steward of groundwater just makes sense. - not only that, most surface water bodies are connected to groundwater so how you impact groundwater matters. - furthermore, many public water systems draw all or part of their supply from groundwater, so protecting the resource protects the public water supply and impacts treatment costs. - if you own a well to provide water for your family, farm, or business, groundwater protection is doubly important. as a well owner, you are the manager of your own water system. protecting groundwater will help reduce risks to your water supply. groundwater protectionthere are two fundamental categories of groundwater protection : - keeping it safe from contamination - using it wisely by not wasting it. before examining what you can do to protect groundwater, however, you should know that sometimes the quality and safety of groundwater is affected by substances that occur naturally in the environment. \" when the well is dry, we learn the worth of water. \" - - attributed to several, including ben franklin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46547990758784796, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0193c9e-65ff-4c6d-8d49-b815853e69ba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.489862"}
{"text": "new ideas and information have emerged recently that hold great promise for enhancing the impact of current prevention efforts. \" prevention is the best treatment \" is an oft - cited maxim, and one that certainly applies to drug abuse. anyone who can be influenced to avoid abusing drugs is spared their harmful health and social effects, including increased risk for lethal infections, family disruption and job loss, confusion and despair, the difficult struggle of treatment, and - - for many - - the ravages of addiction and the ordeal of climbing back after relapse. from society ' s point of view, drug abuse prevention helps keep a tremendous burden - - related to disease and premature death, lost capacity for productive work, and crime - - from being even worse. the bulk of current interventions to prevent drug abuse fall mainly into two groups. one set is designed to reduce risk factors associated with higher likelihood of drug abuse and increase protective factors associated with lower likelihood of drug abuse. when implemented in conformity with proven prevention principles ( see \" risk and protective factors in drug abuse prevention \" ), this strategy, the product of more than a decade of research and clinical experience, is effective and inclusive enough to apply to most populations. moreover, researchers continue to learn more about how risk and protective factors relate, and practitioners are ever more adept at applying this knowledge. these efforts will continue to yield incrementally - - perhaps even dramatically - - higher impact interventions well into the future. nonetheless, there are limitations to the risk - and - protective - factors strategy. one feature that ultimately limits its impact, for example, is the nature of the factors themselves. they tend to be fundamental or deeply entrenched characteristics or experiences of a person, family, or community. some are hidden, such as sexual victimization ; others are prominent in society, such as adolescent depression or ready access to drugs of abuse. as a result, traditional risk factors generally can be modified only by relatively broad and long - term interventions. certain factors may not be susceptible to modification, such as a genetic predisposition to risk - taking. in addition, for the most part, traditional risk factors pertain to an individual ' s vulnerability to drug abuse, rather than the actual choice to use drugs. as important as it is to lower vulnerability, on a given day, even someone with a relatively low vulnerability may opt to use drugs. the second important group of preventive interventions complements and extends the risk - and - protective - factors strategy by focusing on the dynamic of situations, beliefs, motives,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5195226878915999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a72afef-1b49-4a66-af35-1363aa68e3d7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.505919"}
{"text": "a given day, even someone with a relatively low vulnerability may opt to use drugs. the second important group of preventive interventions complements and extends the risk - and - protective - factors strategy by focusing on the dynamic of situations, beliefs, motives, reasoning and reactions that enter into the choice to abuse or not to abuse drugs. important applications of this strategy include normative education to refute the common belief that \" everyone takes drugs, \" and equipping young people with the skills to refuse drug offers without feeling they are losing face. this strategy is full of untapped promise, and today likely offers the best prospects for rapid development of more effective prevention. a few of the many issues whose elucidation may yield improved interventions include why even very young children tend to expect positive experiences from drugs ; how individuals ' styles for processing language and visual images affect drug - taking decisions ; the roles of curiosity and impulsivity in such decisions ; and what logical processes people typically follow when deciding to use or not use drugs. a recent dramatic finding in neurobiological research may greatly increase our understanding of adolescent decisionmaking and our ability to help adolescents choose wisely regarding drug abuse. scientists have long suspected that the adolescent brain is still developing physically, and researchers have now demonstrated that new neural tissue and connections continue to form throughout the transitional years between childhood and adulthood. further investigation of this growth process undoubtedly will yield important insights relevant to some of the cognitive issues affecting the appeal of drugs and drug - taking decisions. the impact on drug abuse prevention could be tremendous, especially in light of the fact that adolescence often is a critical period for initiation of drug abuse. most chronic drug abusers start experimenting with intoxication in adolescence or young adulthood. while populations are constantly changing - - and while prescription drug abuse by older individuals today is a serious and mounting concern - - it remains generally true that people who do not abuse drugs during the decisive years before age 25 are unlikely ever to develop a serious drug problem. it remains generally true that people who do not abuse drugs during the decisive years before age 25 are unlikely ever to develop a serious drug problem. a tighter focus on decisionmaking regarding drug abuse should enable us to progress in a vitally important area : preventing escalation from early, experimental drug use to regular use, abuse, and addiction. we know that fewer than 10 percent of people who experiment with drugs become dependent or addicted. we also know that some of the factors that influence whether a person will become dependent or addicted are independent of the factors that influence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5301566197419469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a72afef-1b49-4a66-af35-1363aa68e3d7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.510045"}
{"text": "use, abuse, and addiction. we know that fewer than 10 percent of people who experiment with drugs become dependent or addicted. we also know that some of the factors that influence whether a person will become dependent or addicted are independent of the factors that influence whether he or she will initiate drug abuse. for example, research has suggested that, perhaps because of their particular brain chemistry, some individuals dislike the agitation cocaine can produce more than they like the euphoria it brings - - and so discontinue use after their initial experimentation. interventions based upon such factors may curtail drug abuse before it reaches critical severity and thereby forestall most of its truly tragic health and social consequences. nida ' s prevention agenda is to aggressively pursue research on risk and protective factors while also seeking to identify, develop, and integrate new science - based approaches into existing prevention programs. to accomplish these goals, nida recently launched the three - part drug abuse prevention research initiative. ( see \" nida conference reviews advances in prevention science, announces new national research initiative. \" ) basic researchers will mine new neurobiological and other fundamental research discoveries for prevention applications. basic, clinical, and applied researchers and practitioners will work together in transdisciplinary prevention research centers to synthesize knowledge from all the relevant scientific fields into powerful new prevention packages. researchers and state and local practitioners will collaborate in community multisite prevention trials to rapidly assess proposed new prevention approaches and interventions in diverse communities and populations. exciting moments in science occur when the gradual accumulation of knowledge suddenly gives rise to new perspectives with the promise of new solutions to problems of living. in the area of drug abuse prevention, this is such a moment, and nida is moving swiftly to take full advantage of its potential.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5174585455918914, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a72afef-1b49-4a66-af35-1363aa68e3d7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.512564"}
{"text": "skokie ' s howard bergman is among more than 14, 000 people from 60 countries who have used the united states holocaust memorial museum ' s international tracing service to access information about holocaust - era histories. the collection of more than 150 million digital images of documentation, in vaults in bad arolsen, germany, was established by allied powers to help reunite families and trace missing people after world war ii. the museum led an effort to open the archives in 2007 in response to the frustration of holocaust survivors seeking information about their loved ones, said andrew hollinger, museum spokesman. the archive is overseen by an 11 - nation commission and administered by the international committee of the red cross. like bergman, many searchers have received copies of documents recorded by the nazis but sealed from the public for decades, such as prison cards, transportation documents and camp entry cards. in many cases, names and details were meticulously transcribed by the nazis. to help people find information online, the museum has partnered with ancestry. com to build what ' s touted as the largest online resource on holocaust victims. trained museum researchers handle database search requests at no charge and use other museum collections to seek further information. search times vary depending on the complexity of the search, though priority is given to survivors and their families. to request a search, go to ushmm. org / its. anyone who has documents, photographs or other materials to donate to the museum ' s collection is asked to contact susan snyder at email @ example. com or call 202 - 488 - 0430. \u2014 amanda marrazzo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40145497524831575, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f956780-a884-4ad7-a2e3-d5c0b108c53e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.518173"}
{"text": "researchers at stanford university have brought about a unique marriage between computer chips and living cells that could greatly accelerate everything from tests for new drugs to screening for diseases such as leukemia. the basic living element in every organism is the cell. humans have at least 100 trillion of them, all designed to carry out various bodily functions. each cell is a complex bag of enzymes and chemicals surrounded by a spherical membrane, and how a cell reproduces and works with other cells determines how efficiently the organism performs. scientists have struggled for years to understand the cell and especially the membrane that seems to control most of the crucial functions, but they have been hampered by the difficulty of growing cells in a laboratory culture for research. a decade ago, stanford researchers developed artificial membranes that were so like the real thing that living cells could be tricked into attaching themselves to them. two years ago, graduate student jay t. groves learned something interesting when he pulled a pair of tweezers through one of the artificial membranes. the parts separated permanently. he also found that he could manipulate the different parts by applying an electrical current. about that time, nick ulman, an electrical engineer, joined groves ' research group, headed by chemistry professor steven g. boxer. ulman brought with him an understanding of microelectronics. the researchers discovered that the electric field generated by a tiny microchip could be used to separate the artificial membrane into tiny squares, which they called \" corrals. \" the corrals were so small that millions occupied an area no bigger than a fingernail. that gave the researchers something they had never had before : a means of isolating, cataloging and manipulating millions of cell membranes simultaneously. \" it ' s a little bit like having a parking lot with assigned spaces, \" boxer says. if you leave your car in an unmarked parking lot at the airport, he says, you may be lucky to find it again. but if each parking space has a number, it becomes much simpler. \" ultimately, you can say i ' ve got a ferrari in spot 2a, and i ' ve got a volkswagen over in space 3d, \" boxer says. similarly, living cells can be \" tricked \" into attaching themselves to individual membranes. that is done by modifying the surface of each membrane. \" if you wax a car, after you wax it, water beads up on the surface, \" boxer says. \" before waxing, the water just runs off. that ' s an example of modifying the properties of the surface such that water associates differently with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5252542372707109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25d0a31b-a38a-423e-a508-770337d9c34f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.527059"}
{"text": "wax a car, after you wax it, water beads up on the surface, \" boxer says. \" before waxing, the water just runs off. that ' s an example of modifying the properties of the surface such that water associates differently with the surface. \" one potential use is for cell screening for leukemia patients. some of the membranes on the chip could be \" seeded \" with proteins that bind to different kinds of cells. by flooding a glass plate embedded with chips with blood from the patient, the cells would attach themselves to designated areas, thus revealing how many cells of different types are present, and possibly even how well they are performing. joseph a. zasadzinski, professor of chemical engineering at uc santa barbara, who has analyzed the stanford research, sees many potential applications. it could pave the way for a pharmaceutical researcher to \" try 50 million different things \" at the same time, zasadzinski says. \" right now, you grow cells in culture and you see which ones die, and that ' s very slow. here you can imagine 20, 000 little plates in a square inch, and each one of them you can tweak a slightly different way. \" it could greatly increase the rate of testing for new drugs for viruses, he says, because the experiments could be repeated millions of times in a tightly controlled and manipulable environment. others see it leading to a test for aids in which thousands of blood tests could be conducted in the time it now takes to do just one. the heart of the system is the computer chip. \" that ' s where the ultimate power of this comes in, \" boxer says. \" the same technology that ' s used to make integrated circuits, computer chips, is also being used to design a biocompatible surface. \" that has led to a bit of unwelcome fallout, he adds. the researchers are constantly asked if they are on the road to the ultimate marriage between computers and living cells - - the bionic man. boxer flinches at the suggestion. this is such a tiny step, he says, that it ' s ludicrous to think of it in those terms. still, some see this as one more step toward creating computer - based biological systems. \" if you can optimize this, you can get a nice bio - sensor out of it, \" zasadzinski says. \" but it would be hard to imagine any sort of bionic man for an awful long time. \" he says he is more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5272238824572817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25d0a31b-a38a-423e-a508-770337d9c34f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.529842"}
{"text": "with the insurance institute for highway safety reporting a record 1. 5 million vehicle strikes against wildlife annually, animals are forced to circumnavigate a daily procession of cars, trucks, suv \u2019 s and more, barreling down highways that run through habitats in man - made surroundings which in no way resemble their own. road mortality, according to the u. s. department of transportation, is a serious threat to 21 federally listed threatened or endangered species, and a state farm insurance study determined there were 2. 4 million collisions between deer and vehicles between july 1, 2007 and june 30, 2009 alone. the study further revealed that a collision between animal and vehicle happens somewhere in this country every 26 seconds. in addition to deer, the vehicular slaughter of elk, moose, bears, bighorn sheep, small mammals, reptiles and amphibians make up the grisly statistics, with the human toll approximated at 200 fatalities and 29, 000 injuries each year according to the federal highway administration. property damage from these strikes has been listed by the insurance institute for highway safety at more than $ 1. 1 billion per year. meeting what at one time seemed like an insurmountable challenge to the varied agendas of commercial and recreational drivers, federal and local government, conservationists, highway engineers and members of native american nations, many states have embarked on odysseys to build a series of bridges, culverts and tunnels for animals, or aptly named \" wildlife crossings. \" these structures, often with fences that act as guidelines to direct wildlife to the crossings, mitigate the effects of the built environment and promote safety and survival by routing animals around, over and / or under roads and highways. predicated on early models in austria, switzerland, the netherlands, canada, slovenia and france, with france at the forefront of many of these structures since the 1950s, wildlife crossings now exist in various forms throughout the u. s. species and statistics dr. patricia cramer, research assistant professor at utah state university, worked with principle investigator dr. john bissonette and a team of nine ecologists and engineers on compiling a resource guide for professionals on construction of wildlife crossings : \u201c evaluation of the use and effectiveness of wildlife crossings. \u201d surveying more than 400 professionals throughout the u. s. and canada to find there are now more than 700 terrestrial underpasses, 9 overpasses and more than 10, 000 aquatic passages in 46 states and most canadian provinces, cramer noted that florida is \u201c the leader in multiple crossings for multiple species, \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43249797223055364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d07ca5b-18bd-462a-9b0a-c99ec09bd046>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.547189"}
{"text": "canada to find there are now more than 700 terrestrial underpasses, 9 overpasses and more than 10, 000 aquatic passages in 46 states and most canadian provinces, cramer noted that florida is \u201c the leader in multiple crossings for multiple species, \u201d but that a 10 - year project nearing completion in montana \u2014 the u. s. highway 93 project \u2014 is a \u201c shining star study \u201d of wildlife crossing construction and \u201c a collaborative process ( she ) really value ( s ). \u201d confluence of creeds and crossings to that end, in western montana, an infamous bumper sticker reading, \u201c pray for me, i drive u. s. 93 \u201d reflects a treacherous drive along a 55 - mile stretch of roadway. extending from arizona to canada, the two - lane u. s. 93 enters montana from idaho at lost trail pass and continues through missoula, kalispell, the flathead indian reservation and along the western shore of flathead lake before entering canada. described by many as \u201c montana \u2019 s most dangerous two - lane highway, \u201d u. s. 93 is heavily traveled by local, commercial and recreational vehicles. in 1989, the montana department of transportation ( mdt ) initiated a plan to expand u. s. 93 into a four - lane highway to decrease fatalities which were determined, in the course of a 20 - year study, to occur primarily during passing. at that time, the confederated salish and kootenai tribes ( cskt ) strongly opposed the plan, citing \u201c concerns about their natural, cultural, recreational and scenic resources \u201d along the large segment of highway that crossed the flathead indian reservation. according to reports, the tribes \u201c believed the road expansion would harm their land and its diverse animal population \u2014 from grizzly bears and elk to painted turtles and bullhead trout. \u201d protecting and safeguarding animals is intrinsic to indian culture, observers note, with the continuum of wildlife corridors an integral part of that. \u201c early on, it wasn \u2019 t pretty, \u201d said dale becker, program manager for the cskt wildlife management project, which includes the crossings. cskt studied wildlife crossings in europe and at canada \u2019 s banff national park, the latter of which eventually became a template for them, but initially, becker says, \u201c \u2026 everything we proposed met with real resistance. it was a tough run. we were dealing with great civil engineers, but even mdt and the federal highway administration had not embraced this. we needed a set strategy and a set approach for the three governments. \u201d with cskt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4051316577710993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d07ca5b-18bd-462a-9b0a-c99ec09bd046>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.550828"}
{"text": "with real resistance. it was a tough run. we were dealing with great civil engineers, but even mdt and the federal highway administration had not embraced this. we needed a set strategy and a set approach for the three governments. \u201d with cskt \u2019 s escalating concerns, according to members, \u201c that highway expansion wouldn \u2019 t just add lanes, it would also encourage higher speeds which would increase the number of animals killed by speeding traffic, \u201d the plan stalled for nearly a decade until jones & jones \u2014 a seattle - based architectural, landscape architectural, and planning firm \u2014 was brought in to mitigate what had become a contentious debate. the environmental award - winning firm, known globally for its practiced assimilation of architecture, the environment and wildlife spaces ( \u201c to save wildlife, we must save wild places \u201d is among its slogans ), determined that only the northern quarter of the highway required four lanes, and went on to design upwards of 40 strategic wildlife crossings including small - and large - box culverts, open span bridges and major over - crossings. the structures were created to channel bear, elk, moose, mountain lions, amphibians and waterfowl under and over the highway, according to jones & jones \u2019 whitepaper report. with completion slated for this summer, an 8 - foot stock fence running along the road between crossings diverts animals from the road and into the crossings. pat basting, mdt missoula district biologist who has been involved with the u. s. highway 93 project since shortly after its inception, affirmed that the wildlife crossings have been getting \u201c pretty substantial use by a multitude of species. \u201d a formal monitoring process that will continue for five years will be in place this summer, he added, ascribing \u201c the bulk of the credit to the tribes in maintaining connectivity to wildlife. \u201d panthers and passages in florida, where an estimated 120 panthers remain in the wild, conservationists have been particularly concerned with state road 29 and interstate 75, also called alligator alley, among others. listed as an endangered species since 1967, and though numbers have rebounded considerably in the last two decades ( up from 20 - 30 in 1987 ), the florida panther continues to meet an untimely fate due to vehicle strikes with the loss of 10 individuals in 2008 and 16 ( possibly 17 ) in 2009. \u201c there are not enough resources to protect every linear mile of highway in the state, \u201d said darrell land, panther team leader of the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission. but in areas that have benefitted from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42608715307741807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d07ca5b-18bd-462a-9b0a-c99ec09bd046>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.552200"}
{"text": "16 ( possibly 17 ) in 2009. \u201c there are not enough resources to protect every linear mile of highway in the state, \u201d said darrell land, panther team leader of the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission. but in areas that have benefitted from the construction of wildlife crossings, and in particular a 40 - mile stretch of i - 75 which boasts 36 structures, only two panthers have been lost to collisions in 20 years, he says, noting that 40 miles of fencing also help facilitate passage through the crossings, with an additional 5 miles on sr 29 which traverses i - 75. four crossings also currently exist on highway 1, south of miami and in the vicinity of everglades national park. land explained that in the state whenever a new road is planned, or a proposal for a road upgrade is submitted, wildlife crossings are considered and integrated where possible. wyoming weighs in in lander, wyoming, an arduous research project between wyoming department of transportation ( wydot ) and the state \u2019 s game and fish department, which involved a series of deer migration studies and analysis of vehicle - wildlife collisions over an 8 - year period, resulted in the $ 3. 8 million construction of seven 12 - foot high wildlife underpasses and more than 30 miles of fencing along u. s. highway 30. considered one of the state \u2019 s busiest highways, with the label \u201c world renowned as a bad place for motorist or mule deer, \u201d two - lane highway 30 bisects nugget canyon, the state \u2019 s largest big game winter range, and was known as a \u201c slaughter zone \u201d for 300 - 500 mule deer out of 7, 000 - 10, 000 who crossed the highway annually. since its completion in 2008, the underpasses have reduced fatalities by up to 97 percent according to mark zornes, wildlife management coordinator for the wyoming game and fish department \u2019 s green river region. \u201c it all started in the 1980s with 11 miles of just deer fences, \u201d zornes said, \u201c and we still had significant mortalities. we tried everything on the planet to keep deer off the highway and warn motorists : flashing signs that came on when animals tried to enter and had right of way. nothing worked. \u201d with construction of the wyoming underpasses, also referred to as boxes, not only did mule deer fatalities decrease to 11 last year, but elk, moose, bobcats, badgers, cottontails and other animals have been known to use them successfully. acknowledging mule deer \u2019 s high migratory drive (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4121146320345356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d07ca5b-18bd-462a-9b0a-c99ec09bd046>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.554808"}
{"text": "referred to as boxes, not only did mule deer fatalities decrease to 11 last year, but elk, moose, bobcats, badgers, cottontails and other animals have been known to use them successfully. acknowledging mule deer \u2019 s high migratory drive ( zornes quipped that one can herd mule deer anywhere they want to go ), the state recognized the importance of providing enough underpasses in proportion to miles of fencing. \u201c they will throw themselves into the fence to get to ( winter or summer ) ranges, \u201d zornes explained, adding that if there are enough boxes, and once they figure out where the boxes are, it becomes a part of their migratory route. and with another thriving wildlife crossing in the baggs area ( carbon county ) utilized by 3, 000 mule deer in its first year, wydot is seeking $ 25. 5 million in funding, including stimulus money, to build 25 miles of big game fencing, 10 underpasses and one overpass for pronghorn sheep along u. s. highway 189 south of kemmerer. with montana \u2019 s u. s. highway 93 project garnering the moniker \u201c the road as respectful visitor, \u201d and 46 states transcending the conventional approach to road building with the incorporation of wildlife crossings, proponents say construction no longer has to be construed as destructive, and the right of way ( whose ever it is ) can clearly yield to the right way.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4151794092079234, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d07ca5b-18bd-462a-9b0a-c99ec09bd046>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.555680"}
{"text": "recently, as shoreline landowners in lubec, my wife and i received a letter from acadian seaplants, providing their answers to persistent questions about the harvest of rockweed in cobscook bay and hoping for our support of their efforts when they resume cutting in 2010. because i am a long - time environmental scientist, i did what comes naturally : i looked for scientific information about rockweed and its role in coastal ecosystems. rockweed is one of many \u201c seaweeds \u201d that sustain coastal marine ecosystems throughout the world. the growth of rockweed provides the food and shelter for invertebrates, which are the basis of the food web that sustains higher - level fisheries of coastal maine. rockweed also provides critical nursery habitat for young fish that are attractive to predators. seaweeds are threatened in many areas, disappearing at a rate of 7 percent per year worldwide, according to a recent study published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. one need not look far to see the abandoned sardine factories and codfish fisheries of new england, signs of overexploitation of the marine environment. good management of marine resources should balance catch against annual production, so that the economic livelihood of the sea is sustained for generations. unfortunately, cod and sardines were overharvested in many areas, and those fisheries are now gone. now that we have removed these higher - level fish and some invertebrates, such as sea urchins, the rockweed cutters are focused on the base of the food chain itself. will we allow rockweed to be overharvested as well, so that it declines and disappears from cobscook bay and the surrounding waters? protecting rockweed is important if we are to sustain periwinkle and mussel fisheries, which provide local jobs. so, as an aid to the local economy, we registered our shoreline with downeast coastal conservancy as a \u201c no - harvest \u201d area. acadian seaplants vows that it will not remove more than 17 percent of the annual growth of rockweed \u2014 a level deemed sustainable in studies by r. l. vadas of the biology department at the university of maine. to ensure recovery, dr. vadas also advises not to harvest any area in consecutive years. the other major player, north american kelp of waldoboro, also plans to adhere to a maximum 17 percent harvest, after subtracting biomass that cannot be harvested from protected lands. we can only hope that all those who harvest rockweed will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4362146951749729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5c8d4bf-22f7-4a06-8fe6-b25fa0a42161>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.563704"}
{"text": ". the other major player, north american kelp of waldoboro, also plans to adhere to a maximum 17 percent harvest, after subtracting biomass that cannot be harvested from protected lands. we can only hope that all those who harvest rockweed will comply with the new state regulations passed in june 2009, codifying a maximum 17 percent harvest, because no amount of tax will bring back the rockweed if it disappears from the coast of maine. the best policy would probably be to prohibit the harvest of rockweed, since it sustains the basis of the fish and shellfish industries in this region. even so, it is unclear who has monitored and enforced the past levels of harvest and how accurately any of these parameters can be measured. the marine resources committee will soon hold a workshop to evaluate the success of the regulation of rockweed cutting during the 2009 season. currently, a surcharge on rockweed harvest is earmarked to help pay for monitoring by the commissioner of marine resources. indeed, the current legislation requires that the proper harvest of rockweed must be verified by a third party starting with the 2010 harvest season. done well, these provisions would provide welcome oversight of the rockweed resource and protect its critical role in the coastal marine ecosystem. alternatively, the passing of rockweed would mark the end of the marine fisheries ecosystem \u2014 top to bottom \u2014 within the span of a couple of decades in eastern, coastal maine. william h. schlesinger is president of the cary institute of ecosystem studies in millbrook, n. y. and a shoreline property owner in lubec.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43844676275108213, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5c8d4bf-22f7-4a06-8fe6-b25fa0a42161>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.566534"}
{"text": "if bones from dead deer could talk, they would reveal compelling stories. in late march 1989, snowmobilers reported several dead and frozen deer in a canada falls deer yard near historic pittston farm, 50 miles northwest of greenville. as the state \u2019 s regional wildlife biologist at the time, i investigated the report and found 10 dead deer. curious to know if the deer had died from coyote predation or other natural causes, i broke open the femur ( thigh ) bones with a hatchet to examine the bone marrow. bone marrow of healthy deer resembles the color and consistency of thick hand cream. during late winter, as deer exhaust all remaining energy reserves, their bone marrow turns the color and consistency of red jelly. lethargic deer with swollen faces and visible rib cages are signs of very poor health. red jelly - like bone marrow in eight of 10 deer indicated severe malnutrition. a ninth deer died of a fractured hip caused by bullet fragments. coyotes had eaten the deer based on tracks and scat, but did they kill the deer or merely perform euthanasia on animals weakened by inadequate food and shelter? the question is more relevant today than it was in 1989 because the quality and quantity of deer yards has plummeted since then. winter is the bottleneck of deer survival in northern maine. poor - quality deer - wintering habitat further compromises their survival. coyotes kill healthy deer, but emaciated ones are easy prey in late winter. purchasing deer yards outright or protecting them with conservation easements \u2014 with binding timber harvest regulations \u2014 are the only viable long - term solutions to resolving maine \u2019 s deer woes. many hunters claim that designated deer yards without deer are solely attributable to coyote predation. during the winter of 1989, timber company foresters brought to my attention six designated deer yards without deer in the moosehead lake region. investigations revealed that three of these deer yards had been mistakenly mapped and were subsequently dropped from state regulation. the other three deer wintering areas lacked deer because timber companies had clear - cut around them, creating an island of spruce and fir forest surrounded by three - to four - foot deep snowfields. with no access to neighboring forests, deer abandoned the yards rather than remain vulnerable to coyote predation. one winter evening, a great northern paper company forester surprised me by knocking on my house door. we had spent the day together with his boss, but in the woods he could not talk confidentially with me. he said the deer yard we had surveyed earlier that day supported winter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4561116049850971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bcafd34c-fb30-4a90-8261-199d5d2c1e53>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.599837"}
{"text": "northern paper company forester surprised me by knocking on my house door. we had spent the day together with his boss, but in the woods he could not talk confidentially with me. he said the deer yard we had surveyed earlier that day supported winter deer for as long as he could remember. the forester explained that against his wishes, his boss instructed him to supervise a summer harvesting crew that cut all the timber around the deer yard. he then did something unprecedented and bold. from long cardboard tubes, he extracted forest cover maps showing closely guarded future forestry operations. he proceeded to identify deer yards unknown to the state. he did this because he wanted those areas protected from being clear - cut. he said, \u201c i like hunting deer, and we can work cooperatively with the state to harvest trees and have deer, too. these are not mutually exclusive goals. \u201d the chub pond deer yard in hobbstown, south of jackman, supported deer each winter from the 1940s until the early 1980s when scott paper company clear - cut healthy trees abutting the deer yard, claiming it was a spruce budworm salvage cut. according to a scott forester, also a deer hunter, deer abandoned the yard the following winter. the demise of deer yards is the reason why deer are struggling in northern, western and eastern maine. lawmakers, under increasing pressure to \u201c do something about declining deer numbers, \u201d are considering extending coyote trapping seasons to help the struggling deer population. however, passing ld 372 and other coyote control bills is as misguided as placing a band - aid on a compound fracture. the legislature can enact infinite coyote - control bills, but the deer herd will not recover until the legislature makes deer - yard protection a priority. ron joseph, of camden, is a retired maine wildlife biologist and deer hunter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38067231408883584, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bcafd34c-fb30-4a90-8261-199d5d2c1e53>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.600816"}
{"text": "| matthew henry ' s concise commentary | 3 : 1 - 10 to expect unchanging happiness in a changing world, must end in disappointment. to bring ourselves to our state in life, is our duty and wisdom in this world. god ' s whole plan for the government of the world will be found altogether wise, just, and good. then let us seize the favourable opportunity for every good purpose and work. the time to die is fast approaching. thus labour and sorrow fill the world. this is given us, that we may always have something to do ; none were sent into the world to be idle. verse 8. - a time to love, and a time to hate. this reminds one of the gloss to which our lord refers ( matthew 5 : 43 ), \" ye have heard that it hath been said, thou shalt love thy neighbor, and hate thine enemy, \" the first member being found in the old law ( leviticus 19 : 18 ), the second being a misconception of the spirit which made israel god ' s executioner upon the condemned nations. it was the maxim of bias, quoted by aristotle, ' rhet., ' 2 : 13, that we should love as if about some day to hate, and hate as if about to love. and philo imparts a still more selfish tone to the gnome, when he pronounces ( ' de carit., ' 21, p. 401, mang. ), \" it was well said by them of old, that we ought to deal out friendship without absolutely renouncing enmity, and practice enmity as possibly to turn to friendship. a time of war, and a time of peace. in the previous couplets the infinitive mood of the verb has been used ; in this last hemistich substantives are introduced, as being more concise and better fitted to emphasize the close of the catalogue. the first clause referred specially to the private feelings which one is constrained to entertain towards individuals. the second clause has to do with national concerns, and touches on the statesmanship which discovers the necessity or the opportuneness of war and peace, and acts accordingly. in this and in all the other examples adduced, the lesson intended is this - that man is not independent ; that under all circumstances and relations he is in the hand of a power mightier than himself, which frames time and seasons according to its own good pleasure. god holds the threads of human life ; in some mysterious", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49112698073030187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9ff38dc-f5b1-4183-b6de-cbddc40bf33e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.611508"}
{"text": "this - that man is not independent ; that under all circumstances and relations he is in the hand of a power mightier than himself, which frames time and seasons according to its own good pleasure. god holds the threads of human life ; in some mysterious way directs and controls events ; success and failure are dependent upon his will. there are certain laws which, regulate the issues of actions and events, and man cannot alter these ; his free - will can put them in motion, but they become irresistible when in operation. this is not fatalism ; it is the mere statement of a fact in experience. koheleth never denies man ' s liberty, though he is very earnest in asserting god ' s sovereignty. the reconciliation of the two is a problem unsolved by him. gill ' s exposition of the entire bible a time to love, and a time to hate,.... for one to love his friend, and to hate a man, a sinner, as the targum ; to love a friend while he continues such, and hate him, or less love him, when he proves treacherous and unfaithful ; an instance of a change of love into hatred may be seen in the case of amnon, 2 samuel 13 : 15. a time of unregeneracy is a time of loving worldly lusts and sinful pleasures, the company of wicked men, and all carnal delights and recreations ; and a time of conversion is a time to hate what was before loved, sin, and the conversion of sinners, the garment spotted with the flesh, the principles and practices, though not the persons, of ungodly men ; and even to hate, that is, less love, the dearest friends and relations, in comparison of, or when in competition with, christ ; a time of war, and a time of peace ; for nations to be engaged in war with each other, or to be at peace, which are continually revolving ; and there is a time when there will be no more war. in a spiritual sense, the present time, or state of things, is a time of war ; the christian ' s life is a warfare state, though it will be soon accomplished, in which he is engaging in fighting with spiritual enemies, sin, satan, and the world : the time to come, or future state, is a time of peace, when saints shall enter into peace, and be no more disturbed by enemies from within or from without. in the midrash,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5513188470223603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9ff38dc-f5b1-4183-b6de-cbddc40bf33e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.612818"}
{"text": "infographics have become a common means of presenting information to people in an easy - to - understand visual format. but this ubiquity doesn \u2019 t mean that an infographic always means what a viewer might presume it to mean at first glance. consider the following map of the united states. recently, the national oceanic and atmospheric administration released this, and a number of other maps, showing what the summer climate has been doing recently. unsurprisingly, the media quickly picked up on the dramatic story. during an interview with secretary of agriculture tom vilsack, kai ryssdal, senior editor of public radio \u2019 s marketplace program, made the following observation, \u201c this has been, as you know, the hottest summer on record in a lot places in this country. \u201d on npr \u2019 s news blog, \u201c the two - way, \u201d their piece on the heat starts out with \u201c the all - red map tells the story. \u201d but does it? if you look at the same data on the regional map, you see plenty of the nation sweated through a warmer than normal july. but the heat wasn \u2019 t record - setting in any single given region. the \u201c 118 \u201d that shows up on the national map is nowhere to be found on the regional one. the statewide map is different again. we can see even more of the variation in the average temperature for july. and we see that across virginia, it was hot \u2013 the \u201c 118 \u201d re - appears, although not so hot as to push the entire southeast region of the noaa map into the red. in fact the mountain west seems to have a higher average temperature. we can also see that the \u201c near normal \u201d and \u201c above normal \u201d temperatures dominate states in new england, the gulf coast, the southwest and the west coast. people in these areas may have been surprised to learn that the summer had thus far been unusually warm. and when you boil the data all the way down to the divisional level, the red spreads out to scattered parts of the country, but we learn that parts of washington ( like the puget sound area ), oregon, california, texas and louisiana had below normal average temperatures during july. ( don \u2019 t worry ; we got ours over the first few weeks of this month. ) the contiguous states are divided into a total of 344 divisions. in all, 17 of these divisions, spread out over 12 of the 48 states, experienced record high average temperatures last month. while that means that a lot of people were looking for ways to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4855446421630242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3b9d9c37-ea29-4bf8-8392-03bb03b68a95>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.623449"}
{"text": "the contiguous states are divided into a total of 344 divisions. in all, 17 of these divisions, spread out over 12 of the 48 states, experienced record high average temperatures last month. while that means that a lot of people were looking for ways to stay cool, especially when you consider that chicagoland is in one of the record - setting districts, many parts of the country, while warmer than normal, avoided pushing into new territory. the culprit is, of course, averaging. both spatially and temporally. as an example, i \u2019 ve created a simple chart that measures a fictitious \u201c salamander index \u201d over a span of 15 years. the area being measured is divided into five separate regions \u2013 and the orange line on the chart represents the average value of all of the regions for that point in time. by year 15, the average is at record levels, yet, as you can see, only the east region is in record territory ; all of the other regions had scored higher on the index than that in the past \u2013 in some cases significantly so. in fact, although it isn \u2019 t immediately evident from the chart, the south region ( the violet line ), which spends much of its time above the overall average, is at slightly below its average level, as across all 15 years, the south region scores an average of about 31. 8. so it \u2019 s important to remember that while infographics, especially simple ones, make data easily digestible, they don \u2019 t always provide as accurate a picture as it might seem at first glance. ( thanks to aaron for the guest post! ) denali, in an evaluation version, has been out for a little while now. i even have a copy on my computer and i \u2019 m working one of our analysts to learn the ins and outs - fun stuff! according to microsoft, though, the official release will hit shelves april 1st. i \u2019 m not quite sure why microsoft chose to release denali on a day that \u2019 s well known for google hi - jinx ( google paper anyone? ) but i \u2019 m sure they have their reasons. happy holidays from piraeus! we had a busy holiday season here, but not too busy that we forgot how to have fun we hosted a mad men themed potluck, complete with cocktails. it was great to see everyone dressed to the nines. thanks for playing along! here at piraeus we aren \u2019 t starting to deck the halls before thanksgiving, but a co - worker did send this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4994276335775177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3b9d9c37-ea29-4bf8-8392-03bb03b68a95>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.624635"}
{"text": "this morning, via mashable. i like the idea of \u201c the deleted city \u201d being an enormous virtual city that never really existed, but sort of did. ( video via mashable ) i remember the math olympiad and the science olympiad in high school, but for some reason i never thought of the practice continuing out of the classroom. since school is supposed to prepare you for the real - world, i don \u2019 t know why i was surprised to come across this project from charlotte, north carolina. welcome to the business intelligence olympiad! every two years, starting in 2008, the city of charlotte pits business unit teams from different city departments against each other to address a fictional problem with analytics and data sets. i \u2019 m sure the competition leads to plenty of laughter and good - hearted competition, but according to the article i read, it \u2019 s also created an environment where \u201c a lot of information that previously had not be [ sic ] shared is now shared regularly between bi analysts throughout the city. \u201d the competition in 2010 included a fictitious hurricane that bore a striking resemblance to irene. \u201c the underlying benefit was with hurricane irene coming up the coast almost on the same track as the theoretical hurricane vixen from december, teams were more used to looking at contingencies and how they affected portions of their business, \u201d [ manager of data administration for the city of charlotte ] raper said. as far as i know there isn \u2019 t something comparable in seattle, but maybe there should be. is it time for a bi olympiad with data from the viaduct? for more about charlotte \u2019 s olympiad, see the original article from govtech. com here. the teams here at piraeus put in a lot of hard work, so it \u2019 s nice that we can also hang out together. we had our summer picnic on friday and our fearless office manager managed to pick just about the nicest day all summer. the food was great, we had balloons and music, a little bit of ladder golf and a little bit of swimming. most importantly, some really great people! oh yeah, and water balloons. i forgot how much fun water balloons are! i \u2019 ll update the slideshow as i get more photos.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5094961738822746, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3b9d9c37-ea29-4bf8-8392-03bb03b68a95>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.626661"}
{"text": "question : why should all medicine be available over the counter? jacob appel : well it \u2019 s interesting you ask that because historically in the united states, all medicine was available over the counter without a prescription. it \u2019 s interesting to note one of the first \u201c medications \u201d that you needed a prescription for in the united states was beer. because beer was prescribed at prohibition and doctors would prescribe beer for various ailments, for small pox, for rabies, for measles. i should add, not effectively. this is not a good remedy. and from that, from the interest in protecting the rights of doctors, over time, the prescription right of doctors, which is really what it \u2019 s about. the theory is we should protect from themselves. people don \u2019 t know the consequences of the medication. the reality is, in the world of the internet, in the world of the educated consumer, most people go to the doctor and say, \u201c this is what i want medically, and there are enough doctors out there that honor this request anyway. that the harm of not letting some people buy medication over the counter and forcing them to have a doctor \u2019 s appointment with the added cost will keep certain people from getting the medical care they need. which in my opinion is far greater a risk than the small number of people who might not be educated enough or informed themselves enough to use medicine in a dangerous way. i think it \u2019 s important to keep in mind there are many people out there, and i see them every day who really do need medication. medical medication, psychiatric medication, who know they need it, who don \u2019 t get it because they haven \u2019 t been able to get to a doctor, or can \u2019 t afford a doctor, or have time to see a doctor to get the prescription.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47702867074328253, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:80ef0c76-9273-4270-a975-49539c0ba597>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.628819"}
{"text": "mra is a study of the blood vessels using magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ). using a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer, an mra makes two - dimensional and three - dimensional pictures. reasons for test this test is done in order to : - identify diseased, narrowed, enlarged, and blocked blood vessels - locate internal bleeding mris can be harmful if you have metal inside your body such as joint replacements or a pacemaker. make sure your doctor knows of any internal metal before the test. some people may also have an allergic reaction to the contrast dye. talk to your doctor about any allergies you have. also, let your doctor know if you have liver or kidney problems. these may make it difficult for your body to get rid of the contrast. what to expect prior to test before the test, your doctor may : - ask about your medical history - perform a physical exam - do blood tests if your doctor prescribes a sedative : - arrange for a ride home. - do not eat or drink for at least four hours before the exam. - take the sedative 1 - 2 hours before the exam, or as directed. at the mri center, you will be asked if you have something in your body that would interfere with the mra, such as : - pacemaker or implantable defibrillator - ear implant - metal fragments in your eyes or in any other part of your body - implanted port device, such as an insulin pump - metal plate, pins, screws, or surgical staples - metal clips from aneurysm repair - retained bullets - any other large metal objects in your body you may be : - given earplugs or headphones to wear. the mri machine makes a loud banging noise. - given an injection of a contrast dye into your vein. - allowed to have a family member or friend with you during the test. description of the test if contrast is used, a small iv needle will be inserted into your hand or arm before you are moved into the mri machine. the contrast will be injected during one set of images. it helps to make some organs and vessels easier to see on the pictures. you might have an allergic reaction to the dye, but this is rare you will lie on a special table. this table will be moved inside the opening of the mri machine. most mris consist of 2 - 6 sets of images. each one will take between 2 - 15 minutes. you will need to lie still while the images are being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5337662092339348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:474e0173-d383-4a47-b985-e102fe87221c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.635447"}
{"text": "a special table. this table will be moved inside the opening of the mri machine. most mris consist of 2 - 6 sets of images. each one will take between 2 - 15 minutes. you will need to lie still while the images are being taken. you may need to hold your breath briefly. technicians will communicate with you through an intercom from another room. - you will be asked to wait at the facility while the images are examined. the technician may need more images. - if you took a sedative, do not drive or operate machinery until it wears off. - if you are breastfeeding and receive contrast dye, you and your doctor should discuss when you should restart breastfeeding. information available has not found any ill effects to the baby if a breastfeeding mother has had contrast dye. - be sure to follow your doctor ' s instructions. how long will it take? will it hurt? the test is painless. if contrast is used, you may experience a stinging sensation when the iv is inserted. your doctor will discuss the findings with you and any treatment you may need. call your doctor call your doctor if any of the following occur : - new or worsening symptoms - allergic or abnormal symptoms if contrast material was used if you think you have an emergency, call for medical help right away. - reviewer : michael j. fucci, do ; brian randall, md - review date : 05 / 2013 - - update date : 05 / 20 / 2013 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4980087569941025, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:474e0173-d383-4a47-b985-e102fe87221c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.636243"}
{"text": "random acts of kindness go a long way toward putting a smile on someone \u2019 s face and reshaping a not - so - great day into a special memory that impacts not just the recipient but everyone that person comes in contact with that day. next week, imagine how many people you can touch by taking a moment to thank a nurse for a job well - done. first, you will bring a smile to the nurse. then, the nurse will unknowingly share that smile with patients and colleagues throughout the day and those people will pass the gesture along to the people they interact with. in a busy clinic or hospital, your simple \u201c thank you \u201d to a nurse will touch hundreds of people. we celebrate national nurse \u2019 s week in early may to coincide with florence nightingale \u2019 s birthday. just as nightingale tirelessly cared for soldiers during the crimean war ( 1853 - 1856 ), our nurses care for all types of patients \u2014 some are very sick and others are generally healthy. make plans to surprise a nurse with a random act of kindness during nurse \u2019 s week and know that your thoughtful expression will not only make the nurse \u2019 s day, but you will share kindness with many people who may need a boost. you will never know it, but your actions may help a patient overcome a frightening diagnosis or help a young family cope with grief. what a terrific way to say thank you and honor our nurses! sylvia t. brown, edd, rn, cne dean & professor ecu college of nursing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4588114950193347, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:093c86af-9223-4eea-8a18-aa5cd4c1b5c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.639887"}
{"text": "st. paul, minn. ( 4 / 23 / 2012 ) \u2014 approximately 70 percent of the seed soybeans planted this year in minnesota will be treated with fungicides. this is a dramatic change from 10 years ago when most farmers planted untreated soybeans. this change requires increased care to keep seed soybeans separate from harvested soybeans headed to market. federal law provides a zero tolerance for treated soybeans at market. that means that a single treated seed can contaminate a truck, bin or silo. your elevator can hold you legally responsible for the contamination because of a problem that started with one treated soybean. university of minnesota extension recommends that growers take these steps to avoid mistakes that can take place during the rush of planting : - make sure nobody on your farm dumps leftover soybean seed into a storage bin. - do not use the same equipment to transport treated seed and soybeans sold for grain. - clean all equipment that comes in contact with treated seed. - manage treated seed before and after planting to reduce the potential for problems. - buy only the seed you need to minimize dealing with leftover treated soybeans. - work with your seed supplier to develop a plan to dispose of any leftover treated seed. in addition to avoiding costly penalties because of soybean contamination, handling treated soybeans with care is the right thing to do. fungicides have a place in seed beds, but not on a dinner plate, which is why it ' s important to keep treated seed soybeans separate from your soybean harvest. take time this spring to pay attention to farm safety, both your personal safety and the safety of the crops that you grow. for more information for soybean growers, visit www. extension. umn. edu / soybean. any use of this article must include the byline or following credit line : seth naeve is a soybean agronomist with university of minnesota extension. media contact : catherine dehdashti, u of m extension, ( 612 ) 625 - 0237, firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4386415683527605, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:82921f36-21c4-4462-9f01-ab7cee11f960>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.643640"}
{"text": "consider the following in haskell : let p x = x + + show x in putstrln $ p \" let p x = x + + show x in putstrln $ p \" evaluate this expression in an interactive haskell session and it prints itself out. but there ' s a nice little cheat that made this easy : the haskell ' show ' function conveniently wraps a string in quotation marks. so we simply have two copies of once piece of code : one without quotes followed by one in quotes. in c, on the other hand, there is a bit of a gotcha. you need to explicitly write code to print those extra quotation marks. and of course, just like in haskell, this code needs to appear twice, once out of quotes and once in. but the version in quotes needs the quotation marks to be ' escaped ' using backslash so it ' s notactually the same as the first version. and that means we can ' t use exactly the same method as with haskell. the standard workaround is not to represent the quotation marks directly in the strings, but instead to use the ascii code for this character and use c ' s convenient % c mechanism to print at. for example : again we were lucky, c provides this great % c mechanism. what do you need in a language to be sure you can write a self - replicator? it turns out there is a very general approach to writing self - replicators that ' s described in vicious circles. what follows is essentially from there except that i ' ve simplified the proofs by reducing generality. we ' ll use capital letters to represent programs. typically these mean ' inert ' strings of characters. i ' ll use square brackets to indicate the function that the program evaluates. so if p is a program to compute the mathematical function p, we write [ p ] ( x ) = p ( x ). p is a program and [ p ] is a function. we ' ll consider both programs that take arguments like the p i just mentioned, and also programs, r, that take no arguments, so [ r ] is simply the output or return value of the program r. now we come to an important operation. we ' ve defined [ p ] ( x ) to be the result of running p with input x. now we define p ( x ) to be the program p modified so that it no longer takes an argument or input but instead substitutes the ' hard - coded ' value of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5486335891787799, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e9f8736e-fa3e-4ea6-b907-b80b1d97b5d9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.653244"}
{"text": "p ] ( x ) to be the result of running p with input x. now we define p ( x ) to be the program p modified so that it no longer takes an argument or input but instead substitutes the ' hard - coded ' value of x instead. in other words [ p ( x ) ] = [ p ] ( x ). p ( x ) is, of course, another program. there are also many ways of implementing p ( x ). we could simply evaluate [ p ] ( x ) and write a program to simply print this out or return it. on the other hand, we could do the absolute minimum and write a new piece of code that simply calls p and supplies it with a hard - coded argument. whatever we choose is irrelevant to the following discussion. so here ' s the demand that we make of our programming language : that it ' s powerful enough for us to write a program that can compute p ( x ) from inputs p and x. this might not be a trivial program to write, but it ' s not conceptually hard either. it doesn ' t have gotchas like the quotation mark issue above. typically we can compute p ( x ) by some kind of textual substitution on p. with that assumption in mind, here ' s a theorem : any program p that takes one argument or input has a fixed point, x, in the sense that running p with input x gives the same result as just running x. given an input x, p acts just like an interpreter for the programming language as it outputs the same thing as an interpreter would given input x. so here ' s a proof : define the function f ( q ) = [ p ] ( q ( q ) ). we ' ve assumed that we can write a program that computes p ( x ) from p and x so we know we can write a program to compute q ( q ) for any q. we can then feed this as an input to [ p ]. so f is obviously computable by some program which we call q0. so [ q0 ] ( q ) = [ p ] ( q ( q ) ). now the fun starts : [ p ] ( q0 ( q0 ) ) = [ q0 ] ( q0 ) ( by definition of q0 ) = [ q0 ( q0 ) ] ( by definition of p ( x ) ) in other words q0 ( q0 ) is our fixed point. so now take p to compute the identity function.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6245750207477627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e9f8736e-fa3e-4ea6-b907-b80b1d97b5d9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.657656"}
{"text": ") ( by definition of q0 ) = [ q0 ( q0 ) ] ( by definition of p ( x ) ) in other words q0 ( q0 ) is our fixed point. so now take p to compute the identity function. then [ q0 ( q0 ) ] = [ p ] ( q0 ( q0 ) ) = q0 ( q0 ). so q0 ( q0 ) outputs itself when run! what ' s more, this also tells us how to do other fun stuff like write a program to print itself out backwards. and it tells us how to do this in any reasonably powerful programming language. we don ' t need to worry about having to work around problems like ' escaping ' quotation marks - we can always find a way to replicate the escape mechanism too. so does it work in practice? well it does for haskell - i derived the haskell fragment above by applying this theorem directly, and then simplifying a bit. for c + +, however, it might give you a piece of code that is longer than you want. in fact, you can go one step further and write a program that automatically generates a self - replicator. check out samuel moelius ' s kpp. it is a preprocessor that converts an ordinary c + + program into one that can access its own source code by including the code to generate its own source within it. another example of an application of these methods is futamura ' s theorem which states that there exists a program that can take as input an interpreter for a language and output a compiler. i personally think this is a little bogus.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6328898629192483, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e9f8736e-fa3e-4ea6-b907-b80b1d97b5d9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.658653"}
{"text": "principles of design balance in design is similar to balance in physics. a large shape close to the center can be balanced by a small shape close to the edge. a large light toned shape will be balanced by a small dark toned shape ( the darker the shape the heavier it appears to be ) graduation of size and direction produce linear perspective. graduation of colour from warm to cool and tone from dark to light produce aerial perspective. graduation can add interest and movement to a shape. a graduation from dark to light will cause the eye to move along a shape. repetition with variation is interesting, without variation repetition can become monotonous. if you wish to create interest, any repeating element should include a degree of variation. contrast is the juxtaposition of opposing elements eg. opposite colours on the colour wheel \u2013 red / green, blue / orange etc. contrast in tone or value \u2013 light / dark. contrast in direction \u2013 horizontal / vertical. the major contrast in a painting should be located at the center of interest. too much contrast scattered throughout a painting can destroy unity and make a work difficult to look at. unless a feeling of chaos and confusion are what you are seeking, it is a good idea to carefully consider where to place your areas of maximum contrast. harmony in painting is the visually satisfying effect of combining similar, related elements. eg. adjacent colurs on the colour wheel, similar shapes etc. dominance gives a painting interest, counteracting confusion and monotony. dominance can be applied to one or more of the elements to give emphasis. relating the design elements to the idea being expressed in a painting reinforces the principal of unity. eg. a painting with an active aggressive subject would work better with a dominant oblique direction, course, rough texture, angular lines etc. whereas a quiet passive subject would benefit from horizontal lines, soft texture and less tonal contrast. unity in a painting also refers to the visual linking of various elements of the work.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6096684621164106, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c130101-a582-4897-9622-779b3ce5a7a6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.661619"}
{"text": "what is fluorescence? fluorescence is the ability of certain chemicals to give off visible light after absorbing radiation which is not normally visible, such as ultraviolet light. this property has led to a variety of uses. let \u2019 s shed some further light on this topic ; consider the omnipresent \u201c fluorescent \u201d lights. just how do they work? fluorescent tubes contain a small amount of mercury vapor. the application of an electric current causes a stream of electrons to traverse the tube. these collide with the mercury atoms which become energized and consequently emit ultraviolet light. the inside of the tube is coated with a fluorescent material, such as calcium chlorophosphate, which converts the invisible ultraviolet light into visible light. the same idea is used to produce color television pictures. the screen is coated with tiny dots of substances which fluoresce in different colours when they are excited by a beam of electrons which is used to scan the picture. but fluorescent materials had practical uses even before we dreamed of color television. one of the most amazing of all fluorescent materials is a synthetic compound, appropriately called fluorescein. under ultraviolet light it produces an intense yellow - green fluorescence which during world war ii was responsible for saving the lives of many downed flyers. over a million pounds of the stuff were manufactured in 1943 and distributed to airmen in little packets to use as a sea marker. since the fluorescence is so potent that it can be seen when the concentration of fluorescein is as little as 25 parts per billion, rescue planes easily spotted the men in the ocean. aircraft carriers also made extensive use of fluorescein. the signal men on deck wore clothes and waved flags treated with the compound which was then made to glow by illumination with ultraviolet light. the incoming pilots could clearly see the deck and the need to use runway lights which would have drawn the attention of enemy aircraft was eliminated. certain natural substances also fluoresce under ultraviolet light. urine and moose fur are interesting examples. prisoners have actually made use of this property of urine and have used it as a secret ink. what about the moose fur? well, in canada and sweden there are hundreds of accidents each year involving the collision of automobiles with moose. some of these result in fatalities. some car manufacturers are now considering fitting their vehicles with uv emitting headlights to reduce moose collisions! how \u2019 s that for putting the right chemistry to work.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6360137463128204, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a9fffa2-d413-4b8a-87c4-d9c60c04d098>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.664586"}
{"text": "february 3, 2010 | 9 few things in my life have brought me as much joy as watching sea otters play in the waters near monterey, calif. so when i heard this week that the frisky yet endangered critters may be slightly expanding their habitat, i figured everyone would think that was good news. once hunted into near - extinction for their fur, the southern, or california, sea otter ( enhydra lutris nereis ) now numbers around 2, 600 to 2, 700 animals, all of which live in a fairly small habitat range off the central california coast. the problem is that their extant habitat is the only place the u. s. endangered species act ( esa ) grants them protected status. ( although they are also protected under california state law and the u. s. marine mammal protection act, those laws do not govern habitat. ) everything south of their current habitat is designated a \" no - otter zone \". the origins of this restriction shouldn \u2019 t surprise anyone. when otters were first listed as a threatened species under the esa, they were protected everywhere, according to allison ford, executive director of the otter project in monterey, calif. but in order to protect species, the esa requires the creation of a recovery plan. in this case the u. s. fish and wildlife service wanted to try to move some otters to a new habitat. this \" experimental population \" would protect the southern otter from extinction in a catastrophic event, such as a major oil spill. but in order to create a new habitat for the otters, the government also created a no - otter zone, an area where the animals would not be able to impact the fishing or oil industries. unfortunately, \" the experimental population never thrived, \" ford says. but the otter - free zone remains. and now some otters are swimming past that imaginary line in the surf in search of sea urchins and other tasty marine life in the forbidden zone. fishermen are not happy with the encroachment. \" based on historic action, we think eventually they \u2019 ll wipe out the shellfish industry in california, \" vern goehring, executive director of the california sea urchin commission, told the associated press. so why are sea otters swimming into verboten territory? \" food supply is always an impediment to otter survival and expansion, \" ford says. \" scientists believe that food limitation is an issue in certain parts of the otter \u2019 s range. \" ford says that large", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3880020951081955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa7e8a6a-3149-4647-b097-a763f8ba1a3d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.670495"}
{"text": "into verboten territory? \" food supply is always an impediment to otter survival and expansion, \" ford says. \" scientists believe that food limitation is an issue in certain parts of the otter \u2019 s range. \" ford says that large, bachelor otters \" tend to go back and forth over the no - otter line. certainly, abundant prey that otters like to eat exists in the no - otter zone, \" and because humans tend to like the same foods, that creates conflict. \" otters eat voraciously, \" ford says. \" they have a strong appetite, and eat 25 percent of their body weight every day. \" otters do not have blubber, and use their fur and their high metabolisms to keep warm. otters can impact fisheries and the industry \u2019 s ability to operate at the same productivity levels it is used to, ford says, adding : \" sea urchin is where the big conflict is. \" but she points out that the very reason there is a sea urchin industry is because otters no longer exist in their historic habitats. \" otters are a keystone species, and they maintain sea urchins, which in turn eat kelp. when otters were removed from the ecosystem, you lost the kelp, which hurt total biodiversity. \" restoring sea otters in other areas of california, ford says, could actually increase biodiversity and create additional fishing markets. no matter what happens, the sea otter expansion won \u2019 t be anything that happens overnight. populations have dipped slightly the past two years, and only a few dozen otters make their way regularly into the sans otter zone. but for now, that \u2019 s enough to get some people worried \u2014 and angry. image : sea otter, via wikipedia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4117968138914091, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa7e8a6a-3149-4647-b097-a763f8ba1a3d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.672050"}
{"text": "this is a video made by a group of students from the department of media & communication, rupp, cambodia. using a weak password avoid simple names or words you can find in a dictionary, even with numbers tacked on the end. instead, mix upper - and lower - case letters, numbers, and symbols. a password should have at least eight characters. one good technique is to insert numbers or symbols in the middle of a word, such as this variant on the word \u201c houses \u201d : ho27uses! leaving your full birth date in your profile it \u2019 s an ideal target for identity thieves, who could use it to obtain more information about you and potentially gain access to your bank or credit card account. if you \u2019 ve already entered a birth date, go to your profile page and click on the info tab, then on edit information. under the basic information section, choose to show only the month and day or no birthday at all. overlooking useful privacy controls for almost everything in your facebook profile, you can limit access to only your friends, friends of friends, or yourself. restrict access to photos, birth date, religious views, and family information, among other things. you can give only certain people or groups access to items such as photos, or block particular people from seeing them. consider leaving out contact info, such as phone number and address, since you probably don \u2019 t want anyone to have access to that information anyway. posting your child \u2019 s name in a caption don \u2019 t use a child \u2019 s name in photo tags or captions. if someone else does, delete it by clicking on remove tag. if your child isn \u2019 t on facebook and someone includes his or her name in a caption, ask that person to remove the name mentioning that you \u2019 ll be away from home that \u2019 s like putting a \u201c no one \u2019 s home \u201d sign on your door. wait until you get home to tell everyone how awesome your vacation was and be vague about the date of any trip. letting search engines find you to help prevent strangers from accessing your page, go to the search section of facebook \u2019 s privacy controls and select only friends for facebook search results. be sure the box for public search results isn \u2019 t checked. permitting youngsters to use facebook unsupervised facebook limits its members to ages 13 and over, but children younger than that do use it. if you have a young child or teenager on facebook, the best way to provide oversight is to become one of their online friends. use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.492361455600936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:406560a7-08ce-4576-a991-d24e9579074b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.678368"}
{"text": "click the study aids tab at the bottom of the book to access your study aids ( usually practice quizzes and flash cards ). study pass is our latest digital product that lets you take notes, highlight important sections of the text using different colors, create \" tags \" or labels to filter your notes and highlights, and print so you can study offline. study pass also includes interactive study aids, such as flash cards and quizzes. highlighting and taking notes : if you ' ve purchased the all access pass or study pass, in the online reader, click and drag your mouse to highlight text. when you do a small button appears \u2013 simply click on it! from there, you can select a highlight color, add notes, add tags, or any combination. if you ' ve purchased the all access pass, you can print each chapter by clicking on the downloads tab. if you have study pass, click on the print icon within study view to print out your notes and highlighted sections. to search, use the text box at the bottom of the book. click a search result to be taken to that chapter or section of the book ( note you may need to scroll down to get to the result ). view full student faqs 16. 4 suggested reading axilrod, stephen h. inside the fed : monetary policy and its management, martin through greenspan to bernanke. cambridge, ma : mit press, 2009. hetzel, robert l. the monetary policy of the federal reserve : a history. new york : cambridge university press, 2008. mishkin, frederic s. monetary policy strategy. cambridge, ma : mit press, 2007.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.488972005895792, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c573ec03-8e9f-4bf2-a177-2d7f77553c29>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.687811"}
{"text": "john the presbyter, author, also known as john the elder, said by some to have written some of the johannine books of the bible. to him also is attributed a coptic version of the life of saint pisentius, bishop of qift ( coptos ), dating from the mid - seventh century. the text has reached us in only one codex ( british museum, london, or. 7026, budge, 1910, pp. 75 - 127 ). the life of pisentius is made up of miraculous episodes ; these do not always appear in the same order in the different versions and may sometimes have additions or omissions \u2014 in some cases homiletic passages. de l. o ' leary ( 1930 ) identifies four versions : one in sahidic coptic, attributed to john the presbyter ; one in bohairic coptic, attributed to moses of qift ; and two in arabic, one shorter than the other. o ' leary also gives a careful summary of the versions. the text is clearly based on a preexisting collection of episodes, so that it is later than the version attributed to moses of qift. the main feature of the version attributed to john the presbyter is that it has the form of a real homily, with an added prologue, conclusion, and personal reflections by the author. these are of an encomiastic or moral nature, inserted between episodes or groups of episodes. the most interesting sections are the prologue ( which also discusses the literary justification for the work ), a digression on jacob, another on moses, to whom pisentius is compared, and a third on the oratorical skill of pisentius. click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4523273484835597, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5c185b9-e021-4e75-836a-2ced61664741>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.690979"}
{"text": "[ editorial note : [... ] indicates use of coptic, greek, arabic, or egyptian text. original script is available for viewing in the pdf format of this article. ] sullam ( or scala ). the arabic term for a coptic - arabic dictionary is sullam ( ladder ; plural salalim ), because the words are arranged to the left ( coptic ) and the right ( arabic ) in a manner that gives the impression of a ladder ( latin scala ; coptic [... ] b, [... ] [... ] [... ] s ). coptic lexicography started at the same time as coptic grammar. anba yuhanna al - samannudi, the author of the first grammar, also wrote the first known coptic dictionary. anba yuhanna, who was bishop of samannud ( western delta ) in the middle of the thirteenth century, wrote al - sullam al - kana \u2019 isi ( or scala ecclesiastica ), of which two versions survive, sahidic ( munier, 1930, pp. 1 - 43 ) and bohairic, both found in many manuscripts ( graf, 1947, pp. 372 - 74 ). it is not a dictionary but a glossary of terms in biblical and liturgical books, mainly the new testament, a portion of the old testament, and some liturgical texts. the words are given with their arabic translation in the order in which they occur, except repetitions. the sullam begins with the gospel of st. john because of its easy style. anba yuhanna did not intend to write a dictionary in the modern sense of the term but a manual for his readers, to enable them to understand religious texts. the beginning of st. john \u2019 s gospel runs as follows : [... ] = fi, in ; [... ] = al - bady, the beginning ; [... ] = kan, kayin, was ; [... ] = al - kalimah, the word ( munier, 1930, p. 1 ). in the preface of his bulghat al - talibin ( freely translated as \u201c what seekers find \u201d ; bauer, 1972, pp. 303 - 306 ) he announced his intention to write a poem of the muthallath kind ( strophes with three rhymes ) on words pronounced in the same way but written differently, but this has not survived. abu ishaq ibn al - \u2018", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4842851429531255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b437e48a-976e-4805-908f-1017be72a55d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.708862"}
{"text": "306 ) he announced his intention to write a poem of the muthallath kind ( strophes with three rhymes ) on words pronounced in the same way but written differently, but this has not survived. abu ishaq ibn al - \u2018 assal ( full name al - mu \u2019 taman abu ishaq ibrahim ibn al - \u2018 assal ), a member of the famous \u2018 assal family ( mallon, 1906 - 1907 ), wrote a \u201c rhymed \u201d dictionary called al - sullam al - muqaffa wa - l - dhahab al - musaffa ( the rhymed dictionary and the purified gold ; kircher, 1643, pp. 273 - 495, not quite complete ). words are classified by the last letter, as in arabic dictionaries ( e. g., the sihah of al - jawhari ; sidarus, 1978, p. 129 ). the order is last letter, then first letter, and then second letter, as in [... ], leave her ; [... ], shirt ( = [... ] ) ; [... ], tambourine ; [... ], time ; (... ) [... ], except ( kircher, 1643, p. 443 ). also words with affixes are listed ; thus, [... ], i have put thee, and [... ], all of us, are found under [... ] and [... ]. as a matter of fact, their are no \u201c rhymes \u201d in his dictionary, as only the last letter is taken into consideration. his vocabulary is limited to religious texts ( graf, 1947, pp. 407 - 411 ). abu shakir ibn al - rahib ( full name al - nushu \u2019 abu shakir ibn butrus al - rahib, author of a grammar ( muqaddimah ), wrote another \u201c rhymed \u201d scala, which he finished in 1263 - 1264. he used a larger number of liturgical books and two ancient scalae, as is revealed in the preface of his book. his scala is lost. as a sullam muqaffa, or rhymed scala, it was arranged after the last letter of the words. it comprised two parts : simple word forms and words with prefixes and suffixes ( sidarus, 1978, p. 130 ). an independent work is the anonymous sa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47852855223576096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b437e48a-976e-4805-908f-1017be72a55d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.709995"}
{"text": "or rhymed scala, it was arranged after the last letter of the words. it comprised two parts : simple word forms and words with prefixes and suffixes ( sidarus, 1978, p. 130 ). an independent work is the anonymous sahidic - arabic daraj as - sullam ( book of steps ), called in greek [... ] and in sahidic [... ] ( the rung of the ladder ; munier, 1930, pp. 67 - 249 ). its contents are as follows : chapter 1, miscellanea, as particles, prepositions, nouns, and verbal forms ; chapters 2 - 19, a classified part beginning with god, good qualities of men, the heavens, the earth, the sea and mountains, the whole universe ; chapters 20 - 23, various subjects ; chapters 24 - 26, words and sentences of the old testament ( lacking in al - samannudi \u2019 s scala ) ; chapter 27, \u201c difficult \u201d words ( hnlexic eumokh ibid., pp. 135 - 36 ). an anonymous greek - bohairic - arabic vocabulary of the vatican library ( hebbelynck and van lantschoot, 1937 - 1947, vol. 2, 82 - 85 ) arranges the words by first letter, as the oldest greek alphabetical dictionaries do : [... ], letter a ; [... ], [... ] ( sic ), unharmed ; [... ], injustice. there are two other copies in the national library in paris ( mallon, 1910, pp. 87 - 88 ), the first dated 1318 and the second from the fourteenth or fifteenth century. greek lexicography, like the coptic, began with the explanation of difficult passages as they occurred in the text. alphabetical arrangement was a relatively late development. the first alphabetical dictionary in the world was perhaps glaukias \u2019 lexicon, dating from 180 b. c. in the beginning, the alphabetical order was not strictly observed, for only the first letter was taken into consideration, and later the second and even the third. the lexicon by hesychius alexandrinus ( fifth or sixth century ad. ) was entirely alphabetical ( schwyzer, 1939, p. 29 ). so it seems that the alphabetical arrangement in coptic lexicography was an independent attempt to arrange words in alphabetical order. furthermore, the demotic \u201c alphabetical \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46413986771223703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b437e48a-976e-4805-908f-1017be72a55d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.720905"}
{"text": "entirely alphabetical ( schwyzer, 1939, p. 29 ). so it seems that the alphabetical arrangement in coptic lexicography was an independent attempt to arrange words in alphabetical order. furthermore, the demotic \u201c alphabetical \u201d word list had nothing to do with coptic classification, as there was no real alphabet with a fixed order of signs in demotic ( volten, 1952, pp. 496 - 508 ). the scalae hitherto published are not free of mistakes \u2014 mistakes of the author, the copyist, the editor, and the printer. here are but two examples : [... ] lioness ( b ) = al - labwa, which elsewhere ( s, b ) is [... ] bear ( fem. ), from greek [... ] ( masc. / fem. ) ( vycichl, 1983, p. 16 ), a confusion due to the fact that there were no bears in egypt. in this case the definite article has been put in twice : [... ] - [... ] - [... ], bohairic [... ] and sahidic [... ]. s [... ], basin for ablutions (? ) = al - kirnib ( munier, 1930, p. 174 ) \u2014 between al - mathara, vessel for ablutions, and satl ( = satl ), bucket, pail \u2014 should be spelt [... ] = greek [... ], water for ablution ( [... ], hand, before consonant [... ], [... ], to clean, from a pre - greek root [... ] ). in other cases, such as coptic manuscripts from the eighth century, the spelling of copto - greek ( chiefly ) words reflects phonetic changes of the spoken language. three well - known cases need to be mentioned. [... ] and [... ] are interchangeable : s [... ], liver = [... ] ( [... ] ). copto - greek [... ] = [... ], and sometimes vice versa : [... ], welcome ( greeting ) = [... ], be happy, and s [... ], 96 ( crum, 1939, p. 273 ) = phonetic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.49696379788180656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b437e48a-976e-4805-908f-1017be72a55d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.744722"}
{"text": ".. ], and sometimes vice versa : [... ], welcome ( greeting ) = [... ], be happy, and s [... ], 96 ( crum, 1939, p. 273 ) = phonetically * pset - ase. [... ] and [... ]. often interchange with transcribed [... ] and [... ] : thus, [... ], demon, genius = [... ], and [... ] ( munier, 1930, p. 165 ) = s [... ] ( ibid., p. 167 ) = [... ], cabbage. but there are other cases as well, such as insertions of an auxiliary vowel ( written [... ] ) in a three - consonant cluster : thus, s [... ], sow ( ibid., p. 113 ) = latin scrofa, and s [... ], vault of heaven = greek [... ], ball, vault of heaven. also [... ], sparrow, appears as s [... ], bird = [... ] ( \u2018 usfur ) ( ibid., p. 114 ). the group ks ( [... ] ) was often pronounced nks in the final position and later, with an auxiliary vowel, - niks : [... ] whip, appears as s [... ] ( ibid., p. 171 ), still without auxiliary vowel, but [... ], appears as s [... ] ( ibid., p. 116 ), and [... ], wasp, is s [... ] instead of s [... ] ( ibid., p. 115 ). a similar case is s [... ], apocalypse, from [... ] today pronounced abu ghalamsis. the group [... ] is often written [... ], probably influenced by [... ] ( [... ] ), but, a frequent conjunction. thus, one finds s, b [... ], palace, from [... ] = latin palatium. s [... ], b [... ], pupil of the eye, is nothing else than s, b [... ], child", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.547125981243231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b437e48a-976e-4805-908f-1017be72a55d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.755113"}
{"text": ". ], palace, from [... ] = latin palatium. s [... ], b [... ], pupil of the eye, is nothing else than s, b [... ], child, in this case the \u201c girl of the eye \u201d as in egyptian [... ] wn. t im. t ir. t, the girl in the eye, or greek [... ], girl, pupil of eye ( vycichl, 1983, p. 7 ). the copto - greek words of the scalae often represent greek postclassical forms. b [... ], october, is neither latin, nor modern [... ] or a similar form, but a postclassical form. one can compare armenian hoktember and russian oktyabr \u2019 ( * oktembri ) there are four s words for \u201c water \u201d : [... ] ( [... ] ), [... ] ( [... ] ), [... ] ( [... ] ), and [... ] ( munier, 1930, p. 109 ). [... ] ( [... ] ) is the classical word ; [... ] ( [... ] ), literally \u201c the new, fresh one, \u201d is the current expression in modern greek ; [... ] ( nama ) is \u201c running water \u201d ; and p - [... ] is the autochthonous coptic word for \u201c water \u201d ( s ). [... ] and [... ] are translated ( az - zalzalah ), the earthquake ( ibid., p. 107 ). the etymologies are quite clear : [... ] + [... ], earthquake, and the autochthonous coptic form derives from s [... ], to move, and the old word s [... ], earth. this s [... ] is another word than old coptic [... ], creator of the earth ( vycichl, 1983, p. 82 ). s [... ], the pictures = arabic ( as - suwar ) ( munier, 1930, p. 122 ) derives from greek [... ], little picture ( stephanus, 1831 - 1865, vol. 4, p. 42", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5770749830198436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b437e48a-976e-4805-908f-1017be72a55d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.756168"}
{"text": ".. ], the pictures = arabic ( as - suwar ) ( munier, 1930, p. 122 ) derives from greek [... ], little picture ( stephanus, 1831 - 1865, vol. 4, p. 42 : \u201c imaguncula vel protome \u201d ). the copto - greek form is influenced by greek [... ], harbor. another problem is [... ], he - ass = al - himar, and [... ], she - ass = al - atanah ( munier, 1930, p. 112 ). the normal spelling of these words would be [... ] ( accusative ) and [... ] ( neuter nominative or accusative ) ; compare modern greek [... ], ass, and [... ], little ass ( demetrakos, 1936, vol. 3, p. 1535 ). the word occurs in egyptian greek as [... ], donkey, in a text of the sixth or seventh century ad. ( grenfell and hunt, 1901, p. 153 ). also [... ] occurs in modern greek ( ibid. ). coptic vocabularies reveal that in some cases names of animals are derived from names of the corresponding egyptian ( theriomorphic ) gods. a name of the crocodile was [... ] ( crum, 1939, p. 63 ) = at - timsah, wrongly = at - tirsah, turtle ( kircher, 1643, p. 171 ), but the same word occurs as [... ], soul of ephot, in a greek - coptic glossary = [... ] ( bell and crum, 1925, p. 197 ). according to epiphanius, the egyptians called crocodiles [... ] from egyptian nfr [... ] tp, epithet of several gods, not only suchos ( vycichl, 1983, p. 49 ). the initial n was considered the plural article \u2014 thus, b [... ], crocodile. in the chapter on languages and peoples one reads b [... ] ( assyrios ) = [... ] ( suryani ), syrian, ( kircher, 1643, p. 80 ). this translation is due to an old confusion between syria and assyria ( cannuyer, 1985,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4872776819520627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b437e48a-976e-4805-908f-1017be72a55d>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.757208"}
{"text": "assyrios ) = [... ] ( suryani ), syrian, ( kircher, 1643, p. 80 ). this translation is due to an old confusion between syria and assyria ( cannuyer, 1985, p. 133 ) and not to a misunderstanding, for as with armenian asorikh, asorestan is northern syria, because of the \u201c assyrian christians \u201d in the region of edessa ( froundjian, 1952, p. 58 ), so called after their coreligionists in assyria, the northern part of mesopotamia. another strange term is [... ], armenian ( kircher, 1643, p. 80 ). this is of course a mistake. the preceding word is [... ], georgian ( compare persian gurji ). so b [... ] stands for * [... ] an iberian, because [... ], a people of the caucasus, are considered the ancestors of the georgians. they descend from iber, and iberos is attested as a personal name ( [... ] ). one must read [... ], a georgian. coptic glossaries were highly appreciated in the middle ages and even in modern times as they permitted their readers access to the sense of the holy scriptures in coptic. the situation is however somewhat different for modern scholars. they prefer to collect words in religious sources from original texts and not from secondhand glossaries. but ordered lexicons containing words from daily life are constantly referred to, mainly for natural history, geography, and, of course, dictionaries ( crum, 1939 ; vycichl, 1983 ). these lexicons were written at a time when coptic, both sahidic and bohairic, had undergone major changes, phonetically and lexically. the spoken language was full of arabic words, as one can see from a medical papyrus ( chassinat, 1921 ) or a treatise on alchemy ( stern, 1885 ). there seem to be only very few words of arabic origin in the scalae ; for example, b [... ], rice ( kircher, 1643, p. 194 ) modern arabic ar - ruzz, a medieval and modern form of urz ( with many variants ) from greek [... ]. another word is s [... ], almond ( munier, 1930, p. 164 ), from arabic jillawz,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47470233531561085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b437e48a-976e-4805-908f-1017be72a55d>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.758343"}
{"text": "on? \u201d in regard to the holocaust. \u201c any people who have suffered near total annihilation should be assured that for eternity their loss will be remembered, \u201d he said. the opening ceremony also included students from waterdown district high school and st. jean de brebeuf catholic high school speaking about the exhibits, which were housed at the schools for one month before moving to the temple. students were trained as docents, and hundreds of community members and students toured the exhibits. weisz, 82, was a hidden child in holland. her father was killed, as were 42 of her close relatives. her two step - siblings were also hidden. her mom survived by lying about being jewish. in may 1943, weisz escaped on her own into hiding. she estimates she hid in 36 different places, having to flee many times after being betrayed. she was often in one room by herself with just one book to keep her company. \u201c i read ben hur so many times, \u201d she said while touring the exhibit. \u201c often there was a bible. i became quite the expert in the new testament. \u201d once, one of the daughters living in a home where she was hiding was dating a police officer. he warned the family that police would be coming around that evening. that night, weisz spent hours hiding in a ditch on top of a mountain and watched many children being taken away. she remembers how she felt when she was liberated in april 1945. \u201c i was so sure cruelty like that would never happen again, \u201d she said. \u201c but of course, it has. \u201d weisz married her husband, erich, in holland, and they moved to canada in 1954. they had two children. after living in vancouver, toronto and barrie, they settled in hamilton in 1961.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4312104146387448, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bcb9e9d-b5cd-4dec-8d0f-2ed0482b8027>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.767809"}
{"text": "one of my favorite science fiction ideas is in a short story called light of other days about something called \u201c slow glass. \u201d light took decades to pass through. in this story, the idea was that people could buy glass windows that took so long for the light to pass through, that they could nostalgically watch long gone scenes, such as their children playing outside as toddlers long after they had gone off to college, or green fields with horses where now ugly cities grew. it was about the speed of light. here is a concept that is similar. instead of slow windows, it is slow walls. ravenbrick has made a nanotech wall that can slow down the day \u2019 s heat coming into a building. using phase - changing material at the molecular level, you get to transfer the warmth of the sun \u2019 s heat from the afternoon well into the night. ravenbrick makes several clean tech materials for building that greatly reduce energy needs, most notably windows that turn off the sun, like sage electrochromics windows do. the one that is new to me is this \u201c slow wall \u201d. they claim that their glass - clad smart wall : ravenskin could literally reduce your heating bill to zero! ( coupled with good building design, of course, you can \u2019 t expect a zero bill if you put leaky windows in their wall! ) their wall can delay solar heat gain from hot afternoons, to later that night, when you need it more. this helps regulate the internal temperatures of buildings. it has excellent r - values to begin with ( r - 11 or more ) so it insulates like a normal wall limiting the conduction and convection of heat. the magic \u2013 or science fiction \u2013 part is achieved by converting incoming sunlight to infrared, and then directing the flow of energy inward only when you want it to come through the walls. the problem with super well - insulated buildings is that sometimes you do want the suns heat getting in, and regular insulated walls are dumb walls that don \u2019 t know when to send the heat in and when to shut it out. the smart wall knows because you can tell it. susan kraemer writes at cleantechnica, csp - today, pv - insider, smartgridupdate and greenprophet and has been published at ecoseed, nrdc onearth, matternetwork, celsius, energynow and scientific american. as a former serial entrepreneur in product design she brings an innovator ' s perspective on inventing a carbon - constrained civilization :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.616711492049353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f498e56-e231-41ee-a50d-2f4d5c42ebe2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.771083"}
{"text": "benefits of touch typing on task performance : i assume that when comparing skilled individuals, two handed touch typing on a traditional keyboard is faster, more reliable, and more automatic, than the other methods of text input that you mention ( e. g., phone or tablet keyboards ). these advantages are discussed here. - faster input means that ideas can be expressed more quickly. - visual attention does not need to be allocated to the keyboard which permits more attention to be placed on the content or the screen. - the greater reliability and automaticity mean that less attention needs to be allocated to the task of typing than to other methods. - a more consistent keyboard layout across devices further justifies the investment in learning touch typing. for further discussion of the cognitive and performance benefits of skilled touch typing, check out yechiam et al ( 2003 ). discussing the benefits of touch typing over visual typing, they state : one main distinction of the touch - typing strategy appears to be the ability to look at the screen while typing and to devote a minimal level of visual search to the keyboard ( cooper, 1983 ). this ability is gained through the memorization of key positions and finger trajectories, which makes touch - typing a difficult skill to acquire. other differences between touch - typing and visually guided typing include touch typists ' ( a ) use of all fingers of both hands, as opposed to the use of one hand of only some of the fingers ; ( b ) fixed assignment of fingers to keys ; ( c ) reduced arm movements ; and ( d ) fixed locations of the palms ( crooks, 1964 ). broader cognitive benefits of touch typing : while i have not read any specific research testing the idea, i think the benefits of touch typing relate to its superiority as a text entry method and not as some broader tool for brain integration. a large body of research on psychomotor and cognitive performance suggests that transfer across disparate domains tends to be minimal. the domains would need to have some overlapping elements. more broadly, there is a strong link between unemployment and depression ( e. g., frese & mohr, 1987 ). engaging in meaningful or enjoyable activity might help improve mood in some cases ( e. g., juggling, mastering some other new skill ). however, i don ' t think the mechanism of that mood improvement would be hemispheric brain balancing. - cooper, w. e. ( 1983 ). introduction. in w. e. cooper ( ed. ), cognitive aspects of skilled typewriting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5113470680948067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cfe72288-6d71-47d2-91a2-a471b2f421bc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.776281"}
{"text": "a trio of superstar health innovators have a message for the broken u. s health care system : broaden the definition of health to include basic life necessities, bring care to where people live and study how it \u2019 s done in poor countries where you can \u2019 t always rely on expensive tests and drugs to make people better. the persuasive new report on \u201c re - aligning health with care \u201d is written by harvard doctors paul farmer ( co - founder of the medical nonprofit partners in health ) and heidi behforouz ( executive director of the prevention and access to care and treatment [ pact ] program ) and rebecca onie, ceo of the nonprofit health leads. in it, they argue that with some rethinking, the u. s. can deliver better care at a lower price. they lay out the central problem here : the health care system is in crisis, driven chiefly by escalating costs, suboptimal health outcomes, scarce primary care resources, and rising poverty. at the same time \u2026 a growing number of health providers around the globe have learned to deliver high - quality health care at low cost. now we need to align our resources in the united states to bring this knowledge fully to bear in saving dollars and lives. sounds great, but how to do it? the key, they write in the summer 2012 edition of the stanford social innovation review is to change the way we view the \u201c product \u201d of health care, the places it \u2019 s delivered and the providers who dole out patient care. health includes basic needs the authors cite a 2007 study at johns hopkins medical center in which 98 percent of pediatric residents said that referring well - child patients for help with basic needs could improve the children \u2019 s health. \u201c but how many of those residents routinely screened their patients for food sufficiency? only 11 percent. \u201d the moral : health care is much bigger than just prescribing medicine. this is the founding principle of rebecca onie \u2019 s health leads, a group that recruits student volunteers to support doctors prescribing food, heat and other basics to low - income patients. in brazil, they deal with this problem through a program that routinely sends low - income children home after hospitalizations with resources to make sure they have access to nutrition, sanitation and psychological support, the paper notes. but in the u. s., the current system provides few incentives to connect patients with basic needs. for example, the authors write that medicaid reimbursements are specifically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46873057607868474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6448144f-05ae-4468-8476-1d032082c1a6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.780947"}
{"text": "access to nutrition, sanitation and psychological support, the paper notes. but in the u. s., the current system provides few incentives to connect patients with basic needs. for example, the authors write that medicaid reimbursements are specifically forbidden when it comes to getting patients plugged in to social services, or helping them obtain food stamps or energy assistance. health workers in the community paul farmer is an authority on radically rethinking where care is provided. in haiti \u2019 s central plateau, with just one doctor for every 50, 000 people, farmer helped pioneer the concept of paying community health workers, or accompagnateurs, to visit the homes of patients to make sure they take their medicines, but also attend to other critical needs, like transportation, shoddy housing and emotional support. based on this model, the pact program was launched in boston to serve the sickest and most vulnerable hiv - positive and chronically ill patients in the city. that model, in turn, has expanded to help other poor, chronically sick patients who live in \u201c the shadow of harvard \u2019 s finest hospitals. \u201d beyond the m. d. by expanding the ranks of community health workers, the authors note, doctors, nurses, social workers and other professionals can \u201c practice to the top of their license \u201d and spend more time doing what they \u2019 re trained to do. this \u201c task - shifting \u201d also saves money and reduces inefficiencies. the paper concludes : it is by no means a new discovery that poverty and poor health are linked or that health resources are more likely to be used if they are offered conveniently to the recipient, or that a goal as complex and ambitious as \u201c health \u201d can be effectively pursued only with a multidisciplinary team of workers. but what \u2019 s new is this : the u. s. health care system has reached a tipping point. reform is in the air with primary care especially positioned for transformation. \u201c health \u201d is a bold, expansive aspiration. let \u2019 s make sure what we call \u201c health care \u201d is broad enough to get the job done.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.458393960771127, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6448144f-05ae-4468-8476-1d032082c1a6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.783139"}
{"text": "nasa / jpl - caltech / stsci / esa this image of a pair of colliding galaxies called ngc 6240 shows them in a rare, short - lived phase of their evolution just before they merge into a single, larger galaxy. click on the image for a larger version. nothing draws a crowd like a spectacular crash - whether it ' s a nascar auto race or a galactic collision. over the past month, internet users voted for a cosmic smash - up as their favorite target for a future close - up from the hubble space telescope, and this week you can feast your eyes on two fantastic images of galaxies in gridlock. the first \" train wreck \" comes from nasa ' s spitzer space telescope. this is a biggie : two huge galaxies, each anchored by a central black hole that ' s millions of times as massive as the sun, are moving toward an imminent pile - up. exactly how imminent? millions of years after the scene captured in this image - a time span that ' s a mere blink of the eye on the cosmic scale. \" one of the most exciting things about the image is that this object is unique, \" stephanie bush of the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics, says in a news release about the observations. \" merging is a quick process, especially when you get to the train wreck that is happening. there just aren ' t many galactic mergers at this stage in the nearby universe. \" spitzer ' s image of ngc 6240, which is 400 million light - years away in the constellation ophiuchus, highlights the bursts of infrared radiation as the dust and gas from the two galaxies slam together. all that pressure creates new generations of hot stars, blazing away in infrared wavelengths even though the radiation in visible wavelengths is obscured by dust clouds. because of this phenomenon, these starry swirls are known as luminous infrared galaxies. in the news release, the spitzer science team point to the streams of stars being ripped off the galaxies - \" tidal tails \" that extend into space in all directions. and this is just the warmup act : bush and her colleagues expect the galactic black holes to hit head - on. that would upgrade ngc 6240 ' s status to that of an ultra - luminous infrared galaxy, thousands of times as bright in infrared as our own milky way. the findings are detailed in the astrophysical journal. in addition to bush, the paper ' s co - authors include zhong wang, margarita karovska and giovanni fazio, all of the harvard - smithsonian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5278252067677764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbc9e7e7-48c5-46d2-8286-2ae4960ee361>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.791836"}
{"text": "in infrared as our own milky way. the findings are detailed in the astrophysical journal. in addition to bush, the paper ' s co - authors include zhong wang, margarita karovska and giovanni fazio, all of the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics. this week ' s other galactic crash was witnessed by the european southern observatory ' s very large telescope in chile. two galaxies are piling into each other 70 million light - years away in the constellation libra, and just as in the case of ngc 6240, the clashing clouds of gas and dust are sparking waves of stellar fireworks. | this color composite image from the eso very large telescope in chile shows arp 261. click on the picture for a larger version. these galaxies, collectively known as arp 261, aren ' t as big as the monsters in ngc 6240. they ' re on the scale of dwarf galaxies, similar to the magellanic clouds orbiting the milky way. in this week ' s image advisory, the eso says the focus of research in this picture actually isn ' t the wide - screen view of smashing galaxies, but a detailed look at an unusually long - lasting, x - ray - emitting supernova. this image adds little white bars to highlight the location of the supernova. the picture also includes other objects at a wide range of distances. if you click on a higher - resolution view, you ' ll be able to make out a sprinkling of background galaxies on the right side of the picture. those galaxies may be 50 to 100 times farther away than arp 261, the eso says. toward the top left corner of the picture, you can see two red - green - blue streaks. those are two small asteroids in our solar system ' s main asteroid belt. the streaks are multicolored because the eso ' s picture was taken through different color filters - and the asteroids were moving through the telescope field even as the exposures were switched from one filter to the next. correction for 3 : 30 p. m. et march 18 : i fixed a bad link to the saturn transit story... sorry about that! after reading all the perceptive comments below, i ' ve also edited the item to straighten something out about the timing of events at ngc 6240. we will likely see an even more spectacular pile - up there millions of years from now, but because the galaxies are so distant, and because the speed of light is finite, that phase of the pile - up will have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5019824669450481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbc9e7e7-48c5-46d2-8286-2ae4960ee361>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.793503"}
{"text": "since its origin, the scouting program has been an educational experience concerned with values. in 1910, the first activities for scouts were designed to build character, physical fitness, practical skills, and service. these elements were part of the original cub scout program and continue to be part of cub scouting today character development should extend into every aspect of a boy ' s life. character development should also extend into every aspect of cub scouting. cub scout leaders should strive to use cub scouting ' s 12 core values throughout all elements of the program \u2014 service projects, ceremonies, games, skits, songs, crafts, and all the other activities enjoyed at den and pack meetings cub scouting ' s 12 core values contributing service and showing responsibility to local, state, and national communities. being kind and considerate, and showing concern for the well - being of others. being helpful and working together with others toward a common goal being brave and doing what is right regardless of our fears, the difficulties, or the consequences. having inner strength and confidence based on our trust in god. | | health and fitness : being personally committed to keeping our minds and bodies clean and fit. telling the truth and being worthy of trust. sticking with something and not giving up, even if it is difficult. being cheerful and setting our minds to look for and find the best in all situations. using human and other resources to their fullest. showing regard for the worth of something or someone. fulfilling our duty to god, country, other people, and ourselves. | 12 core values and the scout law boy scouts learn and strive to live by the scout law : a scout is trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean, and reverent many of the core values of cub scouting relate directly to the scout law : | health and fitness character can be defined as the collection of core values by an individual that leads to moral commitment and action. character development should challenge cub scouts to experience core values in six general areas : god, world, country, community, family, and self. character is \" values in action. \" the goals of the cub scout leader are - to seek out and maximize the many opportunities to incorporate character development - to convince the young cub scout that character is important to the individual, to his family, community, country, world, and god character development should not be viewed as something done occasionally as part of a separate program, or as part of only one area of life. for in reality", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5096836237680682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa3a026e-499a-48b4-a095-538bbe2c2e0e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.799895"}
{"text": "that character is important to the individual, to his family, community, country, world, and god character development should not be viewed as something done occasionally as part of a separate program, or as part of only one area of life. for in reality, character development is a part of everything a cub scout does. character development lessons can be found in every aspect of the cub scouting experience. when it comes to developing character, the complete person must be considered. character development involves at least three critical areas : - know ( thought ) - commit ( feeling ) - practice ( behavior ) in cub scouting, addressing these three critical areas and relating them to values is referred to as character connections. character connections asks the cub scout to : character development includes moral knowledge \u2014 both awareness and reasoning. for example, children must understand what honesty means and they must be able to reason about and interpret each situation, and then decide how to apply the principles of honesty. what do i think or know about the core value? how does the context of this situation affect this core value? what are some historical, literary, or religious examples representing the core value? character development includes attention to moral motivation. children must be committed to doing what they know is right. they must be able to understand the perspectives of others, to consider how others feel, and to develop an active moral conscience. why is this core value important? what makes living out this core value different? what will it take to live out this core value? character development includes the development of moral habits through guided practice. children need opportunities to practice the social and emotional skills necessary for doing what is right but difficult, and to experience the core values in their lives. how can i act according to this core value? how do i live out this core value? how can i practice this value at school, at home, and with my friends? to make character connections an integral part of cub scouting, the 12 core values are being integrated throughout the boys ' handbooks and advancement program. program support for character development can be found in cub scout program helps, in the cub scout leader book, and at your monthly roundtable meetings. - core values are the basis of good character development. - character must be broadly defined to include thinking, feeling, and behavior. - core values should be promoted throughout all phases of life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5061936359972372, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa3a026e-499a-48b4-a095-538bbe2c2e0e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.801423"}
{"text": "| domestic violence is spousal / partner relationship violence between adults. family violence is not ok, it creates a fearful environment for every member of the family. if there are children in the home where domestic violence is occurring, even if the children are not being battered, they are being exposed to violence and are suffering from emotional abuse, which is reportable child abuse. - 10 million children every year witness domestic violence abuse. - an abused, battered person may leave and go back seven or more times before - staying with the abuser for the sake of children is wrong. - children model your behavior. - children deserve a childhood free from violence. as difficult as it is to listen to this tape, think about these children. this is reality for these children. this is reportable child abuse. if you are aware of children or adolescents who are living in a domestic violent home, please call your local ( c. p. s. ) child protective services hotline and request they investigate. if anyone you know is in imminent danger from domestic violence, call 911 please visit these websites to become better educated about domestic violence and abuse : - the national domestic violence hotline : 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 ( 1 - 800 - 799 - safe ) or tty - 1 - 800 - 707 - 3224 - the national sexual assault hotline : - the national teen dating abuse hotline :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44248590863437465, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63ef972a-3927-4c60-8d3a-d5950dbe63d2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.802930"}
{"text": "i \u2019 ve just watched the last instalment of dan snow \u2019 s latest series. after trafalgar the royal navy was riding the crest of a wave. dominant in all of the world \u2019 s oceans, the ironclad era and the advent of engine propulsion spurred it on to new heights. but away from the ships, a sea change too place in the culture of those who served in the royal navy. whilst still worshipping the memory of nelson, officers began to place obedience far above initiative \u2013 the value that nelson had tried to instill among his captains. as the navy became the darling of british society, it also became more stratified socially, which stifled meritocracy. one man in the early twentieth century tried to change all of this. admiral jackie fisher became first sea lord with a comprehensive plan to modernise all aspects of the royal navy. his mantra was \u2018 if you want peace, prepare for war \u2019 \u2013 put simply, he wanted to make the royal navy so large and so powerful, that no - one would dare challenge it. soon 25 % of all government expenditure was being spent on the navy. chief among this spending was the new class of battleship \u2013 the dreadnought. far better armed and armoured than any ship previously, she rendered all other ships virtually obsolete. an arms race developed in europe, with the kaiser \u2019 s germany attempting to challenge british naval supremacy. although the german navy had less than half the amount of dreadnoughts as britain, in 1916 the german fleet attempted to draw the british grand fleet into battle. although the grand fleet suffered heavy losses at jutland, the battle was a strategic victory for the british \u2013 the sheer amount of ships flying the white ensign prevented the germans from challenging them again. the british failings at jutland had been caused by a slowness to adapt to the new technology of battle \u2013 poor communications combined with rigid obedience led to ships failing to act decisively, and un - necessary losses. although jutland led to bursting of the 100 year \u2018 trafagar bubble \u2019, it also shook the royal navy out of its complacency. never the less, after the first world war britain was no longer the world \u2019 s dominant naval power. this episode ends the series nicely, but i do feel that it concludes very abruptly. british naval power did not suddenly end after 1918 \u2013 the size of the royal navy in 1940 still prevented nazi germany from invading britain. i would argue that it was through the symbolic loss of the royal oak, the hood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46741896589792176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:390ca93b-0bf6-48e4-928a-7f8867af5965>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.810170"}
{"text": "determining death, when minutes matter death, so the maxim goes, is one of life ' s certainties. but in this era of high - tech medical interventions, determining the precise moment of death isn ' t always cut - and - dried. that determination is vitally important, however, when the deceased could be an organ donor. organs : medical experts all around the world are now taking a closer look at the length of time doctors should wait to determine death before organs are removed for transplantation. one of those experts is dr. james bernat, a dartmouth neurologist and a national authority on medical ethics. most vital organ transplants come from donors after they ' ve experienced brain death. \" the brain - dead donor is the ideal organ donor because circulation continues, \" bernat explains. \" so the organs are perfused by the beating heart up to the very moment that they ' re procured. \" over the last two decades, however, \" donation after circulatory death \" ( dcd ) has become increasingly common. in such cases, organs are removed from deceased donors some period of time after their hearts stop beating and their blood stops circulating. dcd, bernat says, \" has become a very common phenomenon that now represents 20 to 25 percent of all deceased organ donation. \" in the u. s. and canada, dcd protocols allow for organ transplantation in \" controlled \" situations, in which circulatory death occurs after the donor has been removed from life support. in controlled situations, doctors know exactly what interventions and medications the donor received before death \u2014 but even so, uncertainties remain. the most pressing question is how long doctors should wait after the heart has stopped before removing organs. in some situations, auto - resuscitation \u2014 the spontaneous return of a heartbeat \u2014 can occur after a person ' s heart has stopped beating. so a surgeon must wait long enough to ensure that the patient has died, but not so long that the organs begin to decay. heart : according to bernat, some hospitals wait just 65 seconds after the heart stops beating before organs are removed. others wait 5 minutes or more. \" individual hospitals that start programs in dcd develop their own protocols, \" he explains. \" the whole thing is kind of ad hoc, and it cries out for some kind of national standards. \" after circulation stops, a waiting period of 2 to 5 minutes is prudent. in an attempt to establish standards, bernat convened a group of experts from across the u. s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45041134401534644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e93718d5-e9be-4888-8afe-a03dc2465040>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.818778"}
{"text": ", and it cries out for some kind of national standards. \" after circulation stops, a waiting period of 2 to 5 minutes is prudent. in an attempt to establish standards, bernat convened a group of experts from across the u. s. and canada in late 2008 at the request of the health resources services administration, a division of the department of health and human services. their recommendations were published in critical care medicine a few months ago. bernat and his colleagues urge that the cessation of circulation, not just heartbeat, be used to determine death for dcd. after circulation stops, a waiting period of 2 to 5 minutes before removing organs is a prudent choice given current data, the group stated. that recommendation applies specifically to controlled situations. many european countries allow for dcd in uncontrolled situations. in those cases, the deceased donor has suffered cardiac arrest, often outside a hospital, and can ' t be revived. the u. s. may consider uncontrolled dcd protocols in the future, bernat says. his group hopes to meet again to discuss death determination in those instances. standards : bernat decries the fact \" that doctors practicing in one state are using different standards of death determination than in another state. there ' s really a pressing need, \" bernat concludes, \" for some type of standardization. \" if you ' d like to offer feedback about these articles, we ' d welcome getting your comments at dartmed @ dartmouth. edu. these articles may not be reproduced or reposted without permission. to inquire about permission, contact dartmed @ dartmouth. edu.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4535779008703383, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e93718d5-e9be-4888-8afe-a03dc2465040>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.819750"}
{"text": "darkness is our natural state. during the 200, 000 years of human existence our species has only known electric light for. 06 % of that time. yes there were candles and torches, but the thought of just flipping a switch to turn on all the lights in a room was inconceivable. today we recognize the shapes of cities based on the lights they shine at our satellites. here in europe electricity is like oxygen. it is everywhere. we would never even consider paying for electricity at an airport or cafe to charge the batteries of our computers and mobile phones. but what is essential to remember is that this year, 2009, exactly 130 years after the invention of the electric light bulb, the technology still hasn \u2019 t spread to all corners of the globe. these students are studying under lamps at their city \u2019 s airport because it is the only place with stable electricity. major african cities like monrovia in liberia, are powered completely by generators. the centralization of electricity thomas edison \u2019 s electric light bulb was really an ingenious invention, but from a business point of view it had a problem. you couldn \u2019 t use it without electricity. and so, to sell his electric lamps edison realized that he would need to distribute electricity to the homes, offices, and warehouses that wanted electric light. pearl street station was edison \u2019 s first power generating station. to the right you can see the small neighborhood in manhattan that it was able to provide electricity to. edison came up with direct current to transmit electricity from power stations to nearby businesses and homes. the problem with direct current is that it is a very inefficient way of transmitting electricity over long distances. the direct current model would require a power station in every neighborhood. still, edison thought he came up with a master plan to provide electricity and electric light to the whole world. after all, who could challenge america \u2019 s greatest inventor? nikola tesla is one of europe \u2019 s and one of science \u2019 s most intriguing characters. a serbian, tesla was born in the tiny village of smiljan, which today still has a population of less than 500 and is now part of croatia. ( as danica radovanovic recently reminded me on facebook, tesla was one of many brilliant serbian scientists to leave his country for elsewhere. ) tesla questioned edison \u2019 s use of direct current to transmit electricity and instead proposed alternating current, which is far more efficient as it travels over long distances. what followed was the war of currents : tesla and edison went head to head. europe \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5324914234431155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29405e47-15db-43cd-b139-2c270377f8fa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.836410"}
{"text": ") tesla questioned edison \u2019 s use of direct current to transmit electricity and instead proposed alternating current, which is far more efficient as it travels over long distances. what followed was the war of currents : tesla and edison went head to head. europe \u2019 s greatest inventor of the time versus america \u2019 s greatest inventor of the time. and who lost? this poor elephant named topsy. tesla \u2019 s system of alternating current raises the voltage to a very high level as it travels across distances. edison electrocuted topsy as a scare tactic to show the public what would happen if they touched a high voltage cable. but what sealed the deal was the niagara falls hydroelectric power project, the biggest power generator of the time. in 1883, the niagara falls power company hired nikola tesla and his business partner george westinghouse to design a system to generate alternating current and transmit it throughout new york. had alternating current not won, then projects like china \u2019 s three gorges dam, which will generate ten times as much electricity as niagara falls, would never exist. alternating current led to the centralization of electricity. one of edison \u2019 s arguments against alternating current is that a few major power generators are much more vulnerable than many spread all around the world. that remains true today, but the economics of centralized energy production and the allure of cheap energy won out in the end. the centralization of computing i wanted to briefly go over the history of electrification because its development so closely parallels what we are seeing today in the computing industry. this is not my own observation : it was first made in a book by nicholas carr called the big switch and the analogy is now commonly used by many when they explain the concept of cloud computing. phase 1 : mainframe computing this is the computer that the internal revenue service used to process tax returns in the 1960 \u2019 s. mainframe computers at the time typically cost between $ 500, 000 \u2013 $ 1 million. they were only available to programmers and researchers who had to wait hours if not days to use them because there was so much computing to be done and so few computers to do it. phase 2 : personal computing the second phase of computing began in 1977 with the apple ii computer, which brought computing into the home and personal office for the first time. data was stored on audio cassette tapes. the first apple ii cost $ 1, 300 with 4k of ram and $ 2, 600 with 48k of ram. today you can buy a gigabyte of ram for $ 30 and a terabyte hard drive for $ 70", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5173332992599705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29405e47-15db-43cd-b139-2c270377f8fa>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.838152"}
{"text": "tapes. the first apple ii cost $ 1, 300 with 4k of ram and $ 2, 600 with 48k of ram. today you can buy a gigabyte of ram for $ 30 and a terabyte hard drive for $ 70. it had a one megahertz processor and the above ad from a 1977 issue of scientific america touted its high resolution graphics ; by which it meant a 280 by 192 pixels display with four colors : black, white, violet, and green. this is gary. from the tags on the flickr picture i assume he works in the it department of some startup company. in many ways gary \u2019 s position exemplifies the era of personal computing. gary is in charge of maintaining a network of computers for just one company. he goes around to each computer and upgrades new versions of software. he creates new email accounts for new employees. he answers questions as they come up. and he backs up all the data to make sure it isn \u2019 t lost in case of a hard drive failure. ( increasingly gary is able to nap while online services do that work for him. ) most of us still operate in the era of personal computing. we create content on our laptop and desktop computers. we store our information on our individual hard drives. and when we share documents it is usually with email. phase 3 : cloud computing the greatest evidence that we are entering the third chapter of computing is that laptop computers are becoming less powerful, not more. this is because today you don \u2019 t need a powerful computer ; all you need is an internet connection. google is even creating a free and open source operating system specifically targeted for cheap netbooks like the one above. in fact, increasingly we are leaving our laptops at home because smart phones are proving sufficient for most of our daily tasks. this week the big talk of town is a rumored apple tablet, which might be announced tomorrow, though much more likely sometime during the first half of 2010. there have, in fact, been rumors of an apple tablet computer for years, but only now does it make sense to release such a powerful product with so few features. a tablet pc does little except connect to the internet. but today all you need is a keyboard, screen, camera, and microphone to connect to the cloud. word processing, image editing, spreadsheets, video editing, audio recording : all the applications are available online. so, what do we mean when we say \u201c the cloud \u201d? in many ways i think that the term is an un", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5069271334125027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29405e47-15db-43cd-b139-2c270377f8fa>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.843642"}
{"text": "cloud. word processing, image editing, spreadsheets, video editing, audio recording : all the applications are available online. so, what do we mean when we say \u201c the cloud \u201d? in many ways i think that the term is an unhelpful abstraction which masks the actual shift in infrastructure that is taking place. increasingly computing and data storage are not taking place on our own computers, but rather at massive data centers like this one : the data center in the above video has about 40, 000 computers. here is just one : machines like this process and store our emails, the photos we publish online, our blog posts, the videos we upload to youtube, and even the voicemails we listen to from our mobile phones. datacentermap. org has a map - based directory of major data centers based around the world. when we speak of \u201c the cloud \u201d what we \u2019 re really referring to are these massive data centers, the thousands of computers they contain, and the countless software applications they make available to us through our browsers. and this visualization from new scientist shows us how those applications interact with our laptops, cell phones, and tablets from the massive data centers that make up the cloud. 2009 is the 40th anniversary of the internet, the 20th anniversary of the world wide web, and the 5th anniversary of what we call web 2. 0. the change is accelerating. just look at these maps of internet users from 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008. ( teddy points out that african internet users aren \u2019 t included on any of the maps. ) last year, for the first time ever, the united states was not the nation with the largest number of internet users. that now belongs to china. and, unless something drastic happens, china will continue to have the largest online presence for the rest of our lives. internet world statistics estimates that there are over 1. 5 billion internet users. last year google announced that it had indexed its trillionth web page. researchers at microsoft estimate that \u201c if you spent just one minute reading every website in existence, you \u2019 d be kept busy for 31, 000 years. without any sleep. \u201d ( \u201c that explains a lot, \u201d says georgia. ) some researchers estimate that global internet usage already makes up five percent of the world \u2019 s energy consumption. though this video has stirred up lots of debate about the statistics it cites ( check out the 130 + comments on the post ), its basic premise \u2013 that the internet has had a tremendous impact on human society", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5517023546476049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29405e47-15db-43cd-b139-2c270377f8fa>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.845646"}
{"text": "percent of the world \u2019 s energy consumption. though this video has stirred up lots of debate about the statistics it cites ( check out the 130 + comments on the post ), its basic premise \u2013 that the internet has had a tremendous impact on human society \u2013 cannot be denied. the centralization of intelligence we have gone over the history of electrification and computing. i \u2019 d like to conclude with a brief history of collective intelligence. in the 17th century thomas hobbes was a controversial figure in part because he believed that intelligence came not from an all powerful god, but from each individual ; and that if we could somehow bring each individual \u2019 s intelligence together to create a collective intelligence then we could shape society for the better. in 1938, hg wells published world brain, a collection of essays on the future organization of knowledge and education. two years earlier the american library association had endorsed microfilm as a way to archive and store books, newspapers, manuscripts, and periodicals. wells, inspired by advances in microfilm, imagined \u201c a mental clearing house for the mind, a depot where knowledge and ideas are received, sorted, summarized, digested, clarified and compared. \u201d even before wells published world brain, belgian author and peace activist paul otlet was already envisioning his own pre - cursor to google books : so how has collective intelligence changed in the era of cloud computing? what do we mean when we say \u201c cloud intelligence? \u201d for one thing, our relationship with software has become much more symbiotic. we depend on cloud software to make sense of the information around us ; and cloud software depends on us to help it make sense of the ever - increasing amount of information we upload to the internet. take google flu trends, for instance, which can detect flu outbreaks faster than the center for disease control by monitoring searches for symptoms. another example of cloud intelligence is recaptcha which has enlisted an army of millions of unknowing volunteers to help digitize books and the complete archive of the new york times : ( if you want to leave a comment on this post you \u2019 re forced to join von ahn \u2018 s mission. ) another example of cloud intelligence is found in the active astrometry group on flickr. there are over 1, 000 amateur astronomers in the group that help scientists keep an eye on the galaxies around us by regularly posting the photos they take from their telescopes. when members of the group publish a photograph of the nighttime sky an automated computer application scans their photos for recognizable stars, planets,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5563085384490363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29405e47-15db-43cd-b139-2c270377f8fa>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.847226"}
{"text": "in the group that help scientists keep an eye on the galaxies around us by regularly posting the photos they take from their telescopes. when members of the group publish a photograph of the nighttime sky an automated computer application scans their photos for recognizable stars, planets, and nebulae and labels them using flickr \u2019 s notes function. each photographer gains more information about the photograph that he or she took and astrometry. net gets a new image of the nighttime sky to add to its ever - growing database. in an interview on the flickr developer blog, project leader christopher stumm says that astrometry. net is currently \u201c using images from around the web to calculate the path comet holmes took through the sky. \u201d chris messina from san francisco brings us another example of cloud intelligence from a recent shopping trip to officemax where he and his girlfriend were hoping to buy some dry erase boards for their home office. the shopping trip wasn \u2019 t a success. most of the boards were poor quality and when they did eventually find a product that suited their needs, it was damaged. rather than moving on to the next office supply store chris pulled out his iphone and took a picture with the amazon iphone application of the dry erase board they wanted to buy. the picture is then uploaded to one of amazon \u2019 s massive data centers where it is posted on mechanical turk, a website that lists \u201c human intelligence tasks \u201d that pay anywhere from one penny to five dollars. jeff, for example, will pay you one penny for every sermon time you find listed on a church website. amazon is also willing to pay one penny to anyone who will look at the photo chris uploaded from his iphone application and identify that same product on the amazon website. chris will never know who did the work for him, but within minutes he received a message from amazon with a link to the product he was looking for. i would imagine that just about every tourist who has been to london has taken a picture of big ben. it must be the most photographed clock tower in the world. ten years ago we put those photographs in a photo album to share with our family and friends. more recently we \u2019 ve become accustomed to sharing them on picasa, flickr, or twitter. but now the tourist snapshots we take are helping create a 3d model of the world : if the cloud is the world brain, then the cameras and microphones on our mobile phones and laptops are its eyes and ears. how many times have you been to a cafe or bar and heard a song that you liked but didn \u2019 t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5130053216264998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29405e47-15db-43cd-b139-2c270377f8fa>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.852693"}
{"text": ": if the cloud is the world brain, then the cameras and microphones on our mobile phones and laptops are its eyes and ears. how many times have you been to a cafe or bar and heard a song that you liked but didn \u2019 t recognize? today if you help the cloud listen, it will provide you with the information. shazam identifies the song you are listening by sharing a small audio sample with your mobile phone. in turn shazam is able to track the most popular songs as they come out. google \u2019 s crowdsourced traffic application also highlights the symbiotic relationship between human intelligence and cloud intelligence. when you start the application google will show you traffic conditions on many of the streets around you. in turn, you agree to let google track your speed as you travel ; thus updating their maps with more real - time traffic data. just five years ago it would have cost at least hundreds of thousands of dollars to produce a video with actors on location based all around the world. also, until very recently there was only one man in the world who could attract millions of views when dancing the moonwalk. today we all can. all we have to do is upload a video to eternal moonwalk. the cloud is enabling a new possibilities of creative collaboration. what is the future of collective intelligence? all that we can be sure of is that all intelligence is always collective ; whether it is the collective intelligence of the nucleotides that make up our dna or the billions of neurons in our brain as they produce the thoughts in our heads right now. above is a visualization of the internet made by the opte project. it is a map of us \u2013 the internet would not exist were it not for us, and we would each be very different without the internet. just as each individual neuron in our brain is unaware that collectively it is part of a larger self, it is too easy for each of us to forget that, as internet users, we too form parts of a collective whole. and that collective whole is much greater \u2013 and different \u2013 than the sum of its parts. in many ways the cloud is leading to the centralization of power as it lures us into trusting just a few major corporations with our personal information. on the other hand it creates an architecture of participation that is enabling a larger percentage of the world population to become active citizens rather than just passive consumers. this podium i am speaking at right now was once the sole symbol of power in the room. today a cloud of conversation floats all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5760046100340228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29405e47-15db-43cd-b139-2c270377f8fa>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.854488"}
{"text": "19. report and recommendations to the president of the united states. presidential commission on indian reservation economics, november 1984. 20. shannon, ruby w. \" friends \" for the indians. anadarko, ok : riverside indian school, 1971. 21. wall, c. leon, and beulah widney wall. tomahawks over chilocco. oklahoma city, ok : kin lichee press, 1979. 22. native american arts, pamphlets. 23. circle of voices. wahpeton, nd : circle of nations school, 2000. 24. pamphlet, on the colorado commission of indian affairs, 1983. 25. pepper, floy. oregon indian treaties and the law. celileo falls, or : oregon law - related education program, october 31, 1903. 26. english for american indians. a newsletter of the office of education programs, bureau of indian affairs, united states department of the interior. university of utah, fall 1970. 27. hodgkinson, harold l, and janice hamilton outtz, anita m. obarakpor. the demographics of american indians : one percent of the people ; fifty percent of the diversity. november 1990. 28. pamphlet, we, the first americans, u. s. department of commerce, bureau of the census.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4251837714215438, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28c20ee8-1c1e-442d-a976-f098fce5dad5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.869398"}
{"text": "i read a very interesting piece in today \u2019 s philadelphia inquirer about the history of violence in america : violence vanquished. here \u2019 s just one part of it : an even more intractable debate accompanied the rise and fall of lynching, one of the most gruesome forms of violence ever to take root in the united states. today, we tend to remember lynching as a clandestine crime \u2013 a young black man pulled from his bed in the dark of night and brutalized or hanged in the southern woods. for most of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, though, it was a community phenomenon of almost unthinkable cruelty, in which hundreds if not thousands of people gathered to watch a victim being disemboweled, castrated, tortured, or burned, and then killed. to modern sensibilities, the injustice once again seems obvious, as do the solutions : prosecute lynchers, fight for racial justice, strengthen the rule of law, and mobilize public opinion to condemn rather than excuse outbursts of brutality. and yet it took more than 100 years for lynching to begin to disappear from american life, and even longer for americans to fully acknowledge its horror. in the meantime, thousands of influential people, including many esteemed lawmakers, argued that lynching was a fact of life, a random act of violence about which nothing could be done. it was not until 2005 that the u. s. senate, spearheaded by mary landrieu, apologized for failing to pass federal antilynching legislation, leaving hundreds of innocent people to be sacrificed to official inaction. maybe there is hope. eventually.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45403895278718, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5ffd429-1a8b-44ec-b7c9-00716ee24e8f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.880209"}
{"text": "free for educational use world wide web year of production - 2005 duration - 2min 10sec tags - internet, world wide web, design, emerging technologies, innovation, technology, technology and society, web protocols, web standards, see all tags on this page how to download the video clip about the video cliptop this interview with stephen mayne was recorded for the website from wireless to web, produced in 2005. stephen mayne is the founder and editor of independent news service crikey. com. you can view his full biography at from wireless to web the website is a selective history of broadcast media in australia. decade by decade, from radio and newsreels to tv and the internet, this history shows how the australian broadcast media developed and shaped the way australians see themselves. from wireless to web is a film australia production in association with roar film. this module can be used to achieve some of outcomes of the nsw information processes and technology stage 6 syllabus ; specifically the following outcomes : p4. 1 : describes the historical development of information systems and relates these to current and emerging technologies. h3. 1 : evaluates the effect of information systems on the individual, society and the environment. h4. 1 : proposes ways in which information systems will meet emerging needs. the advent of the world wide web radically changed the online experience. at last information could be interpreted and displayed in a standardised form across the vast ' web \u2019 of different computer networks. cyberspace was transformed, appearing as a seamless global information system, enabling users anywhere to search, browse and interact. now the internet and web are redefining the nature of human communication, and challenging traditional limits to human relationships and communities. world wide web \u201c what we are building now is the nervous system of mankind, which will link together the whole human race, for better or for worse, in a unity which no earlier age could have imagined. \u201d ( arthur c clarke, science fiction writer, voices from the sky, 1965 ) the internet is a communications system formed by the interconnecting networks of computers around the world. but before the advent of the world wide web in 1992, only computer scientists with programming skills could make use of the net. the world wide web \u2013 also known as ' www \u2019, ' web \u2019 or ' w3 \u2019 \u2013 is the virtual world of network - accessible information available to computers. the web consists of a vast number of ' pages \u2019, and links. web pages can include text, graphics and images, videos and sound.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4794198334561443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29da6d4e-92a4-4e5d-bba7-d3c4a875159f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.893484"}
{"text": "web \u2019 or ' w3 \u2019 \u2013 is the virtual world of network - accessible information available to computers. the web consists of a vast number of ' pages \u2019, and links. web pages can include text, graphics and images, videos and sound. in november 2004 google claimed to cover 8, 058, 044, 651 web pages. ( wikipedia ' size comparisons \u2019 ) the web uses a special language and set of rules to create ' web pages \u2019 \u2013 primarily hyper text markup language ( html ) and the hyper text transfer protocol ( http ). ' browsers \u2019 \u2013 software for searching and viewing information on the web \u2013 interpret and display information coded in html across the vast ' web \u2019 of different computer networks and systems. this creates an environment that, for users, appears like a seamless global information system, where people may search, browse and interact. the world wide web was ' invented \u2019 in 1989 by british - born tim berners - lee when he wrote the first ' web browser \u2019 \u2013 software to interpret and display html ( hyper text mark - up language ) \u2013 thereby making the coded material on a multitude of different computers and operating systems uniformly readable in plain english. berners - lee was working at cern, the european particle physics laboratory based in switzerland at the time. as the international physics community used a diverse range of information systems and computer networks, berners - lee wanted to create an efficient way for the different networks to interconnect, share information and communicate with each other. two years later, in 1992, cern released the world wide web. - discuss and research the meanings of the following terms : urls, http, xml / rdf, smil, soap, web accessibility and web applications. - explain the difference between hypertext and hyperlinks. - the world wide web consortium ( w3c ) is the international organisation founded by tim berners - lee that works on developing protocols and guidelines that ensure long - term growth for the web. since 1994, w3c has produced more than ninety web standards, called w3c recommendations that contribute to web interoperability. develop a biography about tim berners - lee for a newspaper feature article. - web applications and dynamic web sites were major developments in the types of interactions that can occur on the web. one simple example is the use of \u2018 cookies \u2019 to remember details about users so that on return to a specific site it is tailored to the needs of that user. the ability to search within websites is another example.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5947297320725669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29da6d4e-92a4-4e5d-bba7-d3c4a875159f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.894954"}
{"text": "| oracle\u00ae database concepts 11g release 2 ( 11. 2 ) | pdf \u00b7 mobi \u00b7 epub | this chapter contains the following sections : a process is a mechanism in an operating system that can run a series of steps. the mechanism depends on the operating system. for example, on linux an oracle background process is a linux process. on windows, an oracle background process is a thread of execution within a process. code modules are run by processes. all connected oracle database users must run the following modules to access a database instance : application or oracle database utility a database user runs a database application, such as a precompiler program or a database tool such as sql * plus, that issues sql statements to a database. oracle database code each user has oracle database code executing on his or her behalf that interprets and processes the application ' s sql statements. a process normally runs in its own private memory area. most processes can periodically write to an associated trace file ( see \" trace files \" ). multiple - process oracle ( also called multiuser oracle ) uses several processes to run different parts of the oracle database code and additional processes for the users \u2014 either one process for each connected user or one or more processes shared by multiple users. most databases are multiuser because a primary advantages of a database is managing data needed by multiple users simultaneously. each process in a database instance performs a specific job. by dividing the work of the database and applications into several processes, multiple users and applications can connect to an instance simultaneously while the system gives good performance. a database instance contains or interacts with the following types of processes : client processes run the application or oracle tool code. oracle processes run the oracle database code. oracle processes including the following subtypes : background processes start with the database instance and perform maintenance tasks such as performing instance recovery, cleaning up processes, writing redo buffers to disk, and so on. server processes perform work based on a client request. note : server processes, and the process memory allocated in these processes, run in the instance. the instance continues to function when server processes terminate. slave processes perform additional tasks for a background or server process. the process structure varies depending on the operating system and the choice of oracle database options. for example, the code for connected users can be configured for dedicated server or shared server connections. in a shared server architecture, each server process that runs database code can serve multiple client processes. figure 15 - 1 shows a system global area ( sga ) and background processes using dedicated server connections", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5499335100748451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b60676b1-9674-4aae-bcac-6423b22328f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.925434"}
{"text": "can be configured for dedicated server or shared server connections. in a shared server architecture, each server process that runs database code can serve multiple client processes. figure 15 - 1 shows a system global area ( sga ) and background processes using dedicated server connections. for each user connection, the application is run by a client process that is different from the dedicated server process that runs the database code. each client process is associated with its own server process, which has its own program global area ( pga ). when a user runs an application such as a pro * c program or sql * plus, the operating system creates a client process ( sometimes called a user process ) to run the user application. the client application has oracle database libraries linked into it that provide the apis required to communicate with the database. client processes differ in important ways from the oracle processes interacting directly with the instance. the oracle processes servicing the client process can read from and write to the sga, whereas the client process cannot. a client process can run on a host other than the database host, whereas oracle processes cannot. for example, assume that a user on a client host starts sql * plus and connects over the network to database sample on a different host ( the database instance is not started ) : sql > connect sys @ inst1 as sysdba enter password : * * * * * * * * * connected to an idle instance. on the client host, a search of the processes for either sample shows only the sqlplus client process : % ps - ef | grep - e sample - e sqlplus | grep - v grep clientuser 29437 29436 0 15 : 40 pts / 1 00 : 00 : 00 sqlplus as sysdba on the database host, a search of the processes for either sample shows a server process with a nonlocal connection, but no client process : % ps - ef | grep - e sample - e sqlplus | grep - v grep serveruser 29441 1 0 15 : 40? 00 : 00 : 00 oraclesample ( local = no ) a connection is a physical communication pathway between a client process and a database instance. a communication pathway is established using available interprocess communication mechanisms or network software. typically, a connection occurs between a client process and a server process or dispatcher, but it can also occur between a client process and oracle connection manager ( cman ). a session is a logical entity in the database instance memory that represents the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5113401291612423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b60676b1-9674-4aae-bcac-6423b22328f8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.926831"}
{"text": ". typically, a connection occurs between a client process and a server process or dispatcher, but it can also occur between a client process and oracle connection manager ( cman ). a session is a logical entity in the database instance memory that represents the state of a current user login to a database. for example, when a user is authenticated by the database with a password, a session is established for this user. a session lasts from the time the user is authenticated by the database until the time the user disconnects or exits the database application. a single connection can have 0, 1, or more sessions established on it. the sessions are independent : a commit in one session does not affect transactions in other sessions. note : if oracle net connection pooling is configured, then it is possible for a connection to drop but leave the sessions intact. multiple sessions can exist concurrently for a single database user. as shown in figure 15 - 2, user hr can have multiple connections to a database. in dedicated server connections, the database creates a server process on behalf of each connection. only the client process that causes the dedicated server to be created uses it. in a shared server connection, many client processes access a single shared server process. figure 15 - 3 illustrates a case in which user hr has a single connection to a database, but this connection has two sessions. generating an autotrace report of sql statement execution statistics re - creates the scenario in figure 15 - 3. example 15 - 2 connects sql * plus to the database as user system and enables tracing, thus creating a new session ( sample output included ). sql > select sid, serial #, paddr from v $ session where username = user ; sid serial # paddr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 90 91 3be2e41c sql > set autotrace on statistics ; sql > select sid, serial #, paddr from v $ session where username = user ; sid serial # paddr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 88 93 3be2e41c 90 91 3be2e41c... sql > disconnect disconnect command in example 15 - 1 actually ends the sessions, not the connection. opening a new terminal and connecting to the instance as a different user, the query in example 15 - 2 shows that the connection from example 15 - 1 is still active. sql > connect dba1 @", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5493391960280634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b60676b1-9674-4aae-bcac-6423b22328f8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.928176"}
{"text": "1 actually ends the sessions, not the connection. opening a new terminal and connecting to the instance as a different user, the query in example 15 - 2 shows that the connection from example 15 - 1 is still active. sql > connect dba1 @ inst1 password : * * * * * * * * connected. sql > select program from v $ process where addr = hextoraw ( ' 3be2e41c ' ) ; program - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - oracle @ stbcs09 - 1 ( tns v1 - v3 ) see also : \" shared server architecture \" server processes created on behalf of a database application can perform one or more of the following tasks : execute pl / sql code read data blocks from data files into the database buffer cache ( the dbwn background process has the task of writing modified blocks back to disk ) return results in such a way that the application can process the information in dedicated server connections, the client connection is associated with one and only one server process ( see \" dedicated server architecture \" ). on linux, 20 client processes connected to a database instance are serviced by 20 server processes. each client process communicates directly with its server process. this server process is dedicated to its client process for the duration of the session. the server process stores process - specific information and the uga in its pga ( see \" pga usage in dedicated and shared server modes \" ). in shared server connections, client applications connect over a network to a dispatcher process, not a server process ( see \" shared server architecture \" ). for example, 20 client processes can connect to a single dispatcher process. the dispatcher process receives requests from connected clients and puts them into a request queue in the large pool ( see \" large pool \" ). the first available shared server process takes the request from the queue and processes it. afterward, the shared server place the result into the dispatcher response queue. the dispatcher process monitors this queue and transmits the result to the client. like a dedicated server process, a shared server process has its own pga. however, the uga for a session is in the sga so that any shared server can access session data. a multiprocess oracle database uses some additional processes called background processes. the background processes perform maintenance tasks required", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4935133190546482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b60676b1-9674-4aae-bcac-6423b22328f8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.929408"}
{"text": "has its own pga. however, the uga for a session is in the sga so that any shared server can access session data. a multiprocess oracle database uses some additional processes called background processes. the background processes perform maintenance tasks required to operate the database and to maximize performance for multiple users. each background process has a separate task, but works with the other processes. for example, the lgwr process writes data from the redo log buffer to the online redo log. when a filled log file is ready to be archived, lgwr signals another process to archive the file. oracle database creates background processes automatically when a database instance starts. an instance can have many background processes, not all of which always exist in every database configuration. the following query lists the background processes running on your database : select pname from v $ process where pname is not null order by pname ; this section includes the following topics : see also : oracle database reference for descriptions of all the background processes the mandatory background processes are present in all typical database configurations. these processes run by default in a database instance started with a minimally configured initialization parameter file ( see example 13 - 1 ). this section describes the following mandatory background processes : oracle database reference for descriptions of other mandatory processes, including mman, diag, vktm, dbrm, and psp0 oracle real application clusters administration and deployment guide and oracle clusterware administration and deployment guide for more information about background processes specific to oracle rac and oracle clusterware the process monitor ( pmon ) monitors the other background processes and performs process recovery when a server or dispatcher process terminates abnormally. pmon is responsible for cleaning up the database buffer cache and freeing resources that the client process was using. for example, pmon resets the status of the active transaction table, releases locks that are no longer required, and removes the process id from the list of active processes. pmon also registers information about the instance and dispatcher processes with the oracle net listener ( see \" the oracle net listener \" ). when an instance starts, pmon polls the listener to determine whether it is running. if the listener is running, then pmon passes it relevant parameters. if it is not running, then pmon periodically attempts to contact it. the system monitor process ( smon ) is in charge of a variety of system - level cleanup duties. the duties assigned to smon include : recovering terminated transactions that were skipped during instance recovery because of file - read or tablespace", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5020630645388053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b60676b1-9674-4aae-bcac-6423b22328f8>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.931071"}
{"text": "to contact it. the system monitor process ( smon ) is in charge of a variety of system - level cleanup duties. the duties assigned to smon include : recovering terminated transactions that were skipped during instance recovery because of file - read or tablespace offline errors. smon recovers the transactions when the tablespace or file is brought back online. cleaning up unused temporary segments. for example, oracle database allocates extents when creating an index. if the operation fails, then smon cleans up the temporary space. coalescing contiguous free extents within dictionary - managed tablespaces. smon checks regularly to see whether it is needed. other processes can call smon if they detect a need for it. the database writer process ( dbwn ) writes the contents of database buffers to data files. dbwn processes write modified buffers in the database buffer cache to disk ( see \" database buffer cache \" ). although one database writer process ( dbw0 ) is adequate for most systems, you can configure additional processes \u2014 dbw1 through dbw9 and dbwa through dbwj \u2014 to improve write performance if your system modifies data heavily. these additional dbwn processes are not useful on uniprocessor systems. the dbwn process writes dirty buffers to disk under the following conditions : when a server process cannot find a clean reusable buffer after scanning a threshold number of buffers, it signals dbwn to write. dbwn writes dirty buffers to disk asynchronously if possible while performing other processing. dbwn periodically writes buffers to advance the checkpoint, which is the position in the redo thread from which instance recovery begins ( see \" overview of checkpoints \" ). the log position of the checkpoint is determined by the oldest dirty buffer in the buffer cache. in many cases the blocks that dbwn writes are scattered throughout the disk. thus, the writes tend to be slower than the sequential writes performed by lgwr. dbwn performs multiblock writes when possible to improve efficiency. the number of blocks written in a multiblock write varies by operating system. see also : oracle database performance tuning guide for advice on configuring, monitoring, and tuning dbwn the log writer process ( lgwr ) manages the redo log buffer. lgwr writes one contiguous portion of the buffer to the online redo log. by separating the tasks of modifying database buffers, performing scattered writes of dirty buffers to disk, and performing fast sequential", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4797293810992362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b60676b1-9674-4aae-bcac-6423b22328f8>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.933753"}
{"text": "to disk before a transaction commits. the redo entries become permanent only if the transaction later commits. when activity is high, lgwr can use group commits. for example, a user commits, causing lgwr to write the transaction ' s redo entries to disk. during this write other users commit. lgwr cannot write to disk to commit these transactions until its previous write completes. upon completion, lgwr can write the list of redo entries of waiting transactions ( not yet committed ) in one operation. in this way, the database minimizes disk i / o and maximizes performance. if commits requests continue at a high rate, then every write by lgwr can contain multiple commit records. lgwr writes synchronously to the active mirrored group of online redo log files. if a log file is inaccessible, then lgwr continues writing to other files in the group and writes an error to the lgwr trace file and the alert log. if all files in a group are damaged, or if the group is unavailable because it has not been archived, then lgwr cannot continue to function. oracle database performance tuning guide for information about how to monitor and tune the performance of lgwr the checkpoint process ( ckpt ) updates the control file and data file headers with checkpoint information and signals dbwn to write blocks to disk. checkpoint information includes the checkpoint position, scn, location in online redo log to begin recovery, and so on. as shown in figure 15 - 4, ckpt does not write data blocks to data files or redo blocks to online redo log files. see also : \" overview of checkpoints \" the manageability monitor process ( mmon ) performs many tasks related to the automatic workload repository ( awr ). for example, mmon writes when a metric violates its threshold value, taking snapshots, and capturing statistics value for recently modified sql objects. the manageability monitor lite process ( mmnl ) writes statistics from the active session history ( ash ) buffer in the sga to disk. mmnl writes to disk when the ash buffer is full. in a distributed database, the recoverer process ( reco ) automatically resolves failures in distributed transactions. the reco process of a node automatically connects to other databases involved in an in - doubt distributed transaction. when reco reestablishes a connection between the databases, it automatically resolves all in - doubt transactions, removing from each database ' s pending transaction table any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47839242320176456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b60676b1-9674-4aae-bcac-6423b22328f8>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.935908"}
{"text": "a node automatically connects to other databases involved in an in - doubt distributed transaction. when reco reestablishes a connection between the databases, it automatically resolves all in - doubt transactions, removing from each database ' s pending transaction table any rows that correspond to the resolved transactions. see also : oracle database administrator ' s guide for more information about transaction recovery in distributed systems an optional background process is any background process not defined as mandatory. most optional background processes are specific to tasks or features. for example, background processes that support oracle streams advanced queuing ( aq ) or oracle automatic storage management ( oracle asm ) are only available when these features are enabled. this section describes some common optional processes : the archiver processes ( arcn ) copy online redo log files to offline storage after a redo log switch occurs. these processes can also collect transaction redo data and transmit it to standby database destinations. arcn processes exist only when the database is in archivelog mode and automatic archiving is enabled. oracle database uses job queue processes to run user jobs, often in batch mode. a job is a user - defined task scheduled to run one or more times. for example, you can use a job queue to schedule a long - running update in the background. given a start date and a time interval, the job queue processes attempt to run the job at the next occurrence of the interval. oracle database manages job queue processes dynamically, thereby enabling job queue clients to use more job queue processes when required. the database releases resources used by the new processes when they are idle. dynamic job queue processes can run a large number of jobs concurrently at a given interval. the sequence of events is as follows : the job coordinator process ( cjq0 ) is automatically started and stopped as needed by oracle scheduler ( see \" oracle scheduler \" ). the coordinator process periodically selects jobs that need to be run from the system job $ table. new jobs selected are ordered by time. the coordinator process dynamically spawns job queue slave processes ( jnnn ) to run the jobs. the job queue process runs one of the jobs that was selected by the cjq0 process for execution. each job queue process runs one job at a time to completion. after the process finishes execution of a single job, it polls for more jobs. if no jobs are scheduled for execution, then it enters a sleep state, from which it wakes up at periodic intervals and polls for more jobs. if the process does not find any new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5120771635061019, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b60676b1-9674-4aae-bcac-6423b22328f8>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.937988"}
{"text": "finishes execution of a single job, it polls for more jobs. if no jobs are scheduled for execution, then it enters a sleep state, from which it wakes up at periodic intervals and polls for more jobs. if the process does not find any new jobs, then it terminates after a preset interval. the initialization parameter job _ queue _ processes represents the maximum number of job queue processes that can concurrently run on an instance. however, clients should not assume that all job queue processes are available for job execution. note : the coordinator process is not started if the initialization parameter job _ queue _ processesis set to 0. the flashback data archiver process ( fbda ) archives historical rows of tracked tables into flashback data archives. when a transaction containing dml on a tracked table commits, this process stores the pre - image of the rows into the flashback data archive. it also keeps metadata on the current rows. fbda automatically manages the flashback data archive for space, organization, and retention. additionally, the process keeps track of how far the archiving of tracked transactions has occurred. the smco process coordinates the execution of various space management related tasks, such as proactive space allocation and space reclamation. smco dynamically spawns slave processes ( wnnn ) to implement the task. see also : oracle database advanced application developer ' s guide to learn about flashback data archive slave processes are background processes that perform work on behalf of other processes. this section describes some slave processes used by oracle database. see also : oracle database reference for descriptions of oracle database slave processes i / o slave processes ( innn ) simulate asynchronous i / o for systems and devices that do not support it. in asynchronous i / o, there is no timing requirement for transmission, enabling other processes to start before the transmission has finished. for example, assume that an application writes 1000 blocks to a disk on an operating system that does not support asynchronous i / o. each write occurs sequentially and waits for a confirmation that the write was successful. with asynchronous disk, the application can write the blocks in bulk and perform other work while waiting for a response from the operating system that all blocks were written. to simulate asynchronous i / o, one process oversees several slave processes. the invoker process assigns work to each of the slave processes, who wait for each write to complete and report back to the invoker when done. in true asynchronous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47101149119760105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b60676b1-9674-4aae-bcac-6423b22328f8>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.942236"}
{"text": "i / o, one process oversees several slave processes. the invoker process assigns work to each of the slave processes, who wait for each write to complete and report back to the invoker when done. in true asynchronous i / o the operating system waits for the i / o to complete and reports back to the process, while in simulated asynchronous i / o the slaves wait and report back to the invoker. the database supports different types of i / o slaves, including the following : i / o slaves for recovery manager ( rman ) when using rman to back up or restore data, you can make use of i / o slaves for both disk and tape devices. database writer slaves if it is not practical to use multiple database writer processes, such as when the computer has one cpu, then the database can distribute i / o over multiple slave processes. dbwr is the only process that scans the buffer cache lru list for blocks to be written to disk. however, i / o slaves perform the i / o for these blocks. in parallel execution or parallel processing, multiple processes work together simultaneously to run a single sql statement. by dividing the work among multiple processes, oracle database can run the statement more quickly. for example, four processes handle four different quarters in a year instead of one process handling all four quarters by itself. parallel execution reduces response time for data - intensive operations on large databases such as data warehouses. symmetric multiprocessing ( smp ) and clustered system gain the largest performance benefits from parallel execution because statement processing can be split up among multiple cpus. parallel execution can also benefit certain types of oltp and hybrid systems. in oracle rac systems, the service placement of a particular service controls parallel execution. specifically, parallel processes run on the nodes on which you have configured the service. by default, oracle database runs the parallel process only on the instance that offers the service used to connect to the database. this does not affect other parallel operations such as parallel recovery or the processing of oracle real application clusters administration and deployment guide for considerations regarding parallel execution in oracle rac environments in serial execution, a single server process performs all necessary processing for the sequential execution of a sql statement. for example, to perform a full table scan such as from employees, one server process performs all of the work, as shown in figure 15 - 5. in parallel execution, the server process acts as the parallel execution coordinator responsible for parsing the query, allocating and controlling the slave", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48328141583723006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b60676b1-9674-4aae-bcac-6423b22328f8>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.944166"}
{"text": "table scan such as from employees, one server process performs all of the work, as shown in figure 15 - 5. in parallel execution, the server process acts as the parallel execution coordinator responsible for parsing the query, allocating and controlling the slave processes, and sending output to the user. given a query plan for a sql query, the coordinator breaks down each operator in a sql query into parallel pieces, runs them in the order specified in the query, and integrates the partial results produced by the slave processes executing the operators. figure 15 - 6 shows a parallel scan of the employees table. the table is divided dynamically ( dynamic partitioning ) into load units called granules. each granule is a range of data blocks of the table read by a single slave process, called a parallel execution server, which uses nnn as a name format. the database maps granules to execution servers at execution time. when an execution server finishes reading the rows corresponding to a granule, and when granules remain, it obtains another granule from the coordinator. this operation continues until the table has been read. the execution servers send results back to the coordinator, which assembles the pieces into the desired full table scan. the number of parallel execution servers assigned to a single operation is the degree of parallelism for an operation. multiple operations within the same sql statement all have the same degree of parallelism.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5626546271442094, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b60676b1-9674-4aae-bcac-6423b22328f8>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.944905"}
{"text": "| skip navigation links | | exit print view | | man pages section 3 : networking library functions oracle solaris 11 information library | - get network entry cc [ flag... ] file... - lsocket - lnsl [ library... ] # include < netdb. h > struct netent * getnetbyname ( const char * name ) ; struct netent * getnetbyname _ r ( const char * name, struct netent * result, char * buffer, int buflen ) ; struct netent * getnetbyaddr ( long net, int type ) ; struct netent * getnetbyaddr _ r ( long net, int type, struct netent * result, char * buffer, int buflen ) ; struct netent * getnetent ( void ) ; struct netent * getnetent _ r ( struct netent * result, char * buffer, int buflen ) ; int setnetent ( int stayopen ) ; these functions are used to obtain entries for networks. an entry may come from any of the sources for networks specified in the / etc / nsswitch. conf file. see nsswitch. conf ( 4 ). getnetbyname ( ) searches for a network entry with the network name specified by the character string parameter name. getnetbyaddr ( ) searches for a network entry with the network address specified by net. the parameter type specifies the family of the address. this should be one of the address families defined in < sys / socket. h >. see the notes section below for more information. network numbers and local address parts are returned as machine format integer values, that is, in host byte order. see also inet ( 3socket ). the netent. n _ net member in the netent structure pointed to by the return value of the above functions is calculated by inet _ network ( ). the inet _ network ( ) function returns a value in host byte order that is aligned based upon the input string. for example : commonly, the alignment of the returned value is used as a crude approximate of pre - cidr ( classless inter - domain routing ) subnet mask. for example : in _ addr _ t addr, mask ; addr = inet _ network ( net _ name ) ; mask = ~ ( in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4871967530771436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8774debe-ee15-4278-b547-054c813f354c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.959902"}
{"text": "approximate of pre - cidr ( classless inter - domain routing ) subnet mask. for example : in _ addr _ t addr, mask ; addr = inet _ network ( net _ name ) ; mask = ~ ( in _ addr _ t ) 0 ; if ( ( addr & in _ classa _ net ) = = 0 ) addr < < = 8, mask < < = 8 ; if ( ( addr & in _ classa _ net ) = = 0 ) addr < < = 8, mask < < = 8 ; if ( ( addr & in _ classa _ net ) = = 0 ) addr < < = 8, mask < < = 8 ; this usage is deprecated by the cidr requirements. see fuller, v., li, t., yu, j., and varadhan, k. rfc 1519, classless inter - domain routing ( cidr ) : an address assignment and aggregation strategy. network working group. september 1993. the functions setnetent ( ), getnetent ( ), and endnetent ( ) are used to enumerate network entries from the database. setnetent ( ) sets ( or resets ) the enumeration to the beginning of the set of network entries. this function should be called before the first call to getnetent ( ). calls to getnetbyname ( ) and getnetbyaddr ( ) leave the enumeration position in an indeterminate state. if the stayopen flag is non - zero, the system may keep allocated resources such as open file descriptors until a subsequent call to endnetent ( ). successive calls to getnetent ( ) return either successive entries or null, indicating the end of the enumeration. endnetent ( ) may be called to indicate that the caller expects to do no further network entry retrieval operations ; the system may then deallocate resources it was using. it is still allowed, but possibly less efficient, for the process to call more network entry retrieval functions after calling endnetent ( ). the functions getnetbyname ( ), getnetbyaddr ( ), and getnetent ( ) use static storage that is reused in each call, making these routines unsafe for use in multi - threaded applications. the functions getnetbyname _ r ( ), getnetbyaddr _ r ( ), and getnetent _ r ( ) provide reent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.510554300522494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8774debe-ee15-4278-b547-054c813f354c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.960877"}
{"text": "is reused in each call, making these routines unsafe for use in multi - threaded applications. the functions getnetbyname _ r ( ), getnetbyaddr _ r ( ), and getnetent _ r ( ) provide reentrant interfaces for these operations. each reentrant interface performs the same operation as its non - reentrant counterpart, named by removing the ` ` _ r ' ' suffix. the reentrant interfaces, however, use buffers supplied by the caller to store returned results, and are safe for use in both single - threaded and multi - threaded applications. each reentrant interface takes the same parameters as its non - reentrant counterpart, as well as the following additional parameters. the parameter result must be a pointer to a struct netent structure allocated by the caller. on successful completion, the function returns the network entry in this structure. the parameter buffer must be a pointer to a buffer supplied by the caller. this buffer is used as storage space for the network entry data. all of the pointers within the returned struct netent result point to data stored within this buffer. see return values. the buffer must be large enough to hold all of the data associated with the network entry. the parameter buflen should give the size in bytes of the buffer indicated by buffer. for enumeration in multi - threaded applications, the position within the enumeration is a process - wide property shared by all threads. setnetent ( ) may be used in a multi - threaded application but resets the enumeration position for all threads. if multiple threads interleave calls to getnetent _ r ( ), the threads will enumerate disjointed subsets of the network database. like their non - reentrant counterparts, getnetbyname _ r ( ) and getnetbyaddr _ r ( ) leave the enumeration position in an indeterminate state. network entries are represented by the struct netent structure defined in < netdb. h >. the functions getnetbyname ( ), getnetbyname _ r, getnetbyaddr, and getnetbyaddr _ r ( ) each return a pointer to a struct netent if they successfully locate the requested entry ; otherwise they return null. the functions getnetent ( ) and getnetent _ r ( ) each return a pointer to a struct netent if they successfully enumerate an entry ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5064707182260837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8774debe-ee15-4278-b547-054c813f354c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.962047"}
{"text": "netent if they successfully locate the requested entry ; otherwise they return null. the functions getnetent ( ) and getnetent _ r ( ) each return a pointer to a struct netent if they successfully enumerate an entry ; otherwise they return null, indicating the end of the enumeration. the functions getnetbyname ( ), getnetbyaddr ( ), and getnetent ( ) use static storage, so returned data must be copied before a subsequent call to any of these functions if the data is to be saved. when the pointer returned by the reentrant functions getnetbyname _ r ( ), getnetbyaddr _ r ( ), and getnetent _ r ( ) is non - null, it is always equal to the result pointer that was supplied by the caller. the functions setnetent ( ) and endnetent ( ) return 0 on success. the reentrant functions getnetbyname _ r ( ), getnetbyaddr _ r and getnetent _ r ( ) will return null and set errno to erange if the length of the buffer supplied by caller is not large enough to store the result. see intro ( 2 ) for the proper usage and interpretation of errno in multi - threaded applications. network name database configuration file for the name service switch see attributes ( 5 ) for descriptions of the following attributes : fuller, v., li, t., yu, j., and varadhan, k. rfc 1519, classless inter - domain routing ( cidr ) : an address assignment and aggregation strategy. network working group. september 1993. the reentrant interfaces getnetbyname _ r ( ), getnetbyaddr _ r ( ), and getnetent _ r ( ) are included in this release on an uncommitted basis only, and are subject to change or removal in future minor releases. the current implementation of these functions only return or accept network numbers for the internet address family ( type af _ inet ). the functions described in inet ( 3socket ) may be helpful in constructing and manipulating addresses and network numbers in this form. when compiling multi - threaded applications, see intro ( 3 ), notes on multithread applications, for information about the use of the _ reentrant flag. use of the enumeration interfaces getnetent ( ) and getnetent _ r ( ) is discouraged ; enumeration may not be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48796497139083944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8774debe-ee15-4278-b547-054c813f354c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.963042"}
{"text": "new in version 2. 4. the cookielib module defines classes for automatic handling of http cookies. it is useful for accessing web sites that require small pieces of data - cookies - to be set on the client machine by an http response from a web server, and then returned to the server in later http requests. both the regular netscape cookie protocol and the protocol defined by rfc 2965 are handled. rfc 2965 handling is switched off by default. rfc 2109 cookies are parsed as netscape cookies and subsequently treated either as netscape or rfc 2965 cookies according to the ' policy ' in effect. note that the great majority of cookies on the internet are netscape cookies. cookielib attempts to follow the de - facto netscape cookie protocol ( which differs substantially from that set out in the original netscape specification ), including taking note of the introduced with rfc 2965. note : the various named parameters found in set - cookie : and set - cookie2 : headers expires ) are conventionally referred to as attributes. to distinguish them from python attributes, the documentation for this module uses the term cookie - attribute the module defines the following exception : the following classes are provided : the cookiejar class stores http cookies. it extracts cookies from http requests, and returns them in http responses. cookiejar instances automatically expire contained cookies when necessary. subclasses are also responsible for storing and retrieving cookies from a file or database. | filename, delayload = none, policy = none ) | a cookiejar which can load cookies from, and perhaps save cookies to, a file on disk. cookies are not loaded from the named file until either the load ( ) or revert ( ) method is called. subclasses of this class are documented in section 18. 22. 2. | blocked _ domains = none, allowed _ domains = none, netscape = true, rfc2965 = false, rfc2109 _ as _ netscape = none, hide _ cookie2 = false, strict _ domain = false, strict _ rfc2965 _ unverifiable = true, strict _ ns _ unverifiable = false, strict _ ns _ domain = defaultcookiepolicy. domainliberal, strict _ ns _ set _ initial _ dollar = false, strict _ ns _ set _ path = false ) | constructor arguments should be passed as keyword arguments only. blocked _ domains is a sequence of domain names that we never accept cookies from, nor return cookies to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4909784061374606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea0c6176-36d3-463f-8c1b-0df500940a87>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.966113"}
{"text": "olympia, wash., january 9, 2008 \u2014 the department of revenue has released tax exemptions 2008, a compendium of state and local tax exemptions. the legislatively mandated tax exemption study is updated every four years. it is available online. the 567 exemptions enacted since territorial days in 1854 represent an estimated $ 98. 5 billion in state and local tax savings during the 2007 \u2013 2009 biennium. of this, about 54 percent, or $ 53. 5 billion, involves state taxes and the remaining $ 45 billion are local taxes. the largest single exemption is the property tax exemption for intangibles, enacted in 1931. it accounts for 36. 7 percent, or $ 36. 2 billion, of the total. intangibles include assets such as money, stocks, bonds, bank deposits, and the value of corporate trademarks. were it not for this exemption, businesses and individuals would have to pay property taxes on their financial assets as well as their real estate. the second - largest is a use tax exemption on personal property owned by nonresidents who visit washington and new residents who bring used household goods and vehicles with them. that one totals $ 24. 8 billion, or 25. 2 percent of the total. in third place is no sales tax on most services, at $ 5. 2 billion or 5. 3 percent. sales tax on services was excluded from the tax base when the current tax code was enacted in 1935, when services were a relative small component of the economy. fourth is exemption of employee income from taxation ( no personal income tax ) at $ 2. 6 billion or 2. 6 percent. fifth largest is the voter - approved sales tax exemption on food, saving $ 2. 2 billion or 2. 3 percent over a two - year period. while business incentives receive a lot of public attention, they comprise a fairly small percentage of the total value of exemptions and preferential rates, $ 3. 9 billion or 4 percent of the total. the report emphasizes that the revenue impacts reflect estimated savings to taxpayers but do not necessarily indicate the potential tax revenue that might generated in the absence of the exemptions. the report assesses whether or not a tax actually could be collected if the exemption were repealed. because many of the exemptions are mandated by federal law or the state constitution, and other taxes would not be collected due to changes in taxpayer behavior if the exemptions were repealed, the report concludes that only about $ 14. 8 billion in additional state or local government revenue could potentially be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4338145785597773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:82136c8b-ded4-49b8-9051-a2cf33964efe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.970703"}
{"text": "black cap ; black throat and lower neck ( like a bib ) ; white cheek patches ; white chest and belly ; gray back, wings, and tail ; buffy patches on the flanks. 12 cm ( 4. 75 in ) in length. the carolina chickadee ' s call is chick - a - dee - dee - dee or a shortened version of the same. the song of this species is usually four whistled notes, fee - bee fee - bay. the breeding season begins in early april, peaks later that month until early may, and extends through mid - june. breeding habitat includes a variety of wooded and forested areas. this species is a cavity nester and will nest in snags, trees, rotten fenceposts, or nest boxes. it will excavate its own cavity, use an old woodpecker cavity, or find a natural cavity. the cavity is lined with moss, plant material, down, and feathers. the female lays 5 - 8 ( usually 6 ) eggs that both adults incubate for 11 - 12 days. the young are altricial and fledge 13 - 17 days after hatching. the carolina chickadee prefers forested or wooded habitats. it eats primarily insects and also spiders, fruits, and seeds. it forages by searching among tree branches, trunks, pine cones, and dead leaf clusters. it also frequents bird feeders. this species is a year - round resident, and does not migrate. the carolina chickadee is found mostly in the southeast, but its range extends as far north as delaware, central ohio, indiana, and illinois and as far west as oklahoma and central texas. in the southeast, this species is common to very common throughout except for extreme southern florida. this species is common in the southeast, and is not targeted for any special attention. the species most similar to the carolina chickadee is the black - capped chickadee. the black - capped chickadee is slightly larger and has a lower pitch to the chick - a - dee - dee - dee call. the black - capped chickadee also has a shorter song, being 2 or 3 whistled notes, fee - bee or fee - bee - bee. the song is the most reliable identifier, because their appearances are very similar. the bib of the black - capped chickadee is slightly larger and the buff color on the flanks is more extensive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.403034630024967, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd9a56b8-3c1d-40ff-b1b7-d5a9146d8ca7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.974211"}
{"text": "in a victory for the gray wolves of the northern rockies, a federal judge in montana on friday july 18 reinstated federal endangered species act protections for wolves, thus preventing idaho, montana and wyoming from implementing fall wolf hunts. the court ruled that conservation groups are likely to succeed on the majority of their claims that removal of wolves from the federal list of endangered species was unlawful. the decision notes that, while the u. s. fish and wildlife service had stated that genetic exchange between wolf populations in idaho, montana and wyoming was necessary for the wolf ' s survival, yellowstone ' s wolves remain genetically isolated. further, hunting and state predator - control laws that took effect upon delisting would likely \" eliminate any chance for genetic exchange to occur. \" the court also ruled that the conservation groups are likely to succeed in their argument that wyoming law ( which allows unregulated wolf killing in nearly 90 percent of the state and fails to commit to maintaining sufficient wolf numbers ) is inadequate. the u. s. fish and wildlife service had long maintained that these aspects of wyoming law precluded delisting. the court found that \" [ t ] he agency flip - flopped without explanation \" when it approved wyoming ' s wolf management scheme with \" the same deficiencies \" in 2007. since wolves were delisted on march 28, states have assumed management authority for wolves, leading to the killing of at least 106 wolves. all three states had plans to allow hunts this fall. those hunts would have permitted more than 500 wolves to be killed. friday ' s ruling came in response to a lawsuit brought by earthjustice on behalf of 12 conservation groups. earthjustice filed suit on behalf of defenders of wildlife, natural resources defense council, sierra club, center for biological diversity, the humane society of the united states, jackson hole conservation alliance, friends of the clearwater, alliance for the wild rockies, oregon wild, cascadia wildlands project, western watersheds project, and \" the delisting of wolves was inappropriate and illegal in large part because existing state management plans are inadequate to ensure the long term conservation of wolves in the region, allowing far too many wolves to be unnecessarily killed. responsible, balanced management by the states would benefit wolves, ranchers, hunters and all northern rockies residents. while the court continues to weigh our challenge to the delisting decision, we will continue to work to improve the current state plans so that they maintain a healthy wolf population, \" said suzanne asha stone, northern rockies wolf conservation specialist for defenders of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42785717318666067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:401c1075-be23-4cb5-80eb-5abb54c2b772>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.980280"}
{"text": ". while the court continues to weigh our challenge to the delisting decision, we will continue to work to improve the current state plans so that they maintain a healthy wolf population, \" said suzanne asha stone, northern rockies wolf conservation specialist for defenders of wildlife. \" recovery requires allowing wolves in different populations to reach each other in order to mate and raise their pups, \" said michael robinson of the center for biological diversity. \" even before they were unlawfully removed from the endangered species list, the government was gunning down so many wolves that the yellowstone population was reproductively isolated, a recipe for extinction. this injunction will give the wolves a fighting chance. \" \" this injunction is necessary to prevent the states from implementing management schemes that have the primary purpose of eliminating, rather than conserving, wolves, \" said michael garrity, executive director of the helena - based alliance for the wild rockies. \" the federal court just offered a badly needed lifeline to wolves in the northern rockies, \" said louisa willcox of the natural resources defense council. \" wolves have been getting killed at a rate of about one per day since the federal government stripped them of endangered species act protections. the court ' s ruling means the slaughter must stop. \" \" this is one step in a long process towards improving wolf management. the ruling puts an immediate stop to the wolf - killing that has taken place in the northern rockies since delisting. the states lack responsible, science - based management plans that ensure the wolf ' s recovery into the future and the judge ' s ruling reflects this. we applaud judge molloy ' s decision as we need to craft responsible management plans that will allow wolves to prosper and will benefit ranchers, hunters, the public and our local economies, \" said melanie stein, a sierra club representative. \" we consider this as one important step toward developing state management plans that will focus on wolf conservation, not wolf control, \" said franz camenzind, executive director of the jackson hole conservation alliance. \" it ' s now time for the three states to work together to frame a single management plan that will treat the wolves in idaho, montana and wyoming as a single population, not as discrete populations. with these guidelines, each state should bring together all the interests and shape individual plans that will ensure long - term sustainability of this important wildlife population. \" \" this is a crucial step toward protecting wolf populations in the northern rockies and sends a clear message that the administration cannot circumvent the protections of the esa through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38595739444478383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:401c1075-be23-4cb5-80eb-5abb54c2b772>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.983288"}
{"text": "shape individual plans that will ensure long - term sustainability of this important wildlife population. \" \" this is a crucial step toward protecting wolf populations in the northern rockies and sends a clear message that the administration cannot circumvent the protections of the esa through the use of unlawful delisting schemes, \" said jonathan r. lovvorn, vice president of animal protection litigation for the humane society of the united states. \" this ruling is not just great news for wolves in the rocky mountains, it is also great news for the future of wolves in oregon, \" said dan kruse of the oregon - based cascadia wildlands project. \" wolves are returning to oregon now for the first time in sixty years, and the rocky mountain wolves are our source population. the plan to kill the rocky mountain wolves is the single greatest threat to the recovery of wolves here in the pacific northwest. \" \" wolves are once again protected in the northern rockies. this is great news for the wolves. all three states had plans to allow hunts this fall. 500 wolves were scheduled to be killed and now those plans are halted, \" said earthjustice attorney doug honnold. doug honnold, earthjustice, ( 406 ) 586 - 9699 suzanne asha stone, defenders of wildlife, ( 208 ) 424 - 0932 louisa willcox, natural resources defense council, ( 406 ) 222 - 9561 franz camenzind, jackson hole conservation alliance, ( 307 ) 733 - 9417 liz bergstrom, the humane society of the united states, ( 301 ) 258 - 1455", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40950680640080483, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:401c1075-be23-4cb5-80eb-5abb54c2b772>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.984277"}
{"text": "what a busy two weeks! happy to be back to the blogging world and so ready for spring break. i wanted to share with you all some of the fun things we did last week. i bought deanna ' s st. patrick ' s day unit and my kinders had a blast. here ' s a glimpse at a few of our math workstations. these printables are made up of freebies found all over the place. : ) a leprechaun visited our classroom, played tricks on us, and left foot prints everywhere! he left silly messages and one day asked if we could \" catch \" his rainbow. so, we tried! this great experiment was from deanna ' s unit. we refracted light using a flashlight and vase of water. we turned off our classroom lights and students looked around the room and tried to find the rainbow. students learned that to make a rainbow, you need rain and sunlight. so, on the back of our paper, we made a key to illustrate what each object we used represented. key : the vase and water = rain and the flashlight = the sun. we learned about the colors of the rainbow and made our own roy g. biv. we made leprechaun punch one day and added rainbow sprinkles ( skittles )! students did a little \" how to \" writing and wrote the steps we took to make the punch. the last step, \" eat it up \" of course! we did a little leprechaun math and added gold together. my leprechaun has 2 pieces of gold. i gave him 2 more. now he has 4 pieces of gold. 2 + 2 = 4 here is what the outside of our classroom door looks like! i didn ' t get a chance to grab a picture after we added our huge pot of gold. but you can imagine it... right next to the door, in between the trees. we learned about the sequence of a story and read there was an old lady who swallowed a clover. students re told the story and listed the objects the old lady swallowed in order. you can grab this freebie and a few other goodies to store away for next year below. hope you had a happy st. patrick ' s day! click on the picture to download! clip art : scrappin ' doodles font : smiley monster", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4883377915178466, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55e91f5e-1728-45df-8dc8-d67cb614a12c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:01.987088"}
{"text": "need help using school facts jax? our quickstart video makes it easy to learn about the rich features the dashboard has to offer. you ' ll also find answers to our most frequently asked questions. for clear explanations on some of the technical terms and abbreviations, check out the glossary. glossary of terms jump to letter : - charter school ( from florida dept. of education ) charter schools are public schools that operate under a performance contract, or a \" charter \" which frees them from many regulations created for traditional public schools while holding them accountable for academic and financial results. charter schools are created when an individual or group submits an application to the school district ; the school district approves the application ; the applicants form a governing board that negotiates a contract with the district school board ; and the applicants and district school board agree upon a charter or contract. the district school board then becomes the sponsor of the charter school. the negotiated contract outlines expectations of both parties regarding the school ' s academic and financial charter schools are open to all students residing within the district ; however, charter schools are allowed to target students within specific age groups or grade levels, students considered at - risk of dropping out or failing, or students who meet reasonable academic, artistic or other eligibility standards established by the charter school. for more information, see fl doe office of independent education & parental - differentiated accountability differentiated accountability ( da ) refers to the system used in florida for classifying and evaluating the progress of school improvement based on school grades performance ( see \" school grades \" definition for more information ). beginning in 2012, florida ' s differentiated accountability assignment categories include : schools that have increased by at least one letter grade over the previous year or have maintained a school grade of \" a \". reward schools are eligible for school recognition funds as an incentive for their performance. schools receiving a school grade of \" c \" or \" d \". focus schools are subject to some increased state oversight and monitoring than reward or non - da schools. schools receiving a school grade of \" f \". priority schools are subject to more intensive intervention efforts required by the florida department of education. these schools must conduct a comprehensive needs assessment and submit a plan to demonstrate significant, immediate academic and systematic improvement in areas including : school improvement planning, leadership quality, educator quality, professional development, curriculum alignment and pacing, and monitoring plans and for more information, visit fl doe bureau of school improvement. - end - of - course exams end - of - course exams ( eocs ) are standardized tests aligned with florida", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5284646970523108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:144e55a9-1173-41b6-8e76-3914911cf8be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.003549"}
{"text": "quality, professional development, curriculum alignment and pacing, and monitoring plans and for more information, visit fl doe bureau of school improvement. - end - of - course exams end - of - course exams ( eocs ) are standardized tests aligned with florida ' s next generation sunshine state standards, designed to measure content mastery in key courses that are not specifically measured by the fcat 2. 0 or any other test - such as algebra 1, biology 1, geometry, u. s. history and civics. for more information on eocs, visit the florida department of education ' s end - of - course assessments page. - graduation rate graduation rates report the percentage of students who graduate from high school within four years of their initial enrollment in ninth grade, not including students who transferred out of the district. graduation rates for the same cohort of students may appear differently depending on the formula used to calculate the current standard calculation formula for the state of florida is known as the \" federal \" rate. prior to 2011, graduation rates were primarily calculated and reported using the \" nga \" rate. the major differences between these two formulas formula : includes only standard diplomas as graduates, excludes geds and all special diplomas from counting towards - nga formula : includes both standard and special diplomas as graduates, but excludes geds from counting towards graduation rates. for more information on how graduation rates are calculated, see reports available at fl doe education information and accountability - kindergarten readiness student academic and developmental readiness levels when entering kindergarten for the first time can vary widely and significantly impact educational achievement over the first few years of school. a number of factors, including early environment and experiences, quality of pre - k education experience, and individual physical and emotional development can all effect how ready a student is to begin learning immediately when they in florida, an assessment known as the florida kindergarten readiness screener ( flkrs ) is used to assess information about a student ' s overall readiness for kindergarten using components from two different types of readiness assessments, the early childhood observation system ( echos ) and the florida assessments for instruction in reading ( fair - k ). - echos : the echos assessment is a brief observational screening instrument designed to measure a child ' s performance across seven developmental areas : language and literacy, mathematics, social and personal skills, science, social studies, physical development and fitness, and creative arts. - fair - k : the fair - k test is used to measure reading readiness skills, including a students ' understanding of letter names and letter -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47875548990922867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:144e55a9-1173-41b6-8e76-3914911cf8be>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.014937"}
{"text": "mathematics, social and personal skills, science, social studies, physical development and fitness, and creative arts. - fair - k : the fair - k test is used to measure reading readiness skills, including a students ' understanding of letter names and letter - sounds ( phonemic awareness ). results from these two sections are used to calculate a student ' s probability of success in reading score. additional sections of the fair also administered to all public school kindergarten students include listening comprehension and vocabulary assessments. for more information about kindergarten readiness assessments, doe office of early learning. - magnet programs magnet programs offer a concentrated curriculum in designated areas of study, such as mathematics, science, technology, business, or performing arts. magnet programs may be offered schoolwide at dedicated magnet schools, or as special programs for magnet cohorts within traditional schools. magnet programs or schools are part of florida ' s school choice enrollment options and typically draw students from a wider geographic area than locally zoned for more information, visit fl doe magnet schools information. - postsecondary readiness postsecondary readiness rates indicate the percentage of a school ' s most recent graduating class who were qualified to enroll in college - level courses without the need for remediation in either reading or mathematics. readiness is determined by a student ' s highest scores on any of a number of recognized college placement tests, including the act, sat, cpt, or p. e. r. t. in order for a student to be considered postsecondary ready, he or she would need to meet the following minimum scores on any of these - act ( potential score range : 1 - 36 ) : - reading : 18 - english : 17 - mathematics : 19 - cpt ( potential score range : 1 - 120 ) : - writing skills : - elementary algebra : - p. e. r. t. ( potential score range : 50 - 150 ) : - reading : 104 - writing : 99 - mathematics : 113 - sat ( potential score range : 200 - 800 ) : - verbal : 440 - mathematics : 440 for more information about these tests or how postsecondary readiness is calculated, visit fl doe college and career readiness. - school grades school grades are the commonly used term to refer to a school ' s state accountability rating. all eligible public schools in florida are evaluated each year on student performance in the following - reading performance ( all students ) - reading performance gains ( all students ) - reading performance gains ( lowest 25 % students ) - math performance ( all students ) - math performance gains (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5131971097611288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:144e55a9-1173-41b6-8e76-3914911cf8be>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.019688"}
{"text": "science supplies and services model for mass spectrometer how many of high school or college students have seen the insides of a working mass spectrometer? how many know how and why it works? what is it used for? is the print - out the only important feature of the instrument or should our students understand how the information was obtained? a model of a mass spectrometer can be used to encourage this understanding. the s17 science model mass spectrometer is designed to answer an number of questions, and to teach a number of very interesting concepts. the instruction sheets that accompany this kit outline, in great detail, some of the best ways of using this kit to : the instruction sheets include information and diagrams to help you set up the apparatus. a set of sample questions, comments and answers that have been elicited and used in various classrooms is also included. students in kindergarten through college have marveled at the use of this kit in demonstrations. the kit has already been purchased by high schools and universities throughout the world for demonstrating the mass spectrometer to students of all academic backgrounds. you will want one of these in your school. it is available in two different kits, eq 129 and eq 131. the instructions sheets are the same in both kits. your ip address is : 220. 127. 116. 11", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5169045795999911, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a1e0083-6849-4af0-935b-27a825f8aba5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.022155"}
{"text": "wiktionary : about low german | this is a wiktionary policy, guideline or common practices page. this is a draft proposal. it is unofficial, and it is unknown whether it is widely accepted by wiktionary editors. | | policies : cfi - ele - block - redir - bots - quote - delete - npov - axx | low german / saxon is a germanic lect, a dialect continuum spoken in northern germany, the eastern netherlands, and numerous places outside central europe. it has three main forms : - ( german ) low german, spoken in northern germany - dutch low saxon, spoken in the eastern netherlands - plautdietsch ( also called mennonite low german ), spoken in canada, the united states, and elsewhere low german / saxon is related to dutch, to the frisian languages, to english, and to german. in some cases, low german expressions are intelligible to english speakers : he was en old mann is one low german sentence english - speakers can understand. on wiktionary, the variants of low german spoken in germany are represented by the code nds - de and are covered by the page wiktionary : about german low german. the variants spoken in the netherlands are represented by the code nds - nl and covered by wiktionary : about dutch low saxon. plautdietsch is represented by the code pdt and covered by wiktionary : about plautdietsch. what to call low german / saxon on wiktionary low german is the most common name of the dialect continuum, and is the name used on wiktionary. it is a calque of plattdudesch ( and its forms ) or nedderdudesch. platt means \" flat \" and is interpreted as \" relating to the lowlands \". at the time this name spread ( in the renaissance ), however, plat had the general meaning of \" intelligible \". nedder, on the other hand, actually means \" nether \" and relates to the lowlands in contrast to the german highlands, the alps, harz mountains, etc. dudesch is related to the english word dutch and the dutch word duits, and referred ( at the time it spread ) to any continental west germanic language. low saxon is another name often used in english. this name derives from that of the saxon tribe which spoke old saxon, the lect from which low german evolved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4720471062173592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2cc30d42-899f-4357-a492-ec861a3397b0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.039185"}
{"text": "open version of the diphthong rather than the existence of a diphthong in contrast to a monophthong. for example, someone pronouncing the \" long e \" as / e\u026a / might refer to / \u025b\u026a / and / a\u026a / as \" diphthongs \" but consider / e\u026a / a \" normal e \". the following is not a complete depiction of all sounds in all dialects but is an exemplative overview. | \u27e8 a \u27e9 | | / a / or / \u0252 / | | / o\u0252 / | | / a\u02d0 / or / \u0252\u02d0 / | | \u27e8 e \u27e9 | | / \u025b / | | / e\u026a / or / \u025b\u026a / | | / \u025b\u02d0 / | | \u27e8 o \u27e9 | | / \u0254 / | | / o\u028a / or / \u0254\u028a / | | / \u0254\u02d0 / | | \u27e8 o \u27e9 ( and other spellings ) | | / \u0153 / | | / / or / / | | / \u0153\u02d0 / | some of the sound - long vowels have had special characters in some areas or in the writing of some authors. the most widespread are \" e \" for / \u025b\u02d0 /, \" \u00e6 \" for / / ( and to a much lesser extent for / \u0153\u02d0 / ) and \" \u0153 \" for / \u0153\u02d0 /. \" a \" has been used for both / \u025b\u02d0 / and / /. key to dialectal pronunciation in general, the most closed version ( on the left ) is spoken in the west ( e. g. lower saxony ), while the most open ( on the right ) versions are from the east, especially rural ( not urban ) parts of w : mecklenburg - vorpommern. e = / \u025b\u026a / = / e\u026a / ~ / \u025b\u026a / ~ / a\u026a / o = / \u0254\u028a / = / o\u028a / ~ / \u0254\u028a / ~ / \u0252\u028a / o = / / = / / ~ / / ~ / / ; [ e\u026a ] ( w : konigsberg, low prussian ) u etc. ( long ) = / y\u02d0 / ; [ i\u02d0 ] ( low prussian ) u etc. ( short ) = [ ] ; [ \u026a ] ( low prussian ) r = / r / = [ r ] ~ [ \u027e ] ( except in syllable coda ) a = / \u028c / = [ a ] ~ [ \u00e6 ] ~ [ \u028c ] ~ [ \u0252 ] the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.509983761013435, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2cc30d42-899f-4357-a492-ec861a3397b0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.046304"}
{"text": "; [ \u026a ] ( low prussian ) r = / r / = [ r ] ~ [ \u027e ] ( except in syllable coda ) a = / \u028c / = [ a ] ~ [ \u00e6 ] ~ [ \u028c ] ~ [ \u0252 ] the merger of monophthongal a and o due to the relative similarity of the sounds of lengthened a and lengthened o, both were used somewhat interchangeably in middle low german writing. later, \" a \" replaced the letter \" o \" in the quasi - standard that middle low german had developed. this was because, at some point in history, most low german dialects merged the sound - long a with the sound - long o. later many merged the long a with the sound - long a as well. which sound was kept and which was lost was random throughout the dialects. in addition, low german orthography became more varied and also more randomized in later periods, so that words might be written with either a or o in a region ( e. g. apen and open ), while not necessarily giving away the pronunciation. comparison of low german and dutch low saxon orthographies some important differences between dutch - influenced orthography of dutch low saxon and the german - influences orthography of low german pertain to the representation of the following : | ipa / s / | | s | | s, ss, \u00df, z | | ipa / \u00f8 /, / \u0153 / | | eu | | o ( rarely \u00e6 for / \u0153 / ) | | vowel length in closed syllables | | doubled vowel | | doubled consonant or h | | capitalisation of nouns | | no | | yes | - for example, compare dutch low saxon zes ( \u201c six \u201d ) and kruus ( \u201c cross \u201d ) with german low german sess ( \u201c six \u201d ) and kruuz ( \u201c cross \u201d ). - dutch speakers usually use a double vowel ( laand ) to show the length of a vowel in a closed syllable, german speakers use an h ( wahnen ). both use an e after an i. the difference can be seen in the spellings of the word which means \" year \", which is pronounced either / j\u0252\u02d0\u027e / or / j\u0254\u02d0\u027e / or with / - \u0250 / instead of / \u027e / : it is written as jaar and joar in dutch low saxon, but as jahr, johr or some variant thereof in germany. - influenced by standard high german, which capitalizes nouns", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5035470042297969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2cc30d42-899f-4357-a492-ec861a3397b0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.054231"}
{"text": "economic opportunities for women still lagging : world bank and oecd wednesday, september 24, 2008 in a recent study released by the world bank and the organization for economic cooperation and development ( oecd ), economic opportunities for women are still lagging behind opportunities for men in the developing world. improvements have been made in women health and education, according to the study. the study calls for investments totaling over us $ 13 billion a year to achieve gender equality and women empowerment. danny leipziger, world bank vice president for poverty reduction and economic management, said, \" gender equality is key for poverty reduction and growth. progress on women \u2019 s education is essential but not enough if we don \u2019 t improve women \u2019 s access to good jobs and credit lines, to land ownership and to income - generating activities. \" the study equality for women : where do we stand on millennium development goal 3? looks at the achievements made by the developing world as laid out by the millennium development goals ( md ). these goals are eight international development goals that 189 united nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015. they include halving extreme poverty, reducing child mortality rates, fighting disease epidemics such as aids, and developing a global partnership for development. education has improved in 82 countries out of 122 and are on track to meet their md goals. however, 19 countries, 13 of which are in sub - saharan africa, are seriously off track to meet their target. the united nations will hold a conference on thursday at the annual session of the un in new york to discuss the millennium development goals. - press release : \" mixed results towards gender equality, say world bank and oecd \" \u2014 world bank, september 24, 2008 - \" $ 13 bn a year needed to achieve gender equality : world bank \" \u2014, september 24, 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47099436660819294, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70592dc5-67b0-49f8-b702-c59c6e07ec62>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.063401"}
{"text": "from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | centuries : | | 18th century \u2013 19th century \u2013 20th century | | decades : | | 1840s 1850s 1860s \u2013 1870s \u2013 1880s 1890s 1900s | | years : | | 1874 1875 1876 \u2013 1877 \u2013 1878 1879 1880 | | 1877 in topic : | | archaeology \u2013 architecture \u2013 art \u2013 literature \u2013 music | | australia \u2013 canada \u2013 france \u2013 germany \u2013 mexico \u2013 philippines \u2013 south africa \u2013 us \u2013 uk | | rail transport \u2013 science \u2013 sports | | lists of leaders | | colonial governors \u2013 state leaders | | birth and death categories | | births \u2013 deaths | | establishments and disestablishments categories | | establishments \u2013 disestablishments | | ab urbe condita | | 2630 | | british regnal year | | 40 vict. 1 \u2013 41 vict. 1 | \u2014 to \u2014 \u5e74 \u5341 \u4e00 \u6708 \u65e5 | - vikram samvat | | 1933 \u2013 1934 | | - shaka samvat | | 1799 \u2013 1800 | | - kali yuga | | 4978 \u2013 4979 | | - nri igbo | | 877 \u2013 878 | | japanese calendar | | meiji 10 | juche calendar | | n / a ( before 1912 ) | | julian calendar | | gregorian minus 12 days | | minguo calendar | | 35 before roc | thai solar calendar | | 2420 | | wikimedia commons has media related to : 1877 | year 1877 ( mdccclxxvii ) was a common year starting on monday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the gregorian calendar and a common year starting on saturday of the 12 - day slower julian calendar. - january 1 \u2013 queen victoria is proclaimed empress of india by the royal titles act 1876, introduced by benjamin disraeli, the prime minister of the united kingdom. - january 8 \u2013 american indian wars \u2013 battle of wolf mountain : crazy horse and his warriors fight their last battle with the united states cavalry in montana. - january 20 \u2013 the conference of constantinople ends with ottoman turkey rejecting proposals of internal reform and balkan provisions. - january 29 \u2013 the satsuma rebellion, a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government. the rebellion lasted until september of that year. - february 12 \u2013 louis renault, founder of renault, is born in paris, france. - march \u2013 the nineteenth century magazine is founded in london. - march 2 \u2013 in the compromise of 1877, the u. s. presidential election, 1876 is resolved with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.412302043279804, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0a064fd-09c8-426c-ba8c-b8704bdc848b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.102643"}
{"text": "12 \u2013 louis renault, founder of renault, is born in paris, france. - march \u2013 the nineteenth century magazine is founded in london. - march 2 \u2013 in the compromise of 1877, the u. s. presidential election, 1876 is resolved with the selection of rutherford b. hayes as the winner, even though samuel j. tilden had won the popular vote on november 7, 1876. - march 4 - march 15 \u2013 1877 australia v. england series : the first test cricket match is held between england and australia. - march 24 \u2013 for the only time in history, the boat race between the universities of cambridge and oxford is declared a \" dead heat \" ( i. e. a draw ). - april 12 \u2013 the united kingdom annexes the south african republic, violating the sand river convention of 1852 causing a new xhosa war. - april 24 \u2013 russo - turkish war, 1877 \u2013 1878 : the russian empire declares war on the ottoman empire. - may 5 \u2013 american indian wars : sitting bull leads his band of lakota into canada to avoid harassment by the united states army under colonel nelson miles. - may 6 \u2013 realizing that his people are weakened by cold and hunger, chief crazy horse of the oglala sioux surrenders to united states troops in nebraska. - may 8 \u2013 11 \u2013 at gilmore ' s gardens in new york city, the first westminster kennel club dog show is held. - may 16 \u2013 the may 16, 1877 political crisis occurs in france. - may 21 \u2013 ( may 9 o. s. ) \u2013 by a speech in the parliament of romania by mihail kogalniceanu, the country declares itself independent from the ottoman empire ( recognized in 1878 after the end of the romanian independence war ). - june 15 \u2013 henry ossian flipper becomes the first african american cadet to graduate from the united states military academy. - june 17 \u2013 american indian wars \u2013 battle of white bird canyon : the nez perce defeat the u. s. cavalry at white bird canyon in the idaho territory. - june 21 \u2013 the molly maguires are hanged at carbon county prison in mauch chunk, pennsylvania. - june 26 \u2013 the eruption of mount cotopaxi in ecuador causes severe mudflows that wipe out surrounding cities and valleys, killing 1, 000. - june 30 \u2013 the british mediterranean fleet is sent to besika bay. - july 9 \u2013 the all england lawn tennis and croquet club begins its first lawn tennis tournament at wimbledon. - july 16 \u2013 great railroad strike of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44153918574395634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0a064fd-09c8-426c-ba8c-b8704bdc848b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.106892"}
{"text": ", 000. - june 30 \u2013 the british mediterranean fleet is sent to besika bay. - july 9 \u2013 the all england lawn tennis and croquet club begins its first lawn tennis tournament at wimbledon. - july 16 \u2013 great railroad strike of 1877 : riots by baltimore and ohio railroad railroad workers in baltimore, maryland lead to a sympathy strike and rioting in pittsburgh, and a full - scale worker ' s rebellion in st. louis, briefly establishing a communist government before u. s. president rutherford b. hayes calls in the armed forces. - july 19 \u2013 russo - turkish war, 1877 \u2013 1878 : the first battle in the siege of plevna is fought. - july 30 \u2013 the second battle in the siege of plevna is fought. - august 9 \u2013 american indian wars \u2013 battle of big hole : near big hole river in montana, a small band of nez perce people who refuse government orders to move to a reservation, clash with the united states army. the united states army loses 29 soldiers and the indians lose 89 warriors in an army victory. - august 11 \u2013 asaph hall discovers deimos, the outer moon of mars. - august 18 \u2013 asaph hall discovers phobos, the inner moon of mars. - september 1 \u2013 the battle of lovcha, third battle in the siege of plevna, is fought. russian forces successfully reduce the ottoman fortress at lovcha. - september 5 \u2013 american indian wars : oglala sioux chief crazy horse is bayoneted by a united states soldier, after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at fort robinson in nebraska. - september 22 \u2013 treaty 7 is concluded between several mainly blackfoot first nations tribes and the canadian confederation at the blackfoot crossing of the bow river, settling the blackfoot on indian reserves in what will become southern alberta. - october 22 \u2013 the blantyre mining disaster in scotland kills 207 miners. - november 14 \u2013 henrik ibsen ' s first contemporary realist drama the pillars of society is premiered at the odense teater. - november 21 \u2013 thomas edison announces his invention of the phonograph, a machine that can record sound, considered edison ' s first great invention. edison demonstrates the device for the first time on november 29. - november 22 \u2013 the first college lacrosse game is played between new york university and manhattan college. - december 9 \u2013 the fourth battle of the russo - turkish war, 1877 \u2013 1878 is fought, concluding the siege of plevna. - december 14 \u2013 serbia restates its previous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48082788957104317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0a064fd-09c8-426c-ba8c-b8704bdc848b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.109854"}
{"text": "college lacrosse game is played between new york university and manhattan college. - december 9 \u2013 the fourth battle of the russo - turkish war, 1877 \u2013 1878 is fought, concluding the siege of plevna. - december 14 \u2013 serbia restates its previous declaration of war against turkey. date unknown - a professionally led army of draftees crushes a major rebellion by feudal elements protesting the loss of their privileges in japan. - leo tolstoy ' s novel anna karenina is published complete in book form in moscow. - january 2 \u2013 slava raskaj, croatian painter ( d. 1906 ) - february 4 \u2013 eddie cochems, father of the forward pass in american football ( d. 1953 ) - february 7 \u2013 g. h. hardy, british mathematician ( d. 1947 ) - february 14 \u2013 edmund landau, german mathematician ( d. 1938 ) - february 17 \u2013 andre maginot, french politician ( d. 1932 ) - february 19 \u2013 gabriele munter, german painter ( d. 1962 ) - february 25 \u2013 erich von hornbostel, austrian musicologist ( d. 1935 ) - march 2 \u2013 consuelo vanderbilt, duchess of marlborough ( d. 1964 ) - march 4 - march 16 \u2013 reza shah pahlavi, shah of iran ( d. 1944 ) - march 18 \u2013 edgar cayce, american psychic ( d. 1945 ) - march 21 \u2013 maurice farman, french pilot and aircraft designer ( d. 1964 ) - march 25 \u2013 walter little, canadian politician ( d. 1961 ) - march 29 \u2013 alois kayser, german missionary ( d. 1944 ) - april 30 \u2013 alice b. toklas, american writer ( d. 1967 ) - may 3 \u2013 karl abraham, german psychoanalyst ( d. 1925 ) - may 23 \u2013 grace ingalls, youngest sister of author laura ingalls wilder ( d. 1941 ) - may 24 \u2013 samuel w. bryant, american admiral ( d. 1938 ) - may 27 \u2013 isadora duncan, american dancer ( d. 1927 ) - june 4 \u2013 heinrich otto wieland, german chemist, nobel prize laureate ( d. 1957 ) - june 7 \u2013 charles glover barkla, english physicist, nobel prize laureate ( d. 1944 ) - june 11 \u2013 renee vivien, british poet who wrote in french ( d. 1909 ) - june 12 \u2013 thomas c. hart, american admiral and politician ( d. 1971 ) - june 14 \u2013 jane bathori, french opera singer ( d. 1970 ) - july 2 \u2013 hermann", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4652978574502642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0a064fd-09c8-426c-ba8c-b8704bdc848b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.111422"}
{"text": "british poet who wrote in french ( d. 1909 ) - june 12 \u2013 thomas c. hart, american admiral and politician ( d. 1971 ) - june 14 \u2013 jane bathori, french opera singer ( d. 1970 ) - july 2 \u2013 hermann hesse, german - born writer, nobel prize laureate ( d. 1962 ) - july 3 \u2013 shafiqah shasha ( \u0634\u0641\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0634\u0639 ), lebanese - australian matriarch ( d. 1953 ) - july 6 \u2013 arnaud massy, french golfer ( d. 1950 ) - july 13 \u2013 erik scavenius, prime minister of denmark ( d. 1962 ) - july 17 \u2013 ernst von dohnanyi, hungarian conductor ( d. 1960 ) - july 19 \u2013 arthur fielder, english cricketer ( d. 1949 ) - august 1 \u2013 charlotte hughes ( nee milburn ), the longest - lived person ever documented in the united kingdom ( d. 1993 ) - august 6 \u2013 wallace h. white, jr., u. s. senator from maine ( d. 1952 ) - august 7 \u2013 ulrich salchow, swedish figure skater ( d. 1949 ) - august 15 \u2013 stanley vestal, american writer, poet, historian ( d. 1957 ) - august 16 \u2013 roque ruano, spanish priest - civil engineer ( d. 1935 ) - august 22 \u2013 ananda coomaraswamy, philosopher ( d. 1947 ) - august 27 - august 29 \u2013 dudley pound, british admiral ( d. 1943 ) - september 1 \u2013 francis william aston, english chemist, nobel prize laureate ( d. 1945 ) - september 2 \u2013 frederick soddy, english chemist, nobel prize laureate ( d. 1956 ) - september 6 \u2013 buddy bolden, american jazz musician ( d. 1930 ) - september 26 \u2013 alfred cortot, swiss pianist ( d. 1962 ) - october 4 \u2013 razor smith, english cricketer ( d. 1946 ) - october 15 \u2013 helen ware, american stage & film actress ( d. 1939 ) - october 27 \u2013 george thompson, english cricketer ( d. 1943 ) - october 29 \u2013 narcisa de leon, filipino film mogul ( d. 1966 ) - november 2 \u2013 claire mcdowell, american silent film actress ( d. 1966 ) - november 9 \u2013 allama iqbal, indian philosopher, one of the profound founding fathers of the muslims of india ( d. 1938 ) - november 15 \u2013 william hope hodgson, english author ( d. 1918 ) - november 17 \u2013 frank lahm, brigadier general usaf, airship pilot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4038366669679311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0a064fd-09c8-426c-ba8c-b8704bdc848b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.112699"}
{"text": "iqbal, indian philosopher, one of the profound founding fathers of the muslims of india ( d. 1938 ) - november 15 \u2013 william hope hodgson, english author ( d. 1918 ) - november 17 \u2013 frank lahm, brigadier general usaf, airship pilot, early military aviator trained by the wright brothers ( d. 1963 ) - november 22 - november 24 - december 3 \u2013 richard pearse, new zealand airplane pioneer ( d. 1953 ) - december 24 \u2013 sigrid schauman, finnish painter ( d. 1979 ) - january 2 \u2013 alexander bain, scottish inventor ( b. 1811 ) - january 4 \u2013 cornelius vanderbilt, american entrepreneur ( b. 1794 ) - january 20 \u2013 dato maharajalela lela, malay nationalist. - february 20 \u2013 louis m. goldsborough, united states navy admiral ( b. 1805 ) - march 1 \u2013 antoni patek, polish watchmaker ( b. 1811 ) - march 24 \u2013 walter bagehot, british businessman, essayist and journalist ( b. 1826 ) - may 26 \u2013 kido takayoshi, japanese statesman ( b. 1833 ) - june 3 - june 22 \u2013 john r. goldsborough, united states navy commodore ( b. 1809 ) - july 16 & ndash samuel mclean, american congressman ( b. 1826 - july 27 \u2013 john frost, british chartist leader ( b. 1784 ) - august 8 \u2013 william lovett, british chartist leader ( b. 1800 ) - august 29 \u2013 brigham young, american mormon leader ( b. 1801 ) - august 30 \u2013 raphael semmes, american and confederate naval officer ( b. 1809 ) - september 2 \u2013 constantine kanaris, greek politician ( b. 1795 ) - september 3 \u2013 adolphe thiers, french historian and politician ( b. 1797 ) - september 5 \u2013 crazy horse, oglala sioux chief ( b. 1849 ) - september 17 \u2013 william fox talbot, english photographer ( b. 1800 ) - september 24 \u2013 saigo takamori, samurai ( b. 1827 ) - october 3 \u2013 james roosevelt bayley, first bishop of newark, new jersey, and the eighth archbishop of baltimore ( b. 1814 ) - october 16 \u2013 theodore barriere, french dramatist ( b. 1823 ) - october 29 \u2013 nathan bedford forrest, american confederate civil war general - november 2 \u2013 friedrich graf von wrangel, prussian field marshal ( b. 1784 ) - december 12 \u2013 jose de alencar, brazilian novelist ( b. 1829 ) - december 31 \u2013 gustave courbet,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41803826936974686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0a064fd-09c8-426c-ba8c-b8704bdc848b>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.115385"}
{"text": "in library science, authority control is a process that organizes library catalog and bibliographic information by using a single, distinct name for each topic. these one - of - a - kind headings are applied consistently throughout the catalog, and work with other organizing data such as linkages and cross references. each heading is described briefly in terms of its scope and usage, and this organization helps the library staff maintain the catalog and make it user - friendly for researchers. the word authority in authority control derives from its initial use in identifying authors, and does not have the usual meaning of authority as a power relationship, although both senses of the word authority are related etymologically. cataloguers assign each subject \u2014 such as an author, book, series or corporation \u2014 a particular unique heading term which is then used consistently, uniquely, and unambiguously to describe all references to that same subject, even if there are variations such as different spellings, pen names, or aliases. the unique header can guide users to all relevant information including related or collocated subjects. authority records can be combined into a database and called an authority file, and maintaining and updating these files as well as \" logical linkages \" to other files within them is the work of librarians and other information cataloguers. accordingly, authority control is an example of controlled vocabulary and of bibliographic control. while in theory any piece of information is amenable to authority control such as personal and corporate names, uniform titles, series, and subjects, library cataloguers typically focus on author names and book titles. subject headings from the library of congress fulfill a function similar to authority records, although they are usually considered separately. as time passes, information changes, prompting needs for reorganization. according to one view, authority control is not about creating a perfect seamless system but rather it is an ongoing effort to keep up with these changes and try to bring \" structure and order \" to the task of helping users find information. - better researching. authority control helps researchers get a handle on a specific subject with less wasted effort. a well - designed digital catalog / database enables a researcher to query a few words of an entry to bring up the already established term or phrase, thus improving accuracy and saving time. - makes searching more predictable. it can be used in conjunction with keyword searching using \" and \" or \" not \" or \" or \" or other boolean operators on a web browser. it increases chances that a given search will return relevant items. - consistency of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41720895982123174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b4b40c-b448-457a-b50d-58c9b0cc4f67>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.145541"}
{"text": "more predictable. it can be used in conjunction with keyword searching using \" and \" or \" not \" or \" or \" or other boolean operators on a web browser. it increases chances that a given search will return relevant items. - consistency of records. - organization and structure of information. - efficiency for cataloguers. the process of authority control is not only of great help to researchers searching for a particular subject to study, but it can help cataloguers organize information as well. cataloguers can use authority records when trying to categorize new items, since they can see which records have already been catalogued and can therefore avoid unnecessary work. - maximises library resources. - easier to maintain the catalog. it enables cataloguers to detect and correct errors. in some instances, software programs support workers tasked with maintaining the catalog to do ongoing tasks such as automated clean - up. it helps creators and users of metadata. - fewer errors. it can help catch errors caused by typos or misspellings which can sometimes accumulate over time, sometimes known as quality drift. for example, machines can catch misspellings such as \" elementary school techers \" and \" pumpkilns \" which can then be corrected by library staff. differing names describe the same subject sometimes within a catalog there are different names or spellings for only one person or subject. this can bring confusion since researchers may miss some information. authority control is used by cataloguers to collocate materials that logically belong together but which present themselves differently. records are used to establish uniform titles which collocate all versions of a given work under one unique heading even when such versions are issued under different titles. with authority control, one unique preferred name represents all variations and will include different variations, spellings and misspellings, uppercase versus lowercase variants, differing dates, and so forth. for example, in wikipedia, the subject of princess diana is described by an article diana, princess of wales as well as numerous other descriptors, but both princess diana and diana, princess of wales describe the same person ; an authority record would choose one title as the preferred one for consistency. in an online library catalog, various entries might look like the following : - diana. ( 1 ) - diana, princess of wales. ( 1 ) - diana, princess of wales, 1961 \u2013 1997 ( 13 ) - diana, princess of wales 1961 \u2013 1997 ( 1 ) - diana, princess of wales, 1961 \u2013 1997 ( 2 ) - diana, princess of wales, 1961 \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49401053778599247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b4b40c-b448-457a-b50d-58c9b0cc4f67>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.149608"}
{"text": "( 1 ) - diana, princess of wales, 1961 \u2013 1997 ( 13 ) - diana, princess of wales 1961 \u2013 1997 ( 1 ) - diana, princess of wales, 1961 \u2013 1997 ( 2 ) - diana, princess of wales, 1961 \u2013 1997. ( 1 ) - diana, princess of wales, \u2014 iconography. ( 2 ) these different terms describe the same person. accordingly, authority control reduces these entries to one unique entry or official authorized heading, sometimes termed an access point : - diana, princess of wales, 1961 \u2013 1997 | l i b r a r y | | h e a d i n g | | national library of the netherlands | | diana, prinses van wales, 1961 - 1997 | | virtual international authority file | | viaf id : 107032638 | | wikipedia | | diana, princess of wales | | worldcat | | diana princess of wales 1961 - 1997 | | german national library | | diana wales, prinzessin 1961 - 1997 | | u. s. library of congress | | diana, princess of wales, 1961 - 1997 | | biblioteca nacional de espana | | windsor, diana, princess of wales | | getty union list of artist names | | diana, princess of wales english noble and patron, 1961 - 1997 | generally there are different authority file headings chosen by different national libraries, possibly inviting confusion, but there are different approaches internationally to try to lessen the confusion. one international effort to prevent such confusion is the virtual international authority file which is a collaborative attempt to provide a single heading for a particular subject. it is a way to standardize information from different national libraries such as the german national library and the united states library of congress. the idea is to create a single worldwide virtual authority file. for example, the german national library ' s term for princess diana is diana wales, prinzessin 1961 - 1997 while the united states library of congress prefers the term diana, princess of wales, 1961 - 1997 ; other national libraries have other choices. the virtual international authority file choice for all of these variations is viaf id : 107032638 \u2014 that is, a common number representing all of these variations. wikipedia prefers the term diana, princess of wales, but at the bottom of wikipedia ' s page about her, there are links to various international cataloguing efforts for reference purposes. same name describes two different subjects sometimes two different authors have been published under the same name. this can happen if there is a title which is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4780725779934356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b4b40c-b448-457a-b50d-58c9b0cc4f67>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.152817"}
{"text": "bottom of wikipedia ' s page about her, there are links to various international cataloguing efforts for reference purposes. same name describes two different subjects sometimes two different authors have been published under the same name. this can happen if there is a title which is identical to another title or to a collective uniform title. this, too, can cause confusion. different authors can be distinguished correctly from each other by, for example, adding a middle initial to one of the names ; in addition, other information can be added to one entry to clarify the subject, such as birth year, death year, range of active years such as 1918 \u2013 1965 when the person flourished, or a brief descriptive epithet. when cataloguers come across different subjects with similar or identical headings, they can disambiguate them using authority control. authority records and files a customary way of enforcing authority control in a bibliographic catalog is to set up a separate index of authority records, which relates to and governs the headings used in the main catalog. this separate index is often referred to as an \" authority file. \" it contains an indexable record of all decisions made by cataloguers in a given library ( or \u2014 as is increasingly the case \u2014 cataloguing consortium ), which cataloguers consult when making, or revising, decisions about headings. as a result, the records contain documentation about sources used to establish a particular preferred heading, and may contain information discovered while researching the heading which may be useful. while authority files provide information about a particular subject, their primary function is not to provide information but to organize it. they contain enough information to establish that a given author or title is unique, but that is all ; irrelevant but interesting information is generally excluded. although practices vary internationally, authority records in the english - speaking world generally contain : - headings show the preferred title chosen as the official and authorized version. it is important that the heading be unique ; if there is a conflict with an identical heading, then one of the two will have to be chosen : since the headings function as access points, making sure that they are distinct and not in conflict with existing entries is important. for example, the english novelist william collins ( 1824 \u2013 89 ), whose works include the moonstone and the woman in white is better known as wilkie collins. cataloguers have to decide which name the public would most likely look under, and whether to use a see also reference to link alternative forms of an individual ' s name. - cross references are other forms of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4741248520352642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b4b40c-b448-457a-b50d-58c9b0cc4f67>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.154225"}
{"text": "is better known as wilkie collins. cataloguers have to decide which name the public would most likely look under, and whether to use a see also reference to link alternative forms of an individual ' s name. - cross references are other forms of the name or title that might appear in the catalog and include : - see references are forms of the name or title that describe the subject but which have been passed over or deprecated in favor of the authorized heading form - see also references point to other forms of the name or title that are also authorized. these see also references generally point to earlier or later forms of a name or title. - statement ( s ) of justification is a brief account made by the cataloguer about particular information sources used to determine both authorized and deprecated forms. sometimes this means citing the title and publication date of the source, the location of the name or title on that source, and the form in which it appears on that source. for example, the irish writer brian o ' nolan, who lived from 1911 to 1966, wrote under many pen names such as flann o ' brien and myles na gopaleen. catalogers at the united states library of congress chose one form \u2014 \" o ' brien, flann, 1911 \u2013 1966 \" \u2014 as the official heading. the example contains all three elements of a valid authority record : the first heading o ' brien, flann, 1911 \u2013 1966 is the form of the name that the library of congress chose as authoritative. in theory, every record in the catalog that represents a work by this author should have this form of the name as its author heading. what follows immediately below the heading beginning with na gopaleen, myles, 1911 \u2013 1966 are the see references. these forms of the author ' s name will appear in the catalog, but only as transcriptions and not as headings. if a user queries the catalog under one of these variant forms of the author ' s name, he or she would receive the response : \" see o \u2019 brien, flann, 1911 \u2013 1966. \" there is an additional spelling variant of the gopaleen name : \" na gcopaleen, myles, 1911 \u2013 1966 \" has an extra c inserted because the author also employed the non - anglicized irish spelling of his pen - name, in which the capitalized c shows the correct root word while the preceding g indicates its pronunciation in context. so if a library user comes across this spelling variant, he or she will be led to the same author regardless", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4880596973058571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b4b40c-b448-457a-b50d-58c9b0cc4f67>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.155342"}
{"text": "spelling of his pen - name, in which the capitalized c shows the correct root word while the preceding g indicates its pronunciation in context. so if a library user comes across this spelling variant, he or she will be led to the same author regardless. see also references, which point from one authorized heading to another authorized heading, are exceedingly rare for personal name authority records, although they often appear in name authority records for corporate bodies. the final four entries in this record beginning with his at swim - two - birds... 1939. constitute the justification for this particular form of the name : it appeared in this form on the 1939 edition of the author ' s novel at swim - two - birds, whereas the author ' s other noms de plume appeared on later publications. access control the act of choosing a single authorized heading to represent all forms of a name is often difficult, sometimes arbitrary and on occasion politically sensitive. an alternative is the idea of access control, where variant forms of a name are related without the endorsement of one particular form. authority control and cooperative cataloging before the advent of digital online public access catalogs and the internet, creating and maintaining a library ' s authority files was generally carried out by individual cataloging departments within each library \u2014 that is, if such cataloguing was done at all. this often resulted in substantial disagreement between different libraries over which form of a given name was considered authoritative. as long as a library ' s catalog was internally consistent, differences between catalogs did not matter greatly. however, even before the internet revolutionized the way libraries go about cataloging their materials, catalogers began moving toward the establishment of cooperative consortia, such as oclc and rlin in the united states, in which cataloging departments from libraries all over the world contributed their records to, and took their records from, a shared database. this development prompted to the need for national standards for authority work. in the united states, the primary organization for maintaining cataloging standards with respect to authority work operates under the aegis of the library of congress, and is known as the name authority cooperative program, or naco authority. there are various standards using different acronyms. - isaar ( cpf ) \u2013 international standard archival authority record for corporate bodies, persons, and families. [ dead link ] published by the international council on archives - marc standards for authority records in machine - readable format. - metadata authority description schema ( mads ), an xml schema for an authority element set that may be used to provide metadata", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47316795886501295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b4b40c-b448-457a-b50d-58c9b0cc4f67>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.156920"}
{"text": "dead link ] published by the international council on archives - marc standards for authority records in machine - readable format. - metadata authority description schema ( mads ), an xml schema for an authority element set that may be used to provide metadata about agents ( people, organizations ), events, and terms ( topics, geographics, genres, etc. ). - encoded archival context, an xml schema for authority records conforming to isaar ( cpf ) see also - knowledge organization systems - library classification systems : - ontology ( information science ) - simple knowledge organization system ( skos ) for representation of thesauri, classification schemes, taxonomies, subject - heading systems, or any other type of structured controlled vocabulary. - universal authority file ( gemeinsame normdatei or gnd ), authority file by the german national library - virtual international authority file ( viaf ), an aggregation of authority files currently focused on personal and corporate names. - orcid ( open researcher and contributor id ), a nonproprietary alphanumeric code to uniquely identify scientific and other academic authors. authors - including wikipedia editors - may obtain an orcid by signing up at orcid. org. - block, rick j. 1999. \u201c authority control : what it is and why it matters. \u201d, accessed march 30, 2006 - \" why does a library catalog need authority control and what is \". government of vermont. november 25, 2012. - \" authority control at the nmsu library \". new mexico state university. november 25, 2012. - \" authority control in the card environment \". government of vermont. november 25, 2012. retrieved november 25, 2012. - kathleen l. wells of the university of southern mississippi libraries ( november 25, 2012 ). \" got authorities? why authority control is good for your library \". tennessee libraries. - \" auctor \". online etymology dictionary. december 7, 2012. retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07. \"... note : root words for both author and authority are words such as auctor or autor and autorite from the 13th century. - - author ( n ) c. 1300, autor \" father, \" from o. fr. auctor, acteor \" author, originator, creator, instigator ( 12c., mod. fr. auteur ), from l. auctorem ( nom. auctor )... - - authority ( n. ) early", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4988909434752403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b4b40c-b448-457a-b50d-58c9b0cc4f67>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.158683"}
{"text": "\" author, originator, creator, instigator ( 12c., mod. fr. auteur ), from l. auctorem ( nom. auctor )... - - authority ( n. ) early 13c., autorite \" book or quotation that settles an argument, \" from o. fr. auctorite \" authority, prestige, right, permission, dignity, gravity ; the scriptures \" ( 12c. ; mod. fr. autorite ),... ( see author ).... \" - \" authority ( control ) \". memidex. december 7, 2012. retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07. \" etymology... autorite \" book or quotation that settles an argument \", from old french auctorite... \" - \" authority \". merriam - webster dictionary. december 7, 2012. retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07. \" see \" origin of authority \" - - middle english auctorite, from anglo - french auctorite, from latin auctoritat -, auctoritas opinion, decision, power, from auctor first known use : 13th century... \" - \" cataloguing authority control policy \". national library of australia. november 25, 2012. \" the primary purpose of authority control is to assist the catalogue user in locating items of interest. \" - \" authority control at lti \". lti. november 25, 2012. - \" brief guidelines on authority control decision - making \". ncsu libraries. november 25, 2012. - \" authority control in unicorn workflows august 2001 \". rutgers university. november 25, 2012. \" why authority control? \" - burger, robert h. authority work : the creation, use, maintenance and evaluation of authority records and files. littleton, colo. : libraries unlimited, 1985 - clack, doris hargrett. authority control : principles, applications, and instructions. chicago : american library association, 1990. - maxwell, robert l. maxwell ' s guide to authority work. chicago : american library association, 2002. - calhoun, karen ( june 1998 ). \" a bird ' s eye view of authority control in cataloging \". cornell university library. retrieved november 25, 2012. - virtual international authority file records for princess diana, retrieved march 12, 2013 - note : this is the article title as of march 12, 2013 - mason, moya k ( november 25, 2012 ), purpose of authority work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4689544468804482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b4b40c-b448-457a-b50d-58c9b0cc4f67>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.159697"}
{"text": "25, 2012. - virtual international authority file records for princess diana, retrieved march 12, 2013 - note : this is the article title as of march 12, 2013 - mason, moya k ( november 25, 2012 ), purpose of authority work and files - wynar, bs ( 1992 ), introduction to cataloguing and classification ( 8th ed. ), littleton, co : libraries unlimited. - authorities files, library of congress ; the original record has been abbreviated for clarity. - calhoun, karen, a bird ' s eye view of authority control in cataloging, cornell university library. - note : see linda barnhart ' s access control records : prospects and challenges from the 1996 oclc conference ' authority control in the 21st century ' for more information. - \" naco home : naco ( program for cooperative cataloging ( pcc ), library of congress ) \". loc. gov. retrieved 2011 - 12 - 18. - http : / / www. ica. org / en / node / 30230 [ dead link ] - \" icarchives : page d ' accueil : accueil \". ica. org. retrieved 2011 - 12 - 18. - library of congress network development and marc standards office. \" marc 21 format for authority data : table of contents ( network development and marc standards office, library of congress ) \". loc. gov. retrieved 2011 - 12 - 18. - note : see orcid. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4713434820967748, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b4b40c-b448-457a-b50d-58c9b0cc4f67>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.160324"}
{"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( april 2008 ) | a blackboard ( uk english ) or chalkboard ( us english ) is a reuseable writing surface on which text or drawings are made with sticks of calcium sulfate or calcium carbonate, known, when used for this purpose, as chalk. blackboards were originally made of smooth, thin sheets of black or dark grey slate stone. modern versions are often green because the color is considered easier on the eyes. a blackboard can simply be a piece of board painted with matte dark paint ( usually black or dark green ). a more modern variation consists of a coiled sheet of plastic drawn across two parallel rollers, which can be scrolled to create additional writing space while saving what has been written. the highest grade blackboards are made of a rougher version porcelain enamelled steel ( black, green, blue or sometimes other colours ). porcelain is very hard wearing and blackboards made of porcelain usually last 10 \u2013 20 years in intensive use. lecture theatres may contain a number of blackboards in a grid arrangement. the lecturer then moves boards into reach for writing and then move them out of reach, allowing a large amount of material to be shown simultaneously. the chalk marks can be easily wiped off with a damp cloth, a sponge or a special blackboard eraser consisting of a block of wood covered by a felt pad. however, chalk marks made on some types of wet blackboard can be difficult to remove. blackboard manufacturers often advise that a new or newly resurfaced blackboard be completely covered using the side of a stick of chalk and then that chalk brushed off as normal to prepare it for use. chalk sticks sticks of processed \" chalk \" are produced especially for use with blackboards in white and also in various colours. these are not actually made from chalk rock but from calcium sulfate in its dihydrate form, gypsum. advantages and disadvantages as compared to whiteboards, blackboards have a variety of advantages : - chalk requires no special care ; whiteboard markers must be capped or else they dry out. - chalk is an order of magnitude cheaper than whiteboard markers for a comparable amount of writing. - it is easier to draw lines of different weights and thicknesses with chalk than with whiteboard markers. - chalk has a mild smell, whereas whiteboard markers often have a pungent odor. - chalk writing often provides better contrast than whiteboard markers. on the other hand, chalk produces dust, the amount depending on the quality of chalk used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5164898347387128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ccbb322-62ae-4bc3-9539-056828a41ee0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.167022"}
{"text": "markers. - chalk has a mild smell, whereas whiteboard markers often have a pungent odor. - chalk writing often provides better contrast than whiteboard markers. on the other hand, chalk produces dust, the amount depending on the quality of chalk used. some people find this uncomfortable or may be allergic to it, and according to the american academy of allergy, asthma and immunology ( aaaai ), there are links between chalk dust and allergy and asthma problems. the dust also precludes the use of chalk in areas shared with dust - sensitive equipment such as computers. the scratching of fingernails on a blackboard, as well as other pointed, especially metal objects against blackboards, produces a sound that is well known for being extremely irritating to most people. many are averse also to merely the sight or thought of this sort of contact. etymology and history they use black tablets for the children in the schools, and write upon them along the long side, not the broadside, writing with a white material from the left to the right. the first classroom uses of large blackboards are difficult to date, but they were used for music education and composition in europe as far back as the sixteenth century. the term \" blackboard \" is attested in english from the mid - eighteenth century ; the oxford english dictionary provides a citation from 1739, to write \" with chalk on a black - board \". the term \" chalkboard \" was used interchangeably with \" blackboard \" in the united kingdom in the early nineteenth century, but by the twentieth century had become primarily restricted to north american english. the blackboard was introduced into the us education system from europe in 1801. this occurred at west point, where george baron, an english mathematician, used chalk and blackboard in a lecture on september 21. james pillans has been credited with the invention of coloured chalk ( 1814 ) : he had a recipe with ground chalk, dyes and porridge. see also | look up blackboard or chalkboard in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | | wikimedia commons has media related to : blackboards | - chalkboard gag from the simpsons - interactive whiteboard - sidewalk chalk - sound of fingernails scraping chalkboard - webmd. \" reading, writing, and wheezing? not necessarily \". asthma health center. webmd. retrieved sept. 19, 2000. - \" full text of \" alberuni ' s india. an account of the religion, philosophy, literature, geography, chronology, astronomy, customs,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4661863527928594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ccbb322-62ae-4bc3-9539-056828a41ee0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.168721"}
{"text": "a textbook or coursebook is a manual of instruction in any branch of study. textbooks are produced according to the demands of educational institutions. although most textbooks are only published in printed format, many are now available as online electronic books and increasingly, although illegally, in scanned format on file sharing networks. the ancient greeks wrote texts intended for education. the modern textbook has its roots in the standardization made possible by the printing press. johannes gutenberg himself may have printed editions of ars minor, a schoolbook on latin grammar by aelius donatus. early textbooks were used by tutors and teachers, who used the books as instructional aids ( e. g., alphabet books ), as well as individuals who taught themselves. the greek philosopher socrates ( 469 - 399 b. c. ) lamented the loss of knowledge because the media of transmission were changing. before the invention of the greek alphabet 2, 500 years ago, knowledge and stories were recited aloud, much like homer ' s epic poems. the new technology of writing meant stories no longer needed to be memorized, a development socrates feared would weaken the greeks ' mental capacities for memorizing and retelling. ( paradoxically, we know about socrates ' concerns only because they were written down by his student plato in his famous dialogues. ) the next revolution for books came with the 15th - century invention of printing with changeable type. the invention is attributed to german metalsmith johannes gutenberg, who cast type in molds using a melted metal alloy and constructed a wooden - screw printing press to transfer the image onto paper. gutenberg ' s first and only large - scale printing effort was the now iconic gutenberg bible in the 1450s \u2014 a latin translation from the hebrew old testament and the greek new testament [ disambiguation needed ], copies of which can be viewed on the british library website www. bl. uk. gutenberg ' s invention made mass production of texts possible for the first time. although the gutenberg bible itself was stratospherically expensive, printed books began to spread widely over european trade routes during the next 50 years, and by the 16th century printed books had become more widely accessible and less costly. compulsory education and the subsequent growth of schooling in europe led to the printing of many standardized texts for children. textbooks have become the primary teaching instrument for most children since the 19th century. two textbooks of historical significance in united states schooling were the 18th century new england primer and the 19th century mcguffey readers. technological advances change the way people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5376484333862875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37a1508e-8391-47b6-825d-944ac519a60c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.222105"}
{"text": "for children. textbooks have become the primary teaching instrument for most children since the 19th century. two textbooks of historical significance in united states schooling were the 18th century new england primer and the 19th century mcguffey readers. technological advances change the way people interact with textbooks. online and digital materials are making it increasingly easy for students to access materials other than the traditional print textbook. students now have access to electronic and pdf books, online tutoring systems and video lectures. an example of e - book publishing is principles of biology from nature publishing. most notably, an increasing number of authors are foregoing commercial publishers and offering their textbooks under a creative commons or other open license. the new york times recently endorsed the use of free, open, digital textbooks in the editorial \" that book costs how much? \" the \" broken market \" the textbook market does not operate in exactly the same manner as most consumer markets. first, the end consumers ( students ) do not select the product, and the product is not purchased by faculty or professors. therefore, price is removed from the purchasing decision, giving the producer ( publishers ) disproportionate market power to set prices high. similarities are found in the pharmaceutical industry, which sells its wares to doctors, rather than the ultimate end - user ( i. e. patient ). this fundamental difference in the market is often cited as the primary reason that prices are out of control. the term \" broken market \" first appeared in economist james koch ' s analysis of the market commissioned by the advisory committee on student financial assistance. this situation is exacerbated by the lack of competition in the textbook market. consolidation in the past few decades [ when? ] has reduced the number of major textbook companies from around 30 to just a handful. consequently, there is less competition than there used to be, and the high cost of starting up ' keeps new companies from entering. new editions & the used book market students seek relief from rising prices through the purchase of used copies of textbooks, which tend to be less expensive. most college bookstores offer used copies of textbooks at lower prices. most bookstores will also buy used copies back from students at the end of a term if the book is going to be re - used at the school. books that are not being re - used at the school are often purchased by an off - campus wholesaler for 0 - 30 % of the new cost, for distribution to other bookstores where the books will be sold. textbook companies have countered this by encouraging faculty to assign homework that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.51019174978474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37a1508e-8391-47b6-825d-944ac519a60c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.223842"}
{"text": "- used at the school are often purchased by an off - campus wholesaler for 0 - 30 % of the new cost, for distribution to other bookstores where the books will be sold. textbook companies have countered this by encouraging faculty to assign homework that must be done on the publisher ' s website. if a student has a new textbook then he or she can use the pass code in the book to register on the site. if the student has purchased a used textbook then he or she must pay money directly to the publisher in order to access the website and complete assigned homework. students who look beyond the campus bookstore can typically find lower prices. with the isbn or title, author and edition, most textbooks can be located through online used book sellers or retailers. most leading textbook companies publish a new edition every 3 or 4 years, more frequently in math & science. harvard economics chair james k. stock has stated that new editions are often not about significant improvements to the content. \" new editions are to a considerable extent simply another tool used by publishers and textbook authors to maintain their revenue stream, that is, to keep up prices, \" a study conducted by the student pirgs found that a new edition costs 12 % more than a new copy of previous edition, and 58 % more than a used copy of the previous edition. textbook publishers maintain these new editions are driven by faculty demand. the student pirgs ' study found that 76 % of faculty said new editions were justified \u201c half of the time or less \u201d and 40 % said they were justified \u201c rarely \u201d or \u201c never. \u201d the pirg study has been criticized by publishers, who argue that the report contains factual inaccuracies regarding the annual average cost of textbooks per student. the student pirgs also point out that recent emphasis on electronic textbooks, or \" etextbooks, \" does not always save students money. even though the book costs less up - front, the student will not recover any of the cost through resale. another publishing industry practice that has been highly criticized is \" bundling, \" or shrink - wrapping supplemental items into a textbook. supplemental items range from cd - roms and workbooks to online passcodes and bonus material. students do not always have the option to purchase these items separately, and often the one - time - use supplements destroy the resale value of the textbook. according to the student pirgs, the typical bundled textbook is 10 % - 50 % more than an unbundled textbook, and 65 % of professors said they \u201c rarely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46530889378313744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37a1508e-8391-47b6-825d-944ac519a60c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.225086"}
{"text": "one - time - use supplements destroy the resale value of the textbook. according to the student pirgs, the typical bundled textbook is 10 % - 50 % more than an unbundled textbook, and 65 % of professors said they \u201c rarely \u201d or \u201c never \u201d use the bundled items in their courses. a 2005 government accountability office ( gao ) report found that the production of these supplemental items was the primary cause of rapidly increasing prices : while publishers, retailers, and wholesalers all play a role in textbook pricing, the primary factor contributing to increases in the price of textbooks has been the increased investment publishers have made in new products to enhance instruction and learning... while wholesalers, retailers, and others do not question the quality of these materials, they have expressed concern that the publishers \u2019 practice of packaging supplements with a textbook to sell as one unit limits the opportunity students have to purchase less expensive used books.... if publishers continue to increase these investments, particularly in technology, the cost to produce a textbook is likely to continue to increase in the future. bundling has also been used as a means of segmenting the used book market. each combination of a textbook and supplemental items receives a separate isbn. a single textbook could therefore have dozens of isbns that denote different combinations of supplements packaged with that particular book. when a bookstore attempts to track down used copies of textbooks, they will search for the isbn the course instructor orders, which will locate only a subset of the copies of the textbook. legislation on the state and federal level seeks to limit the practice of bundling, by requiring publishers to offer all components separately. publishers have testified in favor of bills including this provision, but only in the case that the provision exempts the loosely defined category of \" integrated textbooks. \" the federal bill only exempts 3rd party materials in integrated textbooks, however publisher lobbyists have attempted to create a loophole through this definition in state bills. price disclosure given that the problem of high textbook prices is linked to the \" broken \" economics of the market, requiring publishers to disclose textbook prices to faculty is a solution pursued by a number of legislatures. by inserting price into sales interactions, this regulation will supposedly make the economic forces operate more normally. no data suggests that this is in fact true. however, the student pirgs have found that publishers actively withhold pricing information from faculty, making it difficult to obtain. their most recent study found that 77 % of faculty say publisher sales representatives do not volunteer prices, and only 40 % got an answer when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5108721083087864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37a1508e-8391-47b6-825d-944ac519a60c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.226679"}
{"text": "the student pirgs have found that publishers actively withhold pricing information from faculty, making it difficult to obtain. their most recent study found that 77 % of faculty say publisher sales representatives do not volunteer prices, and only 40 % got an answer when they directly asked. furthermore, the study found that 23 % of faculty rated publisher websites as \u201c informative and easy to use \u201d and less than half said they typically listed the price. the us congress passed a law in the 2008 higher education opportunity act that would require price disclosure. legislation requiring price disclosure has passed in connecticut, washington, minnesota, oregon, arizona, oklahoma, and colorado. publishers are currently supporting price disclosure mandates, though they insist that the \" suggested retail price \" should be disclosed, rather than the actual price the publisher would get for the book. used textbook market once a textbook is purchased from a retailer for the first time, there are several ways a student can sell his / her textbooks back at the end of the semester. students can sell to 1 ) the college / university bookstore ; 2 ) fellow students ; or 3 ) a number of online web sites or student swap service. campus buyback as for buyback on a specific campus, faculty decisions largely determine how much a student receives. if a professor chooses to use the same book the following semester, even if it is a custom text, designed specifically for an individual instructor, bookstores often buy the book back. the gao report found that, generally, if a book is in good condition and will be used on the campus again the next term, bookstores will pay students 50 percent of the original price paid. if the bookstore has not received a faculty order for the book at the end of the term and the edition is still current, they may offer students the wholesale price of the book, which could range from 5 to 35 percent of the new retail price, according to the gao report. when students resell their textbooks during campus \u201c buyback \u201d periods, these textbooks are often sold into the national used textbook distribution chain. if a textbook is not going to be used on campus for the next semester of courses then many times the college bookstore will sell that book to a national used book company. the used book company then resells the book to another college bookstore. finally, that book is sold as used to a student at another college at a price that is typically 75 % of the new book price. at each step, a markup is applied to the book to enable the respective companies to continue to operate. student to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39458164071250235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37a1508e-8391-47b6-825d-944ac519a60c>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.227805"}
{"text": "that book is sold as used to a student at another college at a price that is typically 75 % of the new book price. at each step, a markup is applied to the book to enable the respective companies to continue to operate. student to student sales students can also sell or trade textbooks among themselves. after completing a course, sellers will often seek out members of the next enrolling class, people who are likely to be interested in purchasing the required books. this may be done by posting flyers to advertise the sale of the books or simply soliciting individuals who are shopping in the college bookstore for the same titles. many larger schools have independent websites set up for the purpose of facilitating such trade. these often operate much like digital classified ads, enabling students to list their items for sale and browse for those they wish to acquire. also, at the us air force academy, it is possible to e - mail entire specific classes, allowing for an extensive network of textbook sales to exist. student online marketplaces online marketplaces are one of the two major types of online websites students can use to sell used textbooks. online marketplaces may have an online auction format or may allow the student to list their books for a fixed price. in either case, the student must create the listing for each book themselves and wait for a buyer to order, making the use of marketplaces a more passive way of selling used textbooks. unlike campus buyback and online book, students are unlikely to sell all their books to one buyer using online marketplaces, and will likely have to send out multiple books individually. online book buyers online book buyers buy textbooks, and sometimes other types of books, with the aim of reselling them for a profit. like online marketplaces, online book buyers operate year - round, giving students the opportunity to sell their books even when campus \" buyback \" periods are not in effect. students enter the isbn numbers of the books they wish to sell and receive a price quote or offer. these online book buyers often offer \" free shipping \" ( which in actuality is built into the offer for the book ), and allow students to sell multiple books to the same source. because online book buyers are buying books for resale, the prices they offer may be lower than students can get on online marketplaces. however, their prices are competitive, and they tend to focus on the convenience of their service. some even claim that buying used textbooks online and selling them to online book buyers has a lower total cost than even textbook rental services. textbook", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4597314524620479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37a1508e-8391-47b6-825d-944ac519a60c>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.229079"}
{"text": "online marketplaces. however, their prices are competitive, and they tend to focus on the convenience of their service. some even claim that buying used textbooks online and selling them to online book buyers has a lower total cost than even textbook rental services. textbook exchanges in response to escalating textbook prices, limited competition, and to provide a more efficient system to connect buyers and sellers together, online textbook exchanges were developed. most of today ' s sites handle buyer and seller payments, and usually deduct a small commission only after the sale is completed. according to textbook author henry l. roediger ( and wadsworth publishing company senior editor vicki knight ), the used textbook market is illegitimate, and entirely to blame for the rising costs of textbooks. as methods of \" dealing with this problem \", he recommends making previous editions of textbooks obsolete, binding the textbook with other materials, and passing laws to prevent the sale of used books. the concept is not unlike the limited licensing approach for computer software, which places rigid restrictions on resale and reproduction. the intent is to make users understand that the content of any textbook is the intellectual property of the author and / or the publisher, and that as such, subject to copyright. obviously, this idea is completely opposed to the millennia - old tradition of the sale of used books, and would make that entire industry illegal. rental programs in - store rentals are processed by either using a kiosk and ordering books online with a third party facilitator or renting directly from the store ' s inventory. some stores use a hybrid of both methods, opting for in - store selections of the most popular books and the online option for more obscure titles or books they consider too risky to put in the rental system. open textbooks the latest trend in textbooks is \" open textbooks. \" an open textbook is a free, openly licensed textbook offered online by its author ( s ). according to pirg, a number of textbooks already exist, and are being used at schools such as the mit and harvard. a 2010 study published found that open textbooks offer a viable and attractive means to meet faculty and student needs while offering savings of approximately 80 % compared to traditional textbook options. although the largest question seems to be who is going to pay to write them, several state policies suggest that public investment in open textbooks might make sense. to offer another perspective, any jurisdiction might find itself challenged to find sufficient numbers of credible academics who would be willing to undertake the effort of creating an open textbook without realistic compensation, in order", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4820740221547796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37a1508e-8391-47b6-825d-944ac519a60c>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.231357"}
{"text": "state policies suggest that public investment in open textbooks might make sense. to offer another perspective, any jurisdiction might find itself challenged to find sufficient numbers of credible academics who would be willing to undertake the effort of creating an open textbook without realistic compensation, in order to make such a proposal work. the other challenge involves the reality of publishing, which is that textbooks with good sales and profitability subsidize the creation and publication of low demand but believed to be necessary textbooks. subsidies skew markets and the elimination of subsidies is disruptive ; in the case of low demand textbooks the possibilities following subsidy removal include any or all of the following : higher retail prices, a switch to open textbooks, a reduction of the number of titles published. on the other hand, independent open textbook authoring and publishing models are developing. most notably, the startup publisher flat world knowledge already has dozens of college - level open textbooks that are used by more than 900 institutions in 44 countries. their innovative business model was to offer the open textbook free online, and then sell ancillary products that students are likely to buy if prices are reasonable - print copies, study guides, epub,. mobi ( kindle ), pdf download, etc. flat world knowledge compensates its authors with royalties on these sales. with the generated revenue flat world knowledge funded high - quality publishing activities with a goal of making the flat world financial model sustainable. however, in january, 2013 flat world knowledge announced their financial model could no longer sustain their free - to - read options for students. flat world knowledge intends to have open textbooks available for the 125 highest - enrolled courses on college campuses within the next few years. ck - 12 flexbooks are the open textbooks designed for united states k - 12 courses. ck - 12 flexbooks are designed to facilitate conformance to national and united states and individual state textbook standards. ck - 12 flexbooks are licensed under a creative commons by - nc - sa license, are easy to update, and easy to customize. ck - 12 flexbooks are free to use online and offer formats suitable for use on portable personal reading devices and computers - both online and offline. formats for both ipad and kindle are offered. school districts may select a title as is or customize the open textbook to meet local instructional standards. the file may be then accessed electronically or printed using any print on demand service without paying a royalty, saving 80 % or more when compared to traditional textbook options. an example print on demand open textbook title, \" college algebra \" by stitz", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5004355567635552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37a1508e-8391-47b6-825d-944ac519a60c>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.234432"}
{"text": "standards. the file may be then accessed electronically or printed using any print on demand service without paying a royalty, saving 80 % or more when compared to traditional textbook options. an example print on demand open textbook title, \" college algebra \" by stitz & zeager through lulu is 608 pages, royalty free, and costs about $ 20 ordered one at a time ( march, 2011 ). ( any print on demand service could be used - this is just an example. school districts could easily negotiate even lower prices for bulk purchases to be printed in their own communities. ) teacher ' s editions are available for educators and parents. titles have been authored by various individuals and organizations and are vetted for quality prior to inclusion in the ck - 12 catalog. an effort is underway to map state educational standards correlations. stanford university provided a number of titles in use. ck - 12 foundation is a non - profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the k - 12 market both in the u. s. and worldwide using a standards driven, open - licensed, web - based, collaborative content aggregation model. curriki is another modular k - 12 content non - profit \" empowering educators to deliver and share curricula. \" selected curriki materials are also correlated to u. s. state educational standards. some curriki content has been collected into open textbooks and some may be used for modular lessons or special topics. | this section may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. ( march 2012 ) | wikibooks is a wikimedia project that aims to provide and promote the editing of open - content textbooks. wikibooks is for textbooks, annotated texts, instructional guides, and manuals. these materials can be used in a traditional classroom, an accredited or respected institution, a home - school environment, as part of a wikiversity course or for self - learning. as a general rule only instructional books are suitable for inclusion. most types of books, both fiction and non - fiction, are not allowed on wikibooks, unless they are instructional. the use of literary elements, such as allegory or fables as instructional tools can be permitted in some situations. although the project does not permit verbatim copies of pre - existing works ( those would be covered by wikisource ), it does permit annotated texts, which are a kind of text that includes an original text", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4839362355028967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37a1508e-8391-47b6-825d-944ac519a60c>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.236377"}
{"text": "in some situations. although the project does not permit verbatim copies of pre - existing works ( those would be covered by wikisource ), it does permit annotated texts, which are a kind of text that includes an original text within it and serves as a guide to reading or studying that text. annotated editions of previously published source texts may only be written if the source text is compatible with the project ' s license. mit opencourseware provides several open textbooks. international market pricing similar to the issue of reimportation of pharmaceuticals into the u. s. market, the gao report also highlights a similar phenomenon in textbook distribution. retailers and publishers have expressed concern about the reimportation of lower - priced textbooks from international locations. specifically, they cited the ability students have to purchase books from online distribution channels outside the united states at lower prices, which may result in a loss of sales for u. s. retailers. additionally, the availability of lower - priced textbooks through these channels has heightened distrust and frustration among students regarding textbook prices, and college stores find it difficult to explain why their textbook prices are higher, according to the national association of college stores. retailers and publishers have also been concerned that some u. s. retailers may have engaged in reimportation on a large scale by ordering textbooks for entire courses at lower prices from international distribution channels. while the 1998 supreme court decision quality king v. l ' anza protects the reimportation of copyrighted materials under the first - sale doctrine, textbook publishers have still attempted to prevent the u. s. sale of international editions by enforcing contracts which forbid foreign wholesalers from selling to american distributors. concerned about the effects of differential pricing on college stores, the national association of college stores has called on publishers to stop the practice of selling textbooks at lower prices outside the united states. for example, some u. s. booksellers arrange for drop - shipments in foreign countries which are then re - shipped to america where the books can be sold online at used prices ( for a \" new \" unopened book ). the authors often getting half - royalties instead of full - royalties, minus the charges for returned books from bookstores. cost distribution according to the national association of college stores, the entire cost of the book is justified by expenses, with typically 11. 7 % of the price of a new book going to the author ' s royalties ( or a committee of editors at the publishing house ), 22. 7 % going to the store,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5061817635198954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37a1508e-8391-47b6-825d-944ac519a60c>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.237846"}
{"text": "cost of the book is justified by expenses, with typically 11. 7 % of the price of a new book going to the author ' s royalties ( or a committee of editors at the publishing house ), 22. 7 % going to the store, and 64. 6 % going to the publisher. the store and publisher amounts are slightly higher for canada. bookstores and used - book vendors profit from the resale of textbooks on the used market, with publishers only earning profits on sales of new textbooks. according to the gao study published july 2005 : following closely behind annual increases in tuition and fees at postsecondary institutions, college textbook and supply prices have risen at twice the rate of annual inflation over the last two decades. rising at an average of 6 percent each year since academic year 1987 - 1988, compared with overall average price increases of 3 percent per year, college textbook and supply prices trailed tuition and fee increases, which averaged 7 percent per year. since december 1986, textbook and supply prices have nearly tripled, increasing by 186 percent, while tuition and fees increased by 240 percent and overall prices grew by 72 percent. while increases in textbook and supply prices have followed increases in tuition and fees, the cost of textbooks and supplies for degree - seeking students as a percentage of tuition and fees varies by the type of institution attended. for example, the average estimated cost of books and supplies per first - time, full - time student for academic year 2003 - 2004 was $ 898 at 4 - year public institutions, or about 26 percent of the cost of tuition and fees. at 2 - year public institutions, where low - income students are more likely to pursue a degree program and tuition and fees are lower, the average estimated cost of books and supplies per first - time, full - time student was $ 886 in academic year 2003 - 2004, representing almost three - quarters of the cost of tuition and fees. according to the 2nd edition of a study by the united states public interest research group ( us pirg ) published in february 2005 : \" textbook prices are increasing at more than four times the inflation rate for all finished goods, according to the bureau of labor statistics producer price index. the wholesale prices charged by textbook publishers have jumped 62 percent since 1994, while prices charged for all finished goods increased only 14 percent. similarly, the prices charged by publishers for general books increased just 19 percent during the same time period. \" according to the 2007 edition of the college board \u2019 s trend in college pricing report published october 2007 : \" college costs continue to rise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42167199667554073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37a1508e-8391-47b6-825d-944ac519a60c>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.240042"}
{"text": "14 percent. similarly, the prices charged by publishers for general books increased just 19 percent during the same time period. \" according to the 2007 edition of the college board \u2019 s trend in college pricing report published october 2007 : \" college costs continue to rise and federal student aid has shown slower growth when adjusted for inflation, while textbooks, as a percentage of total college costs, have remained steady at about 5 percent. \" k - 12 textbooks in most u. s. k - 12 public schools, a local school board votes on which textbooks to purchase from a selection of books that have been approved by the state department of education. teachers receive the books to give to the students for each subject. teachers are usually not required to use textbooks, however, and many prefer to use other materials instead. textbook publishing in the u. s. is a business primarily aimed at large states. this is due to state purchasing controls over the books. the texas state board of education spends in excess of $ 600 million annually on its central purchasing of textbooks. high school in recent years, high school textbooks of united states history have come under increasing criticism. authors such as howard zinn ( a people ' s history of the united states ), gilbert t. sewall ( textbooks : where the curriculum meets the child ) and james w. loewen ( lies my teacher told me : everything your american history textbook got wrong ), make the claim that u. s. history textbooks contain mythical untruths and omissions, which paint a whitewashed picture that bears little resemblance to what most students learn in universities. inaccurately retelling history, through textbooks or other literature, has been practiced in many societies, from ancient rome to the soviet union ( ussr ) and the people ' s republic of china. the content of history textbooks is often determined by the political forces of state adoption boards and ideological pressure groups. science textbooks have been the source of ongoing debates and have come under scrutiny from several organizations. the presentation or inclusion of controversial scientific material has been debated in several court cases. poorly designed textbooks have been cited as contributing to declining grades in mathematics and science in the united states and organizations such as the american academy of arts and sciences ( aaas ) have criticized the layout, presentation, and amount of material given in textbooks. discussions of textbooks have been included on creation and evolution in the public education debate. the smith v. board of school commissioners of mobile county case brought forward a debate about scientific fact being presented in textbooks. in his book, surely you ' re", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4643668754805844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37a1508e-8391-47b6-825d-944ac519a60c>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.241497"}
{"text": "textbooks. discussions of textbooks have been included on creation and evolution in the public education debate. the smith v. board of school commissioners of mobile county case brought forward a debate about scientific fact being presented in textbooks. in his book, surely you ' re joking, mr. feynman!, the late physics nobel prize laureate richard p. feynman described his experiences as a member of a committee that evaluated science textbooks. at some instances, there were nonsensical examples to illustrate physical phenomena ; then a company sent \u2014 for reasons of timing \u2014 a textbook that contained blank pages, which even got good critiques. feynman himself experienced attempts at bribery. largely in the us, but increasingly in other nations, k - 12 mathematics textbooks have reflected the controversies of new math and reform mathematics which have sought to replace traditional mathematics in what have been called the math wars. traditional texts, still favored in asia and other areas, merely taught the same time - tested mathematics that most adults have learned. by contrast \" progressive \" approaches seek to address problems in social inequity with approaches that often incorporate principles of constructivism and discovery. texts such as terc and cmp discourage or omit standard mathematics methods and concepts such as long division and lowest common denominators. for example an index entry to multiply fractions would lead to \" devise your own method to multiply fractions which work on these examples \", and the formula for the area of a circle would be an exercise for a student to derive rather than including it in the student text. by the 2000s, while some districts were still adopting the more novel methods, others had abandoned them as unworkable. higher education in the u. s., college and university textbooks are chosen by the professor teaching the course, or by the department as a whole. students are typically responsible for obtaining their own copies of the books used in their courses, although alternatives to owning textbooks, such as textbook rental services and library reserve copies of texts, are available in some instances. in some european countries, such as sweden or spain, students attending institutions of higher education pay for textbooks themselves, although higher education is free of charge otherwise. with higher education costs on the rise, many students are becoming sensitive to every aspect of college pricing, including textbooks, and in many cases amount to one tenth of tuition costs. the 2005 government accountability office report on college textbooks said that since the 1980s, textbook and supply prices have risen twice the rate of inflation in the past two decades. a 2005 pi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6003714623921239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37a1508e-8391-47b6-825d-944ac519a60c>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.242826"}
{"text": "including textbooks, and in many cases amount to one tenth of tuition costs. the 2005 government accountability office report on college textbooks said that since the 1980s, textbook and supply prices have risen twice the rate of inflation in the past two decades. a 2005 pirg study found that textbooks cost students $ 900 per year, and that prices increased four times the rate of inflation over the past decade. a june 2007 advisory committee on student financial assistance ( acsfa ) report, \u201c turn the page, \u201d reported that the average u. s. student spends $ 700 \u2013 $ 1000 per year on textbooks. while many groups have assigned blame to publishers, bookstores or faculty, the acsfa also found that assigning blame to any one party \u2014 faculty, colleges, bookstores or publishers \u2014 for current textbook costs is unproductive and without merit. the report called on all parties within the industry to work together to find productive solutions, which included a movement toward open textbooks and other lower - cost digital solutions. textbook prices are considerably higher in law school. students ordinarily pay close to $ 200 for case books consisting of cases available free online. textbook bias on controversial topics in cases of history, science, current events, and political textbooks, the writer might be biased towards one way or another. topics such as actions of a country, presidential actions, and scientific theories are common potential biases. see also - casebook - a special type of textbook used in law schools in the united states. - japanese textbook controversy - pakistani textbooks controversy - kanawha county textbook controversy - sourcebook \u2013 collection of texts, often used in social sciences and humanities in the united states - wikibooks - a sister project to wikipedia whose goal is to create textbooks. - workbook - usually filled with practice problems, where the answers can be written directly in the book. - problem book - a textbook, usually graduate level, organized as a series of problems and full solutions. - open textbook - more information about open textbook options. - http : / / wondermark. com / socrates - vs - writing / true stuff : socrates vs. the written word, january 27th, 2011. by david malki - marcia clemmitt, \" learning online literacy, \" in \" reading crisis? \" cq researcher, feb. 22, 2008, pp. 169 - 192. - british library, \u201c treasures in full : gutenberg bible, \u201d www. bl. uk / treasures / gutenberg / background. html. - koch, james p. \" an economic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44006570506614145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37a1508e-8391-47b6-825d-944ac519a60c>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.243920"}
{"text": ". 22, 2008, pp. 169 - 192. - british library, \u201c treasures in full : gutenberg bible, \u201d www. bl. uk / treasures / gutenberg / background. html. - koch, james p. \" an economic analysis of textbook prices and the textbook market \", 2006 - 09. retrieved on 2012 - 06 - 12. ( alternative location ( pdf ) ) - rose, marla matzer. city at the head of the class : consolidation, talent pool have made columbus a hotbed for educational publishers. august 5, 2007. retrieved 2 / 14 / 09. archived from the original on 23 may 2011. - d ' gama, alissa and benjamin jaffe. \" professors find differents uses for textbook profits. \" the harvard crimson, 4 march 2008. retrieved on 7 october 2011. - rip - off 101 : how the current practices of the textbook industry drive up the cost of college textbooks the student pirgs ( 2004 ) - capriccioso, rob. throwing down the book. inside higher ed, august 29, 2006. retrieved 2 / 14 / 09. - allen, nicole. course correction : how digital textbooks are off track and how to set them straight. the student pirgs ( 2008 ) - required reading : a look at the words publishing tactics at work, the student pirgs ( 2006 ) - \" college textbooks : enhanced offerings appear to drive recent price increases. \" u. s. government accountability office, washington, dc, 2005. abstract. retrieved 7 october 2011. - analysis of textbook affordability provisions in h. r. 4137, the student pirgs - \" higher education opportunity act. \" h. r. 4137, u. s. house of representatives, 110th congress ( 2007 - 2008. ) public law no. 110 - 315. retrieved 7 october 2011. - hb 2048. missouri house of representatives, 28 august 2008. retrieved 7 october 2011. - summarized history for bill number sb08 - 073. colorado general assembly, 2008. last updated 04 august 2008. retrieved 07 october 2011. - zomer, saffron. exposing the textbook industry, the student pirgs ( 2007 ) - washington governor signs college textbook transparency act, the student pirgs ( press release ) - see pirg ' s catalog of open textbooks for examples of open textbooks - a cover to cover solution by nicole allen of the student pirgs. 2010. - flat world knowledge president eric frank addresses oregon legislators on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43641958845551004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37a1508e-8391-47b6-825d-944ac519a60c>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.244945"}
{"text": "##rgs ( press release ) - see pirg ' s catalog of open textbooks for examples of open textbooks - a cover to cover solution by nicole allen of the student pirgs. 2010. - flat world knowledge president eric frank addresses oregon legislators on solving textbook affordability. pressitt. february 21, 2011. - open - source textbook co. flat world goes back to school with 40, 000 new customers - venture beat 8 / 20 / 09 - 150, 000 college students save $ 12 million using flat world knowledge open textbooks. marketwire. august 23, 2010. - flat world knowledge : open college textbooks by sanford forte. opensource. com. february 23, 2010. - organizational behavior v1. 1 by talya bauer & berrin erdogan. irvington, ny : flat world knowledge. 2010. ( free online open textbook format sample - pdf view ) - introduction to psychology by charles stangor. irvington, ny : flat world knowledge. 2010. ( free online open textbook format sample - web view ) - see flat world knowledge ' s website - flat world knowledge website. - flat world knowledge gets $ 15 million in funding. publishers weekly. january 20, 2011. - ck - 12 flexbooks. homepage. - carl stitz / jeff zeager on ohio textbook hq 2010. - ck - 12 - standards correlations united states. - human biology - genetics ck - 12 flexbook by the program in human biology, stanford university. ( sample of free web access format ) - about ck - 12 foundation - curriki. org homepage. - lewin, tamar ( 21 october 2003 ). \" students find $ 100 textbooks cost $ 50, purchased overseas \". the new york times. retrieved 24 september 2009. - \" testimony of marc l. fleischaker, counsel, national association of college stores \". hearing on \" are college textbooks priced fairly? \". u. s. house of representatives, committee on education and the workforce, subcommittee on 21st century competitiveness. 20 july 2004. archived from the original on 7 october 2011. retrieved 24 september 2009. - rip - off 101 : second edition, the student pirgs ( 2005 ) further reading - slatalla, michelle ( august 30, 2007 ), \" knowledge is priceless but textbooks are not \", new york times. | wikimedia commons has media related to : textbooks |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5059559072838957, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37a1508e-8391-47b6-825d-944ac519a60c>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.245929"}
{"text": "food vs. fuel food vs. fuel is the dilemma regarding the risk of diverting farmland or crops for biofuels production in detriment of the food supply on a global scale. the \" food vs. fuel \" or \" food or fuel \" debate is international in scope, with valid arguments on all sides of the issue. there is disagreement about how significant the issue is, what is causing it, and what can or should be done about it. biofuel production has increased in recent years. some commodities like maize ( corn ), sugar cane or vegetable oil can be used either as food, feed, or to make biofuels. for example, since 2006, a portion of land that was also formerly used to grow other crops in the united states is now used to grow corn for biofuels, and a larger share of corn is destined to ethanol production, reaching 25 % in 2007. a major debate exists on the extent to which biofuels policies contributed to high agricultural prices levels and volatility. a recent study for the international centre for trade and sustainable development shows that market - driven expansion of ethanol in the us increased maize prices by 21 percent in 2009, in comparison with what prices would have been had ethanol production been frozen at 2004 levels. lester r. brown claimed that, since converting the entire grain harvest of the us would only produce 16 % of its auto fuel needs, energy markets are effectively placed in competition with food markets for scarce arable land, resulting in higher food prices. a lot of r & d efforts are currently being put into the production of second generation biofuels from non - food crops, crop residues and waste. second generation biofuels could hence potentially combine farming for food and fuel and moreover, electricity could be generated simultaneously, which could be beneficial for developing countries and rural areas in developed countries. with global demand for biofuels on the increase due to the oil price increases taking place since 2003 and the desire to reduce oil dependency as well as reduce ghg emissions from transportation, there is also fear of the potential destruction of natural habitats by being converted into farmland. environmental groups have raised concerns about this trade - off for several years, but now the debate reached a global scale due to the 2007 \u2013 2008 world food price crisis. on the other hand, several studies do show that biofuel production can be significantly increased without increased acreage. therefore stating that the crisis in hand relies on the food scarcity. brazil has been considered to have the world ' s first sustainable biofuels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46162761023919385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.320342"}
{"text": "other hand, several studies do show that biofuel production can be significantly increased without increased acreage. therefore stating that the crisis in hand relies on the food scarcity. brazil has been considered to have the world ' s first sustainable biofuels economy and its government claims brazil ' s sugar cane based ethanol industry has not contributed to the 2008 food crisis. a world bank policy research working paper released in july 2008 concluded that \"... large increases in biofuels production in the united states and europe are the main reason behind the steep rise in global food prices \", and also stated that \" brazil ' s sugar - based ethanol did not push food prices appreciably higher \". however, a 2010 study also by the world bank concluded that their previous study may have overestimated the contribution of biofuel production, as \" the effect of biofuels on food prices has not been as large as originally thought, but that the use of commodities by financial investors ( the so - called \" financialisation of commodities \" ) may have been partly responsible for the 2007 / 08 spike. \" a 2008 independent study by oecd also found that the impact of biofuels on food prices are much smaller. food price inflation from 1974 to 2005 real food prices ( adjusted for inflation ) dropped by 75 %. food commodity prices were relatively stable after reaching lows in 2000 and 2001. therefore, recent rapid food price increases are considered extraordinary. a world bank policy research working paper published on july 2008 found that the increase in food commodities prices was led by grains, with sharp price increases in 2005 despite record crops worldwide. from january 2005 until june 2008, maize prices almost tripled, wheat increased 127 percent, and rice rose 170 percent. the increase in grain prices was followed by increases in fats and oil prices in mid - 2006. on the other hand, the study found that sugar cane production has increased rapidly, and it was large enough to keep sugar price increases small except for 2005 and early 2006. the paper concluded that biofuels produced from grains have raised food prices in combination with other related factors between 70 to 75 percent, but ethanol produced from sugar cane has not contributed significantly to the recent increase in food commodities prices. an economic assessment report published by the oecd in july 2008 found that \"... the impact of current biofuel policies on world crop prices, largely through increased demand for cereals and vegetable oils, is significant but should not be overestimated. current biofuel support measures alone are estimated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4187915564766752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.321424"}
{"text": "2008 found that \"... the impact of current biofuel policies on world crop prices, largely through increased demand for cereals and vegetable oils, is significant but should not be overestimated. current biofuel support measures alone are estimated to increase average wheat prices by about 5 percent, maize by around 7 percent and vegetable oil by about 19 percent over the next 10 years. \" corn is used to make ethanol and prices went up by a factor of three in less than 3 years ( measured in us dollars ). reports in 2007 linked stories as diverse as food riots in mexico due to rising prices of corn for tortillas, and reduced profits at heineken the large international brewer, to the increasing use of corn ( maize ) grown in the us midwest for ethanol production. ( in the case of beer, the barley area was cut in order to increase corn production. barley is not currently used to produce ethanol. ) wheat is up by almost a factor of 3 in 3 years, while soybeans are up by a factor of 2 in 2 years ( both measured in us dollars ). as corn is commonly used as feed for livestock, higher corn prices lead to higher prices in animal source foods. vegetable oil is used to make biodiesel and has about doubled in price in the last couple years. the price is roughly tracking crude oil prices. the 2007 \u2013 2008 world food price crisis is blamed partly on the increased demand for biofuels. during the same period rice prices went up by a factor of 3 even though rice is not directly used in biofuels. the usda expects the 2008 / 2009 wheat season to be a record crop and 8 % higher than the previous year. they also expect rice to have a record crop. wheat prices have dropped from a high over $ 12 / bushel in may 2008 to under $ 8 / bushel in may. rice has also dropped from its highs. according to a 2008 report from the world bank the production of biofuel pushed food prices up. these conclusions were supported by the union of concerned scientists in their september 2008 newsletter in which they remarked that the world bank analysis \" contradicts u. s. secretary of agriculture ed schaffer ' s assertion that biofuels account for only a small percentage of rising food prices. \" according to the october consumer price index released nov. 19, 2008, food prices continued to rise in october 2008 and were 6. 3 percent higher than october 2007. [ dubious ] since july 2008 fuel costs dropped by nearly 60 percent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4379455821615874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.322545"}
{"text": "food prices. \" according to the october consumer price index released nov. 19, 2008, food prices continued to rise in october 2008 and were 6. 3 percent higher than october 2007. [ dubious ] since july 2008 fuel costs dropped by nearly 60 percent. proposed causes ethanol fuel as an oxygenate additive the demand for ethanol fuel produced from field corn was spurred in the u. s. by the discovery that methyl tertiary butyl ether ( mtbe ) was contaminating groundwater. mtbe use as an oxygenate additive was widespread due to mandates of the clean air act amendments of 1992 to reduce carbon monoxide emissions. as a result, by 2006 mtbe use in gasoline was banned in almost 20 states. there was also concern that widespread and costly litigation might be taken against the u. s. gasoline suppliers, and a 2005 decision refusing legal protection for mtbe, opened a new market for ethanol fuel, the primary substitute for mtbe. at a time when corn prices were around us $ 2 a bushel, corn growers recognized the potential of this new market and delivered accordingly. this demand shift took place at a time when oil prices were already significantly rising. other factors that food prices went up at the same time fuel prices went up is not surprising and should not be entirely blamed on biofuels. energy costs are a significant cost for fertilizer, farming, and food distribution. also, china and other countries have had significant increases in their imports as their economies have grown. sugar is one of the main feedstocks for ethanol and prices are down from 2 years ago. part of the food price increase for international food commodities measured in us dollars is due to the dollar being devalued. protectionism is also an important contributor to price increases. 36 % of world grain goes as fodder to feed animals, rather than people. over long time periods population growth and climate change could cause food prices to go up. however, these factors have been around for many years and food prices have jumped up in the last 3 years, so their contribution to the current problem is minimal. government regulations of food and fuel markets france, germany, the united kingdom and the united states governments have supported biofuels with tax breaks, mandated use, and subsidies. these policies have the unintended consequence of diverting resources from food production and leading to surging food prices and the potential destruction of natural habitats. fuel for agricultural use often does not have fuel taxes ( farmers get duty - free petrol or diesel fuel ). biofuels may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4500293627763653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.323603"}
{"text": "security act in 2006. \" it ' s time for congress to realize what farmers in america ' s heartland have known all along - that we have the capacity and ingenuity to decrease our dependence on foreign oil by growing our own fuel, \" said u. s. senator for illinois barack obama. two - thirds of u. s. oil consumption is due to the transportation sector. the energy independence and security act of 2007 has a significant impact on u. s. energy policy. with the high profitability of growing corn, more and more farmers switch to growing corn until the profitability of other crops goes up to match that of corn. so the ethanol / corn subsidies drive up the prices of other farm crops. the us - an important export country for food stocks - will convert 18 % of its grain output to ethanol in 2008. across the us, 25 % of the whole corn crop went to ethanol in 2007. the percentage of corn going to biofuel is expected to go up. since 2004 a us subsidy has been paid to companies that blend biofuel and regular fuel. the european biofuel subsidy is paid at the point of sale. companies import biofuel to the us, blend 1 % or even 0. 1 % regular fuel, and then ship the blended fuel to europe, where it can get a second subsidy. these blends are called b99 or b99. 9 fuel. the practice is called \" splash and dash \". the imported fuel may even come from europe to the us, get 0. 1 % regular fuel, and then go back to europe. for b99. 9 fuel the us blender gets a subsidy of $ 0. 999 per gallon. the european biodiesel producers have urged the eu to impose punitive duties on these subsidized imports. us lawmakers are also looking at closing this loophole. proposed action freeze on first generation biofuel production environmental campaigner george monbiot has argued for a 5 - year freeze on biofuels while their impact on poor communities and the environment is assessed. it has been suggested that a problem with monbiot ' s approach is that economic drivers may be required in order to push through the development of more sustainable second - generation biofuel processes : it is possible that these could be stalled if biofuel production decreases. some environmentalists [ who? ] are suspicious that second - generation biofuels may not solve the problem of a potential clash with food as they also use significant agricultural resources such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.489204428133918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.326878"}
{"text": "is possible that these could be stalled if biofuel production decreases. some environmentalists [ who? ] are suspicious that second - generation biofuels may not solve the problem of a potential clash with food as they also use significant agricultural resources such as water. [ who? ] a recent un report on biofuel also raises issues regarding food security and biofuel production. jean ziegler, then un special rapporteur on food, concluded that while the argument for biofuels in terms of energy efficiency and climate change are legitimate, the effects for the world ' s hungry of transforming wheat and maize crops into biofuel are \" absolutely catastrophic, \" and terms such use of arable land a \" crime against humanity. \" ziegler also calls for a 5 - year moratorium on biofuel production. ziegler ' s proposal for a five - year ban was rejected by the u. n. secretary ban ki - moon, who called for a comprehensive review of the policies on biofuels, and said that \" just criticising biofuel may not be a good solution \". food surpluses exist in many developed countries. for example, the uk wheat surplus was around 2 million tonnes in 2005. this surplus alone could produce sufficient bioethanol to replace around 2. 5 % of the uk ' s petroleum consumption, without requiring any increase in wheat cultivation or reduction in food supply or exports. however, above a few percent, there would be direct competition between first generation biofuel production and food production. this is one reason why many view second generation biofuels as increasingly important. non - food crops for biofuel there are different types of biofuels and different feedstocks for them, and it has been proposed that only non - food crops be used for biofuel. this avoids direct competition for commodities like corn and edible vegetable oil. however, as long as farmers are able to derive a greater profit by switching to biofuels, they will. the law of supply and demand predicts that if fewer farmers are producing food the price of food will rise. second generation biofuels use lignocellulosic raw material such as forest residues ( sometimes referred to as brown waste and black liquor from kraft process or sulfite process pulp mills ). third generation biofuels ( biofuel from algae ) use non - edible raw materials sources that can be used for biodiesel and bioethanol. soybean oil, which only represents half of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48821269758247987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.327856"}
{"text": "the us ethanol tariff and some us ethanol subsidies are currently set to expire over the next couple years. the eu is rethinking their biofuels directive due to environmental and social concerns. on january 18, 2008 the uk house of commons environmental audit committee raised similar concerns, and called for a moratorium on biofuel targets. germany ended their subsidy of biodiesel on jan 1 2008 and started taxing it. reduce farmland reserves and set asides to avoid overproduction and to prop up farmgate prices for agricultural commodities, some countries [ who? ] have farm subsidy programs to encourage farmers not to produce and leave productive acres fallow. the 2008 crisis prompted proposals to bring some of the reserve farmland back into use. in europe about 8 % of the farmland is in set aside programs. farmers have proposed freeing up all of this for farming. two - thirds of the farmers who were on these programs in the uk are not renewing when their term expires. sustainable production of biofuels second generation biofuels are now being produced from the cellulose in dedicated energy crops ( such as perennial grasses ), forestry materials, the co - products from food production, and domestic vegetable waste. advances in the conversion processes will almost certainly improve the sustainability of biofuels, through better efficiencies and reduced environmental impact of producing biofuels, from both existing food crops and from cellulosic sources. lord ron oxburgh suggests that responsible production of biofuels has several advantages : produced responsibly they are a sustainable energy source that need not divert any land from growing food nor damage the environment ; they can also help solve the problems of the waste generated by western society ; and they can create jobs for the poor where previously were none. produced irresponsibly, they at best offer no climate benefit and, at worst, have detrimental social and environmental consequences. in other words, biofuels are pretty much like any other product. far from creating food shortages, responsible production and distribution of biofuels represents the best opportunity for sustainable economic prospects in africa, latin america and impoverished asia. biofuels offer the prospect of real market competition and oil price moderation. crude oil would be trading 15 per cent higher and gasoline would be as much as 25 per cent more expensive, if it were not for biofuels. a healthy supply of alternative energy sources will help to combat gasoline price spikes. continuation of the status quo an additional policy option is to continue the current trends of government incentive for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45634746477627147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.335147"}
{"text": "as 25 per cent more expensive, if it were not for biofuels. a healthy supply of alternative energy sources will help to combat gasoline price spikes. continuation of the status quo an additional policy option is to continue the current trends of government incentive for these types of crops to further evaluate the effects on food prices over a longer period of time due to the relatively recent onset of the biofuel production industry. additionally, by virtue of the newness of the industry we can assume that like other startup industries techniques and alternatives will be cultivated quickly if there is sufficient demand for the alternative fuels and biofuels. what could result from the shock to food prices is a very quick move toward some of the non - food biofuels as are listed above amongst the other policy alternatives. impact on developing countries demand for fuel in rich countries is now competing against demand for food in poor countries. the increase in world grain consumption in 2006 happened due to the increase in consumption for fuel, not human consumption. the grain required to fill a 25 us gallons ( 95 l ) fuel tank with ethanol will feed one person for a year. several factors combine to make recent grain and oilseed price increases impact poor countries more : - poor people buy more grains ( e. g. wheat ), and are more exposed to grain price changes. - poor people spend a higher portion of their income on food, so increasing food prices influence them more. - aid organizations which buy food and send it to poor countries see more need when prices go up but are able to buy less food on the same budget. the impact is not all negative. the food and agriculture organization ( fao ) recognizes the potential opportunities that the growing biofuel market offers to small farmers and aquaculturers around the world and has recommended small - scale financing to help farmers in poor countries produce local biofuel. on the other hand, poor countries that do substantial farming have increased profits due to biofuels. if vegetable oil prices double, the profit margin could more than double. in the past rich countries have been dumping subsidized grains at below cost prices into poor countries and hurting the local farming industries. with biofuels using grains the rich countries no longer have grain surpluses to get rid of. farming in poor countries is seeing healthier profit margins and expanding. interviews with local peasants in southern ecuador provide strong anecdotal evidence that the high price of corn is encouraging the burning of tropical forests. the destruction of tropical forests now account for 20 % of all greenhouse gas emmisons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46002482555272306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.336523"}
{"text": "profit margins and expanding. interviews with local peasants in southern ecuador provide strong anecdotal evidence that the high price of corn is encouraging the burning of tropical forests. the destruction of tropical forests now account for 20 % of all greenhouse gas emmisons. national corn growers association us government subsidies for making ethanol from corn have been attacked as the main cause of the food vs fuel problem. to defend themselves, the us corn growers association has published their views on this issue. they consider the \" food vs fuel \" argument to be a fallacy that is \" fraught with misguided logic, hyperbole and scare tactics. \" claims made by the ncga include : - corn growers have been and will continue to produce enough corn so that supply and demand meet and there is no shortage. farmers make their planting decisions based on signals from the marketplace. if demand for corn is high and projected revenue - per - acre is strong relative to other crops, farmers will plant more corn. in 2007 us farmers planted 92, 900, 000 acres ( 376, 000 km2 ) with corn, 19 % more acres than they did in 2006. - the u. s. has doubled corn yields over the last 40 years and expects to double them again in the next 20 years. with twice as much corn from each acre, corn can be put to new uses without taking food from the hungry or causing deforestation. - us consumers buy things like corn flakes where the cost of the corn per box is around 5 cents. most of the cost is packaging, advertising, shipping, etc. only about 19 % of the us retail food prices can be attributed to the actual cost of food inputs like grains and oilseeds. so if the price of a bushel of corn goes up, there may be no noticeable impact on us retail food prices. the us retail food price index has gone up only a few percent per year and is expected to continue to have very small increases. - most of the corn produced in the us is field corn, not sweet corn, and not digestible by humans in its raw form. most corn is used for livestock feed and not human food, even the portion that is exported. - only the starch portion of corn kernels is converted to ethanol. the rest ( protein, fat, vitamins and minerals ) is passed through to the feed coproducts or human food ingredients. - one of the most significant and immediate benefits of higher grain prices is a dramatic reduction in federal farm support payments. according", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4307979343076288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.338483"}
{"text": "rest ( protein, fat, vitamins and minerals ) is passed through to the feed coproducts or human food ingredients. - one of the most significant and immediate benefits of higher grain prices is a dramatic reduction in federal farm support payments. according to the u. s. department of agriculture, corn farmers received $ 8. 8 billion in government support in 2006. because of higher corn prices, payments are expected to drop to $ 2. 1 billion in 2007, a 76 percent reduction. - while the eroei and economics of corn based ethanol are a bit weak, it paves the way for cellulosic ethanol which should have much better eroei and economics. - while basic nourishment is clearly important, fundamental societal needs of energy, mobility, and energy security are too. if farmers crops can help their country in these areas also, it seems right to do so. since reaching record high prices in june 2008, corn prices fell 50 % by october 2008, declining sharply together with other commodities, including oil. as ethanol production from corn has continue at the same levels, some have argued [ who? ] that this trend shows the belief that the increased demand for corn to produce ethanol was mistaken. \" analysts, including some in the ethanol sector, say ethanol demand adds about 75 cents to $ 1. 00 per bushel to the price of corn, as a rule of thumb. other analysts say it adds around 20 percent, or just under 80 cents per bushel at current prices. those estimates hint that $ 4 per bushel corn might be priced at only $ 3 without demand for ethanol fuel. \". these industry sources consider that a speculative bubble in the commodity markets holding positions in corn futures was the main driver behind the observed hike in corn prices affecting food supply. controversy within the international system the united states and brazil lead the industrial world in global ethanol production, with brazil as the world ' s largest exporter and biofuel industry leader. in 2006 the u. s. produced 18. 4 billion liters ( 4. 86 billion gallons ), closely followed by brazil with 16. 3 billion liters ( 4. 3 billion gallons ), producing together 70 % of the world ' s ethanol market and nearly 90 % of ethanol used as fuel. these countries are followed by china with 7. 5 %, and india with 3. 7 % of the global market share. since 2007, the concerns, criticisms and controversy surrounding the food vs biofuels issue has reached the international system, mainly heads of states,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4460600432617887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.342590"}
{"text": "followed by china with 7. 5 %, and india with 3. 7 % of the global market share. since 2007, the concerns, criticisms and controversy surrounding the food vs biofuels issue has reached the international system, mainly heads of states, and inter - governmental organizations ( igos ), such as the united nations and several of its agencies, particularly the food and agriculture organization ( fao ) and the world food programme ( wfp ) ; the international monetary fund ; the world bank ; and agencies within the european union. the 2007 controversy : ethanol diplomacy in the americas in march 2007, \" ethanol diplomacy \" was the focus of president george w. bush ' s latin american tour, in which he and brazil ' s president, luiz inacio lula da silva, were seeking to promote the production and use of sugar cane based ethanol throughout latin america and the caribbean. the two countries also agreed to share technology and set international standards for biofuels. the brazilian sugar cane technology transfer will permit various central american countries, such as honduras, nicaragua, costa rica and panama, several caribbean countries, and various andean countries tariff - free trade with the u. s. thanks to existing concessionary trade agreements. even though the u. s. imposes a usd 0. 54 tariff on every gallon of imported ethanol, the caribbean nations and countries in the central american free trade agreement are exempt from such duties if they produce ethanol from crops grown in their own countries. the expectation is that using brazilian technology for refining sugar cane based ethanol, such countries could become exporters to the united states in the short - term. in august 2007, brazil ' s president toured mexico and several countries in central america and the caribbean to promote brazilian ethanol technology. this alliance between the u. s. and brazil generated some negative reactions. while bush was in sao paulo as part of the 2007 latin american tour, venezuela ' s president hugo chavez, from buenos aires, dismissed the ethanol plan as \" a crazy thing \" and accused the u. s. of trying \" to substitute the production of foodstuffs for animals and human beings with the production of foodstuffs for vehicles, to sustain the american way of life. \" chavez ' complaints were quicky followed by then cuban president fidel castro, who wrote that \" you will see how many people among the hungry masses of our planet will no longer consume corn. \" \" or even worse, \" he continued, \" by offering financing to poor countries to produce ethanol from corn or any other kind of food, no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44887625295678846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.344073"}
{"text": "\" you will see how many people among the hungry masses of our planet will no longer consume corn. \" \" or even worse, \" he continued, \" by offering financing to poor countries to produce ethanol from corn or any other kind of food, no tree will be left to defend humanity from climate change. \" ' daniel ortega, nicaragua ' s president, and one of the preferencial recipients of brazil technical aid, said that \" we reject the gibberish of those who applaud bush ' s totally absurd proposal, which attacks the food security rights of latin americans and africans, who are major corn consumers \", however, he voiced support for sugar cane based ethanol during lula ' s visit to nicaragua. the 2008 controversy : global food prices as a result of the international community ' s concerns regarding the steep increase in food prices, on april 14, 2008, jean ziegler, the united nations special rapporteur on the right to food, at the thirtieth regional conference of the food and agriculture organization ( fao ) in brasilia, called biofuels a \" crime against humanity \", a claim he had previously made in october 2007, when he called for a 5 - year ban for the conversion of land for the production of biofuels. the previous day, at their annual international monetary fund and world bank group meeting at washington, d. c., the world bank ' s president, robert zoellick, stated that \" while many worry about filling their gas tanks, many others around the world are struggling to fill their stomachs. and it ' s getting more and more difficult every day. \" luiz inacio lula da silva gave a strong rebuttal, calling both claims \" fallacies resulting from commercial interests \", and putting the blame instead on u. s. and european agricultural subsidies, and a problem restricted to u. s. ethanol produced from maize. he also said that \" biofuels aren ' t the villain that threatens food security. \" in the middle of this new wave of criticism, hugo chavez reaffirmed his opposition and said that he is concerned that \" so much u. s. - produced corn could be used to make biofuel, instead of feeding the world ' s poor \", calling the u. s. initiative to boost ethanol production during a world food crisis a \" crime. \" german chancellor angela merkel said the rise in food prices is due to poor agricultural policies and changing eating habits in developing nations, not biofuels as some critics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4469448392843817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.345213"}
{"text": ". s. initiative to boost ethanol production during a world food crisis a \" crime. \" german chancellor angela merkel said the rise in food prices is due to poor agricultural policies and changing eating habits in developing nations, not biofuels as some critics claim. on the other hand, british prime minister gordon brown called for international action and said britain had to be \" selective \" in supporting biofuels, and depending on the u. k. ' s assessment of biofuels ' impact on world food prices, \" we will also push for change in eu biofuels targets \". stavros dimas, european commissioner for the environment said through a spokeswoman that \" there is no question for now of suspending the target fixed for biofuels \", though he acknowledged that the eu had underestimated problems caused by biofuels. on april 29, 2008, u. s. president george w. bush declared during a press conference that \" 85 percent of the world ' s food prices are caused by weather, increased demand and energy prices \", and recognized that \" 15 percent has been caused by ethanol \". he added that \" the high price of gasoline is going to spur more investment in ethanol as an alternative to gasoline. and the truth of the matter is it ' s in our national interests that our farmers grow energy, as opposed to us purchasing energy from parts of the world that are unstable or may not like us. \" regarding the effect of agricultural subsidies on rising food prices, bush said that \" congress is considering a massive, bloated farm bill that would do little to solve the problem. the bill congress is now considering would fail to eliminate subsidy payments to multi - millionaire farmers \", he continued, \" this is the right time to reform our nation ' s farm policies by reducing unnecessary subsidies \". just a week before this new wave of international controversy began, u. n. secretary general ban ki - moon had commented that several u. n. agencies were conducting a comprehensive review of the policy on biofuels, as the world food price crisis might trigger global instability. he said \" we need to be concerned about the possibility of taking land or replacing arable land because of these biofuels \", then he added \" while i am very much conscious and aware of these problems, at the same time you need to constantly look at having creative sources of energy, including biofuels. therefore, at this time, just criticising biofuel may not be a good solution. i would urge we need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47096753225134513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.346606"}
{"text": "aware of these problems, at the same time you need to constantly look at having creative sources of energy, including biofuels. therefore, at this time, just criticising biofuel may not be a good solution. i would urge we need to address these issues in a comprehensive manner. \" regarding jean ziegler ' s proposal for a five - year ban, the u. n. secretary rejected that proposal. a report released by oxfam in june 2008 criticized biofuel policies of high - income countries as neither a solution to the climate crisis nor the oil crisis, while contributing to the food price crisis. the report concluded that from all biofuels available in the market, brazilian sugarcane ethanol is not very effective, but it is the most favorable biofuel in the world in term of cost and greenhouse gas balance. the report discusses some existing problems and potential risks, and asks the brazilian government for caution to avoid jeopardizing its environmental and social sustainability. the report also says that : \" rich countries spent up to $ 15 billion last year supporting biofuels while blocking cheaper brazilian ethanol, which is far less damaging for global food security. \" a world bank research report published on july 2008 found that from june 2002 to june 2008 \" biofuels and the related consequences of low grain stocks, large land use shifts, speculative activity and export bans \" pushed prices up by 70 percent to 75 percent. the study found that higher oil prices and a weak dollar explain 25 - 30 % of total price rise. the study said that \"... large increases in biofuels production in the united states and europe are the main reason behind the steep rise in global food prices \" and also stated that \" brazil ' s sugar - based ethanol did not push food prices appreciably higher \". the renewable fuels association ( rfa ) published a rebuttal based on the version leaked before its formal release. the rfa critique considers that the analysis is highly subjective and that the author \" estimates the impact of global food prices from the weak dollar and the direct and indirect effect of high petroleum prices and attributes everything else to biofuels. \" an economic assessment by the oecd also published on july 2008 agrees with the world bank report regarding the negative effects of subsidies and trade restrictions, but found that the impact of biofuels on food prices are much smaller. the oecd study is also critical of the limited reduction of ghg emissions achieved from biofuels produced in europe and north america, concluding that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44989603453682603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.349133"}
{"text": "and trade restrictions, but found that the impact of biofuels on food prices are much smaller. the oecd study is also critical of the limited reduction of ghg emissions achieved from biofuels produced in europe and north america, concluding that the current biofuel support policies would reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transport fuel by no more than 0. 8 percent by 2015, while brazilian ethanol from sugar cane reduces greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80 percent compared to fossil fuels. the assessment calls on governments for more open markets in biofuels and feedstocks in order to improve efficiency and lower costs. the oecd study concluded that \"... current biofuel support measures alone are estimated to increase average wheat prices by about 5 percent, maize by around 7 percent and vegetable oil by about 19 percent over the next 10 years. \" another world bank research report published on july 2010 found their previous study may have overestimated the contribution of biofuel production, as the paper concluded that \" the effect of biofuels on food prices has not been as large as originally thought, but that the use of commodities by financial investors ( the so - called \" financialization of commodities \" ) may have been partly responsible for the 2007 / 08 spike. \" see also - biofuel advocacy groups - methanol economy - methanol fuel - commodity price shocks - corn stoves - distillers grains - ethanol economy - ethanol fuel in australia - ethanol fuel in brazil - ethanol fuel in sweden - ethanol fuel in the philippines - ethanol fuel in the united states - food security - oil depletion - vegetable oil economy - world agricultural supply and demand estimates ( monthly report ) - 2007 \u2013 2008 world food price crisis - congressional budget office ( april 2009 ), the impact of ethanol use on food prices and greenhouse - gas emissions, congress of the united states - bruce a. babcock ( june 2011 ), the impact of us biofuel policies on agricultural price levels and volatility, international centre for trade and sustainable development - goettemoeller, jeffrey ; adrian goettemoeller ( 2007 ), sustainable ethanol : biofuels, biorefineries, cellulosic biomass, flex - fuel vehicles, and sustainable farming for energy independence, prairie oak publishing, maryville, missouri, isbn 978 - 0 - 9786293 - 0 - 4. see chapter 7. food, farming, and land use. - neves, marcos fava, mairun junqueira alves pinto, marco", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45759462123161443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.352336"}
{"text": ", maryville, missouri, isbn 978 - 0 - 9786293 - 0 - 4. see chapter 7. food, farming, and land use. - neves, marcos fava, mairun junqueira alves pinto, marco antonio conejero and vinicius gustavo trombin ( 2011 ), food and fuel : the example of brazil, wageningen academic publishers, isbn 978 - 90 - 8686 - 166 - 8. - the worldwatch institute ( 2007 ), biofuels for transport : global potential and implications for energy and agriculture, earthscan publications ltd., london, u. k., isbn 978 - 1 - 84407 - 422 - 8. global view, includes country study cases of brazil, china, india and tanzania. - \" biofuels are not to blame for high food prices, study finds \". cleanbeta. 2008 - 10 - 24. retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20. [ dead link ] - maggie ayre ( 2007 - 10 - 03 ). \" will biofuel leave the poor hungry? \". bbc news. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - mike wilson ( 2008 - 02 - 08 ). \" the biofuel smear campaign \". farm futures. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - michael grundwald ( 2008 - 03 - 27 ). \" the clean energy scam \". time magazine. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - the impact of us biofuel policies on agricultural price levels and volatility, by bruce a. babcock, center for agricultural and rural development, iowa state university, for ictsd, issue paper no. 35. june 2011. - kathleen kingsbury ( 2007 - 11 - 16 ). \" after the oil crisis, a food crisis? \". time magazine. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - lester r. brown ( 2007 - 06 - 13 ). \" biofuels blunder : massive diversion of u. s. grain to fuel cars is raising world food prices, risking political instability \". testimony before u. s. senate committee on environment and public works. archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 04. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 20. - see for example the biomass program under the us department of energy : http : / / www1. eere. energy. gov / biomass / - oliver r. inderwildi, david a. king ( 2009 ). \" quo vadis biofuels \". energy & environmental science", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4712245340569086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.353385"}
{"text": "department of energy : http : / / www1. eere. energy. gov / biomass / - oliver r. inderwildi, david a. king ( 2009 ). \" quo vadis biofuels \". energy & environmental science 2 : 343. doi : 10. 1039 / b822951c. - andrew bounds ( 2007 - 09 - 10 ). \" oecd warns against biofuels subsidies \". financial times. - george monbiot ( 2004 - 11 - 23 ). \" feeding cars, not people \". monbiot. com. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - european environmental bureau ( 2006 - 02 - 08 ). \" biofuels no panacea \" ( pdf ). archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 10. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - planet ark ( 2005 - 09 - 26 ). \" food security worries could limit china biofuels \". retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - greenpeace uk ( 2007 - 05 - 09 ). \" biofuels : green dream or climate change nightmare \". retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - see for example : the us ( doe and usda ) \" billion ton report \" : http : / / feedstockreview. ornl. gov / pdf / billion _ ton _ vision. pdf or an eu ( refuel ) report http : / / www. refuel. eu / fileadmin / refuel / user / docs / refuel _ d19a _ flyer _ feedstock _ potentials. pdf - \" food and fuel ii - biofuels will help fight hunger \". international herald tribune. 2007 - 08 - 06. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 15. - through biofuels we can reap the fruits of our labours - inslee, jay ; bracken hendricks ( 2007 ), apollo ' s fire, island press, washington, d. c., pp. 153 \u2013 155, 160 \u2013 161, isbn 978 - 1 - 59726 - 175 - 3. see chapter 6. homegrown energy. - larry rother ( 2006 - 04 - 10 ). \" with big boost from sugar cane, brazil is satisfying its fuel needs \". the new york times. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - \" biofuels in brazil : lean, green and not mean \". the economist. 2008 - 06 - 26. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30. from the economist print edition - julia duail", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47921704350600386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.354307"}
{"text": "times. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - \" biofuels in brazil : lean, green and not mean \". the economist. 2008 - 06 - 26. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30. from the economist print edition - julia duailibi ( 2008 - 04 - 27 ). \" ele e o falso vilao \" ( in portuguese ). veja magazine. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - donald mitchell ( july 2008 ). \" a note on rising food crisis \" ( pdf ). the world bank. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29. policy research working paper no. 4682. disclaimer : this paper reflects the findings, interpretation, and conclusions of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the views of the world bank - veja magazine ( 2008 - 07 - 28 ). \" etanol nao influenciou nos precos dos alimentos \" ( in portuguese ). editora abril. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29. - \" biofuels major driver of food price rise - world bank \". reuters. 2008 - 07 - 28. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29. - john baffes and tassos haniotis ( july 2010 ). \" placing the 2006 / 08 commodity price boom into perspective \". world bank. retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09. policy research working paper 5371 - directorate for trade and agriculture, oecd ( 2008 - 07 - 16 ). \" economic assessment of biofuel support policies \" ( pdf ). oecd. retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01. disclaimer : this work was published under the responsibility of the secretary - general of the oecd. the views expressed and conclusions reached do not necessarily correspond to those of the governments of oecd member countries. - \" the economist \u2013 the end of cheap food \". 2007 - 12 - 06. - directorate for trade and agriculture, oecd ( 2008 - 07 - 16 ). \" biofuel policies in oecd countries costly and ineffective, says report \". oecd. retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01. - corn ( c, cbot ) : monthly price chart - the costs of rising tortilla prices in mexico \u2014 enrique c. ochoa, february 3, 2007. - financial times, london, february 25, 2007, quoting jean - francois van boxmeer, chief executive. - for an explanation of this ripple effect that pushes up not only the price of corn, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47412473031444513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.355246"}
{"text": "ochoa, february 3, 2007. - financial times, london, february 25, 2007, quoting jean - francois van boxmeer, chief executive. - for an explanation of this ripple effect that pushes up not only the price of corn, but also that of other farming products, see this excerpt from a speech by paul roberts at the commonwealth club of california ( video ). - wheat ( w, cbot ) : monthly price chart - soybeans ( s, cbot ) : monthly price chart - why ethanol production will drive world food prices even higher in 2008 | cleantech. com - biofuel demand makes fried food expensive in indonesia - abc news ( australian broadcasting corporation ) - the other oil shock : vegetable oil prices soar - international herald tribune - light crude oil ( cl, nymex ) : monthly price chart - biofuel : the burning question - understanding the global rice crisis - \" u. s. sees record world food crops easing crisis \". reuters. 2008 - 05 - 10. - wheat ( w, cbot ) : daily commodity futures price chart : july, 2008 - \" eliminating mtbe in gasoline in 2006 \" ( pdf ). environmental information administration. 2006 - 02 - 22. retrieved 2008 - 08 - 10. - goettemoeller, jeffrey ; adrian goettemoeller ( 2007 ), sustainable ethanol : biofuels, biorefineries, cellulosic biomass, flex - fuel vehicles, and sustainable farming for energy independence, prairie oak publishing, maryville, missouri, p. 42, isbn 978 - 0 - 9786293 - 0 - 4 - \u2018 weak correlation ' between food and fuel prices farm and ranch guide : regional news - it ' s not food, it ' s not fuel, it ' s china : grain trends in china 1995 - 2008 - world sugar supply to expand - 3 / 6 / 2008 6 : 38 : 00 am - purchasing - sugar # 11 ( sb, nybot ) : monthly price chart - pinr - soaring commodity prices point toward dollar devaluation - forex trader top 3 : g7, worldwide food prices, and consumer sentiment : financial news - yahoo! finance - \" crop prospects and food situation - global cereal supply and demand brief \". food and agriculture organization of the united nations. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 21. - timmons, heather ( 2008 - 05 - 14 ). \" indians find u. s. at fault in food cost \". the new york times. retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46565623334262946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.357102"}
{"text": "united nations. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 21. - timmons, heather ( 2008 - 05 - 14 ). \" indians find u. s. at fault in food cost \". the new york times. retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02. - foreign affairs - how biofuels could starve the poor - c. ford runge and benjamin senauer - alternative fuels & advanced vehicles data center - biofuels are part of the solution - energie : heizen mit weizen - wirtschaft - stern. de - \" grain gaining steam as home - heating option \". cbc news. 2005 - 10 - 14. - grain burning stoves by prairie fire grain energy. renewable fuel - virtually no waste - low emissions - economic analysis : ethanol policy is driving up food costs 03 / 16 / 08 - grand island independent : news - ibdeditorials. com : editorials, political cartoons, and polls from investor ' s business daily - ethanol lobby is perpetrating a cruel hoax - ethanol really takes the cake - njvoices : paul mulshine - today in investor ' s business daily stock analysis and business news - the ethanol scam : one of america ' s biggest political boondoggles : rolling stone - food prices | cheap no more | economist. com - baltimore, chris. \" new u. s. congress looks to boost alternate fuels, \" the boston globe, january 5, 2007. retrieved on august 23, 2007 - after the oil runs out, washingtonpost. com - \" energy independence and security act of 2007 ( enrolled as agreed to or passed by both house and senate ) \". retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18. - evans - pritchard, ambrose ( 2008 - 04 - 14 ). \" global warming rage lets global hunger grow \". the daily telegraph ( london ). retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02. - green car advisor - u. s. taxpayers subsidizing biodiesel sold in europe - splash and dash | greenbang - european biodiesel board warns on argentine biodiesel ; says fuel is subsidized in argentina and us, then dumped in europe : biofuels digest - trade war brewing over us biofuel subsidies \u00ab food crisis - splash dash and a lot of biodiesel pain ( the big biofuels blog ) - thehill. com - finance panel set to close \u2018 splash and dash \u2019 loophole - george monbiot ( 2007 - 03 - 27 ). \" if we want to save the planet, we need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4831178320761827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.358146"}
{"text": "( the big biofuels blog ) - thehill. com - finance panel set to close \u2018 splash and dash \u2019 loophole - george monbiot ( 2007 - 03 - 27 ). \" if we want to save the planet, we need a five - year freeze on biofuels \". london : the guardian. retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15. - monbiot. com \u00bb an agricultural crime against humanity - monbiot. com \u00bb feeding cars, not people - julian borger, ( 2008 - 04 - 05 ). \" un chief calls for review of biofuels policy \". london : the guardian. retrieved 2008 - 05 - 01. - defra figures after exports,. - ( i. e. if the uk wanted to replace more than around 5 % of its fuel with biofuel ). - food versus fuel debate escalates - how food and fuel compete for land by lester brown - the globalist > > global energy - through biofuels we can reap the fruits of our labours - ren21 ( 2008 ). renewables 2007 global status report ( pdf ) p. 19. - biomass magazine - the biofuel dilemma \u00ab the global warming hoax - brownfield network : lawmakers square - off over renewable fuels standard - \" bush budget doesn ' t alter ethanol import tariff \". reuters. 2008 - 02 - 04. - eu rethinks biofuels guidelines by roger harrabin bbc. co. uk monday, 14 january 2008 http : / / news. bbc. co. uk / 2 / hi / europe / 7186380. stm - committee calls for moratorium on biofuels http : / / www. parliament. uk / parliamentary _ committees / environmental _ audit _ committee / eac _ 210108. cfm - subsidy loss threatens german bio - fuel industry | enerpub - energy publisher - aba band of bakers march on washington, d. c. announce action plan for wheat crisis - let us farm set aside land europe farmers say ( the big biofuels blog ) - farmpolicy. com \u00bb blog archives \u00bb eu cap : set aside requirement draws focus - davies, caroline ( 2008 - 05 - 25 ). \" eco - farming ditched as food prices soar \". the guardian ( london ). retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02. - hydrogen injection could boost biofuel production - sustainable biofuels : prospects and challenges p. 2. - oxburgh, ron. fuelling hope", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45187300214904524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.359043"}
{"text": "food prices soar \". the guardian ( london ). retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02. - hydrogen injection could boost biofuel production - sustainable biofuels : prospects and challenges p. 2. - oxburgh, ron. fuelling hope for the future, courier mail, 15 august 2007. - starving for fuel : how ethanol production contributes to global hunger by lester brown - the globalist > > global briefing - family food expenditures around the world - time. 2007 - 07 - 19 http : / / www. time. com / time / photogallery / 0, 29307, 1645016 _ 1408103, 00. html | url = missing title ( help ). retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02. - \" ngo has biofuel concerns \". bbc news. 2007 - 11 - 01. retrieved 2008 - 01 - 20. - record rise in wheat price prompts un official to warn that surge in food prices may trigger social unrest in developing countries - the associated press : un warns about high fuel, food costs [ dead link ] - interviews with local peasants in southern ecuador - tropical deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions holly k gibbs et al. 2007 environ. res. lett. 2 045021 ( 2pp ) doi : 10. 1088 / 1748 - 9326 / 2 / 4 / 045021 - the farmer - national corn growers association - ncga - sam nelson ( 2008 - 10 - 23 ). \" ethanol no longer seen as big driver of food price \". reuters uk. retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26. - sanchez, marcela ( 2007 - 02 - 23 ). \" latin america - - the ' persian gulf ' of biofuels? \". the washington post. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - \" biofuels : the promise and the risks, in world development report 2008 \" ( pdf ). the worl bank. 2008. pp. 70 \u2013 71. retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04. - \" industry statistics : annual world ethanol production by country \". renewable fuels association. archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 08. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - edmund l. andrews and larry rother ( 2007 - 03 - 03 ). \" u. s. and brazil seek to promote ethanol in west \". the new york times. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - diana renee ( 2007 - 08 - 10 ). \" diplomacia de biocombustibles \" de lula no genera entus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42944822771709273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.359945"}
{"text": "and brazil seek to promote ethanol in west \". the new york times. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - diana renee ( 2007 - 08 - 10 ). \" diplomacia de biocombustibles \" de lula no genera entusiasmo \" ( in spanish ). la nacion. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - jim rutenberg and larry rohter ( 2007 - 03 - 10 ). \" bush and chavez spar at distance over latin visit \". the washington post. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - \" americas : cuba : castro criticizes u. s. biofuel policies \". the new york times. 2007 - 03 - 30. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - xinhua news ( 2007 - 08 - 09 ). \" nicaragua president backs sugar - made biofuel as lula visits \". people ' s daily online. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - afp ( 2007 - 08 - 09 ). \" lula ofrece cooperacion y energia electrica \" ( in spanish ). la nacion. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - \" onu diz que biocombustiveis sao crime contra a humanidade \" ( in portuguese ). folha de sao paulo online. 2008 - 04 - 14. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - emilio san pedro ( 2008 - 04 - 17 ). \" brazil president defends biofuels \". bbc news. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - lederer, edith ( 2007 - 10 - 27 ). \" production of biofuels ' is a crime ' \". london : the independent. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 22. - \" un rapporteur calls for biofuel moratorium \". swissinfo. 2007 - 10 - 11. retrieved 2008 - 05 - 01. - larry elliott and heather stewart ( 2008 - 04 - 11 ). \" poor go hungry while rich fill their tanks \". london : the guardian. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 30. - steven mufson ( 2008 - 04 - 30 ). \" siphoning off corn to fuel our cars \". the washington post. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 30. - \" fmi e bird pedem acao urgente contra alta alimentar \" ( in portuguese ). folha de sao paulo online. 2008 - 04 - 13. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - raymond colitt ( 2008 - 04 - 16 ). \" brazil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4367070713060979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.360740"}
{"text": "acao urgente contra alta alimentar \" ( in portuguese ). folha de sao paulo online. 2008 - 04 - 13. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - raymond colitt ( 2008 - 04 - 16 ). \" brazil lula defends biofuels from growing criticism \". reuters uk. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. - \" chavez calls ethanol production ' crime ' \". the washington post. associated press. 2008 - 04 - 22. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28. [ dead link ] - gernot heller ( 2008 - 04 - 17 ). \" bad policy, not biofuel, drive food prices : merkel \". reuters. retrieved 2008 - 05 - 01. - \" brown ' s biofuels caution welcomed \". bbc news. 2008 - 04 - 22. retrieved 2008 - 05 - 01. - \" europe defends biofuels as debate rages \". deutsche welle. 2008 - 04 - 14. retrieved 2008 - 05 - 01. - \" press conference by the president \". the white house. 2008 - 04 - 29. retrieved 2008 - 05 - 01. - oxfam ( 2008 - 06 - 25 ). \" another inconvenient truth : biofuels are not the answer to climate or fuel crisis \" ( pdf ). oxfam. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30. report available in pdf - oxfam ( 2008 - 06 - 26 ). \" another inconvenient truth : biofuels are not the answer to climate or fuel crisis \". oxfam web site. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30. - \" ong diz que etanol brasileiro e melhor opcao entre biocombustiveis \" ( in portuguese ). bbcbrasil. 2008 - 06 - 25. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30. - aditya chakrabortty ( 2008 - 07 - 04 ). \" secret report : biofuel caused food crisis \". london : the guardian. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29. - john m. urbanchuk ( 2008 - 07 - 11 ). \" critique of world bank working paper \" a note of rising food prices \" \" ( pdf ). renewable fuel association. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29. [ dead link ] - fao world food situation - towards sustainable production and use of resources : assessing biofuels, united nations environment programme, october 2009 - the world bank : food price crises - plenty of space for biofuels in europe - ox", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44215491225818304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c042aca-844b-4668-9b21-fa53a56f35c8>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.361617"}
{"text": "hydrothermal circulation in its most general sense is the circulation of hot water ; ' hydros ' in the greek meaning water and ' thermos ' meaning heat. hydrothermal circulation occurs most often in the vicinity of sources of heat within the earth ' s crust. this generally occurs near volcanic activity, but can occur in the deep crust related to the intrusion of granite, or as the result of orogeny or metamorphism. seafloor hydrothermal circulation the term includes both the circulation of the well known, high temperature vent waters near the ridge crests, and the much lower temperature, diffuse flow of water through sediments and buried basalts further from the ridge crests. the former circulation type is sometimes termed \" active \", and the latter \" passive \". in both cases the principle is the same : cold dense seawater sinks into the basalt of the seafloor and is heated at depth whereupon it rises back to the rock - ocean water interface due to its lesser density. the heat source for the active vents is the newly formed basalt, and, for the highest temperature vents, the underlying magma chamber. the heat source for the passive vents is the still - cooling older basalts. heat flow studies of the seafloor suggest that basalts within the oceanic crust take millions of years to completely cool as they continue to support passive hydrothermal circulation systems. hydrothermal vents are locations on the seafloor where hydrothermal fluids mix into the overlying ocean. perhaps the best known vent forms are the naturally - occurring chimneys referred to as black smokers. hydrothermal circulation is not limited to ocean ridge environments. the source water for hydrothermal explosions, geysers and hot springs is heated groundwater convecting below and lateral to the hot water vent. hydrothermal circulating convection cells exist any place an anomalous source of heat, such as an intruding magma or volcanic vent, comes into contact with the groundwater system. deep crust hydrothermal also refers to the transport and circulation of water within the deep crust, generally from areas of hot rocks to areas of cooler rocks. the causes for this convection can be : - intrusion of magma into the crust - radioactive heat generated by cooled masses of granite - heat from the mantle - hydraulic head from mountain ranges, for example, the great artesian basin - dewatering of metamorphic rocks which liberates water - dewatering of deeply buried sediments hydrothermal ore deposits during the early 1900s various geologists worked to classify hydrothermal ore deposits which were assumed to have formed from upward flowing aque", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5650309594723082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e4197df-03b2-41c6-9c75-3c14bfc507e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.368504"}
{"text": "- dewatering of metamorphic rocks which liberates water - dewatering of deeply buried sediments hydrothermal ore deposits during the early 1900s various geologists worked to classify hydrothermal ore deposits which were assumed to have formed from upward flowing aqueous solutions. waldemar lindgren developed a classification based on interpreted decreasing temperature and pressure conditions of the depositing fluid. his terms : hypothermal, mesothermal, epithermal and teleothermal were based on decreasing temperature and increasing distance from a deep source. only the epithermal has been used in recent works. john guilbert ' s 1985 redo of lindgren ' s system for hydrothermal deposits includes the following : - ascending hydrothermal fluids, magmatic or meteoric water - porphyry copper and other deposits, 200 - 800 \u00b0c, moderate pressure - igneous metamorphic, 300 - 800 \u00b0c, low - moderate pressure - cordilleran veins, intermediate to shallow depths - epithermal, shallow to intermediate, 50 - 300 \u00b0c, low pressure - circulating heated meteoric solutions - circulating heated seawater - oceanic ridge deposits, 25 - 300 \u00b0c, low pressure see also - w. lindgren, 1933, mineral deposits, mcgraw hill, 4th ed. - guilbert, john m. and charles f. park, jr., 1986, the geology of ore deposits, freeman, p. 302 isbn 0 - 7167 - 1456 - 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5317268216343976, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e4197df-03b2-41c6-9c75-3c14bfc507e3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.370506"}
{"text": "naval aviation is the application of military air power by navies, including ships that embark fixed - wing aircraft or helicopters. in contrast, maritime aviation is the operation of aircraft in a maritime role under the command of non - naval forces such as the former raf coastal command or a nation ' s coast guard. an exception to this is the united states coast guard, which is considered part of u. s. naval aviation. naval aviation is typically projected to a position nearer the target by way of an aircraft carrier. carrier aircraft must be sturdy enough to withstand demanding carrier operations. they must be able to launch in a short distance and be sturdy and flexible enough to come to a sudden stop on a pitching deck ; they typically have robust folding mechanisms that allow higher numbers of them to be stored in below - decks hangars. these aircraft are designed for many purposes including air - to - air combat, surface attack, submarine attack, search and rescue, materiel transport, weather observation, reconnaissance and wide area command and control duties. u. s. naval aviation began with pioneer aviator glenn curtiss who contracted with the navy to demonstrate that airplanes could take off from and land aboard ships at sea. one of his pilots, eugene ely, took off from the uss birmingham anchored off the virginia coast in november 1910. two months later ely landed aboard another cruiser uss pennsylvania in san francisco bay, proving the concept of shipboard operations. however, the platforms erected on those vessels were temporary measures. the u. s. navy and glenn curtis experienced two firsts during january 1911. on january 27, curtiss flew the first seaplane from the water at san diego bay and the next day u. s. navy lt theodore g. \u201c spuds \u201d ellyson, a student at the nearby curtiss school, took off in a curtiss \u201c grass cutter \u201d plane to become the first naval aviator. meanwhile, captain henry c. mustin successfully designed the concept of the catapult launch, and in 1915 made the first catapult launching from a ship underway. through most of world war i, the world ' s navies relied upon floatplanes and flying boats for heavier - than - air craft. in january 1912, the british battleship hms africa took part in aircraft experiments at sheerness. she was fitted for flying off aircraft with a 100 - foot ( 30 m ) downward - sloping runway which was installed on her foredeck, running over her forward 12 - inch ( 305 - mm ) turret from her forebridge to her bows and equipped with rails to guide the aircraft.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4618483162986724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dce24d4c-ba86-4eb1-8f8c-4d1458a66b64>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.388092"}
{"text": "with a 100 - foot ( 30 m ) downward - sloping runway which was installed on her foredeck, running over her forward 12 - inch ( 305 - mm ) turret from her forebridge to her bows and equipped with rails to guide the aircraft. the gnome - engined short improved s. 27 \" s. 38 \", pusher seaplane piloted by lieutenant charles samson become the first british aircraft to take - off from a ship while at anchor in the river medway, on 10 january 1912. africa then transferred her flight equipment to her sister ship hibernia. in may 1912, with commander samson, again flying \" s. 38, \" first instance of an aircraft to take off from a ship which was underway occurred. hibernia steamed at 10. 5 knots ( 19 km / h ) at the royal fleet review in weymouth bay, england. hibernia then transferred her aviation equipment to battleship london. based on these experiments, the royal navy concluded that aircraft were useful aboard ship for spotting and other purposes, but that interference with the firing of guns caused by the runway built over the foredeck and the danger and impracticality of recovering seaplanes that alighted in the water in anything but calm weather more than offset the desirability of having airplanes aboard. however, shipboard naval aviation had begun in the royal navy, and would become a major part of fleet operations by 1917. other early operators of seaplanes were france, germany and russia. the foundations of greek naval aviation were set in june 1912, when lieutenant dimitrios kamberos of the hellenic aviation service flew with the \" daedalus \", a farman aviation works aircraft that had been converted into a seaplane, at an average speed of 110 km per hour, achieving a new world record. then, on january 24, 1913 the first wartime naval aviation interservice cooperation mission, took place above the dardanelles. greek army first lieutenant michael moutoussis and greek navy ensign aristeidis moraitinis, on board the maurice farman hydroplane ( floatplane / seaplane ), drew a diagram of the positions of the turkish fleet against which they dropped four bombs. this event was widely commented upon in the press, both greek and international. wwi and the first carrier strikes the first strike from a carrier against a land target as well as a sea target took place in september 1914 when the imperial japanese navy seaplane carrier wakamiya conducted the world ' s first ship - launched air raids from kiaochow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4215793139834649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dce24d4c-ba86-4eb1-8f8c-4d1458a66b64>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.389347"}
{"text": "first carrier strikes the first strike from a carrier against a land target as well as a sea target took place in september 1914 when the imperial japanese navy seaplane carrier wakamiya conducted the world ' s first ship - launched air raids from kiaochow bay during the battle of tsingtao in china. the four maurice farman seaplanes bombarded german - held land targets ( communication centers and command centers ) and damaged a german minelayer in the tsingtao peninsula from september until november 6, 1914, when the germans surrendered. on the western front the first naval air raid occurred on december 25, 1914 when twelve seaplanes from hms engadine, riviera and empress ( cross - channel steamers converted into seaplane carriers ) attacked the zeppelin base at cuxhaven. fog, low cloud and anti - aircraft fire prevented the raid from being a complete success, but the raid demonstrated the feasibility of attack by ship - borne aircraft and showed the strategic importance of this new weapon. development in the interwar period genuine aircraft carriers did not emerge beyond britain until the early 1920s. in the united states, billy mitchell ' s 1921 demonstration of the battleship - sinking ability of land - based heavy bombers made many united states navy admirals angry. however, some men, such as captain ( soon rear admiral ) william a. moffett, saw the publicity stunt as a means to increase funding and support for the navy ' s aircraft carrier projects. moffett was sure that he had to move decisively in order to avoid having his fleet air arm fall into the hands of a proposed combined land / sea air force which took care of all the united states ' s airpower needs. ( that very fate had befallen the two air services of the united kingdom in 1918 : the royal flying corps had been combined with the royal naval air service to become the royal air force, a condition which would remain until 1937. ) moffett supervised the development of naval air tactics throughout the ' 20s. many british naval vessels carried float planes, seaplanes or amphibians for reconnaissance and spotting : two to four on battleships or battlecruisers and one on cruisers. the aircraft, a fairey seafox or later a supermarine walrus, were catapult - launched, and landed on the sea alongside for recovery by crane. several submarine aircraft carriers were built by japan. the french navy built one large ( but ineffective ) aircraft carrying submarine, the surcouf. world war ii world war ii saw the emergence of naval aviation as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3995096464612469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dce24d4c-ba86-4eb1-8f8c-4d1458a66b64>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.390580"}
{"text": "on the sea alongside for recovery by crane. several submarine aircraft carriers were built by japan. the french navy built one large ( but ineffective ) aircraft carrying submarine, the surcouf. world war ii world war ii saw the emergence of naval aviation as a significant, often decisive, element in the war at sea. the principal users were japan, united states ( both with pacific interests to protect ) and the united kingdom. other colonial powers, e. g. france and the netherlands, showed a lesser interest. other powers such as germany and italy did not develop independent naval aviation, for geographic or political reasons. soviet naval aviation was mostly organized as land - based coast defense force ( apart from some scout floatplanes it consisted almost exclusively of land - based types also used by the air force and air defence units ). during the course of the war, seaborne aircraft were used in fleet actions at sea ( battle of midway, bismarck ), pre - emptive strikes against naval units in port ( battle of taranto, attack on pearl harbor ), support of ground forces ( battle of okinawa, allied invasion of italy ) and anti - submarine warfare ( the battle of the atlantic ). carrier - based aircraft were specialized as dive bombers, torpedo bombers, and fighters. surface - based aircraft such as the pby catalina helped finding submarines and surface fleets. in wwii the aircraft carrier replaced the battleship as the most powerful naval offensive weapons system as battles between fleets were increasingly fought out of gun range by aircraft. the japanese yamato, the most powerful battleship ever built, was first turned back by light escort carrier aircraft and later sunk lacking its own air cover. the us launched normally land - based bombers from carriers in a raid against tokyo. smaller carriers were built in large numbers to escort slow cargo convoys or supplement fast carriers. aircraft for observation or light raids were also carried by battleships and cruisers, while blimps were used to search for attack submarines. experience showed that there was a need for widespread use of aircraft which could not be met quickly enough by building new fleet aircraft carriers. this was particularly true in the north atlantic, where convoys were highly vulnerable to u - boat attack. the british authorities used unorthodox, temporary, but effective means of giving air protection such as cam ships and merchant aircraft carriers, merchant ships modified to carry a small number of aircraft. the solution to the problem were large numbers of mass - produced merchant hulls converted into escort aircraft carriers ( also known as \" jeep carriers \" ). these basic vessels, unsuited to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44247789232425716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dce24d4c-ba86-4eb1-8f8c-4d1458a66b64>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.391846"}
{"text": ", merchant ships modified to carry a small number of aircraft. the solution to the problem were large numbers of mass - produced merchant hulls converted into escort aircraft carriers ( also known as \" jeep carriers \" ). these basic vessels, unsuited to fleet action by their capacity, speed and vulnerability, nevertheless provided air cover where it was needed. the royal navy had observed the impact of naval aviation and, obliged to prioritise their use of resources, abandoned battleships as the mainstay of the fleet. hms vanguard was therefore the last british battleship and her sisters were cancelled. the united states had already instigated a large construction programme ( which was also cut short ) but these large ships were mainly used as anti - aircraft batteries or for shore bombardment. other actions involving naval aviation included : - battle of the atlantic, aircraft carried by low - cost escort carriers were used for antisubmarine patrol, defense, and attack. - at the start of the pacific war in 1941, japanese carrier - based aircraft sank many us warships at pearl harbor and land - based aircraft sank two large british warships. engagements between japanese and american naval fleets were then conducted largely or entirely by aircraft - examples include the battles of coral sea, midway, bismarck sea and philippine sea. - battle of leyte gulf, with the first appearance of kamikazes, perhaps the largest naval battle in history. japan ' s last carriers and pilots are deliberately sacrificed, a battleship is sunk by aircraft. - operation ten - go demonstrated u. s. air supremacy in the pacific theater by this stage in the war and the vulnerability of surface ships without air cover to aerial attack. strategic projection carrier - based naval aviation provides a country ' s seagoing forces with air cover over areas that may not be reachable by land - based aircraft, giving them a considerable advantage over navies composed primarily of surface combatants. in the case of the united states navy during and after the cold war, virtual command of the sea in many of the world ' s waterways allowed it to deploy aircraft carriers and project air power almost anywhere on the globe. by operating from international waters, u. s. carriers can bypass the need for conventional airbases or overflight rights, both of which can be politically difficult to acquire. during the cold war, the navies of nato faced a significant threat from soviet submarine forces, specifically soviet navy ssn and ssgn assets. this resulted in the development and deployment of light aircraft carriers with major anti - submarine warfare ( asw ) capabilities by european nato navies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4771509406083152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dce24d4c-ba86-4eb1-8f8c-4d1458a66b64>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.392966"}
{"text": "##vies of nato faced a significant threat from soviet submarine forces, specifically soviet navy ssn and ssgn assets. this resulted in the development and deployment of light aircraft carriers with major anti - submarine warfare ( asw ) capabilities by european nato navies. one of the most effective weapons against submarines is the asw helicopter, several of which could be based on these light aircraft carriers. these light carriers were typically around 20, 000 tons displacement and carried a mix of asw helicopters and bae sea harrier or harrier ii v / stol aircraft. - argentine naval aviation - brazilian naval aviation - fleet air arm ( ran ) - fleet air arm ( royal navy ) - french naval aviation - indian naval air arm - marineflieger ( german navy ) - mexican naval aviation - pakistan naval air arm - people ' s liberation army naval air force - peruvian naval aviation - russian naval aviation - united states naval aviator see also - military aviation - aircraft carrier - escort carrier - carrier - based aircraft - flying boat - aerial warfare - modern us navy carrier air operations - hellenic air force history - the first steps - hellenic air force history - balcan wars - wakamiya is \" credited with conducting the first successful carrier air raid in history \" source : globalsecurity. org, also \" the first air raid in history to result in a success \" ( here ) - \" sabre et pinceau \", christian polak, p92 - ijn wakamiya aircraft carrier - boyne ( 2003 ), pp. 227 \u2013 8 - clark g. reynolds, the fast carriers : the forging of an air navy ( 1968 ; 1978 ; 1992 ) - william f. trimble, hero of the air : glenn curtiss and the birth of naval aviation ( 2010 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4586643074477361, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dce24d4c-ba86-4eb1-8f8c-4d1458a66b64>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.393692"}
{"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( september 2009 ) | bread crumbs or breadcrumbs ( regional variants : breading, crispies ) are small particles of dry bread, used for breading or crumbing foods, topping casseroles, stuffing poultry, thickening stews, adding inexpensive bulk to meatloaves and similar foods, and making a crisp and crunchy coating for fried foods, especially breaded cutlets like tonkatsu and schnitzel. the japanese variety of bread crumbs is called panko. dry breadcrumbs are made from dry breads which have been baked or toasted to remove most remaining moisture, and may even have a sandy or even powdery texture. bread crumbs are most easily produced by pulverizing slices of bread in a food processor, using a steel blade to make coarse crumbs, or a grating blade to make fine crumbs. a grater or similar tool will also do. the breads used to make soft or fresh bread crumbs are not quite as dry, so the crumbs are larger and produce a softer coating, crust, or stuffing. the crumb of bread crumb is also a term that refers to the texture of the soft, inner part of a bread loaf, as distinguished from the crust, or \" skin \". different from croutons they are not to be confused with croutons, though both are made of dried bread. croutons are approximately cubic pieces typically 0. 5 to 8 cubic centimeters in size while breadcrumbs are irregularly shaped and range in size from roughly 1 to 500 cubic millimeters. both probably originated as a way to use stale bread and unwanted crust. panko ( \u30cf\u30f3 ) is a variety of flaky bread crumb used in japanese cuisine as a crunchy coating for fried foods, such as tonkatsu. panko is made from bread baked by passing an electric current through the dough, yielding bread without crusts. it has a crisper, more airy texture than most types of breading found in western cuisine and resists absorbing oil or grease when fried, resulting in a lighter coating. white panko is made from bread which has had the crusts removed while tan \u201c panko \u201d is made from the whole loaf of bread. outside japan, its use is becoming more popular in both asian and non - asian dishes : it is often used on fish and seafood and is often available in asian markets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4912979625532011, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cfe67f89-0181-42a0-ae76-d494b1004015>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.397457"}
{"text": "##s removed while tan \u201c panko \u201d is made from the whole loaf of bread. outside japan, its use is becoming more popular in both asian and non - asian dishes : it is often used on fish and seafood and is often available in asian markets, specialty stores, and, increasingly, in many large supermarkets. panko is produced worldwide, particularly in asian countries, including japan, korea, thailand, china, and vietnam. in february 2012, the us fast - food chain wendy ' s introduced a cod fillet sandwich that they advertised as having a panko breading. the japanese first learned to make bread from the portuguese : the word panko is derived from pao ( portuguese for \" bread \" ) and - ko, a japanese suffix indicating \" flour \", \" crumb \", or \" powder \" ( as in komeko, \" rice powder \", sobako, \" buckwheat flour \", and komugiko, \" wheat flour \" ). breading ( also known as crumbing ) is a dry grain - derived food coating for a piece of food such as meat, vegetable, poultry, fish, shellfish, crustacean, seitan, or textured soy, made from bread crumbs or a breading mixture with seasonings. breading can also refer to the process of applying a bread - like coating to a food. breading is well suited for frying as it lends itself to creating a crisp coating around the food. breading mixtures can be made of breadcrumb, flour, cornmeal, and seasoning that the item to be breaded is dredged in before cooking. if the item to be breaded is too dry for the coating to stick, the item may first be moistened with buttermilk, raw egg, or other liquid. breading contrasts with batter, which is a grain - based liquid coating for food that produces a smoother and finer texture, but which can be softer overall. - \" panko bread crumbs : the secrets revealed \". youtube. 2010 - 04 - 01. retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17. - marshall, jo ( 2010 - 10 - 05 ). \" cookcabulary : panko is a crumby ingredient - fall river, ma \". the herald news. retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4925652469853668, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cfe67f89-0181-42a0-ae76-d494b1004015>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.399251"}
{"text": "phosphorescence is a specific type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately re - emit the radiation it absorbs. the slower time scales of the re - emission are associated with \" forbidden \" energy state transitions in quantum mechanics. as these transitions occur very slowly in certain materials, absorbed radiation may be re - emitted at a lower intensity for up to several hours after the original excitation. commonly seen examples of phosphorescent materials are the glow - in - the - dark toys, paint, and clock dials that glow for some time after being charged with a bright light such as in any normal reading or room light. typically the glowing then slowly fades out within minutes ( or up to a few hours ) in a dark room. the study of phosphorescent materials led to the discovery of radioactivity in 1896. in simple terms, phosphorescence is a process in which energy absorbed by a substance is released relatively slowly in the form of light. this is in some cases the mechanism used for \" glow - in - the - dark \" materials which are \" charged \" by exposure to light. unlike the relatively swift reactions in a common fluorescent tube, phosphorescent materials used for these materials absorb the energy and \" store \" it for a longer time as the processes required to re - emit the light occur less often. quantum mechanical most photoluminescent events, in which a chemical substrate absorbs and then re - emits a photon of light, are fast, on the order of 10 nanoseconds. light is absorbed and emitted at these fast time scales in cases where the energy of the photons involved matches the available energy states and allowed transitions of the substrate. in the special case of phosphorescence, the absorbed photon energy undergoes an unusual intersystem crossing into an energy state of higher spin multiplicity ( see term symbol ), usually a triplet state. as a result, the energy can become trapped in the triplet state with only classically \" forbidden \" transitions available to return to the lower energy state. these transitions, although \" forbidden \", will still occur in quantum mechanics but are kinetically unfavored and thus progress at significantly slower time scales. most phosphorescent compounds are still relatively fast emitters, with triplet lifetimes on the order of milliseconds. however, some compounds have triplet lifetimes up to minutes or even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6760067131688077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbfeed37-69d9-4a8e-b3f9-0b5f8344ab1e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.406470"}
{"text": "thus progress at significantly slower time scales. most phosphorescent compounds are still relatively fast emitters, with triplet lifetimes on the order of milliseconds. however, some compounds have triplet lifetimes up to minutes or even hours, allowing these substances to effectively store light energy in the form of very slowly degrading excited electron states. if the phosphorescent quantum yield is high, these substances will release significant amounts of light over long time scales, creating so - called \" glow - in - the - dark \" materials. where s is a singlet and t a triplet whose subscripts denote states ( 0 is the ground state, and 1 the excited state ). transitions can also occur to higher energy levels, but the first excited state is denoted for simplicity. some examples of \" glow - in - the - dark \" materials do not glow by phosphorescence. for example, \" glow sticks \" glow due to a chemiluminescent process which is commonly mistaken for phosphorescence. in chemiluminescence, an excited state is created via a chemical reaction. the light emission tracks the kinetic progress of the underlying chemical reaction. the excited state will then transfer to a \" dye \" molecule, also known as a sensitizer or fluorophor, and subsequently fluoresce back to the ground state common pigments used in phosphorescent materials include zinc sulfide and strontium aluminate. use of zinc sulfide for safety related products dates back to the 1930s. however, the development of strontium aluminate, with a luminance approximately 10 times greater than zinc sulfide, has relegated most zinc sulfide based products to the novelty category. strontium aluminate based pigments are now used in exit signs, pathway marking, and other safety related signage. | this section requires expansion. ( october 2008 ) | see also - karl a. franz, wolfgang g. kehr, alfred siggel, jurgen wieczoreck, and waldemar adam \" luminescent materials \" in ullmann ' s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry 2002, wiley - vch, weinheim. doi : 10. 1002 / 14356007. a15 _ 519 - zitoun, d. ; bernaud, l. ; manteghetti, a. microwave synthesis of a long - lasting phosphor. j. chem. ed. 2009, 86, 72 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.596698530247835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbfeed37-69d9-4a8e-b3f9-0b5f8344ab1e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.407815"}
{"text": "the pueblo people are a native american people in the southwestern united states. their traditional economy is based on agriculture and trade. when first encountered by the spanish in the 16th century, they were living in villages that the spanish called pueblos, meaning \" towns \". of the 21 pueblos that exist today, taos, acoma, zuni, and hopi are the best - known. the main pueblos are located primarily in new mexico and arizona. while there are numerous subdivisions of pueblo people that have been published in the literature, kirchhoff ( 1954 ) published a subdivision of the pueblo people into two subareas : the group that includes hopi, zuni, keres, jemez which share exogamous matrilineal clans, have multiple kivas, believe in emergence of people from the underground, have four or six directions beginning in the north, and have four and seven as ritual numbers. this group stands in contrast to the tanoan - speaking pueblos ( other than jemez ) who have nonexogamous patrilineal clans, two kivas or two groups of kivas and a general belief in dualism, emergence of people from underwater, five directions beginning in the west, and ritual numbers based on multiples of three. eggan ( 1950 ) in contrast, posed a dichotomy between eastern and western pueblos, based largely on subsistence differences with the western or desert pueblos of zuni and hopi dry - farmers and the eastern or river pueblos irrigation farmers. they mostly grew maize ( corn ). linguistic differences between the pueblos point to their diverse origins. the hopi language is uto - aztecan ; zuni is a language isolate ; keresan is a dialect continuum that includes acoma, laguna, santa ana, zia, cochiti, santo domingo, san felipe. the tanoan is an areal grouping of three branches consisting of 6 languages : towa ( jemez ), tewa ( san juan, san ildefonso, santa clara, tesuque, nambe, pojoaque, and hano ) ; and the 3 tiwa languages taos, picuris, and southern tiwa ( sandia, isleta ). the pueblos are believed to be descended from the three major cultures that dominated the region before european contact : - mogollon, an area near the gila wilderness - hohokam, archaeological term for a settlement in the southwest - ancient pueblo peoples ( or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4443555996955607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46a79a39-0765-49cf-9ce8-eea48d67a5df>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.423065"}
{"text": "little given to quarrelling or dissipation... most of the pueblos have annual ceremonies that are open to the public. one such ceremony is the pueblo ' s feast day, held on the day sacred to its roman catholic patron saint. ( these saints were assigned by the spanish missionaries so that each pueblo ' s feast day would coincide with a traditional ceremony. ) some pueblos also have ceremonies around the christmas and at other times of the year. the ceremonies usually feature traditional dances outdoors accompanied by singing and drumming, interspersed with non - public ceremonies in the kivas. they may also include a roman catholic mass and processions. formerly, all outside visitors to a public dance would be offered a meal in a pueblo home, but because of the large number of visitors, such meals are now by personal invitation only. pueblo prayer included substances as well as words ; one common prayer material was ground - up maize \u2014 white cornmeal. thus a man might bless his son, or some land, or the town by sprinkling a handful of meal as he uttered a blessing. once, after the 1692 re - conquest, the spanish were prevented from entering a town when they were met by a handful of men who uttered imprecations and cast a single pinch of a sacred substance. the puebloans employed prayer sticks, which were colorfully decorated with beads, fur, and feathers ; these prayer sticks ( or talking sticks ) were also used by other nations. by the 13th century, puebloans used turkey feather blankets for warmth. cloth and weaving were known to the puebloans before the conquest, but it is not known whether they knew of weaving before or after the aztecs. but since clothing was expensive, they did not always dress completely until after the conquest, and breechcloths were not uncommon. corn was a staple food for the pueblo people. they were what was called \" dry farmers \". because there was not a lot of water in new mexico, they farmed using as little water as possible, which restricted what they could grow. because of this, they mainly would farm many types of corn, beans and squash. they would use pottery to hold their food and water. ( see also : agriculture in the prehistoric southwest ) the most highly developed native communities of the southwest were large villages or pueblos at the top of the mesas, rocky tablelands typical to the region. the archetypal deities appear as visionary beings who bring blessings and receive love. a vast collection of myths defines the relationships between man, nature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.468567611334723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46a79a39-0765-49cf-9ce8-eea48d67a5df>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.425309"}
{"text": "were large villages or pueblos at the top of the mesas, rocky tablelands typical to the region. the archetypal deities appear as visionary beings who bring blessings and receive love. a vast collection of myths defines the relationships between man, nature, plants and animals. man depended on the blessings of children, who in turn depended on prayers and the goddess of himura. children led the religious ceremonies to create a more pure and holy ritual. list of pueblos new mexico - acoma pueblo \u2014 keres language speakers. one of the oldest continuously inhabited villages in the us. access to mesa - top pueblo by guided tour only ( available from visitors ' center ), except on sept 2nd ( feast day ). photography by $ 10 permit per camera only. photographing of acoma people allowed only with individual permission. no photography permitted in mission san esteban del rey or of cemetery. sketching prohibited. video recording strictly prohibited. video devices will be publicly destroyed if used. - cochiti pueblo \u2014 keres speakers. - isleta pueblo \u2014 tiwa language speakers. established in the 14th century. both isleta and ysleta were of shoshonean stock. the isleta was originally shiewhibak - jemez pueblo \u2014 towa language speakers. photography and sketching prohibited at pueblo, but welcomed at red rocks. - kewa pueblo ( formerly santo domingo pueblo ) \u2014 keres speakers. known for turquoise work and the corn dance. - laguna pueblo \u2014 keres speakers. ancestors 3000 bc, established before the 14th century. church july 4, 1699. photography and sketching prohibited on the land, but welcomed at san jose mission church. - nambe pueblo \u2014 tewa language speakers. established in the 14th century. was an important trading center for the northern pueblos. nambe is the original tewa name, and means \" people of the round earth \". feast day of st. francis october 4. - ohkay owingeh pueblo \u2014 tewa speakers. originally named o ' ke oweenge in tewa. headquarters of the eight northern indian pueblos council. home of the pope, one of the leaders of the august 1680 pueblo revolt. known as san juan pueblo until november 2005. - picuris pueblo, penasco, new mexico \u2014 tiwa speakers. - pojoaque pueblo, santa fe, new mexico \u2014 tewa speakers. re - established in the 1930s. - sandia pueblo, bernalillo, new mexico \u2014 tiwa speakers. originally named nafiat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44071522603387653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46a79a39-0765-49cf-9ce8-eea48d67a5df>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.426335"}
{"text": "\u2014 tiwa speakers. - pojoaque pueblo, santa fe, new mexico \u2014 tewa speakers. re - established in the 1930s. - sandia pueblo, bernalillo, new mexico \u2014 tiwa speakers. originally named nafiat. established in the 14th century. on the northern outskirts of albuquerque. - san felipe pueblo \u2014 keres speakers. 1706. photography and sketching prohibited at pueblo. - san ildefonso pueblo, between pojoaque and los alamos \u2014 tewa speakers. originally at mesa verde and bandelier. the valuable black - on - black pottery was made famous here by maria and julian martinez. photography by $ 10 permit only. sketching prohibited at pueblo. heavily - visited destination. - santa ana pueblo \u2014 keres speakers. photography and sketching prohibited at pueblo. - santa clara pueblo, espanola, new mexico \u2014 tewa speakers. 1550. originally inhabited puye cliff dwellings on santa clara canyon. the valuable black - on - black pottery was developed here - taos pueblo \u2014 tiwa speakers. world heritage site. national historic landmark. - tesuque pueblo santa fe \u2014 tewa speakers. originally named te tesugeh oweengeh 1200. national register of historic places. pueblo closed to public. camel rock casino and camel rock suites as well as the actual camel rock are open. - zia pueblo \u2014 keres speakers. new mexico ' s state flag uses the zia symbol. - zuni pueblo \u2014 zuni language speakers. first visited 1540 by spanish. mission 1629 - hopi tribe nevada - kykotsmovi \u2014 hopi language speakers. area of present villages settled around 700 ad - ysleta del sur pueblo, el paso, texas \u2014 originally tigua ( tiwa ) speakers. also spelled ' isleta del sur pueblo '. this pueblo was established in 1680 as a result of the pueblo revolt. some 400 members of isleta, socorro and neighboring pueblos were forced or accompanied the spaniards to el paso as they fled northern new mexico. three missions ( ysleta, socorro, and san elizario ) were established on the camino real to santa fe. the san elizario mission was administrative ( that is, non puebloan ). - some of the piru puebloans settled in senecu, and then in socorro, texas, adjacent to ysleta, texas ( which is now within el paso city limits ). when the rio grande would flood the valley or change course, these missions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39505917981069694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46a79a39-0765-49cf-9ce8-eea48d67a5df>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.427278"}
{"text": "piru puebloans settled in senecu, and then in socorro, texas, adjacent to ysleta, texas ( which is now within el paso city limits ). when the rio grande would flood the valley or change course, these missions would lie variously on the north or south sides of the river. although socorro and san elizario are still separate communities, ysleta has been annexed into el paso. feast days - san felipe pueblo feast day : may 1 - ohkay owingeh pueblo feast day : june 24 - sandia pueblo feast day : june 13. - ysleta / isleta del sur pueblo feast day : june 13. - cochiti pueblo feast day : july 14 - san felipe pueblo feast day : july 25 - santa ana pueblo feast day : july 26 - picuris pueblo feast day : august 10 - jemez pueblo feast day : august 2 - santo domingo pueblo feast day : august 4 - santa clara pueblo feast day : august 12 - zia pueblo feast day : august 15 - acoma pueblo feast day of san esteban del rey : september 2 - laguna pueblo feast day : september 19 - taos pueblo feast day : september 30 - nambe pueblo feast day of st. francis : october 4 - pojoaque pueblo feast day : december 12, january 6 - isleta pueblo feast days there is a short history of creating pottery among the various pueblo communities. mera, in his discussion of the \" rain bird \" motif, a common and popular design element in pueblo pottery states that, \" in tracing the ancestry of the \" rain bird \" design it will be necessary to go back to the very beginnings of decorated pottery in the southwest to a ceramic type which as reckoned by present day archaeologists came into existence some time during the early centuries of the christian era. \" bird effigy, pottery, cochiti pueblo. field museum pottery bowl, jemez pueblo, field museum, chicago ancestral hopi bowl, ca. 1300 ad see also - arizona tewa - carol jean vigil - tanoan languages - navajo people - pueblo revolt - tewa people - keresan languages - zuni people - on june 2, 1924 these peoples were granted us citizenship. in 1948, they were granted the right to vote in new mexico. - paul kirchhoff, \" gatherers and farmers in the greater southwest : a problem in classification \", american anthropologist, new series, vol. 56, no. 4, southwest issue ( aug., 1954 ), pp.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37766235583451246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46a79a39-0765-49cf-9ce8-eea48d67a5df>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.428356"}
{"text": "new mexico. - paul kirchhoff, \" gatherers and farmers in the greater southwest : a problem in classification \", american anthropologist, new series, vol. 56, no. 4, southwest issue ( aug., 1954 ), pp. 529 - 550 - fred russell eggan, social organization of the western pueblos, university of chicago press, 1950 - cordell, linda s. ancient pueblo peoples. st. remy press and smithsonian institution, 1994. isbn 0 - 89599 - 038 - 5. - paul horgan ( 1954 ), great river vol. 1 p. 286. library of congress card number 54 - 9867 - gregg, j. 1844. commerce of the prairies. new york : henry g. langley, chpt. 14, the pueblos, p. 55 - paul horgan, great river p. 158 - turkeys domesticated not once, but twice - \" elk - foot of the taos tribe by eanger irving couse \". smithsonian american art museum and the renwick gallery. retrieved 2012 - 08 - 10. - \" isleta pueblo \". catholic encyclopedia ( 1910 ) viii - mera, h. p., pueblo designs : 176 illustrations of the \" rain bird, dover publications, inc, 1970, first published by the laboratory of anthropology, santa fe, new mexico, 1937 p. 1 - fletcher, richard a. ( 1984 ). saint james ' catapult : the life and times of diego gelmirez of santiago de compostela. oxford university press. ( on - line text, ch. 1 ) - florence hawley ellis an outline of laguna pueblo history and social organization southwestern journal of anthropology, vol. 15, no. 4 ( winter, 1959 ), pp. 325 \u2013 347 - indian pueblo cultural center in albuquerque, nm offers information from the pueblo people about their history, culture, and visitor etiquette. - paul horgan, great river : the rio grande in north american history. vol. 1, indians and spain. vol. 2, mexico and the united states. 2 vols. in 1, 1038 pages - wesleyan university press 1991, 4th reprint, isbn 0 - 8195 - 6251 - 3 - pueblo people, ancient traditions modern lives, marica keegan, clear light publishers, santa fe, new mexico, 1998, profusely illustrated hardback, isbn 1 - 57416 - 000 - 1 - elsie clews parsons, pueblo indian religion ( 2 vols.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4153969926367533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46a79a39-0765-49cf-9ce8-eea48d67a5df>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.429341"}
{"text": "lives, marica keegan, clear light publishers, santa fe, new mexico, 1998, profusely illustrated hardback, isbn 1 - 57416 - 000 - 1 - elsie clews parsons, pueblo indian religion ( 2 vols., chicago, 1939 ). - ryan d, a. l. kroeber elsie clews parsons american anthropologist, new series, vol. 45, no. 2, centenary of the american ethnological society ( apr. - jun., 1943 ), pp. 244 \u2013 255 - parthiv s, ed. handbook of north american indians, vol. 9, southwest. washington : smithsonian institution, 1976. - julia m. keleher and elsie ruth chant ( 2009 ). the padre of isleta the story of father anton docher. sunstone press publishing. | wikimedia commons has media related to : pueblo people | | wikisource has the text of the 1879 american cyclop\u00e6dia article pueblo indians. | - kukadze ' eta towncrier, pueblo of laguna - pueblo of isleta - pueblo of laguna - pueblo of sandia - pueblo of santa ana - the smu - in - taos research publications digital collection contains nine anthropological and archaeological monographs and edited volumes representing the past several decades of research at the smu - in - taos ( fort burgwin ) campus near taos, new mexico, including papers on taos archaeology and taos archeology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3816044505285249, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46a79a39-0765-49cf-9ce8-eea48d67a5df>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.431121"}
{"text": "rotten and pocket boroughs a rotten, decayed, or pocket borough was a parliamentary borough or constituency in the united kingdom that had a very small electorate and could be used by a patron to gain undue and unrepresentative influence within the unreformed house of commons. a rotten borough was an election borough with a very tiny population, often small enough that voters could be personally bribed. these boroughs had often been assigned representation when they were large cities, but the borough boundaries were never updated as the town ' s population declined. for example, in the 12th century old sarum had been a busy cathedral city but was abandoned when salisbury was founded nearby ; despite this, old sarum retained its two members. many such rotten boroughs were controlled by peers who gave the seats to their sons, other relations or friends ; they had additional influence in parliament because they held seats themselves in the house of lords. pocket boroughs were boroughs that could effectively be controlled by a single person who owned most of the land in the borough. as there was no secret ballot at the time, the landowner could evict residents who did not vote for the person he wanted. by the 19th century there were moves toward reform and this political movement was eventually successful, culminating in the reform act 1832, which disfranchised the 57 rotten boroughs and redistributed representation in parliament to new major population centres. the ballot act of 1872 enacted a secret ballot, making vote bribery impractical as there is no way of knowing for certain how an individual has voted. historical background a \" borough \" was a town that possessed a royal charter giving it the right to elect two members ( known as burgesses ) to the house of commons. it was unusual for such a borough to change its boundaries as the town or city it was based on expanded, so that in time the borough and the town were no longer identical in area. the true rotten borough was a borough with a very small electorate. typically, rotten boroughs had gained representation in parliament when they were flourishing centres with a substantial population, but had become depopulated or even deserted over the centuries. some had once been important places or had played a major role in england ' s history, but had fallen into insignificance. for centuries, constituencies electing members to the house of commons did not change to reflect population shifts, and in some places the number of electors became so few that they could be bribed. a member of parliament for one borough might represent only a few people, whereas some large population", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.489057780209439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:030f38d7-fac8-4dcb-92ca-3d6a3de8da18>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.445581"}
{"text": "members to the house of commons did not change to reflect population shifts, and in some places the number of electors became so few that they could be bribed. a member of parliament for one borough might represent only a few people, whereas some large population centres were poorly represented. manchester, for example, was part of the larger constituency of lancashire and did not elect members separately until 1832. examples of rotten boroughs include the following : - old sarum in wiltshire had 3 houses and 7 voters - east looe in cornwall had 167 houses and 38 voters - dunwich in suffolk had 44 houses and 32 voters ( most of this formerly prosperous town having fallen into the sea ) - plympton erle in devon had 182 houses and 40 voters - gatton in surrey had 23 houses and 7 voters - newtown on the isle of wight had 14 houses and 23 voters - bramber in west sussex had 35 houses and 20 voters - callington in cornwall had 225 houses and 42 voters each of these boroughs could elect two members of the commons. by the time of the 1831 general election, out of 406 elected members, 152 were chosen by fewer than 100 voters, and 88 by fewer than 50 voters each. many such rotten boroughs were controlled by peers who gave the seats to their sons, other relations, or friends, thus having influence in the house of commons while also holding seats themselves in the house of lords. prior to being awarded a peerage, arthur wellesley, the duke of wellington, served in the irish house of commons as a member for the rotten borough of trim in county meath. a common expression referring to such a situation was that \" mr. so - and - so had been elected on lord this - and - that ' s interest \". there were also boroughs who were dependent not on a particular patron but rather on the treasury or admiralty and thus returned the candidates nominated by the ministers in charge of those departments. such boroughs existed for centuries. the term rotten borough only came into usage in the 18th century, the qualification \" rotten \" suggesting both \" corrupt \" and \" in decline for a very long time \". in the 19th century, there were moves toward reform, which broadly meant ending the over - representation of boroughs with few electors. this political movement had a major success in the reform act 1832, which disfranchised the 57 rotten boroughs listed below and redistributed representation in parliament to new major population centres and to places with significant industries. the ballot act of 1872 introduced the secret ballot, which greatly hindered patrons from controlling elections by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43227422762044165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:030f38d7-fac8-4dcb-92ca-3d6a3de8da18>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.451780"}
{"text": "west indies and on the indian subcontinent were not represented at westminster officially, these groups often claimed that rotten boroughs provided opportunities for virtual representation in parliament for colonial interest groups. modern usage the magazine private eye has a column entitled ' rotten boroughs ', which lists stories of municipal wrongdoing ; borough is used here in its usual sense of a local district rather than a parliamentary constituency. in his book the age of consent, george monbiot compared small island states with one vote in the u. n. general assembly to \" rotten boroughs \". in the satirical novel melincourt, or sir oran haut - ton ( 1817 ) by thomas love peacock, an orang - utan named sir oran haut - ton is elected to parliament by the \" ancient and honourable borough of onevote \". the election of sir oran forms part of the hero ' s plan to persuade civilisation to share his belief that orang - utans are a race of human beings who merely lack the power of speech. \" the borough of onevote stood in the middle of a heath, and consisted of a solitary farm, of which the land was so poor and intractable, that it would not have been worth the while of any human being to cultivate it, had not the duke of rottenburgh found it very well worth his while to pay his tenant for living there, to keep the honourable borough in existence. \" the single voter of the borough is mr christopher corporate, who elects two mps, each of whom \" can only be considered as the representative of half of him \". in chapter 7 of the novel vanity fair, author william makepeace thackeray introduces the fictitious borough of \" queen ' s crawley, \" so named in honor of a stopover in the small hampshire town of crawley by queen elizabeth i, who being delighted by the quality of the local beer instantly raised the small town of crawley into a borough, giving it two members in parliament. at the time of the story, in the early 19th century, the place had lost population, so that it was \" come down to that condition of borough which used to be denominated rotten. \" in diana wynne jones ' 2003 book \" the merlin conspiracy \" old sarum features as a character, with one line being \" i ' m a rotten borough, i am. \" in the aubrey \u2013 maturin series of seafaring tales, the pocket borough of milport ( also known as milford ) is initially held by general aubrey, the father of protagonist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4538322267968454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:030f38d7-fac8-4dcb-92ca-3d6a3de8da18>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.456541"}
{"text": "being \" i ' m a rotten borough, i am. \" in the aubrey \u2013 maturin series of seafaring tales, the pocket borough of milport ( also known as milford ) is initially held by general aubrey, the father of protagonist jack aubrey. in the twelfth novel in the series, the letter of marque, jack ' s father dies and the seat is offered to jack himself by his cousin edward norton, the \" owner \" of the borough. the borough has just seventeen electors, all of whom are tenants of mr norton. in the first novel of george macdonald fraser ' s flashman series, the eponymous antihero, harry flashman, mentions that his father, sir buckley flashman, had been in parliament, but \" they did for him at reform, \" implying that the elder flashman ' s seat was in a rotten or pocket borough. in the episode dish and dishonesty of the bbc television comedy blackadder the third, edmund blackadder attempts to bolster the support of the prince regent in parliament by getting the incompetent baldrick elected to the rotten borough of dunny - on - the - wold. this was easily accomplished with a result of 16, 472 to nil, even though the constituency had only one voter ( blackadder himself ). in the video game, assassin ' s creed iii pocket and rotten boroughs are briefly mentioned in a database entry entitled \" pocket boroughs \", and old sarum is mentioned as one of the worst examples of a pocket borough. in the game, shortly before the boston massacre an npc can be heard speaking to a group of peolpe on the colonies lack of representation in parliament and lists several rotten boroughs including old sarum. - \" [ borough representation is ] the rotten part of the constitution. \" \u2014 william pitt the elder - \" the county of yorkshire, which contains near a million souls, sends two county members ; and so does the county of rutland which contains not a hundredth part of that number. the town of old sarum, which contains not three houses, sends two members ; and the town of manchester, which contains upwards of sixty thousand souls, is not admitted to send any. is there any principle in these things? \" tom paine, from rights of man, 1791 - from h. m. s. pinafore by gilbert and sullivan : - sir joseph porter : i grew so rich that i was sent - by a pocket borough into parliament. - i always voted at my party ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3887885554966792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:030f38d7-fac8-4dcb-92ca-3d6a3de8da18>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.457612"}
{"text": "of man, 1791 - from h. m. s. pinafore by gilbert and sullivan : - sir joseph porter : i grew so rich that i was sent - by a pocket borough into parliament. - i always voted at my party ' s call, - and i never thought of thinking for myself at all. - chorus : and he never thought of thinking for himself at all. - sir joseph : i thought so little, they rewarded me - by making me the ruler of the queen ' s navee! - fairy queen : let me see. i ' ve a borough or two at my disposal. would you like to go into parliament? - from the letter of marque by patrick o ' brian - ' could you not spend an afternoon at milport, to meet the electors? there are not many of them, and those few are all my tenants, so it is no more than a formality ; but there is a certain decency to be kept up. the writ will be issued very soon. ' - the borough of queen ' s crawley in thackeray ' s vanity fair is a rotten borough eliminated by the reform act of 1832 : - when colonel dobbin quitted the service, which he did immediately after his marriage, he rented a pretty country place in hampshire, not far from queen ' s crawley, where, after the passing of the reform bill, sir pitt and his family constantly resided now. all idea of a peerage was out of the question, the baronet ' s two seats in parliament being lost. he was both out of pocket and out of spirits by that catastrophe, failed in his health, and prophesied the speedy ruin of the empire. see also - apportionment ( politics ) - reynolds v. sims, a us supreme court case that ended a similar practice in the united states - the people ' s book ; comprising their chartered rights and practical wrongs [ by w. carpenter ] at google books - see lewis namier, the structure of politics at the accession of george iii - pearce, robert and stearn, roger ( 2000 ). access to history, government and reform : britain 1815 - 1918 ( second edition ), page 14. hodder & stoughton. - pearce, robert and stearn, roger ( 2000 ). access to history, government and reform : britain 1815 - 1918 ( second edition ). hodder & stoughton. - pearce, robert and stearn, roger ( 2000 ). access to history, government and reform :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44390379043565287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:030f38d7-fac8-4dcb-92ca-3d6a3de8da18>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.458687"}
{"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( december 2009 ) | a semi - acoustic guitar or hollow - body electric is a type of electric guitar that originates from the 1930s. it has both a sound box and one or more electric pickups. this is not the same as an acoustic - electric guitar, which is an acoustic guitar with the addition of pickups or other means of amplification, either added by the manufacturer or the player. in the 1930s guitar players and manufacturers were attempting to increase the overall volume of the guitar, which had a hard time competing with other instruments, specifically in large orchestras and jazz bands, due to its lack of volume. this created a series of experiments that focused on creating a guitar that could be amplified through electric currents and out through a speaker. in 1936, gibson attempted to make their first production line of electric guitars. these guitars, known as es - 150 \u2019 s ( electric spanish series ) were the first manufactured semi - acoustic guitars. they were based on a standard production archtop and had f holes on the face of the guitar which functioned as a soundbox. this model was used to resemble the traditional jazz box guitars that were popular at the time. the soundbox on the guitar allowed a limited amount of sound waves to emit from the hollow body of the guitar, which was customary of all full acoustic models before this guitar. the purpose of these guitars, however, was to be able to be amplified from electric sound waves. this was made possible by the charlie christian pickup, a magnetic single - coil pickup, which allowed the sound of the guitar to be amplified through electric currents. the clear sound produced by the pickups made the es series immediately popular with jazz musicians. the first semi - acoustic guitars are often thought of as an evolutionary step in the progression from acoustic guitars to full electric models. however, the es - 150 was made several years after the first solid body electric guitar, which was made by rickenbacker. the es series was merely an experiment by the gibson company in order to test out the potential success of electric guitars. this experiment proved to be a successful financial venture and is often referred to as the first successful electric guitar. the es - 150 was followed by the es - 250 a year later, in what became a long line of semi acoustics for the gibson company. in 1949 gibson released two new models ( the es - 175 and es - 5 ). these guitars had built - in electric pickups that came standard in their design and can largely be considered as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47885185083498766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12150663-89de-4741-a5c9-1d9896846aea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.471355"}
{"text": "long line of semi acoustics for the gibson company. in 1949 gibson released two new models ( the es - 175 and es - 5 ). these guitars had built - in electric pickups that came standard in their design and can largely be considered as the first fully electric semi - acoustic guitars. prior models were not built with pickups ; rather, they came as attachments. as the production and popularity of solid body electric guitars increased, there was still a market of guitar players who wanted to have the traditional look associated with the semi - acoustic guitars of the 1930s but also wanted the versatility and comfort of new solid body guitars. several models, including the es - 350t by gibson, were made in the 1950s to accommodate this growing demand by including a more comfortable version of the archtop model. these variations were followed by an entirely new type of guitar that featured a block of solid wood between the front and back sections of the guitars cutaway. this guitar was still acoustic but had a smaller open section inside of the guitar which makes less sound waves emit from the f hole sound boxes on the guitar. the variant was first manufactured in 1958 by gibson and is commonly referred to as a semi - hollow body guitar because of the smaller body of the guitar. rickenbacker also choose to pursue making semi - acoustic guitars in 1958. when the company changed ownership in 1954, they hired german guitar crafter, roger rossmiesl. he developed the 330 series for rickenbacker, which was a wide semi - acoustic that did not use a traditional f hole. rather its used a sleeker dash hole on one side of the guitar, the other side had a large pickguard. this model boasted a modern design with a unique fireglo finish. it quickly became one of rickenbacker ' s most popular series and became a strong competitor to gibson ' s models. in addition to the main model variants of the guitar, gibson made several small changes to the guitar including a laminated top for the es - 175 model and mounted top pickups for general use on all their models, as opposed to charlie christian models from the 1930s. while gibson provided many of the innovations in semi - acoustic guitars from the 1930s to the 1950s, there were also various makes by other companies including a hollow achtop by gretsch. the 6120 model by gretsch became very popular as a rockabilly model despite having almost no technical differences from gibson models. rickenbacker was also a prominent maker of the semi - hollow body", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44943906818646706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12150663-89de-4741-a5c9-1d9896846aea>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.473608"}
{"text": "achtop by gretsch. the 6120 model by gretsch became very popular as a rockabilly model despite having almost no technical differences from gibson models. rickenbacker was also a prominent maker of the semi - hollow body guitar. gibson, gretsch, rickenbacker, and other companies still make semi - acoustic and semi - hollow body guitars, making slight variations on their yearly designs. the semi - acoustic and semi - hollow body guitars were generally praised for their clean and warm tones. this led to widespread use throughout the jazz communities in the 1930s. as new models came out with sleeker designs, the guitars began to make their way into popular circles. the guitar became used in pop, folk, and blues. the guitars made an extensive amount of feedback when played through an amplifier at a loud level, this made the guitars unpopular for bands playing in large stages who had to play loud enough to fill their venues. as rock became more experimental, towards the late 60s and 70s the guitar became more popular because of its feedback issues which led to \" wilder \" sounds. today, semi - acoustic and semi - hollow body guitars are still popular in jazz, indie rock, and various other genres. [ examples needed ] famous guitarists who have used semi acoustic guitars include john lennon of the beatles and b. b. king. semi - acoustic guitars have also been valued as good practice guitars because, when played \" unplugged, \" they are quieter than full acoustic guitars, but more audible than solid - body electric guitars because of their open cavity. this makes the guitar particularly useful when volume is an issue. some semi - acoustic models have a fully hollow body ( for instance the gibson es - 175 and epiphone casino ), others may have a solid center block running the length and depth of the body, called semi hollow body ( for instance the gibson es - 335 ). other guitars are borderline between semi - acoustic and solid body. for example, some telecaster guitars have chambers built in to an otherwise solid body to enrich the sound. this type of instrument can be referred to as a semi - hollow or a chambered body guitar. exactly where the line is to be drawn between a constructed sound box and a solid wooden body, whose construction also affects the sound according to many players, is not generally agreed. any of the following can be called semi - acoustic : - instruments starting from a solid body \" blank \" which has been routed out to make a chambered body guitar. - instruments with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4747548596103171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12150663-89de-4741-a5c9-1d9896846aea>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.475139"}
{"text": "affects the sound according to many players, is not generally agreed. any of the following can be called semi - acoustic : - instruments starting from a solid body \" blank \" which has been routed out to make a chambered body guitar. - instruments with semi - hollow bodies constructed from plates of wood around a solid core, having no soundholes, such as the gibson lucille or brian may red special. - instruments with a solid core but hollow bouts and soundholes ( usually f - holes ), such as the gibson es - 335. in these, the bridge is fixed to a solid block of wood rather than to a sounding board, and the belly vibration is minimised much as in a solid body instrument. - thin - bodied archtop guitars, such as the epiphone casino. these possess both a sounding board and sound box, but the function of these is purely to modify the sound transmitted to the pickups. such guitars are still intended purely as electric instruments, and while they do make some sound when the pickups are not used, the tone is weak and not normally considered musically useful. - full hollowbody semi - acoustic instruments, often called jazz guitars, such as the gibson es - 175 ; these have a full - size sound box, but are still intended to be played through an amplifier. the rickenbacker 330 jg some companies that have produced famous semi - acoustic guitars include : gibson, gretsch and rickenbacker. a variety of manufacturers now produce semi - acoustic model guitars : d ' angelico, epiphone, ibanez, etc. - fully hollow body - thinline hollow body ( thin body ) - semi hollow body ( with center block ) - other semi hollow ( solid - body with cavities ) - various types - archtop guitars. guitars with a fully hollow or semi - hollow body, with or without pickups. - electro - acoustic guitars. fully acoustic guitars with piezo pickups. - hybrid guitars. guitars with both magnetic and piezo pickups. can be solid, semi - hollow or hollow bodied. - silent guitars. solid body guitars with a piezo pickups. - ingram, adrian, a concise history of the electric guitar, melbay, 2001. - hunter, dave, the rough guide to guitar, penguin books, 2011. - miller, a. j., the electric guitar : a history of an american icon, baltimore, md, smithsonian institute, 2004. - martin a. darryl, innovation and the development of the modern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5023573269004917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12150663-89de-4741-a5c9-1d9896846aea>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.476091"}
{"text": "london and zurich agreements | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( december 2006 ) | the london and zurich agreements for the constitution of cyprus started with an agreement on the 19 february 1959 in lancaster house in london, between turkey, greece, the united kingdom and cypriot community leaders ( archbishop makarios iii for greek cypriots and dr. faz\u0131l kucuk for turkish cypriots ). on that basis, a constitution was drafted and agreed together with two further treaties of alliance and guarantee in zurich on 11 february 1960. cyprus was accordingly proclaimed an independent state on 16 august 1960. following the failure of the agreement in 1963 and subsequent de facto military partition of cyprus into greek - cypriot and turkish - cypriot regions, the larger greek - cypriot region, controlled by the cyprus government, claims that the 1960 constitution basically remains in force, whereas the turkish - cypriot region claims to have seceded by the declaration of independence of the turkish republic of northern cyprus in 1983. constitutional provisions | | this section may contain original research. ( july 2009 ) | the constitution provided for under the agreements divided the cypriot people into two communities on the basis of ethnic origin. the president had to be a greek - cypriot elected by the greek - cypriots, and the vice - president a turkish - cypriot elected by the turkish - cypriots. the vice - president was granted the right of a final veto on laws passed by the house of representatives and on decisions of the council of ministers which was composed of ten ministers, three of whom had to be turkish - cypriots nominated by the vice - president. in the house of representatives, the turkish cypriots were elected separately by their own community. the house had no power to modify the basic articles of the constitution in any respect and any other modification required separate majorities of two thirds of both the greek cypriot and the turkish cypriot members. any modification of the electoral law and the adoption of any law relating to municipalities or any fiscal laws required separate simple majorities of the greek cypriot and turkish cypriot members of the house. it was thus impossible for representatives of one community alone to pass a bill. the highest judicial organs, the supreme constitutional court and the high court of justice, were presided over by neutral presidents - neither greek - cypriot nor turkish - cypriot - who by virtue of their casting votes were supposed to maintain the balance between the greek and turkish members of the courts. whereas under the previous regime greek - cypriot and turkish - cypriot judges tried all cases irrespective of the origin of the litigants, the constitution provided", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43286931645870375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64dabf59-be97-4ab7-9e90-b341c6634dec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.484976"}
{"text": "casting votes were supposed to maintain the balance between the greek and turkish members of the courts. whereas under the previous regime greek - cypriot and turkish - cypriot judges tried all cases irrespective of the origin of the litigants, the constitution provided that disputes among turkish cypriots be tried only by turkish cypriot judges, disputes among greek cypriots by greek cypriot judges only, and disputes between greek cypriots and turkish cypriots by mixed courts composed of both greek cypriot and turkish cypriot judges. thus, to try the case of a petty offence which involved both greek and turkish cypriots, two judges had to sit. in addition, separate greek and turkish communal chambers were created with legislative and administrative powers in regard to educational, religious, cultural, sporting and charitable matters, cooperative and credit societies, and questions of personal status. separate municipalities were envisaged for greek cypriots and turkish cypriots in the five largest towns of the island. as the population and properties were intermixed, the provisions were difficult and expensive for the small towns of cyprus. the united nations mediator on cyprus, dr. galo plaza, described the 1960 constitution created by the zurich and london agreements as \" a constitutional oddity \", and that difficulties in implementing the treaties signed on the basis of those agreements had begun almost immediately after independence. within three years the functioning of the legislature started to fail, and in 1963, when the fiscal laws under article 78 of the constitution expired, the house of representatives split along straight communal lines and failed to renew the income tax upon which the public finances depended. in november 1963, the ( greek - cypriot ) president of the republic, archbishop makarios iii, suggested amendments to the constitution \" to resolve constitutional deadlocks \". the turkish - cypriot leadership, following the mainland turkish government, said they were unacceptable. the vice - president publicly declared that the republic of cyprus had ceased to exist, and along with the three turkish - cypriot ministers, the turkish - cypriot members of the house withdrew, as did turkish - cypriot civil servants. president makarios refused all suggestions which would have resulted in the partition of cyprus, and negotiations over the problem have never yet succeeded. de facto, cyprus has remained partitioned for over forty years. treaty of guarantee together with the zurich and london agreements, two other treaties were also agreed upon in zurich. the treaty of guarantee was designed to preserve bi - communal consociationalism and independent state of the republic of cyprus. cyprus and the guarantor powers ( the united kingdom, turkey, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4494759036286625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64dabf59-be97-4ab7-9e90-b341c6634dec>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.486344"}
{"text": "two other treaties were also agreed upon in zurich. the treaty of guarantee was designed to preserve bi - communal consociationalism and independent state of the republic of cyprus. cyprus and the guarantor powers ( the united kingdom, turkey, and greece ) promised to prohibit the promotion of \" either the union of the republic of cyprus with any other state, or the partition of the island \". article three of the treaty of guarantee provides, \" in so far as common or concerted action may prove impossible, each of the three guaranteeing powers reserves the right to take action with the sole aim of re - establishing the state of affairs ( i. e. bi - communal consociational state ) established by the present treaty. \" in july 1974, there was briefly a greek - backed coup d ' etat in cyprus. turkey claimed under the treaty of guarantee to intervene militarily. the legality of the invasion depends on whether common or concerted action between the united kingdom, greece and turkey had proved impossible and whether the outcome of the invasion safeguarded the bi - communal consociational, independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the republic of cyprus. in 1983, turkish cypriots issued the declaration of independence of the turkish republic of northern cyprus. this has been recognized by turkey only. the united nations declared the turkish republic of northern cyprus legally invalid and asked for its withdrawal. the un security council has issued multiple resolutions that all states should refrain from recognizing the protectorate of turkey in cyprus. - para. 163 of report to the u. n. secretary - general in march 1965 - paragraph 129, ibid. - treaty of guarantee of republic of cyprus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49403946075228367, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64dabf59-be97-4ab7-9e90-b341c6634dec>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.487228"}
{"text": "| quantum field theory | | | it has been suggested that this article be merged with zero - point energy. ( discuss ) proposed since june 2012. | in quantum field theory, the vacuum state ( also called the vacuum ) is the quantum state with the lowest possible energy. generally, it contains no physical particles. zero - point field is sometimes used [ by whom? ] as a synonym for the vacuum state of an individual quantized field. according to present - day understanding of what is called the vacuum state or the quantum vacuum, it is \" by no means a simple empty space \", and again : \" it is a mistake to think of any physical vacuum as some absolutely empty void. \" according to quantum mechanics, the vacuum state is not truly empty but instead contains fleeting electromagnetic waves and particles that pop into and out of existence. the qed vacuum of quantum electrodynamics ( or qed ) was the first vacuum of quantum field theory to be developed. qed originated in the 1930s, and in the late 1940s and early 1950s it was reformulated by feynman, tomonaga and schwinger, who jointly received the nobel prize for this work in 1965. today the electromagnetic interactions and the weak interactions are unified in the theory of the electroweak interaction. the standard model is a generalization of the qed work to include all the known elementary particles and their interactions ( except gravity ). quantum chromodynamics is the portion of the standard model that deals with strong interactions, and qcd vacuum is the vacuum of quantum chromodynamics. it is the object of study in the large hadron collider and the relativistic heavy ion collider, and is related to the so - called vacuum structure of strong interactions. non - zero expectation value if the quantum field theory can be accurately described through perturbation theory, then the properties of the vacuum are analogous to the properties of the ground state of a quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator ( or more accurately, the ground state of a qm problem ). in this case the vacuum expectation value ( vev ) of any field operator vanishes. for quantum field theories in which perturbation theory breaks down at low energies ( for example, quantum chromodynamics or the bcs theory of superconductivity ) field operators may have non - vanishing vacuum expectation values called condensates. in the standard model, the non - zero vacuum expectation value of the higgs field, arising from spontaneous symmetry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.7146165742294743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b041aa3d-13d3-4cc3-b22e-63374d63dc70>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.502496"}
{"text": "a field \u03c6, which should be written as, is usually condensed to. virtual particles the presence of virtual particles can be rigorously based upon the non - commutation of the quantized electromagnetic fields. non - commutation means that although the average values of the fields vanish in a quantum vacuum, their variances do not. the term \" vacuum fluctuations \" refers to the variance of the field strength in the minimal energy state, and is described picturesquely as evidence of \" virtual particles \". it is sometimes attempted to provide an intuitive picture of virtual particles based upon the heisenberg energy - time uncertainty principle : ( with \u03b4e and \u03b4t being the energy and time variations respectively ; \u03b4e is the accuracy in the measurement of energy and \u03b4t is the time taken in the measurement, and \u0127 is the planck constant divided by 2\u03c0 ) arguing along the lines that the short lifetime of virtual particles allows the \" borrowing \" of large energies from the vacuum and thus permits particle generation for short times. although the phenomenon of virtual particles is accepted, this interpretation of the energy - time uncertainty relation is not universal. one issue is the use of an uncertainty relation limiting measurement accuracy as though a time uncertainty \u03b4t determines a \" budget \" for borrowing energy \u03b4e. another issue is the meaning of \" time \" in this relation, because energy and time ( unlike position q and momentum p, for example ) do not satisfy a canonical commutation relation ( such as [ q, p ] = i \u0127 ). various schemes have been advanced to construct an observable that has some kind of time interpretation, and yet does satisfy a canonical commutation relation with energy. the very many approaches to the energy - time uncertainty principle are a long and continuing subject. physical nature of the quantum vacuum according to astrid lambrecht ( 2002 ) : \" when one empties out a space of all matter and lowers the temperature to absolute zero, one produces in a gedankenexperiment the quantum vacuum state. \" photon - photon interaction can occur only through interaction with the vacuum state of some other field, for example through the dirac electron - positron vacuum field ; this is associated with the concept of vacuum polarization. according to milonni ( 1994 ) : \"... all quantum fields have zero - point energies and vacuum fluctuations. \" this means that there is a component of the quantum vacuum respectively for each component field ( considered in the conceptual absence of the other fields ), such as the electromagnetic field, the dirac electron", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.7211215988361636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b041aa3d-13d3-4cc3-b22e-63374d63dc70>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.506308"}
{"text": "quantum fields have zero - point energies and vacuum fluctuations. \" this means that there is a component of the quantum vacuum respectively for each component field ( considered in the conceptual absence of the other fields ), such as the electromagnetic field, the dirac electron - positron field, and so on. according to milonni ( 1994 ), some of the effects attributed to the vacuum electromagnetic field can have several physical interpretations, some more conventional than others. the casimir attraction between uncharged conductive plates is often proposed as an example of an effect of the vacuum electromagnetic field. schwinger, deraad, and milton ( 1978 ) are cited by milonni ( 1994 ) as validly, though unconventionally, explaining the casimir effect with a model in which \" the vacuum is regarded as truly a state with all physical properties equal to zero. \" in this model, the observed phenomena are explained as the effects of the electron motions on the electromagnetic field, called the source field effect. milonni writes : \" the basic idea here will be that the casimir force may be derived from the source fields alone even in completely conventional qed,... \" milonni provides detailed argument that the measurable physical effects usually attributed to the vacuum electromagnetic field cannot be explained by that field alone, but require in addition a contribution from the self - energy of the electrons, or their radiation reaction. he writes : \" the radiation reaction and the vacuum fields are two aspects of the same thing when it comes to physical interpretations of various qed processes including the lamb shift, van der waals forces, and casimir effects. \" this point of view is also stated by jaffe ( 2005 ) : \" the casimir force can be calculated without reference to vacuum fluctuations, and like all other observable effects in qed, it vanishes as the fine structure constant, \u03b1, goes to zero. \" see also references and notes - astrid lambrecht ( hartmut figger, dieter meschede, claus zimmermann eds. ) ( 2002 ). observing mechanical dissipation in the quantum vacuum : an experimental challenge ; in laser physics at the limits. berlin / new york : springer. p. 197. isbn 3 - 540 - 42418 - 0. - christopher ray ( 1991 ). time, space and philosophy. london / new york : routledge. chapter 10, p. 205. isbn 0 - 415 - 03221 - 0. - aip physics news update, 1996 - physical review focus dec. 1998 - walter dittrich & gi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6771509423067497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b041aa3d-13d3-4cc3-b22e-63374d63dc70>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.508083"}
{"text": "and philosophy. london / new york : routledge. chapter 10, p. 205. isbn 0 - 415 - 03221 - 0. - aip physics news update, 1996 - physical review focus dec. 1998 - walter dittrich & gies h ( 2000 ). probing the quantum vacuum : perturbative effective action approach. berlin : springer. isbn 3 - 540 - 67428 - 4. - for an historical discussion, see for example ari ben - menahem, ed. ( 2009 ). \" quantum electrodynamics ( qed ) \". historical encyclopedia of natural and mathematical sciences, volume 1 ( 5th ed. ). springer. pp. 4892 ff. isbn 3 - 540 - 68831 - 5. for the nobel prize details and the nobel lectures by these authors see \" the nobel prize in physics 1965 \". nobelprize. org. retrieved 2012 - 02 - 06. - jean letessier, johann rafelski ( 2002 ). hadrons and quark - gluon plasma. cambridge university press. p. 37 ff. isbn 0 - 521 - 38536 - 9. - sean carroll, sr research associate - physics, california institute of technology, june 22, 2006 c - span broadcast of cosmology at yearly kos science panel, part 1 - david delphenich ( 2006 ). \" nonlinear electrodynamics and qed \". arxiv : hep - th / 0610088 [ hep - th ]. - klein, james j. and b. p. nigam, birefringence of the vacuum, physical review vol. 135, p. b1279 - b1280 ( 1964 ). - mourou, g. a., t. tajima, and s. v. bulanov, optics in the relativistic regime ; \u00a7 xi nonlinear qed, reviews of modern physics vol. 78 ( no. 2 ), 309 - 371 ( 2006 ) pdf file. - holger gies ; joerg jaeckel ; andreas ringwald ( 2006 ). \" polarized light propagating in a magnetic field as a probe of millicharged fermions \". physical review letters 97 ( 14 ). arxiv : hep - ph / 0607118. bibcode : 2006phrvl.. 97n0402g. doi : 10. 1103 / physrevlett.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6920756658243142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b041aa3d-13d3-4cc3-b22e-63374d63dc70>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.509054"}
{"text": "( 14 ). arxiv : hep - ph / 0607118. bibcode : 2006phrvl.. 97n0402g. doi : 10. 1103 / physrevlett. 97. 140402. - davis ; joseph harris ; gammon ; smolyaninov ; kyuman cho ( 2007 ). \" experimental challenges involved in searches for axion - like particles and nonlinear quantum electrodynamic effects by sensitive optical techniques \". arxiv : 0704. 0748 [ hep - th ]. - myron wyn evans, stanis\u0142aw kielich ( 1994 ). modern nonlinear optics, volume 85, part 3. john wiley & sons. p. 462. isbn 0 - 471 - 57548 - 8. \" for all field states that have classical analog the field quadrature variances are also greater than or equal to this commutator. \" - david nikolaevich klyshko ( 1988 ). photons and nonlinear optics. taylor & francis. p. 126. isbn 2 - 88124 - 669 - 9. - milton k. munitz ( 1990 ). cosmic understanding : philosophy and science of the universe. princeton university press. p. 132. isbn 0 - 691 - 02059 - 0. \" the spontaneous, temporary emergence of particles from vacuum is called a \" vacuum fluctuation \". \" - for an example, see p. c. w. davies ( 1982 ). the accidental universe. cambridge university press. p. 106. isbn 0 - 521 - 28692 - 1. - a vaguer description is provided by jonathan allday ( 2002 ). quarks, leptons and the big bang ( 2nd ed ed. ). crc press. pp. 224 ff. isbn 0 - 7503 - 0806 - 0. \" the interaction will last for a certain duration \u03b4t. this implies that the amplitude for the total energy involved in the interaction is spread over a range of energies \u03b4e. \" - this \" borrowing \" idea has led to proposals for using the zero - point energy of vacuum as an infinite reservoir and a variety of \" camps \" about this interpretation. see, for example, moray b. king ( 2001 ). quest for zero point energy : engineering principles for ' free energy ' inventions. adventures unlimited press. pp. 124 ff. isbn 0 - 932813 - 94 - 1. - quantities satisfying a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.7376454022744063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b041aa3d-13d3-4cc3-b22e-63374d63dc70>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.512057"}
{"text": "example, moray b. king ( 2001 ). quest for zero point energy : engineering principles for ' free energy ' inventions. adventures unlimited press. pp. 124 ff. isbn 0 - 932813 - 94 - 1. - quantities satisfying a canonical commutation rule are said to be noncompatible observables, by which is meant that they can both be measured simultaneously only with limited precision. see kiyosi ito ( 1993 ). \" \u00a7 351 ( xx. 23 ) c : canonical commutation relations \". encyclopedic dictionary of mathematics ( 2nd ed ed. ). mit press. p. 1303. isbn 0 - 262 - 59020 - 4. - paul busch, marian grabowski, pekka j. lahti ( 1995 ). \" \u00a7 iii. 4 : energy and time \". operational quantum physics. springer. pp. 77 ff. isbn 3 - 540 - 59358 - 6. - for a review, see paul busch ( 2008 ). \" chapter 3 : the time \u2013 energy uncertainty relation \". in j. g. muga, r. sala mayato and i. l. egusquiza, editors. time in quantum mechanics ( 2nd ed ed. ). springer. pp. 73 ff. isbn 3 - 540 - 73472 - 4. - fowler, r., guggenheim, e. a. ( 1965 ). statistical thermodynamics. a version of statistical mechanics for students of physics and chemistry, reprinted with corrections, cambridge university press, london, page 224. - partington, j. r. ( 1949 ). an advanced treatise on physical chemistry, volume 1, fundamental principles. the properties of gases, longmans, green and co., london, page 220. - wilks, j. ( 1971 ). the third law of thermodynamics, chapter 6 in thermodynamics, volume 1, ed. w. jost, of h. eyring, d. henderson, w. jost, physical chemistry. an advanced treatise, academic press, new york, page 477. - bailyn, m. ( 1994 ). a survey of thermodynamics, american institute of physics, new york, isbn 0 \u2013 88318 \u2013 797 \u2013 3, page 342. - jauch, j. m., rohrlich, f. ( 1955 / 1980 ). the theory of photons and electrons. the relat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.7229688009030368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b041aa3d-13d3-4cc3-b22e-63374d63dc70>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.516289"}
{"text": "york, isbn 0 \u2013 88318 \u2013 797 \u2013 3, page 342. - jauch, j. m., rohrlich, f. ( 1955 / 1980 ). the theory of photons and electrons. the relativistic quantum field theory of charged particles with spin one - half, second expanded edition, springer - verlag, new york, isbn 0 \u2013 387 \u2013 07295 \u2013 0, pages 287 \u2013 288. - milonni, p. w. ( 1994 ). the quantum vacuum. an introduction to quantum electrodynamics, academic press, inc., boston, isbn 0 \u2013 12 \u2013 498080 \u2013 5, page xv. - milonni, p. w. ( 1994 ). the quantum vacuum. an introduction to quantum electrodynamics, academic press, inc., boston, isbn 0 \u2013 12 \u2013 498080 \u2013 5, page 239. - schwinger, j., deraad, l. l., milton, k. a. ( 1978 ). casimir effect in dielectrics, annals of physics, 115 : 1 \u2013 23. - milonni, p. w. ( 1994 ). the quantum vacuum. an introduction to quantum electrodynamics, academic press, inc., boston, isbn 0 \u2013 12 \u2013 498080 \u2013 5, page 418. - jaffe, r. l. ( 2005 ). casimir effect and the quantum vacuum, phys. rev. d 72 : 021301 ( r ), http : / / 1 \u2013 5. cua. mit. edu / 8. 422 _ s07 / jaffe2005 _ casimir. pdf further reading - free pdf copy of the structured vacuum - thinking about nothing by johann rafelski and berndt muller ( 1985 ) isbn 3 - 87144 - 889 - 3. - m. e. peskin and d. v. schroeder, an introduction to quantum field theory. - h. genz, nothingness : the science of empty space - maybe this should discuss star trek and / or star gate : engineering the zero - point field and polarizable vacuum for interstellar flight - e. w. davis, v. l. teofilo, b. haisch, h. e. puthoff, l. j. nickisch, a. rueda and d. c. cole ( 2006 ) \" review of experimental concepts for studying the quantum vacuum field \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6711437879693599, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b041aa3d-13d3-4cc3-b22e-63374d63dc70>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.518093"}
{"text": "natural resource management ministerial council department of environment and heritage, 2001 isbn 0 642 254775 0 3. desired native vegetation outcomes this section of the national framework for the management and monitoring of australia ' s native vegetation describes the native vegetation outcomes expected from the implementation of the management and monitoring mechanisms described in section 4. such outcomes will serve biodiversity conservation, land protection, greenhouse gas reduction and other objectives specified in the complementary national policy and strategy documents ( see appendix a ). the outcomes will be consistent with and enhance the social and economic outcomes being sought within the framework of ecologically sustainable development ( esd ). australia ' s native vegetation cover is diverse, rich in species and complexity, and has a very high degree of endemism. it is a priceless element of our natural heritage. it plays a crucial role in sustaining ecosystem function and processes, and consequently the productive capacity of australia ' s relatively old and infertile soils and scarce freshwater resources. native vegetation buffers the impact of harsh and extremely variable climates, binds and nourishes soils, and filters streams and wetlands. native birds, invertebrates and other animals depend upon the condition and extent of native vegetation communities. the vision sketched here assumes that native vegetation has, and is seen to have, intrinsic values in addition to ecological values and utilitarian values. it envisages australian landscapes in which native vegetation is conserved for its ecological values, celebrated for its intrinsic values and enhanced for sustainable production. this vision also recognises the inextricable link between the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable agriculture. conservation of vegetation is neither an alternative land use nor an opportunity cost - it is an investment in natural capital, which underwrites material wealth. conservation of biodiversity means much more than just protecting wildlife and its habitat in nature reserves. conservation of native species and ecosystems, and the processes they support \u2014 the flows and quality of rivers, wetlands and groundwater, and soil structure and landscapes \u2014 are all crucial to the sustainability of primary industries. this vision does not assume a return to some pre - european arcadia and / or the replacement of all the native vegetation that has been cleared or modified since european settlement. however, it implies that restoring some hydrological balance, enhancing habitat for wildlife, protecting freshwater resources and rehabilitating degraded lands requires land use systems which are responsive to australian conditions. the shift towards more sustainable land use systems is likely to include greater use of native australian species than occurs in conventional agriculture today. farming systems may in the future have portions of the landscape occupied by native perennials", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48108605186924547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fabe8518-5a50-48d5-a1d7-08f69849d98c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.530284"}
{"text": "use systems which are responsive to australian conditions. the shift towards more sustainable land use systems is likely to include greater use of native australian species than occurs in conventional agriculture today. farming systems may in the future have portions of the landscape occupied by native perennials, some forming the basis of grazing systems, and others generating a range of products including carbon sequestration, timber, fuelwood, craftwood and pulp, cut flowers, essential oils, herbs, solvents and pharmaceuticals. community revegetation and regeneration activities could be underpinned and complemented by a thriving native vegetation industry and associated infrastructure for native vegetation management. the sort of infrastructure required would include : - regional facilities and services to support ecological inventory, mapping and monitoring activities ; - local and regional seedbanks and nurseries stocking the full range of locally indigenous flora, by provenance ; - equipment such as seed harvesters, e. g. for native grasses, direct seeding machines, mechanical planters, sprayers, pruners and weeders - all adapted to local / regional needs and conditions ; and - the knowledge base, training capacities and human capital required to apply and refine best practice techniques at the appropriate scale. the ' wider public benefit ' would be understood in reference to robust, regionally specific articulations of the ' duty of care ' of land users not to degrade natural resources. ' duty of care ' would be widely accepted and understood as setting out the responsibilities which are inseparable from the privilege of managing land, regardless of its tenure. ' duty of care ' would be defined in regulation where appropriate, but would be more commonly used in industry codes of practice, industry - based environmental management systems, and voluntary incentives programs. land uses generating insufficient returns to enable land users to fulfil their duty of care would by definition be unsustainable, and hence unsuitable, uses of land. markets would be informed and constrained by the understanding that the human economy is a subset of society, which in turn is a subset of, and utterly dependent upon, the biophysical environment. market forces would work to use natural resources more efficiently, discriminating against products, production systems and processes which deplete or degrade natural resources unsustainably. linkages between well - informed consumers and all stages of production cycles would be fostered and direct feedback encouraged. environmental externalities ( positive and negative ) would be internalised in market prices wherever possible. national accounts would account for natural capital stocks, as well as flows, offering a more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4742080076817318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fabe8518-5a50-48d5-a1d7-08f69849d98c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.533028"}
{"text": "and all stages of production cycles would be fostered and direct feedback encouraged. environmental externalities ( positive and negative ) would be internalised in market prices wherever possible. national accounts would account for natural capital stocks, as well as flows, offering a more true reflection of the relative sustainability of apparent economic performance. the role and limitations of market forces in questions of long - term sustainability would be well understood, and the conditions under which intervention in markets is justified would be well accepted. comprehensive incentive regimes would complement markets in encouraging and delivering more sustainable approaches. management actions seen to be in the public interest, for example through positive externalities, and which are clearly over and above what would be expected under duty of care, would be supported by a wide range of direct and indirect incentives and disincentives. such incentives would be derived and delivered at a range of scales. for example, nationally through the taxation system and major targeted grants for national priorities ; sub - nationally through revolving funds, industry codes of practice, accreditation systems and regulatory approaches ; and regionally through regional grants, stewardship payments, planning, zoning and rating systems. the incentives regime would complement public - sector funding, and would be designed to attract private - sector funding into nature conservation at property and landscape scales through : - tax measures encouraging philanthropy ; - rewards at industry level for best practice and corporate citizenship ; and - tax and other incentives for the individual or firm to go above and beyond their duty of care in managing for long - term conservation in the public interest. the general principles informing the design and delivery of incentives would include the principle that natural resource management and resource allocation decisions should be made at the lowest practicable level ; that systems should connect people as directly as possible with the consequences of their actions ; and that local ownership of problems and solutions is most likely to be genuine when revenue raising and resource allocation operates at the same level. the first step towards delivery of australia ' s native vegetation objectives is to improve our knowledge base, in both theoretical and practical terms, about how to conserve, manage, enhance or re - establish native vegetation for various combinations of objectives at various scales. basic toolkits for native vegetation management are needed - whether to assist a community group to plan wildlife habitat, or to assist a landholder to work out a burning regime in a remnant patch of bush. this vision assumes that such toolkits will be developed and readily utilised. underpinning this framework is a basic set of principles that should encourage actions to achieve sustainable native vegetation management. these include : -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47247102821813697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fabe8518-5a50-48d5-a1d7-08f69849d98c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.534432"}
{"text": "regime in a remnant patch of bush. this vision assumes that such toolkits will be developed and readily utilised. underpinning this framework is a basic set of principles that should encourage actions to achieve sustainable native vegetation management. these include : - recognition that all vegetation management should be based on the overall goal of ecologically sustainable development which recognises environmental, economic and social values ; - recognition of the important role of native vegetation in the functioning of ecosystems in maintaining productivity capacity of agricultural lands ; - recognition that the biological diversity of vegetation should be maintained through appropriate land management practices. these include a suite of measures from environmental protection through to sustainable use and production using best practice management techniques ; - recognition that vegetation management requires the continuing partnership of government, land managers, industry and the wider community ; - recognition that where there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation. in the application of the precautionary principle, public and private decisions should be guided by : - careful evaluation to avoid, wherever practicable, serious or irreversible damage to the environment ; and - an assessment of the risk - weighted consequences of various options ; - recognition that protecting existing remnant vegetation is the most efficient way of conserving biodiversity. native vegetation is usually managed within the broader natural resource management context that takes account of economic and social objectives additional to environmental objectives. however, sustainable native vegetation management does not only serve environmental objectives. outcomes from sustainable native vegetation management also contribute substantially to important economic and social objectives. the native vegetation outcomes being sought in this framework are : - a reversal in the long - term decline in the extent and quality of australia ' s native vegetation cover by : - conserving native vegetation, and substantially reducing land clearing ; - conserving australia ' s biodiversity ; and - restoring, by means of substantially increased revegetation, the environmental values and productive capacity of australia ' s degraded land and water ; - conservation and, where appropriate, restoration of native vegetation to maintain and enhance biodiversity, protect water quality and conserve soil resources, including on private land managed for agriculture, forestry and urban development ; - retention and enhancement of biodiversity and native vegetation at both regional and national levels ; and - an improvement in the condition of existing native vegetation. specific vegetation outcomes being sought, within the context of integrated natural resource management, are described below. biodiversity outcomes sought : - protection of biological diversity and maintenance of essential ecological processes and life -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5003432628022454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fabe8518-5a50-48d5-a1d7-08f69849d98c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.535656"}
{"text": "; and - an improvement in the condition of existing native vegetation. specific vegetation outcomes being sought, within the context of integrated natural resource management, are described below. biodiversity outcomes sought : - protection of biological diversity and maintenance of essential ecological processes and life - support systems ; - maintenance of viable examples of native vegetation communities, species and dependent fauna throughout their natural ranges ; - maintenance of the genetic diversity of native vegetation species ; - enabling australia ' s native vegetation species and communities threatened with extinction to survive and thrive in their natural habitats, and to retain their genetic diversity and potential for evolutionary development, and prevent additional species and communities from becoming threatened ; - return of threatened native vegetation species and communities to a secure status in the wild ; - reduction in the numbers of listed threatened native vegetation species and downgrading of the conservation threat category of listed threatened species ; - limitation of broad - scale clearance of native vegetation to those instances in which the proponent can clearly demonstrate that regional biodiversity objectives are not compromised ; - no clearing of endangered or vulnerable vegetation communities, critical habitat for threatened species, or other threatened species or communities listed under state or commonwealth legislation, or identified through the nrmmc or other government processes ; - no activities that adversely affect the conservation status of vegetation communities or the species dependent on them. soil and water resource outcomes sought : - maintenance and enhancement of the ecological integrity and physical stability of ground and surface water systems, including associated riparian zones and wetlands ; - revegetation of the upslope recharge areas in order to reduce the volume of groundwater movement to lowland areas ; - revegetation, where appropriate, of the highest priority degraded riparian areas ; - protection and rehabilitation of lowland wetlands and saltmarshes ; - protection of vegetation in erosion prone areas ; - protection of native vegetation on areas of potential acid sulphate soils. hydrology outcomes sought : - protection of vegetation in areas at risk from dryland salinity ; - revegetation of recharge areas to slow or reverse rising groundwater tables and ameliorate dryland salinity ; - maintenance of native vegetation in water catchments to protect water quality and water yield. land productivity outcomes sought : - protection and management of native vegetation in the landscape such that biomass production is sustained, providing the capacity for continued productivity ; - reduction and minimisation of the detrimental economic, environmental and social impact of weeds on the sustainability of australia ' s productive capacity and natural ecosystems ; - prevention of the development of new weed and pest problems. sustainable land use outcomes sought : -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4733233565318319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fabe8518-5a50-48d5-a1d7-08f69849d98c>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.536923"}
{"text": "restoration potential : strong fidelity to nest and roost sites inhibits colonization of formerly occupied habitat ( meyer and collopy 1996 ). limited attempts to reintroduce this species to presently unoccupied former range have failed ( meyer 1990 ). given the species ' biology ( e. g., strongly social, delayed breeding, mobile ), reintroduction could be difficult, at best ( meyer 1995 ). preserve selection and design considerations : suitable nesting habitat requires appropriate nest and roost sites within a landscape that provides sufficient prey for successful reproduction. habitat mosaics with various plant communities such as forests, prairies, and wetlands of various sizes, are essential. minimum area requirements are difficult to define ; where breeding habitat quality is good and prey is abundant and concentrated, 30 square kilometers may be sufficient, but where habitat quality is less suitable and prey is more diffuse, 100 - 300 square kilometers may be necessary ( meyer and collopy 1995 ). management requirements : tall trees that emerge from the surrounding canopy are essential for nesting. such trees should be managed for in landscapes dominated by short - rotation, even - aged pine plantations. nests built in australian pine ( casuarina equisetifolia ), an exotic species, fail at a significantly higher rate than those in native pine ( pinus spp. ) or cypress ( taxodium spp. ). where kites nest in large numbers, it may be prudent to reduce the availability of australian pine as nest sites ( meyer 1990 ). management programs : collaborative efforts with brazilian conservationists are ongoing to protect native habitats at the critical wintering and breeding sites, which are all privately owned agricultural lands ( k. meyer, pers. comm. ). monitoring programs : this species is monitored on north american breeding bird survey ( bbs ) routes ( sauer et al. 1997 ) and irregularly by state wildlife agencies ( millsap and runde 1988 ). in florida, systematic state - wide roost observations would form a good basis for long - term monitoring ( k. meyer, pers. comm. ). management research needs : an accurate means of assessing population changes needs to be developed. also, nesting and foraging habitat requirements need to be defined, winter habitat requirements need to be determined, prey densities essential for reproductive success need to be examined, and a study of marked individuals is needed to determine age at first breeding, sex ratio, survival, and social behavior ( meyer 1990, meyer and collopy 1995 ). biological research needs : better information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45316027454430186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e480ac79-df24-4d0f-8650-6ad96668f682>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.541604"}
{"text": "wikipediaread full entry the east african land snail, or giant african land snail, scientific name achatina fulica, is a species of large, air - breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family achatinidae. as they develop rapidly and produce large numbers of offspring, this mollusc is now listed as one of the top 100 invasive species in the world. it is a voracious feeder, and recognized as a serious pest organism affecting agriculture, natural ecosystems, commerce, and also human health. because of these threats, this snail species has been given top national quarantine significance in the united states. in the past, quarantine officials have been able to successfully intercept and eradicate incipient invasions on the mainland usa. in the wild, this species often harbors the parasitic nematode angiostrongylus cantonensis, which can cause a very serious meningitis in humans. human cases of this meningitis usually result from a person having eaten the raw or undercooked snail, but even handling live wild snails of this species can infect a person with the nematode and cause a life - threatening infection. - achatina fulica hamillei petit, 1859 - achatina fulica rodatzi dunker, 1852 - achatina fulica sinistrosa grateloup, 1840 - achatina fulica umbilicata nevill, 1879 this species has been found in china since 1931 ( map of distribution in 2007 ), and its initial point of distribution in china was xiamen. the snail has also been established in the pratas islands, of taiwan, throughout india, the pacific, indian ocean islands, and the west indies. in the united states, it has become established in hawaii and eradication is underway in florida. the species has recently been observed in bhutan ( gyelposhing, mongar ), where it is an invasive species. it has begun to attack agricultural fields and flower gardens. it is believed there that dogs which have consumed the snail died as a result. a small population has gained a foothold in bangalore, within the indian institute of science campus. the snails were imported as part of crystallographic and nmr studies on conotoxins. in an act of misguided compassion, the snails were released post - experimentation, and have colonised vast swathes of forested campus grounds. their escape into the city - proper would be catastrophic for the local ecosystem. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39644210156986315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bce490e-5cc2-400f-ad61-9500ac01d1e0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.554499"}
{"text": "conotoxins. in an act of misguided compassion, the snails were released post - experimentation, and have colonised vast swathes of forested campus grounds. their escape into the city - proper would be catastrophic for the local ecosystem. in paraguay, the first sighting of the african snail was reported in concepcion in 2011. later cases were reported in different parts of the country in 2012. it is believed that the snail may have been introduced into the country either as fishing bait in ayolas, or as pets in ciudad del este. other sightings have been reported in urban areas around the capital asuncion. the adult snails have a height of around 7 centimetres ( 2. 8 in ), and their length can reach 20 centimetres ( 7. 9 in ) or more. the shell has a conical shape, being about twice as high as it is broad. either clockwise ( sinistral ) or counter - clockwise ( dextral ) directions can be observed in the coiling of the shell, although the right - handed ( dextral ) cone is the more common. shell colouration is highly variable, and dependent on diet. typically, brown is the predominant colour and the shell is banded. the east african land snail is native to east africa, and can be traced back to kenya and tanzania. it is a highly invasive species, and colonies can be formed from a single gravid individual. in many places, release into the wild is illegal. nonetheless, the species has established itself in some temperate climates and its habitat now includes most regions of the humid tropics, including many pacific islands, southern and eastern asia, and the caribbean. the giant snail can now be found in agricultural areas, coastland, natural forest, planted forests, riparian zones, scrub / shrublands, urban areas, and wetlands. feeding habits the giant east african snail is a macrophytophagous herbivore ; it eats a wide range of plant material, fruit, and vegetables. it will sometimes eat sand, very small stones, bones from carcasses and even concrete as calcium sources for its shell. in rare instances the snails will consume each other. in captivity, this species can be fed on grain products such as bread, digestive biscuits, and chicken feed. fruits and vegetables must be washed diligently as the snail is very sensitive to any lingering pesticides. in captivity, snails need cuttlebone or other calcium supplements to aid in the growth and development of their shells. they also enjoy the yeast in beer, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43635256059339034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bce490e-5cc2-400f-ad61-9500ac01d1e0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.555668"}
{"text": "must be washed diligently as the snail is very sensitive to any lingering pesticides. in captivity, snails need cuttlebone or other calcium supplements to aid in the growth and development of their shells. they also enjoy the yeast in beer, which provides protein for growth stimulus. life cycle the giant east african snail is a simultaneous hermaphrodite ; each individual has both testes and ovaries and is capable of producing both sperm and ova. instances of self fertilization are rare, occurring only in small populations. although both snails in a mating pair can simultaneously transfer gametes to each other ( bilateral mating ), this is dependent on the size difference between the partners. snails of similar size will reproduce in this way. two snails of differing sizes will mate unilaterally ( one way ), with the larger individual acting as a female. this is due to the comparative resource investment associated with the different genders. like other land snails, these have intriguing mating behaviour, including petting their heads and front parts against each other. courtship can last up to half an hour, and the actual transfer of gametes can last for two hours. transferred sperm can be stored within the body for up to two years. the number of eggs per clutch averages around 200. a snail may lay 5 - 6 clutches per year with a hatching viability of about 90 %. adult size is reached in about six months ; after which growth slows but does not ever cease. life expectancy is commonly five or six years in captivity, but the snails may live for up to ten years. they are active at night and spend the day buried underground. the east african land snail is capable of aestivating for up to three years in times of extreme drought, sealing itself into its shell by secretion of a calcerous compound that dries on contact with the air. this is impermeable ; the snail will not lose any water during this period. parasites of achatina fulica include : - aelurostrongylus abstrusus - angiostrongylus cantonensis - causes eosinophilic meningoencephalitis - angiostrongylus costaricensis - causes abdominal angiostrongyliasis - schistosoma mansoni - causes schistosomiasis, detected in faeces - trichuris spp. - detected in faeces - hymenolepis spp. - detected in faeces - strongyloides spp. - detected in faeces", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4550223747604021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bce490e-5cc2-400f-ad61-9500ac01d1e0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.556838"}
{"text": "mansoni - causes schistosomiasis, detected in faeces - trichuris spp. - detected in faeces - hymenolepis spp. - detected in faeces - strongyloides spp. - detected in faeces and in mucous secretion pest control in many places the snail is seen as a pest. suggested preventative measures include strict quarantine to prevent introduction and further spread. many methods, including hand collecting and use of molluscicides and flame - throwers, have been tried to eradicate the giant snail. generally, none of them has been effective except where implemented at the first sign of infestation. in bhutan, the plant protection center used salt to contain the snails, while to reduce snails ' food availability, the surrounding weeds were killed using glyphosate. in some regions, an effort has been made to promote use of the giant east african snail as a food resource, the collecting of the snails for food being seen as a method of controlling them. however, promoting a pest in this way is a controversial measure, as it may encourage the further deliberate spread of the snails. one particularly catastrophic attempt to biologically control this species occurred on south pacific islands. colonies of a. fulica were introduced as a food reserve for the american military during the second world war and they escaped. a carnivorous species ( florida rosy wolfsnail, euglandina rosea ) was later introduced by american government, but it instead heavily harvested the native partula, causing the loss of most partula species within a decade. human use achatina fulica are used by some practitioners of candomble for religious purposes in brazil as an offering to the deity oxala. the snails substitute for a closely related species, the african giant snail ( archachatina marginata ) normally offered in nigeria. the two species share a common name ( igbin, also known as ibi or boi - de - oxala in brazil ), and are similar enough in appearance to satisfy religious authorities. they are also edible if cooked properly. this article incorporates cc - by - 2. 0 text from the reference. - iucn 2009. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2009. 1. < www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 10 july 2009. - \" achatina fulica \". integrated taxonomic information system. retrieved july 6, 2007. - global invasive species database : 100 of the worst invasive species - cowie r. h., dillon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4471709665311727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bce490e-5cc2-400f-ad61-9500ac01d1e0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.558200"}
{"text": "org >. downloaded on 10 july 2009. - \" achatina fulica \". integrated taxonomic information system. retrieved july 6, 2007. - global invasive species database : 100 of the worst invasive species - cowie r. h., dillon r. t., robinson d. g. & smith j. w. ( 2009 ). \" alien non - marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the united states : a preliminary risk assessment \". american malacological bulletin 27 : 113 - 132. pdf - pbs \" alien invasion \". accessed on 6 january 2008 - african snail : deadly invasion in south america - rowson, b. ; warren, b. ; ngereza, c. ( 2010 ). \" terrestrial molluscs of pemba island, zanzibar, tanzania, and its status as an \" oceanic \" island \". zookeys 70. doi : 10. 3897 / zookeys. 70. 762. - lv, s. ; zhang, y. ; liu, h. x. ; hu, l. ; yang, k. ; steinmann, p. ; chen, z. ; wang, l. y. et al. ( 2009 ). \" invasive snails and an emerging infectious disease : results from the first national survey on angiostrongylus cantonensis in china \". in knight, matty. plos neglected tropical diseases 3 ( 2 ) : e368. doi : 10. 1371 / journal. pntd. 0000368. pmc 2631131. pmid 19190771. figure 5. - wu s. - p., hwang c. - c., huang h. - m., chang h. - w., lin y. - s. & lee p. - f. ( 2007 ). \" land molluscan fauna of the dongsha island with twenty new recorded species \". taiwania 52 ( 2 ) : 145 - 151. pdf. - campo - flores, arian. october 4th, 2011. \" giant alien snails attack miami, though they ' re not in much of a rush : eradication teams go house to house, nabbing 10, 000 invaders ; ' crunch under our feet '. \" wall street journal. link - skelley, pe ; dixon, wn ; and hodges, g. 2011. giant african land snail and giant south american snails : field recognition. florida department of agriculture and consumer services. gaines", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4363558226184049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bce490e-5cc2-400f-ad61-9500ac01d1e0>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.559122"}
{"text": "feet '. \" wall street journal. link - skelley, pe ; dixon, wn ; and hodges, g. 2011. giant african land snail and giant south american snails : field recognition. florida department of agriculture and consumer services. gainesville, florida. pdf - ( portuguese ) soares c. m., hayashi c., goncalves g. s., nagae m. y. & boscolo w. r. ( 1999 ). \" exigencia de proteina para o caracol gigante ( achatina fulica ) em fase de crescimento. protein requirements for giant snail ( achatina fulica ) during the growth phase \". acta scientiarum. animal sciences 21 ( 3 ) : 683 - 686. abstract, pdf. - ohlweiler, f. p. ; guimaraes, m. c. d. a. ; takahashi, f. y. ; eduardo, j. m. ( 2010 ). \" current distribution of achatina fulica, in the state of sao paulo including records of aelurostrongylus abstrusus ( nematoda ) larvae infestation \". revista do instituto de medicina tropical de sao paulo 52 ( 4 ) : 211. doi : 10. 1590 / s0036 - 46652010000400009. pdf. - ( spanish ) libora m., morales g., carmen s., isbelia s. & luz a. p. ( 2010 ). \" primer hallazgo en venezuela de huevos de schistosoma mansoni y de otros helmintos de interes en salud publica, presentes en heces y secrecion mucosa del molusco terrestre achatina fulica ( bowdich, 1822 ). [ first finding in venezuela of schistosoma mansoni eggs and other helminths of interest in public health found in faeces and mucous secretion of the mollusc achatina fulica ( bowdich, 1822 ) ]. zootecnia tropical 28 : 383 - 394. pdf. - leo neto, n. a. ; brooks, s. e. ; alves, r. m. r. ( 2009 ). \" from eshu to obatala : animals used in sacrificial rituals at candomble \" terreiros \" in brazil \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44625586482427704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bce490e-5cc2-400f-ad61-9500ac01d1e0>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.559903"}
{"text": "hinsley, s. a., hill, r. a., bellamy, p. e., broughton, r. k., harrison, n. m., mackenzie, j. a., speakman, j. r. and ferns, p. n., 2009. do highly modified landscapes favour generalists at the expense of specialists? the example of woodland birds. landscape research, 34 ( 5 ), pp. 509 - 526. this is the latest version of this eprint. full text not available from this repository. demands on land use in heavily populated landscapes create mosaic structures where semi - natural habitat patches are generally small and dominated by edges. small patches are also more exposed and thus more vulnerable to adverse weather and potential effects of climate change. these conditions may be less problematic for generalist species than for specialists. using insectivorous woodland birds ( great tits and blue tits ) as an example, we demonstrate that even generalists suffer reduced breeding success ( in particular, rearing fewer and poorer - quality young ) and increased parental costs ( daily energy expenditure ) when living in such highly modified secondary habitats ( small woods, parks, farmland ). within - habitat heterogeneity ( using the example of monks wood nnr ) is generally associated with greater species diversity, but to benefit from heterogeneity at a landscape scale may require both high mobility and the ability to thrive in small habitat patches. modern landscapes, dominated by small, modified and scattered habitat patches, may fail to provide specialists, especially sedentary ones, with access to sufficient quantity and quality of resources, while simultaneously increasing the potential for competition from generalists. | subjects : | | geography and environmental studies | science > biology and botany | group : | | school of applied sciences > centre for conservation, ecology and environmental change | | deposited by : | | dr ross hill | | deposited on : | | 01 nov 2009 12 : 25 | | last modified : | | 07 mar 2013 15 : 17 | available versions of this item - do highly modified landscapes favour generalists at the expense of specialists? the example of woodland birds. ( deposited 21 nov 2008 20 : 00 ) - do highly modified landscapes favour generalists at the expense of specialists? the example of woodland birds. ( deposited 01 nov 2009 12 : 25 ) [ currently displayed ] | repository staff only - | | bu staff only - | | help guide - | | editing your items in buro |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4905479167356229, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73270d67-6a72-45f1-ba47-59fcfe240afe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.562456"}
{"text": "the union war by gary w. gallagher harvard university press. $ 27. 95 new york times book review, may 1, 2011 among the enduring mysteries of the american civil war is why millions of northerners were willing to fight to preserve the nation ' s unity. it is not difficult to understand why the southern states seceded in 1860 and 1861. as the confederacy ' s founders explained ad infinitum, they feared that abraham lincoln ' s election as president placed the future of slavery in jeopardy. but why did so few northerners echo the refrain of horace greeley, the editor of the new york tribune : \" erring sisters, go in peace \"? the latest effort to explain this deep commitment to the nation ' s survival comes from gary w. gallagher, the author of several highly regarded works on civil war military history. in \" the union war, \" gallagher offers not so much a history of wartime patriotism as a series of meditations on the meaning of the union to northerners, the role of slavery in the conflict and how historians have interpreted ( and in his view misinterpreted ) these matters. the civil war, gallagher announces at the outset, was \" a war for union that also killed slavery. \" emancipation was an outcome ( an \" astounding \" outcome, lincoln remarked in his second inaugural address ) but, gallagher insists, it always \" took a back seat \" to the paramount goal of saving the union. most northerners, he says, remained indifferent to the plight of the slaves. they embraced emancipation only when they concluded it had become necessary to win the war. they fought because they regarded the united states as a unique experiment in democracy that guaranteed political liberty and economic opportunity in a world overrun by tyranny. saving the union, in the words of secretary of state william h. seward, meant \" the saving of popular government for the world. \" at a time when only half the population bothers to vote and many americans hold their elected representatives in contempt, gallagher offers a salutary reminder of the power of democratic ideals not simply to northerners in the era of the civil war, but also to people in other nations, who celebrated the union victory as a harbinger of greater rights for themselves. imaginatively invoking sources neglected by other scholars \u2014 wartime songs, patriotic images on mailing envelopes and in illustrated publications, and regimental histories written during and immediately after the conflict \u2014 gallagher gives a dramatic portrait of the power of wartime nationalism. his emphasis on the preservation of democratic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46445488521871714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f97fda0-e47c-415b-9dca-4894044d9e7a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.571465"}
{"text": "neglected by other scholars \u2014 wartime songs, patriotic images on mailing envelopes and in illustrated publications, and regimental histories written during and immediately after the conflict \u2014 gallagher gives a dramatic portrait of the power of wartime nationalism. his emphasis on the preservation of democratic government and the opportunities of free labor as central to the patriotic outlook is hardly new \u2014 one need only read lincoln ' s wartime speeches to find eloquent expression of these themes. but instead of celebrating the greatness of american democracy, gallagher claims, too many historians dwell on its limitations, notably the exclusion from participation of nonwhites and women. moreover, perhaps because of recent abuses of american power in the name of freedom, scholars seem uncomfortable with robust expressions of patriotic sentiment, especially when wedded to military might. according to gallagher, they denigrate nationalism and suggest that the war had no real justification other than the abolition of slavery. ( gallagher ignores a different interpretation of the union war effort, emanating from neo - confederates and the libertarian right, which portrays lincoln as a tyrant who presided over the destruction of american freedom through creation of the leviathan national state, not to mention the dreaded income tax. ) gallagher devotes many pages \u2014 too many in a book of modest length \u2014 to critiques of recent civil war scholars, whom he accuses of exaggerating the importance of slavery in the conflict and the contribution of black soldiers to union victory. often, his complaint seems to be that another historian did not write the book he would have written. thus, gallagher criticizes melinda lawson, the author of \" patriot fires, \" one of the most influential recent studies of wartime nationalism, for slighting the experiences of the soldiers. but lawson was examining nation - building on the northern home front. her investigation of subjects as diverse as the marketing of war bonds, the dissemination of pro - union propaganda and the organization of sanitary fairs, where goods were sold to raise money for soldiers ' aid, illuminates how the nation state for the first time reached into the homes and daily lives of ordinary americans. gallagher also criticizes recent studies of soldiers ' letters and diaries, which find that an antislavery purpose emerged early in the war. these works, he argues, remain highly \" impressionistic, \" allowing the historian \" to marshal support for virtually any argument. \" whereupon gallagher embarks on his own equally impressionistic survey of these letters, finding that they emphasize devotion to the union. ultimately, gallagher ' s sharp dichotomy between the goals of union and emancipation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49115523407648276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f97fda0-e47c-415b-9dca-4894044d9e7a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.572854"}
{"text": "to marshal support for virtually any argument. \" whereupon gallagher embarks on his own equally impressionistic survey of these letters, finding that they emphasize devotion to the union. ultimately, gallagher ' s sharp dichotomy between the goals of union and emancipation seems excessively schematic. it begs the question of what kind of union the war was being fought to preserve. the evolution of lincoln ' s own outlook illustrates the problem. on the one hand, as gallagher notes, lincoln always insisted that he devised his policies regarding slavery in order to win the war and preserve national unity. yet years before the civil war, lincoln had argued that slavery fatally undermined the nation ' s ability to exemplify the superiority of free institutions. the union to be saved, he said, must be \" worthy of the saving. \" during the secession crisis, lincoln could have preserved the union by yielding to southern demands. he adamantly refused to compromise on the crucial political issue \u2014 whether slavery should be allowed to expand into western territories. gallagher maintains that only failure on the battlefield, notably gen. george b. mcclellan ' s inability to capture richmond, the confederate capital, in the spring of 1862, forced the administration to act against slavery. yet the previous fall, before significant military encounters had taken place, lincoln had already announced a plan for gradual emancipation. this hardly suggests that military necessity alone placed the slavery question on the national agenda. early in the conflict, many northerners, lincoln included, realized that there was little point in fighting to restore a status quo that had produced war in the first place. many scholars have argued that the war brought into being a new conception of american nationhood. gallagher argues, by contrast, that it solidified pre - - existing patriotic values. continuity, not change, marked northern attitudes. gallagher acknowledges that as the war progressed, \" a struggle for a different kind of union emerged. \" yet his theme of continuity seems inadequate to encompass the vast changes americans experienced during the civil war. surely, he is correct that racism survived the war. yet he fails to account for the surge of egalitarian sentiment that inspired the rewriting of the laws and constitution to create, for the first time, a national citizenship enjoying equal rights not limited by race. before the war, slavery powerfully affected the concept of self - government. large numbers of americans identified democratic citizenship as a privilege of whites alone \u2014 a position embraced by the supreme court in the dred scott decision of 1857. which is why the transformation wrought by the civil war was so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49787603114561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f97fda0-e47c-415b-9dca-4894044d9e7a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.574024"}
{"text": "pediatric pheochromocytoma. a 36 - year review department of anesthesiology medical subject headings adolescent ; * adrenal gland neoplasms ; anesthesia, general ; angiography ; blood pressure ; catecholamines ; child ; female ; follow - up studies ; humans ; male ; neoplasm recurrence, local ; * pheochromocytoma ; retrospective studies ; tomography, x - ray computed ; treatment outcome ; urography anesthesiology | neoplasms | pediatrics fourteen children ( 10 boys and 4 girls, aged 8 to 17 years ) had 20 pheochromocytomas treated over a 36 - year period from 1959 to 1995 inclusive. nine patients had 11 tumors before 1980 ; 5 children had 9 tumors up to 1987. there were no new children with pheochromocytomas at our hospital from 1988 to 1995. hypertension, sweating, headache, and visual blurring were the most common symptoms and signs ( average 5 months ). the most reliable biochemical investigations were the urinary catecholamines and norepinephrine. before 1980, intravenous pyelography and angiography were most successful in localizing the tumor, but since then ultrasonography and computerized tomography have been the radiological investigations of choice. early involvement of the anesthesiologist in the preoperative control of the hypertension is essential ; blood pressure ( bp ) control was achieved with phenoxybenzamine. the main anesthetic drugs used were : sodium thiopental, fentanyl, methoxyflurane, isoflurane, nitrous oxide, and metocurine. sixteen tumors were adrenal and 4 were extra - adrenal ( 1 intrathoracic and 1 extradural ). all except 2 tumors were completely resected ; they ranged in size from 1. 3 to 14 cm. ligation of the tumor ' s venous drainage was usually associated with a sudden, temporary fall in systemic bp. there were 2 children with malignant tumors. four patients had five recurrences ( second pheochromocytoma ) within 6 years, and all were heralded by a return of their original symptoms and signs. one girl was left with no adrenal tissue. the only complication was in a boy with a large, partly - resected malignant right adrenal tumor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4935908367793305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98386aad-e8ae-463e-a4d1-aa00266dcd31>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.576659"}
{"text": "written for political science 101 last term at the university of waterloo. node your homework they said... democracy is more than an election every few years, a familiar process removed from the daily grind until it comes time to tick a small box on a larger piece of paper. it is instead more about people than protocol, more magical and less mechanical. we should see it in terms of an ideal to which our institutions and practices strive towards, rather than the view that these infrastructures come about as a result of this intangible juggernaut of democracy. democracy is not a construct of man, it is instead a set of ideals and values we seek. the typical citizen of a liberal democratic society does not have much to say about democracy except when confronted by \u201c man on the street \u201d interviews or whenever your particular national holiday rolls around. this apathy is not a result of genuine malice, but more a testament to the fact that our particular implementation of the idea of democracy works so well it is almost transparent. no mobs run loose through his streets at night, no men dressed in black come to \u201c talk \u201d to him in the early hours of the morning. his roads, sewer, electricity and television hum day and night without losing a beat. in a more direct sense, his government functions properly and does not become a burden to him. the pleasant life he leads is a direct result of a democratic society functioning properly, and it is his very right as a citizen of this society to ignore it on a daily basis. this individualistic view of democracy cannot hold in all situations. it works for general day to day circumstances, however even the most right - wing of individualist thinkers holds a belief that under certain circumstances, citizens have a duty to perform certain tasks for the state. these duties may be mundane, such as paying taxes or voting, or extreme, such as defending one \u2019 s nation. all have a common thread, that which citizens as a member of a state have certain natural duties. democracy cannot exist without its members participating in it, this is a fundamental requirement. these natural duties may vary from time to time but the constant is that they always exist in some capacity or another. democracy is based upon many citizens performing small duties, instead of a small group of citizens controlling many responsibilities. the concept of working together is one that democracy builds itself upon. democracy is the rule of the people, not a person. it fulfills the innate human need to guide one \u2019 s destiny, through even such a small part as filling out a ballot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5152255754363735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9bda9679-dcd4-45a4-abf3-74d5af68664c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.590616"}
{"text": "the concept of working together is one that democracy builds itself upon. democracy is the rule of the people, not a person. it fulfills the innate human need to guide one \u2019 s destiny, through even such a small part as filling out a ballot. the fact that democracy is based on such emotionally appealing ideas should give you some conception as to the reasons for its success. hobbes may have argued that we need someone to control us, but in the end, what we all really want is to control ourselves. the fact that democracy is able to take a selfish desire, such as the want to control the state, and turn it into a government which acts for the good of all is further evidence as to the robustness of the democratic ideal. democracy is an enduring dream, contrary to the doomed wunderkinds of communism and other governments based on theory not practice. while superior in their vision of a utopia on paper, they come against one fundamental flaw, namely people tend to run toward the jerk side of the personality scale. communism without greed would indeed be utopia but the real world runs up against tangible problems with this. you cannot remove greed from a man by political posturing no more than you can paint stripes on a horse and call it a zebra. it may pass on first inspection, but when it comes down to the most basic of things, you tend to run into a few problems. the reason democracy works in the physical realm is it engages in political judo, in that it takes men \u2019 s selfishness and desires, parries them into another direction unpredicted by the man, all with the full momentum of his swing still behind him. it has survived from the ancient greeks to this present day for this very reason. the initial view of democracy as we know it was conceived by the greeks, however the practical application of democracy we have today is drastically different from their view. initially it was the concept that every citizen ( citizens being of course aristocratic males ) would have a say in the management of the state. today however we have a different conception of this democratic ideal. pure practicality dictates that we cannot have the entire community attempt to come to a conclusion on issues addressed by the state. this was practical in the greek age where a manageable number would discuss the issues of the day, but this is not feasible in this day and age where our world population is measured in billions. the fundamental thing to remember however is that the ideal of democracy survives between this gulf of years and culture. this romanticism of democracy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5530942190115586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9bda9679-dcd4-45a4-abf3-74d5af68664c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.592304"}
{"text": "issues of the day, but this is not feasible in this day and age where our world population is measured in billions. the fundamental thing to remember however is that the ideal of democracy survives between this gulf of years and culture. this romanticism of democracy is the root of its power. the society we live in values the ideals held by the democratic system, and as such we accept it as a ruling influence in our lives. an example of this is the prime minister being a \u201c public servant \u201d. only in the strictest most idealistic sense is he a genuine servant of the people ; however we call him such without a hint of irony as we value the democratic ideal so highly. all politicians are crooks we tell each other, yet we keep on voting. why, when we so enthusiastically hate the dictators and marcos of the world who embezzle funds? the answer lies in that we see democracy as striving toward an ideal. no man is perfect, but they \u2019 re working on it. this contradiction between reality and the psyche is at the heart of any power, and in western countries it is what tells us that democracy is the cure for all that ills a state. contradiction is fundamental to democracy. democracy brings us together we are told, it is the great equalizer. all men are born equal, none shall be held in higher esteem than another. one citizen shall have one vote. all say that the members of a democratic state are inherently equal. on the other hand we have canada, a liberal democratic society, in which multiculturalism is not only encouraged but has an official policy to address it. differences are encouraged, and any attempt to insinuate that we should all become equal is dismissed as right - wing xenophobia. where then is the balance? democracy gives us equality, but it also gives us the right to be different. it is the fine line between the two, a tightrope act of titanic proportions. the balance must not swing too far one way or the other, lest the acrobat be unset and come crashing down. the democratic ideal allows us to weigh multiculturalism and its variants against solidarity and never find a clear winner. it allows us to value them equally, as this is the ultimate measure of equality. equality can lead to problems however, if democracy becomes the rule of the \u201c most equal \u201d. a tyranny of the majority is completely democratic in the most literal sense of the word in that the majority chooses for it to be so, however it is unpalatable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5206340823888344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9bda9679-dcd4-45a4-abf3-74d5af68664c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.593501"}
{"text": "problems however, if democracy becomes the rule of the \u201c most equal \u201d. a tyranny of the majority is completely democratic in the most literal sense of the word in that the majority chooses for it to be so, however it is unpalatable to many in our society. this is due to the fact that we see democracy in more than just the literal sense, we see it as a shining ideal. this ideal would not allow trampling of minority rights, and as discussed before, the ideal of democracy is the fine balance between differences and solidarity. as such we cannot allow this tyranny, permitted as it is in a literal interpretation of a democratic society. the democratic ideal implies compassion and empathy, more than just cold cruel statistics of fifty percent plus one. the democratic ideal hinges on this idea of not allowing technicalities and numbers to become the ruling force instead of a vision of participation by all. common occurrences such as majority governments being elected by a minority as seen as undemocratic, even though in the strictest sense they follow literal democracy. if your system is built upon the philosophy that a leader is elected indirectly through grouping voters into regions, this is particularly apparent. the recent florida fiasco in the american elections is a particularly apt example of this. counting non - participating voters and the popular vote, a leader was elected who received far less support from his citizens than a majority. while seen as undemocratic and a travesty, at the same time it is completely by the book. unfortunately, there is no book of democracy. we instead view democracy as an ideal not a construct. it is not a point by point leaflet we can airdrop over dictatorships, but instead an attitude that results from culture and history. it is a result of directing people \u2019 s desires toward solidarity, and at the same time respecting differences. while at time contradictory and awkward, it endures. it endures due to the fact that democracy is a dream not a document, and dreams are not easily lost.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5151177801235789, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9bda9679-dcd4-45a4-abf3-74d5af68664c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.594532"}
{"text": "successful study skills 4 students is now offering two free and original ebooks, successfully transitioning to middle school and successfully transitioning to high school, available as a download on the s4 website. \u201c it \u2019 s impossible to measure the potential impact a positive transition can have on a student \u2019 s future academic performance. \u201d, said michelle sagalyn, president of s4 study skills. \u201c a successful transition can have a ripple effect throughout a student \u2019 s entire academic career. \u201d the challenges these transitions bring are not limited just to learning an advanced curriculum, or acclimating to a new environment. at the core is the need for students to assume a greater responsibility and role for their own educational experience. the skills that enabled excellent academic performance in the primary or middle school years are not enough to power students through the transition to the next level. new middle schoolers are confronted with some dramatic changes that can be intimidating without preparation. instead of relying one teacher, students now need to develop the ability to cultivate and integrate the resources of several teachers. good reading skills aren \u2019 t enough anymore \u2013 the focus shifts to applying logic and reason to understand and use the course material. s4 \u2019 s successfully transitioning to middle school explores four critical skill areas that can help students navigate these important changes successfully : self - advocacy, active learning, organization and planning, and confidence. discover how by signing up for the e - book here. the realization that academic performance really starts to count in high school comes as a wake - up call to many students entering their first year. there \u2019 s more homework, the requirements are stiffer, and the options for extracurricular activities multiply. in a word, it \u2019 s not so easy anymore! s4 \u2019 s successfully transitioning to high school reveals the 5 key skills that can help students manage the transition effectively \u2013 and help them thrive throughout their high school academic career. these skills include : goal setting, time management, planners, active learning and take responsibility. register and receive your copy here. successful study skills 4 students, llc, a leading area resource for improving performance in secondary education, believes that the deployment of these critical skills, in conjunction with focus and discipline, provides middle and high schoolers with the road - map to better academic results \u2013 and creates happier, more confident students! for more information on s4 programs for middle and high school students, contact s4 at 203 - 30 - s - k - i - l - l ( 203 - 307 - 5455 ), or info @ s4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42715837786384836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c55edb2-efbc-4ed7-8291-6556d3cfc5ef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.597455"}
{"text": "speaking to the national academy of sciences on education and 21st century american agriculture, u. s. agriculture secretary mike johanns addressed the future of farming in the u. s. one of the agriculture community ' s greatest challenges, he says, is to inspire young people to pursue agricultural careers. first, johanns says, we must increase awareness of agricultural opportunities, research, and technological advances. \" fewer and fewer young people have a sense of where food comes from, and most kids have no idea how sophisticated this industry has become and how much lies before us in the future, \" johanns says. in the 2002 census of agriculture, the average age of u. s. principal farm operators was 55. 3. with the average farm operator just below retirement age and the nature of agriculture shifting towards the sciences, johanns points out the need for a new generation of science - oriented agricultural workers. \" many of the young people who will replace these retirees are already here in our educational system, and many are not studying science and they are certainly not studying the agricultural sciences, \" johanns says. we also need to promote agricultural literacy programs in urban areas, johanns says. \" teachers, parents, and students need to understand that 21st century agriculture is a global enterprise based in science, which needs constant growth in discovery and in application. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4275995317401786, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25a9eafd-723f-4fc7-a107-736558d2a2de>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.603344"}
{"text": "the open tree of life : toward a global synthesis of phylogenetic knowledge 2013 reu project : in the field of systematic biology, scientists study species of all kinds to determine how one is related to another by evolutionary descent. in other words, they are trying to reconstruct the great tree of life - - the branching genealogy of all species, traced all the way back to a single common ancestor. ( the scientific term for ' tree of life ' is ' phylogeny '. ) individual scientists typically have expertise in only one or a few branches on the tree - - for instance, one might study dung beetles, while another studies venus flytraps. every year, experts like these publish thousands of scientific papers describing new phylogenetic trees for different group of organisms : clams, birds, mushrooms, and so on. however, these newly discovered trees are generally recorded simply as figures embedded in the pages of scientific journals. the open tree of life project seeks to extract all these trees from the literature and graft them together by entering them into a common database. this will enable computational analyses that will produce, for the first time, an estimate of the tree of life that includes all species ever studied. research methods and techniques : interns on this project will learn how to download data sets of dna sequences, perform phylogenetic analyses, and interpret the results. they will also have the opportunity to learn basic computer programming and linux shell computing, or advance their current knowledge of these topics. their contributions will be recorded in a public database for posterity. it is perfect fit for anyone interested in both biology and computers. curator / advisor : dr. richard ree ( curator, botany )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5449397855539155, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e8523951-7f3a-4e07-9abd-67e3edfe9ae8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.607312"}
{"text": "synopsis of philippine mammals to explore the synopsis of philippine mammals, click here. to explore the supplement to the synopsis of philippine mammals, click here. the mammalian fauna of the philippine islands is remarkably diverse and species - rich, comprising what may be the greatest concentration of endemic mammals of any country on earth. since 1988, the field museum of natural history has been the primary base of operations for the philippine mammal project, a multi - institutional, international collaborative effort to document the number of species that are present, the distributions of those species, their relationships within the tree of life, their ecology, and their conservation status. this website, the synopsis of philippine mammals, is a summary of the information that is currently available. the website was first implemented in 2002, using information from the 1998 publication by heaney et al., entitled \u201c a synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the philippine islands \u201d. the synopsis website was extensively revised and expanded in 2010, in order to incorporate extensive new data, include more photographs, and provide detailed maps of the known distribution of each species. to keep the website up to date, as additional species are discovered and formally described, or species of marine mammals are documented in philippine waters for the first time, we add them to the supplement, and will eventually merge these into the main site once site maintenance has been completed. as documented on this website, the terrestrial fauna is now known to include at least 214 native species ( plus seven introduced species ), in an area of only a bit over 300, 000 square kilometers, one of the highest densities of native mammals in the world. moreover, most of the species are found nowhere else : of the 214 native terrestrial species, 125 ( 58 % ) are endemic, and among the 111 non - flying native mammals, 101 ( 91 % ) are unique to the philippines. they constitute an astounding example of adaptive radiation by mammals in an oceanic archipelago, and may justifiably serve as a source of great pride to the philippine nation. this website has been developed as a collaborative project with the protected areas and wildlife bureau of the philippine department of environment and natural resources. primary funding for its development has come from the negaunee foundation. explore our philippine mammal project further : videos from the abbott hall of conservation - restoring earth : mammal discoveries in the philippines why mossy forests in the philippines are important island evolution : why islands have so many endemic species science at fmnh : mammal conservation in island ecosystems the field revealed : cloud rat ( above photo by l", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43680695187089835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40fbcd6f-183e-48bd-b2d5-be61cf03d9e5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.611546"}
{"text": "battles - the siege of kut - al - amara, 1916 following the signal ( and, to the british at least, unexpected ) failure of the anglo - indian attack upon ctesiphon in november 1915 sir charles townshend led his infantry force, the 6th ( poona ) division, on a wearisome retreat back to kut - al - amara, arriving in early december. aware too that his force was exhausted and unable to retreat further townshend resolved to stay and hold kut, a town of key importance to the british presence in the region. in this he was supported by regional commander - in - chief sir john nixon. the war office in london however favoured a retreat still further south ; however by the time this news reached townshend he was already under siege. consequently the defence of kut - sited in a loop of the river tigris - was set in train ahead of the arrival of the besieging turk force of 10, 500 men on 7 december. however kut ' s very geographical formation in effect meant that townshend and his men were effectively bottled up. nevertheless the division ' s cavalry were despatched back to basra the day before the arrival of the turkish force ( 6 december 1915 ), since they were likely to prove of little use and yet a drain upon scarce resources during siege operations. leading the turks were nur - ud - din and the german commander baron von der goltz. their instructions were straightforward if steep : to force the british entirely from mesopotamia. consequently nur - ud - din and von der goltz attempted to pierce kut ' s defences on three separate occasions in december ; all however failed. thus the turks set about blockading the town while despatching forces to prevent british relief operations from succeeding in reaching kut. in britain, as in india, the news of townshend ' s setback had stunned the government which resolved to immediately send additional forces to the region, diverted from the western front. consideration was given to regard both palestine and mesopotamia as a single front. townshend was led to expect rapid relief. he himself calculated that there were enough supplies to maintain the garrison for a month ( subsequently revised to two months and then to almost five ), although this assumed full daily rations. informed that a relief operation might take two months to assemble townshend proposed instead breaking out and retiring further south : nixon however insisted that he remain at kut and therefore tie up as many turkish forces as possible. in due course the first british expedition to raise the blockade", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4018546958044476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce89e444-96c4-4945-801f-5422a93eb727>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.617411"}
{"text": "relief operation might take two months to assemble townshend proposed instead breaking out and retiring further south : nixon however insisted that he remain at kut and therefore tie up as many turkish forces as possible. in due course the first british expedition to raise the blockade was set underway from basra in january 1916, led by sir fenton aylmer. their efforts were repeatedly repulsed however with heavy loss, at sheikh sa ' ad, the wadi and hanna in january 1916 and again two months later in march at dujaila. april brought a further relief operation, this time led by the sceptical sir george gorringe. despite meeting von der goltz and his turkish sixth army, piercing their line some 30km south of kut, the expedition ran out of steam and was abandoned on 22 april. with no further hope of relief - a final attempt by the paddle steamer julnar to reach the town with supplies having failed - townshend requested and received an armistice pending surrender talks on 26 april. the turks agreed to send 10 days of food into the garrison while the six - day armistice was in effect. while the talks were in progress the british took the opportunity of destroying anything of value in the town, aware of its imminent surrender. an additional 23, 000 british casualties have been suffered during the relief efforts ; the turks lost approximately 10, 000 men. although khalil pasha, baghdad ' s military governor, proved sympathetic to townshend ' s offer of \u00a31 million plus a guarantee that none of his men would be used again in fighting against the ottoman empire - effectively buying parole, he was instructed by minister of war enver pasha to require townshend ' s unconditional surrender. this was duly delivered on 29 april 1916, the british having run out of food supplies and wracked with disease of epidemic proportions ( and with entirely inadequate medical provisioning to meet it ). it was the greatest humiliation to have befallen the british army in its history. for the turks - and for germany - it proved a significant morale booster, and undoubtedly weakened british influence in the middle east. approximately 8, 000 anglo - indian troops were taken prisoner ( many weak through sickness ), as was townshend himself. however whereas he was treated as something of an honoured guest ( and ultimately was released to assist with the ottoman armistice negotiations in october 1918 ), his men were treated with cruelty and routine brutality, with a significant percentage dying while in captivity. baron von der goltz meanwhile did not live to witness the conclusion of siege operations ; he died ten", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39557528321915486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce89e444-96c4-4945-801f-5422a93eb727>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.619091"}
{"text": "original image credit : united states coast guard what : blacktip, bonnethead, and bull sharks where : four miles south of the texas coast how : last month, a us coast guard ship from south padre island came across an illegal, five - mile long gillnet full of dead sharks 17 miles north of the us - mexico border. among the casualties were 225 blacktip, 109 bonnethead, and 11 bull sharks. no arrests were made since the boat that set the net was not found. the story : \u201c gill nets indiscriminately kill any fish or marine mammal it snares across miles of ocean, often leaving much of the catch spoiled by the time it is hauled in, \u201d said coast guard commander daniel deptula. because of their destructive impact on fish, turtles and marine mammals, gillnets have been banned in texas state waters since 1981 ; however, the coast guard recovered 49 miles of them in 2012 and the numbers are on the rise. the texas parks and wildlife department reports that incidents of pirate fishing with gillnets off the coast have doubled since 2011. \u201c the seizures are far past any other year in my 16 - year career, \u201d said sgt. james dunks said. the coast guard reports that the illegal nets come from mexican fisherman crossing into the us \u2019 s exclusive economic zone to fish because the mexican fish stocks are so depleted. \u201c well you get too many people fishing for the same thing, they \u2019 re not catching as much, so they \u2019 re going to search new territory to try to find more fish, \u201d dunks said. the growing fear is that pirate fishing by gillnets will cause our gulf of mexico fish stocks to resemble those of our neighbor to the south. the coast guard believes that the sharks were destined to be finned, a practice where only the fins are cut off the fish to be sold while the rest of the carcass is tossed back into the sea. what we can do : a reliable system of seafood traceability would help consumers to avoid pirate fish and put pressure on fishermen and fishing companies worldwide to supply legal, sustainable seafood for us tables. illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing ( iuu ) doesn \u2019 t just happen in remote corners of the pacific ; it happens here at home and affects your fish. for now, support local fishermen that are involved in positive fishing practices by doing your homework and asking questions about your favorite seafood. update : in a separate incident, a mexican fishing boat captain has just plead guilty to charges of failing to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39928874586758034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:13bcbd5d-7d79-4913-8e5c-7aa575eac2ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.623268"}
{"text": "getting the jazz. the \u201c degenerate music \u201d exhibition of the \u201c reich music festival \u201d, dusseldorf, 1938 \u00a9 ullstein bild \u201c strictly prohibited is the use of instruments alien to the german spirit \u2013 so - called cowbells, flexatone, brushes, etc \u2013 as well as all mutes which turn the noble sound of wind and brass instruments into a jewish - freemasonic yowl \u2013 so - called wa - wa, hat, etc. \u201d ( step 5 in nazifing jazz, as recalled in josef skvorecky \u2019 s \u2018 bass saxophone \u2019 ) the day the nazis rolled tanks into paris \u2013 the land of \u201c americano, nigger, kike, jungle music \u201d ( goebbels, 1939 ) \u2013 the cave - clubs of saint germain dimmed. montparnasse went quietly. pigalle \u2019 s cosmopolitan nightclubs folded and the champs - elysees muted the footlights. in fact, two million parisians had already left town. many jazz - junkies, gypsies, peddlars of swing, negres \u2013 all now in danger of being freighted to their death \u2013 considered catching the a - train elsewhere. paris was preparing to go underground. but the gestapo went straight to work. loudspeakers declared a curfew of 8pm. arrests began. \u201c it is better to be frightened in your country than another one \u201d said django reinhardt \u2013 the most famous jazzman ever to live in the alphabet city. he had good reason to be nervous. a member of the manouche \u2018 gypsy \u2019 family \u2013 part of the french speaking romany tribe \u2013 over one million of his kin would be gone by 1944. reinhardt would try to escape paris twice, but be turned back. instead of escape, his gypsy legend grew and in the heart of nazi occupied paris the enduring spirit of jazz took another turn. django reinhardt spent his time during the nazi occupation oscillating between a suite on the champs elysee and gypsy encampments. in hotel room circa 1945 with gypsy singer sonia dimitrivich. getty images. \u201c you who have been to paris, just imagine this picture \u201d wrote life magazine in 1940. \u201c at the palace de la concorde no such merry - go - round of honking autos, screaming news vendors, gesticulating cops, gaily chatting pedestrians. instead depressing silence, broken only now and then by the purr of some german officers motor as it made its way to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44832752510473256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c01b8e01-75b5-4d82-b6dc-e71f1221b066>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.644980"}
{"text": "- go - round of honking autos, screaming news vendors, gesticulating cops, gaily chatting pedestrians. instead depressing silence, broken only now and then by the purr of some german officers motor as it made its way to the hotel crillon, headquarters of the hastily set up german commandery. on the flagstaff the swastika fluttered in the breeze, where once the stars and stripes had been in the days of 1919 when wilson received the cheers of french crowds from the balcony \u201d hitler \u2019 s propaganda minister joseph goebbels had his own plans for the weekend. he \u2019 d drafted a scheme ; a schedule to reopen paris as a jaunty, gay, bustling showroom for new europe. during the war it would be a recreational city, if only to draw a breath. within weeks of bagging the hotel crillon, theatres and nightclubs would begin to reopen. the city \u2019 s cinemas and opera houses, draped in swastikas, would refill and brothels reopen. soldiers, officers, ss, wary parisians ; all mingled at tables. the caviar tones of johnny hess continued. edith piaf performed, coco chanel entertained nazis. it was a strange reconcile. paris was a hot bed of bona - fide jazz - loving, leaf - smoking, jew - friending \u2018 degenerates \u2019. and while hitler \u2019 s army were arresting musicians, shutting down swing - joints, storming cabarets that housed the \u201c rhythms of belly - dancing negroes \u201d, django and the hot club of paris were reinventing it as a gypsy - slang. during the 30s the success of the hot club quintet transformed jazz from a ww1 americano import into the lingua franca of popular jazz. their groundswell of popularity would lead to a residency in the celebrated clubs of montparnasse, with a fanbase that included jazz greats louis armstrong and coleman hawkins. the clip below shows the original line up bunkered in a bar setting, a vitalised core in situ, 1939. they would all follow very different paths during the war. django himself might have been top of the nazi hit - list. he had risen from the obscurity of a \u2018 gypsy \u2019 camp. he liked billiards, he liked to gamble. he liked making friends, he liked music, his lifestyle was seen as vagabond. hot club collaborator and violinist stephane grappelli told the guardian that when they got offered their first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4329834018675759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c01b8e01-75b5-4d82-b6dc-e71f1221b066>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.646258"}
{"text": ". he liked billiards, he liked to gamble. he liked making friends, he liked music, his lifestyle was seen as vagabond. hot club collaborator and violinist stephane grappelli told the guardian that when they got offered their first recording in 1934 by charles delauney ( france \u2019 s supreme jazz expert ), django didn \u2019 t even appear \u2013 grappelli found him in a billiard hall. hot club clarinetist hubert rostaing said the best way to hear django reinhardt was to wait after the concert, and on the other side of the street. it was a minor miracle the hot club existed. but by the time war broke in 1939 django \u2019 s new, taut \u2018 small string \u2019 sound swept the city with colossal results. a powerfully quick improvisor, django pioneered and defined new territory as a modern guitar soloist. michael dregni best sketches the itinerant genuis : \u201c his story was told like a fairy tale on the cafe terraces and in the fashionable salons. it was repeated in reverent tones among jazz acolytes. he was spoken of in awe as a child prodigy who never grew up, an idiot savant of jazz, a noble savage let loose in cultured paris. his was the kind of modern fairy tale that paris loved \u2013 even demanded \u2013 of its celebrities. \u201c but paris was now dangerous turf. an isolated city. andre zucca took these colour photos for nazi magazine \u2018 signal \u2019, using rare agfacolor film supplied by the wehrmacht. controversy over the depictions of \u2018 parisian life as usual \u2019 continues to this day. cinema parisiana, colour photos of paris under the occupation by andre zucca. hats and coats, paris occupied. june, 1940. image by roger schall. \u201c paris is dark at night now. probably not until the war \u2019 s end will the great red lights of moulin rouge turn again. the small nightclubs that used to fill montmatre and montparnasse are also dead or dormant. parisians have no theatre yet, no cinema, and one of the most frequent questions asked us is : when are we going to get american films? ( life magazine correspondent charles wertenbaker, on the nazi \u2019 s ultimate legacy in paris, 1944 ) german soldiers outside a paris cafe on the champs elysees, bastille day 1940. entartete musik \u2013 meaning \u2018 not of our kind or race \u2019 \u2013 or more figuratively \u2018 abnormal, depraved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41258435134297244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c01b8e01-75b5-4d82-b6dc-e71f1221b066>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.647842"}
{"text": "paris, 1944 ) german soldiers outside a paris cafe on the champs elysees, bastille day 1940. entartete musik \u2013 meaning \u2018 not of our kind or race \u2019 \u2013 or more figuratively \u2018 abnormal, depraved \u2019. the poster advertising the degenerate exhibition of 1938. the popular \u2018 degenerate music exhibition \u2019 of 1938 left little to the nazi imagination. the nazis had seized a huge assemblage of artworks ; anything that might have been jewish, bolshevik or abstract \u2013 compiling them as an example of \u2018 degenerate art \u2019. graffiti trained above the exhibits, scrawling its way past the \u2018 negroid \u2019, the jew - infused classical or \u2018 popular \u2019 music. jazz was depraved jungle - junk. the new english weekly more eloquently explained ; the nazi \u2018 felt the hebrew uses jazz and like methods to iron out racial differences and produce a general neurasthenia in which hebrew influence may ascend among peoples. \u2019 paris remained under blackout orders for a while after the nazi arrival ; streetlights painted blue. many of the african american musicians who played the jazz clubs had sailed from le havre, expecting the worst. not surprisingly, the original hot club quintet were amongst those to disband. django \u2019 s other half, stephan grappelli, sailed for england, guitarist marcel bianci was soon interred by the germans, bassist louis vola bound a boat for argentina. other illuminaries also joined the exodus. guitar oscar aleman headed for spain, hoping to catch a ship home to buenos aires. he was halted at the spanish border, his tricone guitars confiscated, melted down for the war effort. german - born singer eva busch was arrested by the gestapo the third day of her show at the paris abc music hall, and made a prisoner of ravensbruck for three years. \u201c the hatred kept me alive \u201d she said. django would try to leave twice during the occupation, only to be turned back. in the early days he and other romanies simply left the town, avoided the road, stayed in hiding. they retreated to the depths of la zone, bordered by forests and mountains. palaise de reinhardt, with the family. django and son babik. django teaches his son babik some guitar. jewish refugees from germany holed up in the cellar of an abandoned factory, chez violin and guitar. \u201c after the german patrol passed by and we believed the coast was clear the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4700271586233397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c01b8e01-75b5-4d82-b6dc-e71f1221b066>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.650275"}
{"text": "nazi version of eddie cantor ' s ' makin ' whoopee '. this rare nazi jazz recording was made exclusively for shortwave broadcasting to great britain, usa and other enemy countries. ludwig \u201c lutz \u201d templin, bandleader of the jazz ensemble who also recorded as \u201c charlie and his orchestra \u201d, rearranging american jazz hits with revised nazi - approved lyrics. despite musical cleansing, goebbels couldn \u2019 t compete with demand. german soldiers overtook the clubs, where the lights were warm. for their own pleasure german officers cordoned off the russian casonova and sheherazade cabarets, where the ferret brothers played ( another band of accomplished gypsy jazzmen \u2013 and django \u2019 s biggest rivals ). amid war and food shortages pigalle and montmartre came to life once again. in early 1943 the famous abbaye club also reopened as le chapiteau. the previous owner \u2019 s burlesque styled parodies of hitler meant he was now enjoying an extended holiday in monaco to avoid the club \u2019 s new nazi patrons. le chapiteau had become a favourite hole - in - the - wall for many gestapo and pro - nazi french. goebbels, meanwhile, pegged jazz as an opiate. he put commissioned charlie and his orchestra ( or \u201c bruno and his swinging tigers \u201c ) to swiftly begin recording and performing nazi versions of popular jazz hits, a sanctioned reichsministerium. charlie were broadcast in medium - wave and short - wave bands across the channel and atlantic \u2013 the sonic equivalent of letter drops in jazz. despite the lyrics written by the propagandaministerium, the group was germany \u2019 s leading swing outfit and a competent group. they made over ninety recordings between 1941 and 1943. their band leader was permitted by nazi command to travel to neutral and occupied countries in order to collect jazz and dance music. he also knocked around in the rarefied dens of paris, mixing with the bands of the day. meanwhile, the hot club had also been busy. its three - story headquarters had become a meeting place for the french resistance. la place blanche cafe ( in 1940 ) opposite the moulin rouge cabaret. reserved for the exclusive use of german soldiers during the occupation of paris. \u201c anything that starts with ellington ends with an assassination attempt on the fuhrer! \u201d ( gestapo ss - sturmbahnfuhrer hans \u2018 the fox \u2019 reinhardt, interrogating teenage swing fans 1944 ) luftwaffe officer dietrich schulz - kohn ( aka \u201c doktor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43612645189705546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c01b8e01-75b5-4d82-b6dc-e71f1221b066>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.653143"}
{"text": "with an assassination attempt on the fuhrer! \u201d ( gestapo ss - sturmbahnfuhrer hans \u2018 the fox \u2019 reinhardt, interrogating teenage swing fans 1944 ) luftwaffe officer dietrich schulz - kohn ( aka \u201c doktor jazz \u201d ) had been a long - time follower of the hot club \u2019 s music. it was known that other germans would spend hours in his room listening to this variety of \u201c americano nigger kike jungle music \u201d. during the german occupation he provided a temporary shelter of sorts \u2013 simply by frequenting the hot club as a patron. for the years of occupation many people had relied upon the power of protection. but things were becoming increasingly uncertain. a person could easily be shot at whim. they could easily be included in a deportation order. those offering protection could easily lose their power or be deported. survival couldn \u2019 t be guaranteed, and the gap was closing. luftwaffe officer dietrich schulz - kohn ( aka \u201c doktor jazz \u201d ), django reinhardt, four africans and a jewish musician \u2013 outside la cigale, a jazz club in paris. \u201c the officers of the club liked me coming there \u201d said schulz - kohn in later years. \u201c especially in uniform as they were sometimes raided by the gestapo. ( the gestapo ) would find the place full of letters, magazines, records with labels \u2013 all in english and this was no laughing matter at the time. so they could use me as a signboard to prove their innocence and reliability \u201d. but in in october 1943 the gestapo made a definitive raid on the hot club headquarters. they took into custody charles delaunay, his secretary and the hot club president of marseilles. \u201c they wanted to know where to find our resistance leader \u201d said delaunay. \u201c i was fortunate enough to know enough of the german that was spoken preparatory to each question. never have i talked so much or so well. \u201d delaunay was eventually released a month later \u2013 with a shadow of gestapo not far behind. his secretary and the hot club president were not as lucky. they were sent to the camps. both perished in the gas chambers. nouveau hot club quintette de paris. date unknown. in the isolated city, jazz broke further from its american roots. while continuing to tread carefully for their own survival, players such as reinhardt had charged the music with new potency and, despite the best efforts of goebbels the his charlie cohorts, jazz remained an undefined danger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4625969393734658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c01b8e01-75b5-4d82-b6dc-e71f1221b066>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.654121"}
{"text": "american roots. while continuing to tread carefully for their own survival, players such as reinhardt had charged the music with new potency and, despite the best efforts of goebbels the his charlie cohorts, jazz remained an undefined danger zone. the zazou fad was the first youth \u2018 movement \u2019 to openly claim a patch and square itself against the hooks of german occupation. its battle issue was non - conformity. in 1942 the nazi - run mag l \u2019 illustration attacked the zazou style ; men wore a \u2018 lumber jacket, which they show an unwillingness to take off, even when it \u2019 s soaking wet. the women wear cheap furs, turtle - necked sweaters and very short pleated skirts. they are armed with vast umbrellas that remain obstinately folded whatever the weather \u2019. by 1944 seventy - eight anti - zazou articles were published in the pro - nazi vichy govt press. zazous were lazy, vain, \u2018 judeo - gaullist shirkers \u2019. their beating came highly recommended. round - ups began in bars. zazous were roughed up on the streets. the fascist youth organisation jeunesse populaire francaise adopted the slogan \u201c scalp the zazous! \u201d \u2013 perhaps this sounded better in french. zouzous were set upon with hair - clippers by squads of young fascists. they were beaten, arrested, sent to the country to work the land. before long many zazous went underground, ducking for cover in basement clubs and jazz halls. by 1944 seventy - eight anti - zazou articles had been published in the pro - nazi vichy govt press targeting the louche phenomenon of work - shy zouzous. \u2018 work for germany? i \u2019 d rather die! \u2019 \u2018 bravo! young man, don \u2019 t you like germany? \u2019 and as the allies began bombing closer to the city, the nazi round - ups increased. in 1943 the german kommandantur of paris requested that reinhardt and the nouveau quintet of paris be summoned to berlin to play for the nazi high command. django made excuses. the kommandantur insisted. django decided to hit the road. filling his buick from a wad of gas coupons, django skipped town with his wife. they headed to the german - franco border, with the plan to escape to switzerland. when the car ran out of gas, they sold it and brought themselves tickets for a clandestine truck to take them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44955004390256836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c01b8e01-75b5-4d82-b6dc-e71f1221b066>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.655151"}
{"text": "coupons, django skipped town with his wife. they headed to the german - franco border, with the plan to escape to switzerland. when the car ran out of gas, they sold it and brought themselves tickets for a clandestine truck to take them across. that night, passing through the border, the truck was subjected to a search. they were found and turned back with a warning. while he planned his next step, he moved his family to thonon, where they lived near the savoy bar. this place was the genuine melting pot \u2013 full of jazz - loving nazis, gypsies and zazous who had left paris. django began playing here, as well as various parties around the area. he became a regular at functions thrown in chateau la folie owned by the schwartz family and set on a leafy acreage. but the occupation continued to tighten its grip. the schwartz family were denounced by the gardener \u2019 s son as jews \u2013 they were deported and perished in the camps. the gestapo took over the estate. django decided to try and get to geneva via the west. again, the venture failed. he was also told not to try and escape france from the north because of german u - boats. instead, he and his pregnant wife decided to hike the alps to freedom. they met their guide at a cafe. they were overheard by a german officer. they were all arrested. under interrogation, his british performing rights society card was confiscated and he was declared a spy. finally the officers brought in the local kommandant to continue the questioning. the kommandant was a jazz fan ; django and his wife were released. they returned again to paris. paris, 1944. sniper fire shortly after the liberation. life / time images. on june 6th 1944 the allies invaded france at normandy. the german occupation of paris ended on august 25th, 1944, when general jacques phillippe leclerc \u2019 s second free french armoured division, supported by the us fourth infantry division, entered the city. only days before the liberation the nazis murdered several thousand roma and sinti \u2018 gypsies \u2019 at the zigeunerlager in the auschwtiz - birkenau concentration camp. as the council of europe described it : \u201c germans who took part in the slaughter later described it as the most difficult moment in the war for them, as romani women struggled to hang on to their children. the crematorium burned all night \u201d. around 600, 000 to 1. 5 million roma were exter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.425406642735652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c01b8e01-75b5-4d82-b6dc-e71f1221b066>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.656192"}
{"text": "in the slaughter later described it as the most difficult moment in the war for them, as romani women struggled to hang on to their children. the crematorium burned all night \u201d. around 600, 000 to 1. 5 million roma were exterminated during the holocaust. one of django \u2019 s cousins had faked his identity as django in an attempt to save his own life \u2013 without success. paris itself only barely escaped destruction. hitler had ordered german commander, general dietrich von cholitz, to leave the city in ruins. cholitz turned fate and disobeyed \u2013 he left it intact. as the world struggled to recover django reunited with grappelli. together they toured the us with duke ellington. in 1949 he eventually sold his paris apartment, bought a lincoln, attached a trailer and hit the rural back - roads of france. he later hooked up a larger caravan for his mother, who had been living in an old converted citroen. reinhardt would occasionally visited paris for a show \u2013 getting by on the wad of banknotes he kept under the pillow. the basement of the caveau de la huchette, one of the first clubs to open after the war. it filled instantly with soldiers \u2013 mostly afro - american. despite goebbels best efforts the music could never be contained, quarantined or owned. the music leaves a legacy \u2013 as well as a brilliant but haunting accompaniment to the uncertainty, terror and mass obliteration that tore through those years. check out the fascinating but graphic clip of europe on its knees by 1944, to the gilded music of lili marleen - a wartime favourite on both sides of the front. django \u2019 s melancholy war - inspired nuages, below ( here recorded on electric ) was another track that walked the lines, elevating him beyond the divisions \u2013 and onto stardom \u2013 during his years in occupied paris. \u201c he did more for the guitar than any other man in jazz \u201d stephane grappelli told melody maker following reinhardt \u2019 s death in 1953. \u201c his way of playing was unlike anyone else \u2019 s, and jazz is different because of him. there can be many other fine guitarists, but never can there be another reinhardt. i am sure of that. \u201d i highly recommend leotaurus1975 on youtube for a comprehensive look at the music of the times, along with some great clips of the time. michael dregni \u2019 s book on django is also worth a delve, as well as a great", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4094023755477001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c01b8e01-75b5-4d82-b6dc-e71f1221b066>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.657321"}
{"text": "this beautiful young lady is juana ines de asbaje y ramirez de santillana ( 1651 - 1695 ), or as she would later become known, sor juana ines de la cruz. and she was a badass. the woman at whom you are daring to look was a kickass feminist ( and possibly lesbian ) writer, poet, and nun. that \u2019 s right, nun - drop your stereotypes, because she doesn \u2019 t fit in any of your shoeboxes. a self - taught scholar, she had to overcome all odds to become the boss whom she inarguably is known as today. the illegitimate child of a spanish captain and a criollo woman, she grew up the daughter of a single mother in a society that frowned upon women doing much other than existing quietly. juana was a devout child who would steal away to read her grandfather \u2019 s books, although girls were forbidden from doing so, and learned to read and write in various languages at very young ages. she attempted to disguise herself as a male student to enter university in mexico city at age 16, but was found out and made to continue her studies privately under the vicereine leonor carreto. leonor \u2019 s husband, the viceroy antonio sebastian de toledo, doubted the teenage juana \u2019 s supposed intelligence, so he invited theologians, lawyers, philosophers, and poets to test her education. she stunned them all with her bright, articulate presence, and her reputation became known quickly throughout new spain ( as mexico was then called ). her literary and poetic accomplishments, in addition to her beauty, made her a famous member of the viceregal court, where she declined several proposals of marriage. she shocked the court when she entered the convent of the discalced carmelites of st. joseph as a postulant in 1667. in 1669, she entered the convent of the order of st. jerome. far from becoming the silent, obedient stereotype of the catholic woman religious, her writings became even more strident and firm. in response to her critics, juana penned the respuesta a sor filotea ( reply to sister philothea ) in which she defended a woman \u2019 s right to education. the catholic hierarchy and other prominent male officials condemned and censored her work in view of its \u201c waywardness, \u201d forcing her to do public penance. juana \u2019 s pen fell curiously silent, as the church published penitential documents to which her name had been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38845891798689236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b054fc0b-1bad-4db8-b072-758c698e99d2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.661185"}
{"text": "the characteristic features of the climate of malaysia are uniform temperature, high humidity and copious rainfall and they arise from the maritime exposure of the country. winds are generally light. situated at the equatorial doldrum area, it is extremely rare to have a full day with completely clear sky even in periods of severe drought. on the other hand, it is also rare to have a stretch of a few days with completely no sunshine except during the northeast monsoon seasons. wind flow in malaysia though the wind over the country is generally light and variable, there are, however, some uniform periodic changes in the wind flow patterns. based on these changes, four seasons can be distinguished, namely, the southwest monsoon, northeast monsoon and two shorter inter monsoon seasons. the southwest monsoon is usually established in the later half of may or early june and ends in september. the prevailing wind flow is generally south westerly and light, below 15 knots. the northeast monsoon usually commences in early november and ends in march. during this season, steady easterly or north - easterly winds of 10 to 20 knots prevail. the more severely affected areas are the east coast states of peninsular malaysia where the wind may reach 30 knots or more during periods of intense surges of cold air from the north ( cold surges ). the winds during the two inter monsoon seasons are generally light and variable. during these seasons, the equatorial trough lies over it is worth mentioning that during the months of april to november, when typhoons frequently develop over the west pacific and move westwards across the philippines, south - westerly winds over the northwest coast of sabah and sarawak region may strengthen reaching 20 knots or more. as malaysia is mainly a maritime country, the effect of land and sea breezes on the general wind flow pattern is very marked especially over days with clear skies. on bright sunny afternoons, sea breezes of 10 to 15 knots very often develop and reach up to several tens of kilometre inland. on clear nights, the reverse process takes place and land breezes of weaker strength can also develop over the the seasonal wind flow patterns coupled with the local topographic features determine the rainfall distribution patterns over the country. during the northeast monsoon season, the exposed areas like the east coast of peninsular malaysia, western sarawak and the northeast coast of sabah experiences heavy rain spells. on the other hand, inland areas or areas which are sheltered by mountain ranges are relatively free from its influence. it is best to describe the rainfall distribution of the country according to seasons. seasonal rainfall variation in peninsular malaysia the seasonal variation of rainfall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.441982556034103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51c6d028-a39f-4c71-878e-76eb0d45ff94>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.670832"}
{"text": "spells. on the other hand, inland areas or areas which are sheltered by mountain ranges are relatively free from its influence. it is best to describe the rainfall distribution of the country according to seasons. seasonal rainfall variation in peninsular malaysia the seasonal variation of rainfall in peninsular malaysia is of three main types : ( a ) over the east coast districts, november, december and january are the months with maximum rainfall, while june and july are the driest months in most districts. ( b ) over the rest of the peninsula with the exception of the southwest coastal area, the monthly rainfall pattern shows two periods of maximum rainfall separated by two periods of minimum rainfall. the primary maximum generally occurs in october - november while the secondary maximum generally occurs in april - may. over the north - western region, the primary minimum occurs in january - february with the secondary minimum in june - july while elsewhere the primary minimum occurs in june - july with the secondary minimum ( c ) the rainfall pattern over the southwest coastal area is much affected by early morning \" sumatras \" from may to august with the result that the double maxima and minima pattern is no longer discernible. october and november are the months with maximum rainfall and february the month with minimum rainfall. the march - april - may maximum and the june - july minimum are absent or seasonal rainfall variation in sabah and sarawak the seasonal variation of rainfall in sabah and sarawak can be five main types : ( a ) the coastal areas of sarawak and northeast sabah experience a rainfall regime of one maximum and one minimum. while the maximum occurs during january in both areas, the occurrence of the minimum differs. in the coastal areas of sarawak, the minimum occurs in june or july while in the northeast coastal areas of sabah, it occurs in april. under this regime, much of the rainfall is received during the northeast monsoon months of december to march. in fact, it accounts for more than half of the annual rainfall received on the western part of sarawak. ( b ) inland areas of sarawak generally experience quite evenly distributed annual rainfall. nevertheless, slightly less rainfall is received during the period june to august which corresponds to the occurrence of prevailing south - westerly winds. it must be pointed out that the highest annual rainfall area in malaysia may well be found in the hill slopes of inland sarawak areas. long akah, by virtue of its location, receives a mean annual rainfall of more than 5000 mm. ( c ) the northwest coast of sabah experiences a rainfall regime of which two maxima and two minima can be distinctly identified. the primary maximum occurs in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4815625833974453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51c6d028-a39f-4c71-878e-76eb0d45ff94>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.672450"}
{"text": "lowest average monthly temperature. the average daily temperature in most districts to the east of the main range is lower than that of the corresponding districts west of the main range. the differences in the average values in the east and the west are due almost entirely to the low day temperatures experienced in the eastern districts during the northeast monsoon as a result of rain and greater cloud cover. at kuala terengganu, for example, the day temperature rarely reaches 32\u00b0c during the northeast monsoon and often fails to reach 27\u00b0c. a number of occasions have been recorded on which the temperature did not rise above 24\u00b0c which is quite frequently the lowest temperature reached during the night in most districts. night temperatures do not vary to the same extent, the average usually being between21\u00b0c to 24\u00b0c. individual values can fall much below this at nearly all stations, the coolest nights commonly follow some of the hottest days. as mentioned earlier, malaysia has high humidity. the mean monthly relative humidity falls within 70to 90 %, varying from place to place and from month to month. for any specific area, the range of the mean monthly relative humidity varies from a minimum of 3 % to a maximum of about 15 %. in peninsular malaysia, the minimum range of mean relative humidity varies from a low 84 % in february to a high of only 88 % in november. the maximum range is found in the northwest area of the peninsula ( alor setar ) where the mean relative humidity varies from a low of 72 % in february to a high of 87 %. it is observed that in peninsular malaysia, the minimum relative humidity is normally found in the months of january and february except for the east coast states of kelantan and terengganu which have the minimum in march. the maximum is however generally found in the month of november. as in the case of temperature, the diurnal variation of relative humidity is much greater as compared to the annual variation. the mean daily minimum can be as low as 42 % during the dry months and reaches as high as 70 % during the wet months. the mean daily maximum, however, does not vary much from place to place and is at no place falls below 94 %. it may reach as high as nearly 100 %. again, the northwest states of kedah and perlis have the largest diurnal variation of relative humidity. sunshine and solar radiation being a maritime country close to the equator, malaysia naturally has abundant sunshine and thus solar radiation. however, it is extremely rare to have a full day with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.476911680818251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51c6d028-a39f-4c71-878e-76eb0d45ff94>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.676172"}
{"text": "happy easter, happy passover, and happy cherry blossom time! i hope you are having a joyous spring! native to japan, the yoshino cherry ( prunus x yedoensis ) is cultivated extensively and is also found growing wild on plains and mountains countrywide. for more than ten centuries, and continuing with no less enthusiasm today, cherry blossom time has been cause for joyful celebration that is deeply integrated in the japanese culture. cherry blossoms, cherry blossoms as far as you can see. across yayoi skies is it mist? is it clouds? ah, the fragrance! let us go, let us go and see! to see a cherry blossom snowstorm : in the japanese language the cherry is called \u201c sakura, \u201d which is generally believed to be a corruption of the word \u201c sukuya \u201d ( blooming ). poets and artists strive to express the loveliness of its flowers in words and artistry. called the flower of flowers, when the japanese use the word \u201c hane \u201d ( flower ) it has come to mean sakura, and no other flower. since the heian period \u201c hanami \u201d has referred to cherry blossom viewing ; the term was used to describe cherry blossom parties in the tale of gengi. aristocrats wrote poetry and sang songs under the flowering trees for celebratory flower viewing parties. the custom soon spread to the samurai society and by the edo period, hanami was celebrated by all people. from ancient times, during early spring planting rituals, falling blossoms symbolized a bounteous crop of rice. beginning with the heian period ( 794 \u2013 1185 ), when the imperial courtiers of kyoto held power, the preference for graceful beauty and the appreciation of cherry blossoms for beauty \u2019 s sake began to evolve. the way in which cherry petals fall at the height of their beauty, before they have withered and become unsightly, and the transience of their brief period of blooming, assumed symbolism in buddhism and the samurai warrior code. the delicacy and transience of the cherry blossom have poignant and poetic appeal, providing themes for songs and poems since the earliest times. the motif of the five petal cherry blossoms is used extensively for decorative arts designs, including kimonos, works in enamel, pottery, and lacquer ware. cherry tree wood is valued for its tight grain and is a lustrous reddish brown when polished. the wood is used to make furniture, trays, seals, checkerboards, and woodblocks for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.477961259153542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d32de58-5e49-4fed-9452-c4645c3ec7f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.680504"}
{"text": ", pottery, and lacquer ware. cherry tree wood is valued for its tight grain and is a lustrous reddish brown when polished. the wood is used to make furniture, trays, seals, checkerboards, and woodblocks for producing color wood block prints. in modern times the advent of the cherry blossom season not only heralds the coming of spring, but is also the beginning of the new school year and the new fiscal year for businesses. today families and friends gather under the blooms and celebrate with picnicking, drinking, and singing. the fleeting beauty of the blossoms, scattering just a few days after flowering, is a reminder to take time to appreciate life. in the evening when the sun goes down, viewing the pale - colored cherry blossoms silhouetted against the night sky is considered an added pleasure of the season. the tradition of celebrating cherry blossom season began in the united states when, on valentine \u2019 s day in 1912, tokyo mayor yukio okaki gave the city of washington, d. c., 3, 000 of twelve different varieties of cherry trees as an act of friendship. first lady helen taft and the wife of the japanese ambassador, viscountess chinda, planted the initial two of these first cherry trees in potomac park. today cherry blossom festivals are celebrated annually not only in wash - ington, d. c., but in brooklyn, san francisco, seattle, and macon, georgia. it is said that the true lover of cherry blossoms considers the season is at its height when the buds are little more than half open \u2014 for when the blossoms are fully opened there is already the intimation of their decline.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4364061654609285, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d32de58-5e49-4fed-9452-c4645c3ec7f1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.684382"}
{"text": "a few months ago we wrote about kristianstad, sweden, an area that now uses biomass to generate all of its heat and some of its electricity. that city pioneered use of this renewable technology, and gradually biomass evolved from a niche component of its fuel mix to the backbone of its fuel supply. a number of rural areas in germany and the netherlands have undertaken similar projects. as the article noted, while biomass could be deployed in similar agricultural regions in the united states, adoption has been slow in this country. that looks as if it might be changing. this week the federal department of agriculture announced a host of renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in rural america, and agriculture secretary tom vilsack is touring the midwest, seeding biomass projects as he goes. on friday, the departments of agriculture and energy announced that up to $ 30 million would go toward supporting research and development in advanced biofuels, bioenergy and \u201c high - value biobased products \u201d over the next three to four years. the money is to be dispensed through the biomass research and development initiative, which started accepting proposals last year. if properly produced, biomass heat and power produce fewer emissions than fossil fuels like coal or oil because much of the material used as fuel would otherwise sit in landfill releasing methane, a potent greenhouse gas, as it rots. the use of biomass could also reduce the need to import oil. president obama has called for a one - third reduction in the nation \u2019 s oil imports by 2025. biomass can include old tree cuttings, rice husks, corn stalks, manure - \u2013 almost any kind of biological farm waste. in the past these leftovers were typically left to rot. so a growing number of agricultural regions are burning them or degrading them through chemical digestion to produce biogas. but new forms of biomass, like the algae biomass produced at the plant that secretary vilsack is visiting friday afternoon, do not use agricultural leftovers ; they rely on farmers or factories that grow plants specifically for use as fuel. that involves a different kind of trade - off, since those fields and farms could instead be growing food.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47304488425993707, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:13940d0b-06e8-4997-b246-39c74fa8ce80>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.687953"}
{"text": "if soil moisture is sufficient for germination and emergence, august alfalfa seedings offer several advantages over spring seedings, say rory lewandowski and mark sulc, ohio state university extension educator and forage specialist, respectively. in late summer, alfalfa seedlings have less weed competition, and soil - borne disease organisms that thrive in cool, wet soils aren \u2019 t an issue. also, time spent on field preparation and planting doesn \u2019 t compete with corn and soybean field work. however, late - summer seedings come with risks that must be managed, the two specialists warn. ideally, seedings should be completed by mid - august in northern ohio and by aug. 31 in the southern part of the state. those timelines are based on average frost dates and the time needed for alfalfa plants to develop root systems capable of overwintering. later planting dates will work if the fall is warmer than normal, but the risk of failure is higher. no - tilling alfalfa into a small - grain stubble often works well, lewandowski and sulc point out. however, sclerotinia crown and stem rot is a concern with no - till seedings, especially where clover has been present in the past. the disease, which causes white mold on alfalfa seedlings, infects them during cool, rainy spells in late october and november. early august plantings dramatically improve the crop ' s ability to resist the infection. late - august seedings are very susceptible, with mid - august seedings being intermediate. in no - till situations, the two experts recommend a preplant glyphosate application to minimize competition from existing weeds. after the alfalfa is up and growing, late - emerging winter - annual broadleaf weeds must be controlled, and butyrac, pursuit and raptor are the primary herbicide options. fall applications are much more effective than spring applications for controlling those weeds, especially if wild radish or wild turnip is in the weed mix. if tillage is used to prepare the soil for planting, a firm seedbed is needed to ensure good seed - to - soil contact. a preplant herbicide isn \u2019 t required, but the risk of establishing a tilled seedbed for a late - summer planting, especially this year, is moisture loss. don \u2019 t plant seeds into a dry seedbed, lewandowski and sulc emphasize. finally, they say to keep the following factors in mind anytime alfalfa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3668368778825535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:086a5bfa-d53e-44b0-bfcc-383a7c779708>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.691641"}
{"text": "##bed for a late - summer planting, especially this year, is moisture loss. don \u2019 t plant seeds into a dry seedbed, lewandowski and sulc emphasize. finally, they say to keep the following factors in mind anytime alfalfa is planted : \u25cf soil fertility and ph \u2013 the recommended soil ph for alfalfa is 6. 8. the minimum or critical soil phosphorus level is 25 ppm and the critical soil potassium level is between 100 and 125 ppm for many ohio soils. \u25cf seed selection \u2013 be sure to use high - quality seed of adapted, tested varieties and use fresh inoculum of the proper rhizobium bacteria. \u25cf planter calibration \u2013 if coated alfalfa seed is used, be aware that coatings can account for up to one - third of the weight of the seed. that can affect the number of seeds planted if the planter is set to plant seed on a weight basis. seed coatings can also dramatically alter how the seed flows through the drill, so be sure to calibrate the drill or planter with the seed being planted. \u25cf seed placement \u2013 the recommended seeding depth for alfalfa is \u00bc - \u00bd \u201d. it \u2019 s better to err on the side of planting shallow rather than too deep. for more late - season alfalfa seeding recommendations, read seed alfalfa in early fall, california research indicates.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37912491771534046, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:086a5bfa-d53e-44b0-bfcc-383a7c779708>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.692284"}
{"text": "friday, dec. 7 ( healthday news ) - - increased use of electronic medical records and other digital technologies in health care might lead to a significant rise in the number of repetitive strain injuries suffered by doctors, nurses and other medical workers, researchers suggest. these muscle and joint injuries are caused by improper use of computer devices and poor office layouts, according to alan hedge, a professor of human factors and ergonomics at cornell university in ithaca, n. y. \" many hospitals are investing heavily in new technology with almost no consideration for principles of ergonomics design for computer workplaces, \" he said in a university news release. \" we saw a similar pattern starting in the 1980s when commercial workplaces computerized, and there was an explosion of musculoskeletal injuries for more than a decade afterward. \" ergonomics is an applied science pertaining to safe and efficient equipment design. in one study of 179 doctors, hedge found that most female doctors and more than 40 percent of male doctors reported that they experienced repetitive strain - related neck, shoulder and upper and lower back pain at least once a week. about 40 percent of female doctors and 30 percent of male doctors reported right wrist pain at least once a week. the findings were recently presented at the annual meeting of the proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society in boston. \" these rates are alarming. when more than 40 percent of employees are complaining about regular problems, that ' s a sign something needs to be done to address it, \" hedge said in the news release. \" in a lot of hospitals and medical offices, workplace safety focuses on preventing slips, trips and falls and on patient handling, but the effects of computer use on the human body are neglected. \" in another study involving 180 doctors and 63 nurse practitioners and physician assistants, hedge found that more than 90 percent of them used a desktop computer and, on average, spent more than five hours a day using computers. fifty - six percent of doctors and 71 percent of nurse practitioners and physician assistants said their amount of computer use at work had increased in the past year. only about 5 percent of them said they had an \" expert knowledge \" of ergonomics, and more than two - thirds said they had no input in the planning or design of their computer or clinical workstation. the study was published in the book \" advances in human aspects of healthcare. \" \" we can ' t assume that just because people are doctors or work in health care that they know about ergonomics, \" hedge said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4627376919699799, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:853bcec2-e165-4b7b-8b56-5e950020b5fb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.695152"}
{"text": "by alan mozes thursday, jan. 3 ( healthday news ) - - it ' s possible that a serious mosquito - borne virus - - with no known vaccine or treatment - - could migrate from central africa and southeast asia to the united states within a year, new research suggests. the chances of a u. s. outbreak of the chikungunya virus ( chikv ) varies by season and geography, with those regions typified by longer stretches of warm weather facing longer periods of high risk, according to the researchers ' new computer model. \" the only way for this disease to be transmitted is if a mosquito bites an infected human and a few days after that it bites a healthy individual, transmitting the virus, \" said study lead author diego ruiz - moreno, a postdoctoral associate in the department of ecology and evolutionary biology at cornell university in ithaca, n. y. \" the repetition of this sequence of events can lead to a disease outbreak. \" and that, ruiz - moreno said, is where weather comes into the picture, with computer simulations revealing that the risk of an outbreak rises when temperatures, and therefore mosquito populations, rise. the study analyzed possible outbreak scenarios in three u. s. locales. in 2013, the new york region is set to face its highest risk for a chikv outbreak during the warm months of august and september, the analysis suggests. by contrast, atlanta ' s highest - risk period was identified as longer, beginning in june and running through september. miami ' s consistent warm weather means the region faces a higher risk all year. \" warmer weather increases the length of the period of high risk, \" ruiz - moreno said. \" this is particularly worrisome if we think of the effects of climate change over [ average ] temperatures in the near future. \" ruiz - moreno discussed his team ' s research - - funded in part by the u. s. national institute for food and agriculture - - in a recent issue of the journal plos neglected tropical diseases. chikv was first identified in tanzania in 1953, the authors noted, and the severe joint and muscle pain, fever, fatigue, headaches, rashes and nausea that can result are sometimes confused with symptoms of dengue fever. few patients die of the illness, and about one - quarter show no symptoms whatsoever. many patients, however, experience prolonged joint pain, and there is no effective treatment for the disease, leaving physicians to focus on symptom relief. disease spread is of paramount concern in the week following infection, during", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4601359393513694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:854b0942-211a-407b-9a15-294436c7edf1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.700904"}
{"text": "- quarter show no symptoms whatsoever. many patients, however, experience prolonged joint pain, and there is no effective treatment for the disease, leaving physicians to focus on symptom relief. disease spread is of paramount concern in the week following infection, during which the patient serves as a viral host for biting mosquitoes. infected mosquitoes can then transmit the virus and cause a full - blown outbreak. the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention became aware of the growing threat of a global outbreak in 2005 and 2006, following the onset of epidemics in india, southeast asia, reunion island and other islands in the indian ocean. in 2007, public health concerns mounted following an outbreak in italy. to assess the risk of a u. s. epidemic, the authors collected data concerning regional mosquito population patterns, daily regional weather and human population statistics. they ran the information through a computer simulation designed to conservatively crunch the numbers based on the likelihood that an outbreak would occur in the coming year after just one chikv - infected individual entered any of the three test regions. the results suggested that because environmental factors affect mosquito growth cycles, the regional risk for a chikv outbreak is, to a large degree, a function of weather. the authors said that public health organizations need to be \" vigilant, \" while advocating for region - specific planning to address varying levels of risk across the country. however, dr. erin staples, a cdc medical epidemiologist based in fort collins, colo., said that although the study was \" carefully and nicely done \" the investigation ' s focus on the role of temperature in chikv outbreak risk should not negate the importance of other key factors such as human behavior. \" we ' re aware of the potential introduction and spread of this virus, as well as several other mosquito - borne diseases, \" she said. \" we ' ve been working to create and prepare a response to the risk that this virus could expand into the u. s. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43199120024499693, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:854b0942-211a-407b-9a15-294436c7edf1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.701937"}
{"text": "mental health practitioners : who \u2019 s who? by amy scholten, mph if you or a loved one needs mental health services, it can be a challenge to choose which practitioner would be the best choice. while your doctor can provide a referral, it helps to know the difference between the types of professionals who specialize in mental health : psychiatrist ( md or do ) psychiatrists are medical doctors who have specialized training to diagnosis and treat mental health conditions. treatment from a psychiatrist typically involves being prescribed medicine, such as a mood stabilizer to treat bipolar disorder, and undergoing psychotherapy. some psychiatrists, though, only manage the medicine - side of treatment and refer you to another practitioner for therapy. a psychiatrist \u2019 s training includes a bachelors degree, medical school, and four years of residency training in the field of psychiatry. many psychiatrists get additional training so that they can specialize in areas, such as working with children, teens, the elderly, and people with addiction problems. psychologist ( phd or psyd ) psychologists are mental health professionals who work in a variety of settings including clinics, hospitals, private practice, schools, and universities. psychologists have a doctorate degree in psychology, which they obtain after getting a bachelors degree. depending on their training and specialization, psychologists may : mental health counselor ( ma, ms, ccmhc ) and licensed professional counselor ( lpc ) top mental health counselors and licensed professional counselors are therapists who are trained to diagnose and provide individual and group counseling. they often provide general psychotherapy. they work in community mental health centers, in group or private practices, or other settings. mental health counselors and licensed professional counselors have a masters degree ( usually in clinical or counseling psychology ) and several years of supervised clinical work experience. clinical social worker ( csw, msw, lsw, lcsw ) top licensed social workers are mental health providers that deal with a range of issues, such as life events, family conflicts, domestic abuse, and substance abuse. they not only do assessments and offer therapy, but also help patients find community care. social workers have an advanced degree in social work that they obtain after they get a bachelors degree. they may practice in community mental health centers, family services agencies, private practice, and many other locations. alcohol and drug abuse counselor or addiction counselor ( csac, cac ) top certified alcohol and drug abuse counselors and addiction counselors are trained to diagnose and provide individual and group counseling for individuals with addiction problems. they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4143039988931978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f020d535-cdb9-4b8e-ace9-1800b2849c94>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.707573"}
{"text": "many other locations. alcohol and drug abuse counselor or addiction counselor ( csac, cac ) top certified alcohol and drug abuse counselors and addiction counselors are trained to diagnose and provide individual and group counseling for individuals with addiction problems. they may work in drug abuse and addiction centers, hospitals, clinics, and community mental health centers. training may include a bachelors degree, specific training in alcohol and drug abuse ( eg, a certificate program in alcohol and drug abuse counseling ), and supervised experience. pastoral counselors ( ma, ms, mdiv, dmin ) top pastoral counselors are certified mental health professionals who have had extensive religious / theological training and clinical training in the behavioral sciences. they may specialize in marriage and family therapy, addiction, grief, and other mental health issues. they may also provide educational programs on preparing for marriage, adjusting to divorce, and coping with loss and grief. they may work in health clinics, state hospitals, private and group practices, congregation - based centers, or in pastoral counseling centers. pastoral counselors typically have a bachelor degree, a three - year professional degree, and a specialized master or doctoral degree in a mental health field. marriage and family therapist ( mft ) top marriage and family therapists diagnose and treat mental and emotional disorders, and other health and behavioral problems within the context of marriage, couples, and family systems. they often work in group or private practices. marriage and family therapists have a masters or doctoral degree in marriage and family therapy, as well as clinical experience. they are trained in psychotherapy and family systems. american psychological association mental health america canadian mental health association canadian psychiatric association alcohol and drug abuse counseling certificate. uc san diego extension website. available at : http : / / extension. u.... accessed july 9, 2012. frequently asked questions about pastoral counselors. the pastoral counseling center website. available at : http : / / www. pccmidvalley. org / pastoral - counseling - faq. html. accessed july 9, 2012. mental health professionals : who they are and how to find one. national alliance on mental health website. available at : http : / / www. nami. or.... accessed july 9, 2012. types of mental health professionals. mental health america website. available at : http : / / www. mentalh.... accessed july 9, 2012. what is a marriage counselor? california association of marriage and family therapists website. available at : http : /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39580813303511064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f020d535-cdb9-4b8e-ace9-1800b2849c94>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.708954"}
{"text": "here are some possible methods of arriving at a body count : - everyone mentioned except enoch and elijah, as per bob jones ' s note - only those mentioned of meeting an untimely end - those mentioned as meeting an untimely end, plus reasonable assumptions about casualties on all sides in battles, famines or other events mentioned since the ot is not history in the modern sense, the count would only be a rough estimate and the margin of error would be inestimable. from a scholarly viewpoint, the number would not be useful, as there is no other number with which to compare it. it ' s not like asking \" how many people were killed in wwii \", an historical event for which we have some reliable records. we would then have to ask what the purpose of arriving at this number is. here are some possibilities : - proof that the ot outlook on life is essentially violent and retributive - proof that despite the violent surroundings, the ot produced prophecy of high moral vision - proof that the ot is inferior ( or superior ) to some other body of scripture or literature - elucidate the similarities or differences with other collections of literature, such as greek or hindu epic literature, and arrive at some conclusion - support speculation regarding the spiritual or moral meaning of the number or the fate of the people involved only the fourth purpose could be called hermeneutic. in any event, the wars and plagues mentioned on the ot were in no way unusual for the ancient world. there is a good summary of ancient warfare on wikipedia. it looks like the major players in our area of interest were the egyptians, assyrians and later the persian and greeks. the people of the book were minor actors on this stage, along with the edomites, amelikites and philistines. it was indeed a nasty period of human history, but was to get much worse with technological improvements and population growth after the end of the ot. the roman conquests, islamic conquests, crusades, and well, you know the vikings weren ' t known for their merciful acts. yet out of this global mayhem there arose a culture of prophecy that held that men should hammer swords into plows, spears into pruning hooks, stop conspiring to war, look out for widows, orphans and the displaced, forgive bad debts, and see themselves as stewards of the land rather than its owners. the record of that culture is found on the ot.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4276654880113241, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc786ec1-ee4b-4834-9296-10936c7dd6cf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.713210"}
{"text": "19th century subdivision map of planned bartow village located at http : / / www. historicpelham. com /. please click here for index to all blog postings. during the mid to late 19th century, there was an area in the town of pelham known as bartow. the hamlet of bartow was a quaint and small collection of residences located on the mainland near city island. the entire area - - as well as city island - - was annexed by new york city, effective in 1896. before then, however, the little area known variously as bartow, bartow - on - the - sound, bartow station and bartow village became an important part of pelham and its history. detail of 1895 map by julius bien & co. showing bartow, northwest of city island. all that remains today of the little hamlet of bartow are the remnants of a once beautiful stone train station designed by famed architect cass gilbert and built in 1908 to replace the little wooden station built on the branch line in the 1870s. the station was known as bartow station. today the stone station is a collapsed and decrepit shell covered with vandals ' graffiti. in pelham bay park i have published to the historic pelham blog a number of postings about the hamlet of bartow and the remnants of its train station. see : thu. march 24, 2005 : the bartow area of pelham in the 19th century : where was it? thu. july 21, 2005 : today ' s remnants of the bartow station on the branch line near city island? this \" map of bartow village \" shows a planned subdivision thwarted by new york city ' s acquisition and annexation of the lands as part of its development of pelham bay park during the late 19th century. the map offers an interesting insight into the area. the railroad tracks cross the map from left to right in its very center. the small black rectangle at the center of the map represents the bartow station. a photograph of the remnants of that station appears above. today ' s pathway leading to the remnants of the station appears to lie approximately where \" third street \" was planned in the little village. on the long island sound side of the railroad tracks, there were a number of streets planned to lead from today ' s shore road toward the railroad tracks : first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth streets. third street was the only such street planned to cross the railroad tracks. bishop avenue was planned for construction parallel to the railroad tracks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3906088502576789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7272c139-0602-4758-b3c9-98199219e168>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.719839"}
{"text": "the state of vermont does not have a uniform occupancy standard. an occupancy standard is a law, ordinance or guideline that outlines how much space is required per person in a living unit. some rules express the requirements in terms of square footage per person for specific activities such as sleeping, eating and living space. several communities ( including burlington and rutland ) in vermont have enacted ordinances that place restrictions on how many people can live in a dwelling. other guidelines, such as hud \u2019 s guideline ( 21 kb ), recommends two persons per bedroom. there are exceptions to this standard ; for instance, if a dwelling has two bedrooms and one bedroom is very large, it might be reasonable to allow three people to use the large bedroom. occasionally there are sewage and water limitations that are placed on specific properties. these types of limitations are usually found at mobile home / trailer parks. these restrictions must be enforced consistently and must be restrictions that are part of the property \u2019 s conditions for receiving the required permits. occupancy restrictions must be documented and cannot be arbitrarily used by the property owner to exclude or limit the number of children in a park or complex. faq \u2013 i am a single mother with a young child. i went to rent a one - bedroom apartment and the owner said that i could not rent it because it is not right for a child and parent to share a bedroom. is that okay? no. you are the person who decides whether or not your child can sleep in the same room as you. two persons per room is the standard. in addition, sometimes property owners don \u2019 t want to rent two - bedroom apartments to families with two children of the opposite sex. the property owner cannot lawfully use that as a reason to turn a family down. faq - i rent properties to students. i have known students to cram six people into what i consider a four person unit. do i have to allow this? check your local ordinances to see if there are any occupancy restrictions. if there are no such ordinances, then reasonableness is the standard. if it is a unit that only has two bedrooms and none of the bedrooms are abnormally large then it would probably be reasonable to restrict occupancy to four people. if, on the other hand, the bedrooms are extremely large and could easily accommodate three persons, then your restriction may not be reasonable. conversely, if a dwelling has two bedrooms and one of the bedrooms is very small, it might be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4883056834172437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55a0869d-006d-498c-a626-e18f7fc8c0aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.723285"}
{"text": "appeal to the australian government to ratify the united nations convention on the protection of the rights of all migrant workers and members of their families ( the migrant workers convention ) international migrants day \u2013 18 december 2011 the migrant workers convention is one of the nine core united nations human rights treaties. it has been ratified by 45 countries. on this 21st anniversary of the signing of this convention and eight years after it entered into force, we join in the civil society appeal to australia to ratify the convention and to be become a leader advocating for the protection of human rights of those who work outside their country of origin. the convention upholds what is already obvious : that the rights of migrants and their families are human rights. australia and ratification of the convention the australian government has stated that its laws are already consistent with the standards of the convention. australia \u2019 s voice and leadership on this issue will make a difference for migrants everywhere and will reinforce the efforts of those in australia working to ensure these commonly accepted employment standards are upheld. australia has been one of the greatest migrant receiving countries in history, and the modern australian community has come into being through generations of migration. in 2010 australia was home to 6 million migrants born in over 200 countries of the world. the country has strived for a high standard in the inclusion accorded to new arrivals, and to ensure that they become part of its community. the convention will help australia to advance this high standard into the future as the world responds to the globalisation of labour. ratification will complement existing government efforts to address the exploitation of migrant workers that occurs via clandestine labour movements and labour trafficking. conditions faced by migrant workers around the world it is intolerable that an individual working far from home should be kept in virtual slavery. it is unacceptable that a worker should be denied the rightful wages they have earned, simply because they are working outside their country of birth. women or men carrying out the work of caring for the homes of their employer, should not be denied their human dignity and such work should not be denied the respect it deserves. farm workers who tend to the crops and collect the produce that feeds the world, are entitled to expect that society will uphold their human rights. all workers are entitled to a safe place of work. all migrant workers and their families are entitled to the equal protection of the law which is their fundamental human right. these are some of the conditions that the convention addresses. appeal to australia australia has been a strong and clear voice in international forums for international human rights standards. its voice has been raised for the rights of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38577322738029596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c8a1878-b8dd-4959-a3ea-c6a3b9fddc8b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.726300"}
{"text": "supporting your student while letting go the college years can be exciting and stressful for both you and your child. exciting, because your child will be learning to live independently, and this allows both of you to explore other parts of your lives. stressful, because this means that your relationship will change. some find this process enjoyable ; others do not. in order for this transition to be as productive as possible, you will need to be patient, understanding, supportive, and clear and reasonable about your expectations. listed below are some tips you might find helpful during this process. - rule # 1 : don \u2019 t ask if he is homesick. while it is true that many students miss being at home, most are so busy in the first weeks of school that they do just fine, as long as nothing reminds them about being away from home. even if he never brings it up, you can rest assured that he does miss you. if your student is really homesick, encourage him to stick it out for one semester. - rule # 2 : write, even if she doesn ' t write back. your student will be exploring and enjoying her independence and this is necessary for her development. even so, she will want to keep her family ties, as well as the security those ties bring. it \u2019 s nice for her to receive things in the mail ( and depressing when the box is empty ). still, she may not respond for some time. don \u2019 t interpret silence as rejection. - rule # 3 : ask questions ( but not too many ). first - year students tend to resent interference with their newfound lifestyles, but most still want to know that someone is still interested in them. parental curiosity can be experienced as supportive or alienating, depending on the attitudes of the people involved. honest inquiries that further the parent bond are welcomed. pulling rank, \u201c i have a right to know \u201d questions, and hidden agendas should be avoided. - rule # 4 : expect change ( but not too much ). it is natural and inevitable that your student will change over the course of his time here. for some, this change is gradual. for others, it is quick and dramatic. this can be quite stressful for all involved. it helps to remember that young adults should be forming their own identities, and that it is counterproductive to try and stop them from doing so. while you may never understand the changes in your child ' s social, vocational, and personal choices that may occur in college, it is within your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43001216416858157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d6818411-f761-4dcb-9d07-5861fd1b2a52>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.730462"}
{"text": "forming their own identities, and that it is counterproductive to try and stop them from doing so. while you may never understand the changes in your child ' s social, vocational, and personal choices that may occur in college, it is within your power to accept them. maturation can be a slow and painful learning process. please be patient. - rule # 5 : don \u2019 t worry excessively about moody behavior. you might find parenting during the college years to be pretty thankless. your student may sometimes feel overwhelmed with all that is happening, and she might turn to you in distress. conversely, you may rarely hear from her when things are going well. you are serving as a \u201c touchstone \u201d for your student, someone she can turn to when she feels the need. regardless of what she might say, this is valuable to her. if your student \u2019 s \u201c bad mood \u201d seems persistent and you have concerns about it, call the office of student health services to discuss it further. - rule # 6 : visit ( but not too often ). whether they admit it or not, students usually appreciate visits from their parents. this gives them a chance to connect to both of their \u201c worlds \u201d at once. \u201c surprise \u201d visits are usually not appreciated because they can feel disrespectful. it is better to wait for planned visits, such as the family weekend opportunity. after that, arrange times that are convenient for you and your student. when you do visit, treat your child to a meal away from the dining hall or offer to do the laundry. your visits will be eagerly anticipated! - rule # 7 : avoid the \u201c these are the best years of your life \u201d speech. the college years are full of discovery, inspiration, good times and friends. but they are also marked by indecision, insecurity, disappointment, and mistakes. in all probability your student will learn that college is much more challenging, in every way, than he imagined. parents who think that college students \u201c have it made, \u201d and that they should always perform well and be worry - free are wrong. those who accept the highs and lows are providing the kind of support students need most. - rule # 8 : trust your student. finding oneself is a difficult enough process without feeling like the people whose opinions you respect most are second - guessing your own second - guessing. one mother wrote her son during his senior year : \u201c i love you and want for you all the things that make you happiest : and i guess", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4846467228524093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d6818411-f761-4dcb-9d07-5861fd1b2a52>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.732443"}
{"text": "scene recognition system the passion of developers who transcend the barriers of the workplace and debate from every possible angle in pursuit of an even better technology the scene recognition system is a completely new technology. we have heard that the development process was fraught with various difficulties. \u201c to achieve an \u2018 even better technology \u2019 was a challenge the scene recognition system absolutely had to overcome. there were plenty of difficulties just to do that. first of all, since the development process required us to undertake simulations showing how certain types of image data we photographed could produce certain types of output, we had to start by taking huge volumes of sample photos to be used in the simulations. to do that, we made a special camera that could use a 1, 005 - pixel rgb sensor to read the photo data. we connected the camera to a computer and took photos of lots of scenes we supposed would also be taken outdoors, although it looked a little strange to passers - by. \u201d this technology could have never come about if you weren ' t persistent, right? how did the data processing, one of the primary focuses of development, work out? \u201c a huge number of calculations is necessary to perform scene recognition, and the data processing inside the camera was extremely busy. the same information from the 1, 005 - pixel rgb sensor required different calculation processes depending on whether it was being analyzed for ae or af. it took considerable effort to put together the required algorithms or to give the microprocessor enough memory to operate efficiently. \u201d do the various calculations have to take place instantly? \u201c yes. even a single action requires extremely complex, high - speed calculations. continuous shots in particular represent the hallmark of a successful camera. the camera has to work at maximum capacity when this is being done in af. when the mirror is down, light is read by the sensor, and the instant the mirror goes up, calculation results are fed back, and when the shutter is pressed, the camera has to finish all the work. to repeat these operations instantaneously, calculations for various types of information to be passed on need to occur in an instant. \u201d i see. so, calculations are necessary for every movement of the camera? \u201c exactly. it ' s extremely difficult to get the hardware and the data obtained in simulations to work together. we don ' t have much difficulty making simulations on the computer, but we had a very hard time getting the actual mechanism to work based on the simulation data. in 3d - tracking, for instance, subject tracking information and af need to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4981528578652851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8a5b7ce-34d6-4bac-9478-72a0b68ec2f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.742941"}
{"text": "work together. we don ' t have much difficulty making simulations on the computer, but we had a very hard time getting the actual mechanism to work based on the simulation data. in 3d - tracking, for instance, subject tracking information and af need to link up and work together, but it didn ' t work at all at the beginning. we thought we had debugged the program and got the calculations perfect, too, but there were so many unknowns in this pioneering technology, it took a long while for us to make it work. we tested various possibilities in this process of trial and error, and once we finally got it to work in the camera, everyone involved in development and engineering felt a sense of achievement. \u201d you have been involved mainly in the development of metering technologies since you joined nikon, so in the development of the scene recognition system, you had to expand into other fields such as af, didn ' t you. i ' m very interested in how you approached those challenges. \u201c everyone in the development team came from completely different jobs, but our departments were nearby and we were in an environment where we could talk to each other quite easily. when talk of this development project came up, we had lots of discussions between departments. especially when the idea was first proposed, it came under criticism from people wondering whether there was any sense in even attempting such a high hurdle. once we put our heads together and talked openly about how we felt, i think we created an ideal environment for making something better. \u201d you knew it would be difficult, but you didn ' t say it was impossible. it is an admirable testimony to the interest and passion all the developers had for this new technology. \u201c i think it really was thanks to the efforts of so many people that we were able to do this. in the process of turning this new technology into a viable product, there really was a tremendous amount of ambiguity from the original idea to the final specifications we decided on. there were so many things we couldn ' t know just through experiments on the desk. in this area we had some members in the company who were in charge of making test photos and giving us constant advice. they were just like test drivers for new cars. we received lots of ideas from the hands - on experience of these people. real ideas from the field are indeed very different from theoretical ideas, and they were indispensable to our development efforts. \u201d the harder the road we travel, the greater is our joy at the end. just to hear someone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5390525684285992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8a5b7ce-34d6-4bac-9478-72a0b68ec2f8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.744793"}
{"text": "of these people. real ideas from the field are indeed very different from theoretical ideas, and they were indispensable to our development efforts. \u201d the harder the road we travel, the greater is our joy at the end. just to hear someone say they were able to take a photo they could never take before. how long did it take your team to develop the scene recognition system? - speaking of his future endeavors, mr. takeuch enthusiastically says : i want to explore applications to various camera models by considering their specifications and target users. \u201c about three years including time for the original idea. \u201d the d3 and d300 equipped with the scene recognition system have been released. looking back on the development process, where did you get the energy to overcome all those difficulties? \u201c it was really our strong desire to succeed in creating this system. the difficulty in developing the system was the scale of the expectations people had for this technology. this provided the support we need to overcome obstacles in the development process. of course, we have considerable satisfaction in having developed the technology, but more than that we look forward to the reaction of users. though we developed these cameras with high - end, professional users in mind, professionals have the ability to make do with cameras with few functions. so if professionals use these cameras and say they are really useful, that would be a mark of success for us. the aim of the scene recognition system really has been to enable people to take photos they could never take before. \u201d we also look forward to future applications of the scene recognition system, which has a lot of potential. \u201c as a core technology, we would like to adapt it to future camera models, considering their specifications and target users. we want to start looking into various applications that will meet those needs. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5022937655097593, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8a5b7ce-34d6-4bac-9478-72a0b68ec2f8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.745837"}
{"text": "| click to see the full size image | about the image since 2003 i ' ve been gathering texts from the web written in indigenous and minority languages. the image above is a \" family tree \" of the 1000 languages i ' ve found to date, where proximity in the tree is measured by a straightforward statistical comparison of writing systems ( details below ). - when you load the full image it will be too big to fit in a browser window and you may not see anything at first \u2013 you ' ll need to use the horizontal and vertical scrollbars to explore different parts of the tree ( most browsers will let you zoom in and out also ). and because it ' s an svg image, you can use your browser ' s search functionality ( probably ctrl + f or - f ) to find different language codes, although the search behavior can be a bit weird / unpredictable. - each language is colored according to its linguistic family ( details here ). for example, all indo - european languages are greenish colors, with different subfamilies ( celtic, germanic, etc. ) being slightly different shades of green. i also tried to use similar colors for languages from the same geographical region even when there is no known genetic relationship among them, and so arawakan, quechuan, tucanoan languages ( all from south america ) are shades of purple, while central and north american languages are shades of blue. - clicking on a language opens a new tab or window with the documentation page for the iso 639 - 3 language identifier where you ' ll find a name for the language in english and a link to its ethnologue page for additional information. - what i ' m calling \" languages \" are really \" writing systems \" ; you ' ll see, for example, separate nodes for bo ( tibetan ) and bo - latn ( tibetan written in latin script ). in a small number of cases i track macrolanguages, regional variants ( e. g. en, en - ie, en - za ), and some dialects. in total, there are 919 distinct iso 639 - 3 codes among the 1000 writing systems represented. the gory details everything is based on an analysis of three character sequences ( \" 3 - grams \" ) in the different languages. it turns out that computing the statistics of 3 - grams in a given language provides a \" fingerprint \" that can be used for language identification and a number of other applications. specifically, imagine the huge - dimensional vector space v", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.536221974590049, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9948a44-905b-4ec9-8e56-f3000c6e2579>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.754926"}
{"text": "in the different languages. it turns out that computing the statistics of 3 - grams in a given language provides a \" fingerprint \" that can be used for language identification and a number of other applications. specifically, imagine the huge - dimensional vector space v whose axes are labelled with all possible 3 - grams of unicode characters ( dim v > 1015 ). given a collection of texts in a language, you can compute the frequencies of all 3 - grams that appear in the collection, defining a ( sparse ) vector in v \" representing \" the language. we then define the distance between two languages to be the angle between their representative vectors in v. this can be computed by scaling the vectors to unit length and computing their dot product ( which is the cosine of the angle we want ). once we know the distance between each pair of languages, we can reconstruct a phylogenetic tree using any of a number of well - known algorithms. the image above was created using the so - called \" neighbor - joining \" algorithm ( which basically builds the tree in a greedy, bottom - up way ). a side - effect of the algorithm is that each edge in the tree is assigned a length, but note that the edge lengths in the rendered image have nothing to do with the computed edge lengths ( indeed, it ' s unlikely that the tree can be rendered in a distance - preserving way in two dimensions ). another side - effect of the algorithm is that the tree is connected \u2013 by definition, all languages are within a bounded distance of each other \u2013 and so near the root of the tree you ' ll see various languages which use completely different scripts joined in a more - or - less random fashion ( khmer, georgian, tamil, cherokee, etc. ). it would be easy enough to tweak the distance function or the algorithm to render languages with different scripts as separate connected components. how many languages are out there? ethnologue lists 6909 living languages in the world, but how many have some presence on the web? the answer depends greatly on what kinds of documents you include. if one takes linguistic studies into account, the number might be as high as 4000 \u2013 the open language archives community ( olac ) brings together data from linguistic archives all over the world into a single, searchable interface. the olac coverage page shows, at present, the existence of online resources for 3930 of the 6909 ethnologue languages, with more material coming online every day. the amazing odin project harvests examples of interlinear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5752036783107723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9948a44-905b-4ec9-8e56-f3000c6e2579>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.757513"}
{"text": "##able interface. the olac coverage page shows, at present, the existence of online resources for 3930 of the 6909 ethnologue languages, with more material coming online every day. the amazing odin project harvests examples of interlinear glossed text from linguistic papers, and has over 1250 languages in its database. the 1000 languages found by my web crawler are, for the most part, what you might call \" primary texts \" : newspapers, blog posts, wikipedia articles, bible translations, etc. my best guess at present is that around 1500 languages have primary texts of this kind on the web. if you know of online resources written in a language that ' s not listed on our status page, please let me know in the comments. here are a couple of closely - related ( but ill - defined ) questions : first, \" how many of the 6909 languages have a writing system? \" and second, since a great number of the texts we ' ve found are bible translations or other evangelical works, one might ask \" how many languages have a writing system that ' s used regularly by members of the speaker community? \" i ' ve looked around a bit for answers to these questions but i haven ' t found any careful studies in the literature. mash it up! first, i ' d like to thank the hundreds of people who have contributed to the project over the years by providing training texts in many of the languages, correcting errors in the language identification, editing word lists, and helping separate different dialects / orthographies. you ' ll find many of their names on the project status page. thanks also to michael cysouw who first suggested generating an image of this kind ( you can find his image, created in 2005, on the main project page ). finally, thanks to my colleagues at twitter for several helpful conversations and for their interest in the indigenous tweets project.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5131002907871625, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9948a44-905b-4ec9-8e56-f3000c6e2579>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.759304"}
{"text": "murray, ut ( 2 / 7 / 2011 ) \u2013 one of the most prolific inventors at intermountain medical center has come up with a new invention : a device that could potentially revolutionize diabetes care. the new device is called a smart tray and was invented by joel ehrenkranz, md, director of diabetes and endocrinology at intermountain medical center, flagship hospital for the intermountain healthcare system. the tray includes seven separate sections, each with its own sensitive scale, and is programmed with a database of 7, 000 food items users can place different foods on the tray, tell the tray what it ' s holding, and begin eating. the tray will instantly calculate the calories, carbohydrates, protein, and fat being consumed. that information can be relayed wirelessly to a computer, mobile device, or insulin pump and automatically determine the patient ' s next dose of insulin. \" right now diabetics don ' t have access to accurate, personalized nutritional information. it ' s very time - and labor - intensive to calculate, so it ' s hard for hospitals and individuals to do. that makes it harder to control the disease, \" said dr. ehrenkranz. \" the smart tray gives caregivers and patients precise information, and that will empower them to better manage diabetes, \u201d he says. the smart tray can also track things like potassium, cholesterol, and sodium, which will benefit individuals with heart failure, renal failure, high cholesterol, and even individuals who just want to loseweight. the tray is also customizable, so that users can input their familyrecipes. one major benefit is that the tray works with intermountain healthcare ' s internationally recognized electronic health record system, sothat nutritional information can be streamed into a patient ' s chart and become part of an extremely complex set of data used to improve care. the smart tray project began at intermountain medical center, with collaboration from richard brown, dean of the university of utah college of engineering. a patent is pending and the smart tray is moving toward production. the goal is to use it in intermountain hospitals and eventuallymake it available to individuals for use at home. \u201c this project is the type of research and innovation that is occurring at intermountain medical center on a daily basis, \u201d says david grauer, ceo / administrator of the hospital. \u201c we \u2019 re very proud to be able to support this kind of work that will lead to significant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4915957379976354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7224336a-a4ac-4a18-b08c-16e1f425a0e0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.762740"}
{"text": "research and innovation that is occurring at intermountain medical center on a daily basis, \u201d says david grauer, ceo / administrator of the hospital. \u201c we \u2019 re very proud to be able to support this kind of work that will lead to significant advancements in the way care is delivered to patients. \u201d currently, there are more than 500 clinical trials underway at intermountain medical center. the smart tray is the latest in a long list of inventions by dr. ehrenkranz, who has developed several drugs and medical devices. one recent example is a simple, inexpensive test for iodine deficiency. the test, featured in the february edition of the journal thyroid, works like a home pregnancy test, eliminating the need for labs and technicians. it ' s being used in developing nations to diagnose newborns with iodine deficiency and begin treatment, preventing major public health problems such as goiter. dr. ehrenkranz is a graduate of stanford school of medicine and has served on the medical staffs of hospitals on the east coast, colorado, and arizona. he is the holder of seven patents and is widely published in the field of endocrinology. he has served in roles with the u. s. food and drug administration and the national institutes of health, as well as several professional organizations. dr. ehrenkranz, md, and a handful of other scientists, were recently honored by the university of utah for their inventions and contributions to advancing science in the state of utah.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5072417318394075, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7224336a-a4ac-4a18-b08c-16e1f425a0e0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.763306"}
{"text": "development of the eye ( 2nd of 3 ) beginning of 4th week ( 4 mm, lens placode appears ) early in the 4th week optic vesicles extend from the 3rd ventricle and wall of the forebrain ( diencephalon ). as the vesicle reaches the surface ectoderm it flattens ( a ) and progressively invaginates ( b ) to form the optic cup, which remains attached to the forebrain by the optic stalk ( precursor of the optic nerve ). the asymmetric invagination leaves a groove, the choroid fissure, in the stalk. the adjacent ectoderm thickens to form the lens placode ( a & b ) which invaginates and ( eventually ) separates ( c ) from the ectoderm to form the lens vesicle. the primary optic vesicle ( a ) becomes a double - walled optic cup ( c ). with continued invagination the original lumen of the optic vesicle is reduced to a slit between the 1 ) inner neural layer and 2 ) outer pigment layer of the optic cup ( c ). mesenchyme around the optic vesicle will contribute to the fibrous coats of the eye ( sclera / cornea ) externally and the choroid layer adjacent to the pigment layer. it also forms the hyaloid vessels ( c ) which pass in the choroid fissure, across the vitreous chamber, to supply the lens.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49812251515092776, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b108a673-9cbf-4c8d-9bb3-a20f7ee93408>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.766841"}
{"text": "boston, ma ( ivanhoe newswire ) - - new research aims to give doctors a unique view inside the human body using a remote - controlled capsule which could find a problem and treat it. a miniaturized doctor and his team swim through a human body to save a life in the sci - fi classic fantastic voyage. decades later, a new swimming pill could give doctors a new way to save lives. noby hata, co - inventor of the swimming endoscopic capsule, told ivanhoe, \" this capsule can stop or move or aim at the disease lesions so you can actually try to cure the lesion. \" the capsule is designed to be swallowed like a pill. doctors will be able to control the camera magnetically from outside using an mri machine \u2019 s magnetic signals. there is a coil to induce the current remotely. hata says the mri works much like a gps. \" you will see the cross section of the body and also the little capsule in the middle and you can navigate this capsule using this map as guidance. \" so far, he \u2019 s successfully tested a prototype of the capsule in a fish tank inside an mri machine. the goal is to one day be able to deliver drugs or laser treatments directly to tumors or injuries in the digestive track. dr. kunal jajoo, associate physician in the department of medicine at brigham and women \u2019 s hospital believes this could change the way colonoscopies are performed. \" it \u2019 s an amazing advance to be able to steer something that small within the body and really direct it to areas that might need therapy or biopsy or the like. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5166336013029571, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:571bfe88-2f3a-4dd4-9699-a5ba637835f6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.771018"}
{"text": "the epidemiology of hepatitis a infection in palestine : a universal vaccination programme is not yet needed in palestine, there has been an increase in the reported incidence of acute hepatitis a virus ( hav ) infection since 1995. since overt clinical disease occurs only among adults, questions were raised whether or not a shift in the epidemiology of hav has occurred. this is generally characterized by a decrease in the overall incidence rate and a shifting in the mean age of infection towards adolescence and early adulthood. the need for a vaccination programme is being discussed. to resolve this issue, we examined the prevalence of anti - hav in a representative sample of 396 school children in the gaza strip. the prevalence of anti - hav was 93 \u00b7 7 % ( 95 % ci : 91 \u00b7 3, 96 \u00b7 1 % ). stratifying the prevalence by age showed that 87 \u00b7 8 % ( 95 % ci : 78 \u00b7 6, 97 % ) were hav antibody positive by the age of 6. by the age of 14, almost 98 % ( 95 % ci : 92 \u00b7 7, 100 % ) were hav antibody positive. this means that the majority of hav infection is still taking place in early childhood, when it is usually asymptomatic and of little clinical significance. the results refuted the shifting epidemiology theory and we recommend that a vaccination programme against hav infection is not yet needed. alternative explanations for the increase in reported cases are discussed. ( accepted april 17 2001 ) c1 author for correspondence.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45280783947651637, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb617ce5-580f-41ef-b410-f48ce1e052e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.779508"}
{"text": "the bone marrow is the principal source of the many different types of cells that circulate in your blood stream. the term \u201c myelodysplasia \u201c describes certain abnormalities in the production of these blood cells. \u201c myelodysplastic syndrome \u201d ( mds ) refer to at least five different entities, all of which interfere with the growth of blood cells in the bone marrow. the differences among them are found in the appearance of the cells under the microscope and are helpful primarily in determining prognosis. mds frequently progresses to a form of acute leukemia. leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells. but in the case of leukemia, there is an overproduction of immature cells ( blasts ) circulating in the blood and an underproduction of healthy cells. in mds, there is usually, but not always, only an underproduction of healthy cells. the progression to acute leukemia is so common that mds used to be known as \u201c preleukemia. \u201d the bone marrow contains stem cells, which have the capacity to become any of the cell types that circulate in the blood stream. these stem cells normally undergo a maturation process that results in mature cells with fixed functions : - red blood cells carry oxygen. - three types of granulocytes ( a type of white blood cell ) carry out immune functions. - two types of lymphocytes ( a type of white blood cell ) carry out immune functions. - macrophages and monocytes help us fight infection. - platelets provide a defense against bleeding and bruising. once cells have matured in the bone marrow, they are released into the blood circulation. mds interrupts the normal maturation process of blood cells. who is affected? roughly 3, 000 new cases of mds occur yearly in the united states. a similar rate of 1 to 10 per 100, 000 people occurs in the rest of the developed nations. cases without a known cause are most frequently found in older males, usually between 70 and 80 years of age ; among this group, the rate rises to 25 per 100, 000 people. the incidence of mds among younger populations is rising. this is partially due to the success of chemotherapy and radiation in treating and eradicating other forms of cancer since these therapies increase the risk of developing mds. causes and complications the exact cause of mds is unclear, but certain factors are believed to increase risk. these include radiation for the treatment of cancer, certain drugs and chemicals, genetic factors, and some birth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.504003546092917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:241d0455-253f-4994-bf48-5c7f64e7c610>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.790097"}
{"text": "even if you ' re a fan of tv hospital dramas, these shows might also make you nervous about what happens in an operating room. millions of teens are wheeled into operating rooms ( ors ) each year, so it can help to find out what to expect before you get to the hospital. depending on the type of surgery you need, you may have inpatient surgery or outpatient surgery ( also called ambulatory surgery ). inpatient surgery usually requires that you stay in the hospital for a day or more so the doctors and nurses can monitor your recovery carefully. if you have outpatient surgery, you will go home the same day. this type of surgery may be performed in a hospital or an outpatient surgery clinic and you can go home when the doctor decides you ' re ready. what to expect if your surgery is not an emergency, it will be planned in advance. you will make a visit to the hospital or outpatient surgery location beforehand. examples of emergency surgery include a broken elbow and appendicitis. when urgent surgery is required, you will go to the operating room after being diagnosed with a surgical problem. when you know about your surgery ahead of time, you will arrive at the hospital and a nurse or other hospital employee will begin the pre - surgical process. he or she will begin by asking questions about your medical history, including any allergies you might have and any symptoms or pain you may be having. girls may be asked if there is any chance of being pregnant. nurses will also take your vital signs like your heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure. soon after you arrive, you ' ll be given an identification bracelet \u2014 a plastic tape with your name and birthdate on it \u2014 to wear around your wrist. you ' ll also be asked about the time you last ate or drank anything. this might seem strange, but it ' s actually very important to your safety. having food or liquids in your stomach can lead to vomiting during or after the surgery and cause harmful complications. you might need to have other tests, like x - rays and blood tests, before your surgery begins. before your operation takes place, you and your family will have a chance to meet with the anesthesiologist \u2014 the doctor or certified registered nurse anesthetist ( crna ) who specializes in giving anesthetics, the medications that will help you fall asleep or numb an area of your body so you don ' t feel the surgery. the anesthesiology staff will have your medical information so you can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41980558737437756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51f878d6-7d89-4da5-969e-18e6cf7c3e59>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.799390"}
{"text": "' ll be taken to the recovery room, where nurses will monitor your condition very closely for a few hours. sometimes this room is also called the post - op ( postoperative ) room or pacu ( post - anesthesia care unit ). your parent may be able to visit you here. every person has a different surgical experience, but if you ' ve had general anesthesia, it ' s common to feel groggy, confused, chilly, nauseated, or even sad when you wake up. when the surgery has been completed, the surgeon will let you and your parents know how the procedure went and answer any questions you have. once your anesthesia has worn off and you ' re fully awake, you ' ll be taken to a regular hospital room if you ' re staying overnight. if you ' re having an outpatient procedure, you ' ll be monitored by nurses in another room until you ' re able to go home. if you feel pain after the surgery, the doctors and nurses will make sure you have pain relievers to keep you more comfortable. you may also need to take other medications, such as antibiotics to prevent infection. taking the worry out of your surgery the thought of having surgery can be scary. if you ' re worried, try these tips to help feel more at ease : ask questions ahead of time. your surgeon, anesthesiologist, and nurses will be able to answer your questions about the surgery, how you ' ll feel afterward, how long it will take to return to your normal activities, what type of scarring you might have, etc. don ' t feel embarrassed about asking lots of questions \u2014 the more informed you are, the more comfortable you ' ll feel about having surgery. be sure you ' re clear on instructions \u2014 and ask if you ' re not. your doctor or a nurse will give you instructions on what to do before the surgery ( called preoperative instructions ) and what you can and can ' t do afterward ( postoperative instructions ). for example, your doctor may tell you to stop taking certain medications for a set period of time before surgery. ( if you know about your surgery ahead of time, you should let your doctor know well in advance if you are taking any herbal or other non - prescription medications such as ibuprofen as your medical team might instruct you to stop taking them. ) and follow your doctor ' s orders regarding eating before surgery. after surgery, your exercise and activities might be restricted for a while. practice healthy habits. smoking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46189380184890916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51f878d6-7d89-4da5-969e-18e6cf7c3e59>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.802294"}
{"text": "as ibuprofen as your medical team might instruct you to stop taking them. ) and follow your doctor ' s orders regarding eating before surgery. after surgery, your exercise and activities might be restricted for a while. practice healthy habits. smoking is never a good idea, but it ' s especially bad news after surgery when your body is trying to recover. ditch the cigarettes, get plenty of rest, and eat nutritious foods. try relaxation techniques. if you ' re nervous or anxious, taking a few slow, deep breaths or focusing on an object in the room can help you to tune out stressful thoughts and cope with your anxiety. think of your favorite place and what you like to do there. plan ahead. if you have to miss school because of surgery, talk to your teachers ahead of time and arrange to make up any tests or assignments. get a friend you trust to take notes for you and drop off homework assignments. by planning ahead, you won ' t have to spend your recovery time stressing about your grades. tell a few people. if you don ' t feel like sharing the details of your operation, you don ' t have to \u2014 but telling some friends that you ' ll be out of school for a few days might ensure you ' ll have some visitors! your friends might even have some surgery stories of their own to share. pack a few favorites. after you ' re out of the recovery room, you might want the comfort that some favorite cds, itunes, books, magazines, or a journal can bring, so make sure that when you ' re packing your hospital bag, you throw in a few goodies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42098338256662926, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51f878d6-7d89-4da5-969e-18e6cf7c3e59>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.803185"}
{"text": "toxic shock syndrome can happen to anyone \u2014 men, women, and children. although it can be serious, it ' s a very rare illness. if you ' re concerned about toxic shock syndrome, the smartest thing you can do is to read and learn about it, then take some precautions. what is toxic shock syndrome? if you ' re a girl who ' s had her period, you may have heard frightening stories about toxic shock syndrome ( tss ), a serious illness originally linked to the use of tampons. but tss isn ' t strictly related to tampons. the contraceptive sponge and the diaphragm, two types of birth control methods, have been linked to tss. and, sometimes, the infection has occurred as a result of wounds or surgery, where the skin has been broken, allowing bacteria to enter. tss is a systemic illness, which means that it affects the whole body. it can be caused by one of two different types of bacteria, staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes \u2014 although toxic shock that is caused by the streptococcus bacteria is rarer. these bacteria can produce. in some people whose bodies can ' t fight these toxins, the immune system reacts. this reaction causes the symptoms associated with tss. when people think of tss, they often think of tampon use. that ' s because the earliest cases of the illness, back in the late 1970s, were related to superabsorbent tampons. research led to better tampons and better habits for using them \u2014 such as changing tampons more often. the number of tss cases dropped dramatically. today about half of all tss cases are linked to menstruation. aside from tampon use, tss has been linked to skin infections that are typically minor and can be associated with the chickenpox rash. tss has also been reported following surgical procedures, giving birth, and prolonged use of nasal packing for nosebleeds \u2014 although all of these are rare. what are the signs and symptoms? symptoms of tss occur suddenly. because it ' s an illness that is caused by a toxin, many of the body ' s organ systems are affected. the signs and symptoms of tss include : high fever ( greater than 102\u00b0 f [ 38. 8\u00b0 c ] ) rapid drop in blood pressure ( with lightheadedness or fainting ) sunburn - like rash that can be anywhere on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4647594593375777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3e3f78a5-c077-44c3-8616-7592006713f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.810900"}
{"text": "signs and symptoms of tss include : high fever ( greater than 102\u00b0 f [ 38. 8\u00b0 c ] ) rapid drop in blood pressure ( with lightheadedness or fainting ) sunburn - like rash that can be anywhere on the body, including the palms of the hands and soles of the feet vomiting or diarrhea severe muscle aches or weakness bright red coloring of the eyes, mouth, throat, and vagina headache, confusion, disorientation, or seizures kidney and other organ failure the average time before symptoms appear for tss is 2 to 3 days after an infection with staphylococcus or streptococcus, although this can vary depending on the infection. your risk of getting tss is already low. but you can reduce it still further by simply following some common - sense precautions : clean and bandage any skin wounds. change bandages regularly, rather than keeping them on for several days. check wounds for signs of infection. if a wound gets red, swollen, painful, or tender, or if you develop a fever, call your doctor right away. if you ' re a girl whose period has started, the best way to avoid tss is to use pads instead of tampons. for girls who prefer to use tampons, select the ones with the lowest absorbency that can handle your menstrual flow and change them frequently. you can also alternate the use of tampons with sanitary napkins. if your flow is light, use a pad instead of a tampon. if you ' ve already had an episode of tss or have been infected with s. aureus, don ' t use tampons or contraceptive devices that have been associated with tss ( such as diaphragms and contraceptive sponges ). what do doctors do? tss is a medical emergency. if you think you or someone you know may have tss, call a doctor right away. depending on the symptoms, a doctor may see you in the office or refer you to a hospital emergency department for immediate evaluation and testing. if doctors suspect tss, they will probably start intravenous ( iv ) fluids and antibiotics as soon as possible. they may take a sample from the suspected site of the infection, such as the skin, nose, or vagina, to check it for tss. they may also take a blood sample. other blood tests can help monitor how various organs like the kidneys are working and check for other diseases that may be causing the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4111968358441582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3e3f78a5-c077-44c3-8616-7592006713f7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.812351"}
{"text": "operating on a baby before birth may seem like science fiction, but prenatal surgery is becoming more and more common in special pediatric programs throughout the united states. since prenatal surgery was first pioneered in the 1980s, it ' s become an important way to correct certain birth defects that could be severe ( and in some cases fatal ) if babies were born with them unrepaired. prenatal surgery ( also called fetal surgery or fetal intervention ) most often is done to correct serious problems that can ' t wait to be fixed, like certain heart defects, urinary blockages, bowel obstructions, and airway malformations. some of the greatest successes have come from correcting spina bifida ( an often disabling spinal abnormality in which the two sides of the spine fail to join together, leaving an open area ). a recent landmark study reports that kids with spina bifida who received fetal surgery typically are more likely to walk, less likely to have serious neurological problems, and less likely to need a shunt to drain brain fluid. so how does prenatal surgery work? the most common types are : open fetal surgery : in this type of procedure, the mother is given anesthesia, then the surgeon makes an incision in the lower abdomen to access the uterus ( as would be done during a cesarean section ). the uterus is opened with a special stapling device that prevents bleeding, the fetus is either partially or completely taken out of the womb, surgery is done, then the baby is returned to the uterus, and the incision is closed. open fetal surgery is performed for problems like spina bifida and certain other serious conditions. the mother will be in the hospital for 3 - 7 days and will need a c - section to give birth to the baby ( and any future children ). fetoscopic surgery : this minimally invasive type of procedure, often called fetendo fetal surgery, is more common than open fetal surgery. small incisions are made and the fetus is not removed from the uterus. the surgeon uses a very small telescope ( called an endoscope ) designed just for this kind of surgery and other special instruments to enter the uterus and correct the problem. fetendo is most useful for problems with the placenta, such as twin - twin transfusion syndrome in which one identical twin grows at the expense of the other because of abnormal blood vessel connections in the placenta they share. fetal image -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43500675320838733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d12c4f1e-6454-4abb-85ba-494f39405b14>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.818437"}
{"text": "how does a doctor test to see if you have stds? - perry * there are different tests for different stds. the kind of test someone gets depends on the type of std, symptoms ( like sores, discharge, or pain ), and the person ' s medical and sexual history. std testing starts with a physical exam. a doctor or will ask questions about health, including sex, then examine the person ' s genitals. for girls, this may include a pelvic exam. based on what ' s learned from the interview and exam, the doctor or np may take one or more of these samples : a blood sample ( from either a blood draw or a finger prick ) a urine sample a swab of the inside of the mouth a swab from the genitals, such as the urethra in guys or the cervix in girls a swab of any discharge or sores sometimes, the sample can be tested right there in the health provider ' s office. other times, the sample is sent to a lab and the results come later. it depends on the office and the type of infection doctors are testing for. stds can be sneaky. often there are no signs that a person has one. that ' s not necessarily a good thing. these \" hidden \" stds can still put people at risk for health problems. anyone who is having sex ( or has had sex in the past ) needs to get tested.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39157687857004825, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b49545f9-60fa-4ec2-8150-6b0e0725575d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.820114"}
{"text": "if your child is diagnosed with cancer, it may feel as though you went to bed one night and woke up in an alternate universe. suddenly there are all these new words \u2014 oncology, chemotherapy, radiation \u2014 not to mention a slew of new fears and emotions. now the doctor is saying your child ' s immune system isn ' t strong enough for him or her to go to school or even visit family. if that ' s the case, chances are it ' s because your child has developed a condition called neutropenia. neutropenia is when the body has abnormally low levels of certain white blood cells ( called neutrophils ), the body ' s main defense against infection. other problems with the immune system caused by the cancer and its treatment vary among patients, but they also can be important reasons to avoid crowds of people that may expose your child to viruses. a weakened immune system when a germ enters the body, a healthy immune system springs into action, sending an army of neutrophils to the area to attack. the next time those same germs enter the body, the immune system will \" remember \" them and try to head them off before they can cause any serious trouble. someone with cancer, though, commonly has fewer neutrophils patrolling the body. in some cases, that ' s because the cancer itself damages the bone marrow, the spongy material inside the bones where all new blood cells \u2014 including neutrophils \u2014 are made. ( this is especially common with cancers like leukemia and lymphoma. ) other times it may be the cancer treatments themselves that are doing the damage. both chemotherapy ( powerful cancer - fighting drugs ) and radiation ( high - energy x - rays ) work by killing the fastest - growing cells in the body \u2014 both bad and good. that means that along with cancer cells, healthy blood cells, like neutrophils, often get destroyed too. with fewer neutrophils, a person is more prone to infection. even things the body would normally be able to fight off without much trouble, like skin infections or ear infections, become much more serious and long - lasting when a person is in a neutropenic state. that ' s why it ' s important to call the doctor right away if your child has a fever, shaking or chills, or any mouth or skin sores, which may be signs of infection. fortunately, doctors can use a blood test called an absolute neut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5010846024105695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a377544e-31fd-4033-a49a-6ea79dcd85f3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.827830"}
{"text": "it ' s important to call the doctor right away if your child has a fever, shaking or chills, or any mouth or skin sores, which may be signs of infection. fortunately, doctors can use a blood test called an absolute neutrophil count ( anc ) to judge how cautious your child needs to be about avoiding germs. when the neutrophil count falls below 1, 000 cells per microliter of blood, the risk of infection increases somewhat ; when it falls below 500 cells per microliter the risk increases quite a bit more. if it stays below 100 for many days, the risk of serious infection becomes very high. sometimes medications called growth factors can be given to encourage the body to produce more neutrophils. but often it ' s safest for your child to remain home for a length of time determined by the doctor. places like schools, locker rooms, malls, and even churches \u2014 where people are close together and germs spread easily \u2014 are just too risky. to your child ' s weakened immune system, it would feel like standing at the edge of a forest fire with only a water gun for defense. being stuck at home can be tough on anyone. when things feel out of control, most people \u2014 and especially kids \u2014 count on the routines of daily life to help maintain some sense of normalcy. it ' s only natural that losing that, even temporarily, can leave your child feeling angry, frustrated, left out, depressed, punished, and even jealous of siblings and friends. so what can you do to help your child make the best of the time at home? plenty \u2014 though it may depend on how your child feels. some days the cancer treatments will wipe your child out, and all he or she will want to do is sleep. other days your child will have more energy. follow your child ' s lead, and when he or she seems up for it, here are some ideas for beating the boredom : help your child stay connected even if you lowered the boom on screen time before your child got sick, now ' s a good time to consider easing up. allowing access to the internet, texting, im, photo sharing, skype, and online games with friends is more than just a perk ; it ' s a valuable way for your child to stay within his or her social network. ask the doctor or nurse if a friend can come over. in some cases, if the doctor says it ' s ok, your child may be able to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48116542612079605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a377544e-31fd-4033-a49a-6ea79dcd85f3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.829472"}
{"text": "; it ' s a valuable way for your child to stay within his or her social network. ask the doctor or nurse if a friend can come over. in some cases, if the doctor says it ' s ok, your child may be able to have a friend over for a brief visit or a movie night. if so, a little prep work on both sides can make the evening go smoothly. first, make sure the friend knows that your child ' s cancer, and related neutropenia, isn ' t contagious \u2014 otherwise he or she may be reluctant to come. more important for your child ' s safety, reschedule get - togethers if there ' s any question about whether the visitor is sick, even if it ' s just a cold. and finally, always have everyone who comes in contact with your child wash their hands. even though it may hurt to talk about this, let your child know that some friends may deal with his or her illness better than others. remind your child to try not to take it personally if some friends don ' t know what to say, or if they talk about things that your child missed out on. the good news is that there will usually be a few true friends who will know how to treat your child like the same person he or she has always been. what are some things your child never gets a chance to do? maybe your daughter is an athlete who ' s always wondered if she has an artistic side ; or your son is a computer whiz who ' s always enjoyed creative writing. now ' s the time for to explore those other sides of your child ' s personality. painting, drawing, building models, designing clothes or jewelry, learning an instrument, or making a scrapbook or collage of favorite photos are all great ways to get those creative juices flowing. writing poetry or keeping a journal or blog can also help your child deal with difficult emotions. even better, reading them back later on will be a reminder of how far your child has come. ok a room makeover with a little help from you, your child ' s bedroom can become the coolest and comfiest space ever. maybe you can turn a corner into a lounge, or the bed into a funky sofa, with fluffy pillows and a bolster. choose colors that make your child feel good and be sure to keep favorite music, books, and photos nearby to really make it special. even when public places are off limits, fresh air usually isn ' t. so encourage your child to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4678549647587191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a377544e-31fd-4033-a49a-6ea79dcd85f3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.830611"}
{"text": "bolster. choose colors that make your child feel good and be sure to keep favorite music, books, and photos nearby to really make it special. even when public places are off limits, fresh air usually isn ' t. so encourage your child to sit on the porch or in the yard and read, talk on the phone, or listen to music. help your child feel empowered one of the best ways for anyone to feel stronger is to do something good \u2014 maybe your child can coordinate a fundraiser for a favorite charity, whether it has to do with cancer or another special cause, like animals or the environment. maybe he or she could start a website about dealing with cancer that can help other kids in the same position. or maybe your child can make a list of things to look forward to when this experience is over. getting your child to think beyond the here and now can make the time go faster and help everyone stay positive. feelings and worries can become overwhelming when they ' re held in, so find a way to help your child let them out. a good place to start is with your hospital ' s social worker, who can put your family in touch with others who ' ve been where you are now. or check out some of the many cancer support websites, most with chat areas or message boards, that make it easy to share what your family is going through with others who understand. try to keep up with schoolwork and last but not least, encourage your child to stay on top of schoolwork as much as possible. keep in touch with teachers to find ways to stay involved in classroom life and modify assignments, when necessary. staying home may be hard on kids at first, especially if a child was always on the go. the good news for many kids with cancer is that having to stay home is only a temporary setback. once the immune system recovers, your child should be able to get back in the swing of things. in the meantime, keep your child ' s spirits up, look toward the future, and have confidence that, even though things seem difficult now, your child will get through it with help from loved ones.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4326853528351141, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a377544e-31fd-4033-a49a-6ea79dcd85f3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.833791"}
{"text": "heart \u2013 \" veg. \" way i am referring to study in ) the journal of clinical pathology ( usa \u2013 july 2001 ) wherein it has been published that veggies have helthy hearts. many health \u2013 experts ( including dr. michael brown and dr. josef goldstein, heart specialists of u. s. a. & winners of noble prize of many million dollars for medicine ) now recommend a diet, free of eggs and meat, for better health and disease - free life. the basis of their finding is : a ) all flesharian foods i. e. eggs, fowl, fish, meat etc. contain no dietary fiber at all and so they cause a numberless bowel diseases such as chronic constipation, piles, gall - bladder - stones, colon cancer, indigestion, ulcer, colitis, kidney - failure, diverticulosis etc. all these illnesses can be prevented easily by taking only vegetarian foods which are full of dietary fibers. ( b ) the yolk of the egg contains 250 to 300 mgs cholesterol, a waxy fat, which deposits itself in the liver and hardens the arteries. the coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart are thus affected, causing fatal heart - attacks, strokes, gallstones, claudication, etc. c ) the egg - white contains \" avidin \" poison causing leprosy, eczema, paralysis, skin inflammation, skin - cancer, allergy etc. prof. egnerberg of germany has found that eggs produce 51. 83 % of phlegm ( cough ) and disturb the balance of nutritive elements within the body. he further discovered that besides salmonella, the incidence of listeria is also on the increase which causes flue resulting in meningitis etc. it can lead to the possibility of abortion in expectant mothers and diseases to the foetus. a brain disease called creutzfeldt jacob \u2019 s disease is similar to a disease in sheep called \" scrapie \". it has been known to pass into human beings from animals through the eating of eggs. d ) all types of meats / eggs contain saturated fatty acids which are dangerous to health, particularly for blood vessels. eggs also lack in vitamin b complex, vitamin c, calcium and carbohydrate and produce hyperacidity. initially, eggs were considered to be easily digestible on animal - experiments but these days recent experiments on human beings have proved that they are not easily digestible. on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48084746292063774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:edcdc430-4526-4d37-a137-dd9634d49749>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.845159"}
{"text": "c, calcium and carbohydrate and produce hyperacidity. initially, eggs were considered to be easily digestible on animal - experiments but these days recent experiments on human beings have proved that they are not easily digestible. on the one hand, eggs are hard to digest, while on the other hand, infants and young children have very tender digestive system. so eggs must not be given to toddlers & youngsters even by mistake! dr. e. b. emary of america and dr. inha of england have clearly admitted that eggs are poison for human beings. the underdeveloped / developing countries \u2018 s scene is even worse. experiments indicate that if eggs are left at more than 80c for more than 12 hours, the process of decay starts within their shells. under the circumstances, where the temperature is always high, and it takes about 24 hours for the eggs to reach from poultry - farms to the sales counters, the process of contamination does already start as it is not possible to keep the eggs from their procurement to selling in refrigerators. during the process of decay, the watery component of the egg first begins to evaporate through the shell, then it is invaded by disease germs which penetrate the outer membranes of the egg and make it completely putrid. these minutely contaminated eggs are consumed due to their non - recognition resulting in stomach disorders, food - poisoning etc. to guard against epidemics and poultry \u2013 parasites, developing / un - developed poultry farmers make extensive use of d. d. t. and other such chemicals which in small measures enter the body of the birds and eggs. generally an egg contains 15000 tiny breathing pores in its shell. the egg absorbs d. d. t. through its breathing pores. the people who eat such kind of eggs and chicken may also take d. d. t. inside them. relation between d. d. t. poison and cancer is well established now - a - days. in this way, eggs may cause cancer \u2014 a most fatal disease. secondly, to get more and more eggs from hens, poultry owners inject them with special kind of hormones ( estrogen, progesterone etc ). these hormones enter the eggs through their tiny breathing pores. the people, who eat such kind of eggs and chicken may also take these artificial hormones in them. according to the latest clinical research - studies, there is growing evidence that these hormones cause cancer to human beings. for the sake of good health, therefore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4692909946373559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:edcdc430-4526-4d37-a137-dd9634d49749>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.846967"}
{"text": "helping you get the most out of our u. s. census collection has been a top priority. to date, we \u2019 ve painstakingly gone through hundreds of millions of records spanning hundreds of years to make these 14 censuses easier to search and sharper to see. and 1930 is in the works. take a look \u2014 you might just discover someone who was here the whole time. deciphering a name on some u. s. census records can be difficult. so we \u2019 ve enhanced the 1850, 1860, 1870, 1900, 1910 and 1920 censuses by adding an alternate where the information was unclear \u2014 over 20 % new names in total. this improved indexing lets you find a record by searching either name. only heads of households were mentioned by name in early censuses. and many of them shared that name ( john smith, for example ) with others in their community. we \u2019 ve expanded the indexes for the 1790 - 1840 censuses with at least four new fields \u2014 like the total number of people in the household \u2014 so you can use your family knowledge to narrow down your search results. now ' s the perfect time to dig in or renew the search for the missing pieces in your family story. click the plus signs below to see the difference. 1910 u. s. census", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42638227217579294, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4fcabed6-12ab-4c94-8746-7563e7fcfad8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.853048"}
{"text": "the pleura are two thin, moist membranes around the lungs. the inner layer is attached to the lungs. the outer layer is attached to the ribs. pleural effusion is the buildup of excess fluid in the space between the pleura. the fluid can prevent the lungs from fully opening. this can make it difficult to catch your breath. pleural effusion may be transudative or exudative based on the cause. treatment of pleural effusion depends on the condition causing the effusion. effusion is usually caused by disease or injury. transudative effusion may be caused by : exudative effusion may be caused by : factors that increase your chance of getting pleural effusion include : - having conditions or diseases listed above - certain medications such as : - nitrofurantoin ( macrodantin, furadantin, macrobid ) - methysergide ( sansert ) - bromocriptine ( parlodel ) - procarbazine ( matulane ) - amiodarone ( cordarone ) - chest injury or trauma - radiation therapy surgery, especially involving : - organ transplantation some types of pleural effusion do not cause symptoms. others cause a variety of symptoms, including : - shortness of breath - chest pain - stomach discomfort - coughing up blood - shallow breathing - rapid pulse or breathing rate - weight loss - fever, chills, or sweating these symptoms may be caused by many other conditions. let your doctor know if you have any of these symptoms. the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. this may include listening to or tapping on your chest. lung function tests will test your ability to move air in and out of your lungs. images of your lungs may be taken with : your doctor may take samples of the fluid or pleura tissue for testing. this may be done with : treatment is usually aimed at treating the underlying cause. this may include medications or surgery. your doctor may take a \" watchful waiting \" approach if your symptoms are minor. you will be monitored until the effusion is gone. to support breathing if you are having trouble breathing, your doctor may recommend : - breathing treatments \u2014 inhaling medication directly to lungs - oxygen therapy drain the pleural effusion the pleural effusion may be drained by : - therapeutic thoracentesis \u2014 a needle is inserted into the area", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49398081771633656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b050fe6e-cde2-4f69-8178-49ddeb1ead6b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.856806"}
{"text": "may recommend : - breathing treatments \u2014 inhaling medication directly to lungs - oxygen therapy drain the pleural effusion the pleural effusion may be drained by : - therapeutic thoracentesis \u2014 a needle is inserted into the area to withdraw excess fluid. - tube thoracostomy \u2014 a tube is placed in the side of your chest to allow fluid to drain. it will be left in place for several days. seal the pleural layers the doctor may recommend chemical pleurodesis. during this procedure, talc powder or an irritating chemical is injected into the pleural space. this will permanently seal the two layers of the pleura together. the seal may help prevent further fluid buildup. radiation therapy may also be used to seal the pleura. in severe cases, surgery may be needed. some of the pleura will be removed during surgery. suregery options may include : - thoracotomy \u2014 traditional, open chest procedure - video - assisted thorascopic surgery ( vats ) \u2014 minimally - invasive surgery that only requires small keyhole size incisions prompt treatment for any condition that may lead to effusion is the best way to prevent pleural effusion. - reviewer : brian randall, md - review date : 02 / 2013 - - update date : 03 / 05 / 2013 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3972348304703072, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b050fe6e-cde2-4f69-8178-49ddeb1ead6b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.857735"}
{"text": "sugar comes in many forms. one type of sugar, lactose, occurs primarily in milk. nature gives young children the ability to digest lactose, because they need to do so when they nurse. however, as people grow up, they often lose the lactose - digesting enzyme, known as lactase. the result is a condition called lactose intolerance. symptoms include intestinal cramps, gas, and diarrhea following consumption of lactose - containing foods. principal proposed natural treatments lactose intolerance is most prevalent in people of hispanic, african, asian, middle eastern, or native american descent, although caucasians can develop it as well. treatment consists primarily of avoiding foods containing lactose, such as milk and ice cream. use of lactase supplements may help people who are lactose intolerant handle more lactose than otherwise. also, special milk products are available from which the lactose has been removed ( often through the use of lactase ). other proposed natural treatments many people confuse milk allergy with lactose intolerance. the two conditions are not related. milk allergy involves an allergic reaction to the protein component of milk, and lactase supplements will not help. for more information on natural approaches to food allergies, see the food allergy article. - reviewer : ebsco cam review board - review date : 07 / 2012 - - update date : 07 / 25 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4593753252718017, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a2dee36-1c16-4ceb-8e9a-aacfb5894592>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.860761"}
{"text": "\" kissine offers a new theory of speech acts which is philosophically sophisticated and builds on work in cognitive science, formal semantics, and linguistic typology. this highly readable, brilliant essay is a major contribution to the field. \" date : mon, 23 feb 2004 12 : 02 : 10 + 0100 from : cornelia tschichold < cornelia. tschichold @ unine. ch > subject : world englishes authors : melchers, gunnel ; shaw, philip title : world englishes series : the english language series publisher : arnold year : 2003 cornelia tschichold, institute of english, university of neuchatel, switzerland introduction this book is a recent addition to the growing number of textbooks on varieties of english around the world. in the preface, the two authors, both from stockholm university, describe the intended audience of the book as readers familiar with the basics of linguistics and phonetics, thus typically undergraduate students after their first year at a department of english, with english either as their native or a second or foreign language. the book has an accompanying cd, which is sold separately and therefore does not figure in this review. synopsis chapter 1 is a very short chapter on the history of english from 450 to the beginnings of modern english. the development of the language is illustrated mainly through the most accessible aspect, its loanwords. chapter 2 covers the more recent history of english, when the language spread around the globe, first to the so - called ' inner circle ' countries, later to the ' outer circle ' and finally to the ' expanding circle '. this three - circle model by kachru is adopted as the organizing principle for the book. the chapter also introduces the distinction often made between english as a second and english as a foreign language, while drawing attention to the problems of terminology and those of differing political viewpoints involved. chapter 3 discusses basic terms in language variation and provides the framework for the classification and description of the many varieties discussed in chapters 4 to 6. the authors divide variation into the areas of spelling, phonology, grammar and lexicon, and give a brief overview of the main types of variation in each area. for the description of phonology, wells ' standard lexical sets are introduced. the section on rhythm and intonation explains the concept of stress - times vs. syllable - timed rhythm and mentions high - rising terminals as the most striking phenomena in the area of intonation. the sections on lexis and on the historical origin of varieties introduce a large", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5622080378749761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb43ea76-2540-45c2-ae23-dc27a6a5300d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.884887"}
{"text": "rhythm and intonation explains the concept of stress - times vs. syllable - timed rhythm and mentions high - rising terminals as the most striking phenomena in the area of intonation. the sections on lexis and on the historical origin of varieties introduce a large number of technical terms such as ' heteronymy ' or ' substratum '. other dimensions of classification mentioned include the political stance of some of the more prominent authors in the field, the degree of standardization for varieties and for texts, and the position of a country in the three - circle model. chapter 4 portrays the inner circle varieties of england, wales, scotland, ireland, the usa, canada, australia, new zealand, south africa, liberia and the caribbean. with some exceptions, each of these sections follows the pattern of first giving a brief overview of geography and population, then an account of the general linguistic situation, before the variety itself is described in terms of spelling, phonology, grammar and lexicon. where appropriate, important internal varieties are briefly touched on as well, such as the main differences between southern and northern dialects in england, the two ethnic varieties african american vernacular english ( aave ) and chicano english in the usa, and aboriginal english in australia. chapter 5 opens with a discussion of the political questions of language prestige and then tries to identify some common linguistic features of the varieties spoken in these countries. among the features mentioned are consonant cluster and vowel system simplifications, a trend away from clearly stress - timed rhythm, and more syntactic variety. the countries in this chapter are then discussed in geographical groups, following a similar pattern to that in chapter 4, but giving rather more historical background and extra sections on style and pragmatics. the first variety is south asian english, with india, pakistan, bangladesh and sri lanka as its main countries. the second major variety is african english, with south africa making a second appearance due to its higher number of speakers who have english as a second language. hong kong, malaysia, the philippines and singapore are dealt with in the group of countries where south east asian english is spoken. the last section in this chapter very briefly deals with a number of countries with a colonial past : gibraltar, malta, and cyprus in the mediterranean, puerto rico in the caribbean, the seychelles and mauritius in the indian ocean, papua new guinea, vanuatu, fiji, and guam in the pacific, without however giving linguistic descriptions of the english spoken there. chapter 6 abandons the geographical perspective in favour of the functions english can be seen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4777694030411488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb43ea76-2540-45c2-ae23-dc27a6a5300d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.888221"}
{"text": "the seychelles and mauritius in the indian ocean, papua new guinea, vanuatu, fiji, and guam in the pacific, without however giving linguistic descriptions of the english spoken there. chapter 6 abandons the geographical perspective in favour of the functions english can be seen to have taken over in the expanding circle from the 18th century onwards. among the domains where english is making inroads the authors mention global politics and economy, tourism, the education system, the mass media and popular culture, advertising and subcultures. on the more strictly linguistic level, the authors see no trend toward standardization, and argue instead that speakers of lingua franca english need a high communicative competence for dealing with the mixture of non - standard features and the large amount of pragmatic variation found in much intercultural communication. the authors then briefly consider the influence of english on the local languages and the choices involved in choosing a variety of english for education. in chapter 7, melchers and shaw take a look at the likely developments in the near future and identify us power, globalization and information technology as the most important factors favouring the further spread of english across the globe. they posit that the high visibility of unedited english found in computer - mediated communication could have a destandardizing effect on international english, but that the still considerable influence of the school systems might counterbalance this trend. finally, appendix 1 gives a list of the speakers on the accompanying cd, and appendix 2 contains a number of pre - and post - reading questions for each chapter. critical evaluation everyone teaching a course on the varieties of english around the world probably has their own idea of what the ideal textbook for such a course should cover. one of the authors has taught just such a course for many years, and the book under review is proof of this. many sections read more like lightly edited lecture notes than a textbook meant to be studied by undergraduate students. the authors include a number of anecdotes in the text, a feature that often works well in class, but much less well in a textbook, and they have the rather irritating habit of writing one - sentence paragraphs, something which many university teachers try to eradicate from their students ' essays. it is clear that balancing the content of such a short book is a difficult task, and the authors should be praised for trying to combine most of the relevant sociolinguistic aspects with a large number of linguistic descriptions of individual varieties in a relatively small book. apart from the style, most of my criticism therefore relates to details of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4876980470764732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb43ea76-2540-45c2-ae23-dc27a6a5300d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.889767"}
{"text": ", and the authors should be praised for trying to combine most of the relevant sociolinguistic aspects with a large number of linguistic descriptions of individual varieties in a relatively small book. apart from the style, most of my criticism therefore relates to details of content. a number of sections in the book seem to be the result of compromises of various kinds : one might argue, for example, about the usefulness of a very short chapter on the roots of english, or whether such a a book is the best place for contemplating the influence of english on other languages via borrowing. possibly these pages might have been put to better use. one of my quibbles concerns the notoriously difficult problem of the translations or glosses, which have not received the necessary attention to detail. dialectal variation is illustrated with a geordie poem ( \" a hev gorra bairn / an a hev gorra wife / an a cannit see me bairn or wife / workin in the night \" ), where the word ' gorra ' is claimed to stand for the local pronunciation of ' got to ' ( p. 13 ). generally, the maps in the book are often not very useful as they do not show all areas mentioned in the text and do not distinguish between cities and provinces. to give just one example, among the dialects of england discussed in the text are those of leeds, derby, west wirral and norwich, but only leeds can be found on one of the maps. one might also wonder about the necessity of listing statistics on area, population and capital for the countries discussed, given that such data can easily be found elsewhere and is of questionable relevance in this context. within the descriptions of the individual varieties, spelling, a very accessible aspect, is not systematically commented on, e. g. south asian english is said to be \" spelt in the british style \", but british english does not have a section on spelling. in the more extensive section on phonology most of the comparisons of the lexical sets are clearly useful and could have been extended, e. g. it would have been interesting to see the australian vowels compared not just to rp, but also to american english vowels. in addition to the concept of lexical sets, much of the data used by the authors comes from wells as well, which often seems a needless repetition, especially where even the examples are taken straight from wells ( 1982 ), a study in three volumes based on data which is now more than a generation old. on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5152617549863183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb43ea76-2540-45c2-ae23-dc27a6a5300d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.890793"}
{"text": "used by the authors comes from wells as well, which often seems a needless repetition, especially where even the examples are taken straight from wells ( 1982 ), a study in three volumes based on data which is now more than a generation old. on the other hand, a number of sections ( liberian english and aave, caribbean english ) are so short, they seem more like appetizers than any kind of solid information. in the sections on the lexicon, the authors ' use of the word ' tautonym ' to refer to words having different meanings in different varieties seems somewhat idiosyncratic. the references given in the book are not consistently placed in the further - reading sections, but appear either there ( sometimes with comment, sometimes without ; sometimes with full bibliographic details, sometimes as author plus year only ) or embedded in the text. sharp ( 2001 ) is referred to, but missing in the references. appendix 2 contains a number of pre - and post - reading questions, which - according to the preface - are meant to remind readers of what they know and to check their new knowledge. this generally is a good idea, but one would expect the pre - reading questions to be clearly easier than the post - reading questions. some questions sound more like activation questions for a seminar group than questions meant to check on the reader ' s knowledge. comparing the book under review to other books on the market that might be considered as textbooks for courses on world englishes, one could mention trudgill and hannah ( 1994 ), a book that gives considerably more linguistic detail on the varieties discussed, but devotes only very little room to varieties in the expanding circle ( an aspect which is of much interest to students in potentially expanding - circle countries in europe ) and does not cover the sociolinguistic and political perspectives. the latter aspect can be found in crystal ( 1997 ) to a certain extent, or more thoroughly in brutt - griffler ( 2002 ). crystal ( 1995 ) provides an widely available source for maps, statistics and historical background. bauer ( 2002 ) is mostly limited to varieties of the inner circle. jenkins ( 2003 ) is very useful as an overview for the debate on the sociolinguistic and political aspects, but does not give linguistic descriptions. cheshire ( 1991 ) and allerton et al ( 2002 ) finally are edited collections of papers that provide accessible further reading on a range of subtopics on world englishes. writing a relatively short textbook of such a scope is a very big bite to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4990746301528181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb43ea76-2540-45c2-ae23-dc27a6a5300d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.891813"}
{"text": "cheshire ( 1991 ) and allerton et al ( 2002 ) finally are edited collections of papers that provide accessible further reading on a range of subtopics on world englishes. writing a relatively short textbook of such a scope is a very big bite to chew, and while i would like to congratulate the authors on their choice of content, i wish they had chosen a different style for the book and spent more time on revision and ensuring internal consistency. references allerton, d. j., skandera, p. and tschichold, c., eds. ( 2002 ). perspectives on english as a world language. basel : schwabe. bauer, l. ( 2002 ). an introduction to international varieties of english. edinburgh university press. brutt - griffler, j. ( 2002 ). world english : a study of its development. multilingual matters. cheshire, j., ed. ( 1991 ). english around the world : sociolinguistic perspectives. cambridge up. crystal, d. ( 1995 ). the cambridge encyclopedia of the english language. cambridge up. crystal, d. ( 1997 ). english as a global language. cambridge university press. jenkins, j. ( 2003 ). world englishes : a resource book for students. routledge. trudgill, p. & j. hannah ( 1994, 3rd ed. ). international english : a guide to the varieties of standard english. arnold. wells, j. c. ( 1982 ). accents of english, vols i - iii. cambridge university press. about the reviewer : about the reviewer cornelia tschichold teaches english linguistics at neuchatel university. while her research interests focus on english phraseology, computational lexicography and computer - assisted language learning, she teaches a wide range of courses in english linguistics, including courses on sociolinguistics, the history of english, and varieties of english around the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5148172799250839, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb43ea76-2540-45c2-ae23-dc27a6a5300d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.892527"}
{"text": "mambila tribe : ethnological report of c k ( p85 ) ethnology - the mambila tribe as mr meek, on account of illness, spent only 10 days investigating this tribe, i make bold to offer a few minor additions to his - i was able to verify the account of the moon rites ( vide mts i 547 - 8 ) which is correct in every detail except that they are still practised at mbanga. the mbanga people in addition, unlike the rest of the mambila, worship the sun but to a lesser degree. the moon is their paramount god and they do not recognize the supreme being \" nama \" or \" chang \". the sun rites are observed every day at sunset when the elders pray each man holding the sacred grass in his hand. their word for sun is \" lo \" and for moon \" wil \". - generally i have found the supreme being \" nama \" is identified with the earth. for the people say they are buried in the earth and their spirits abide therein. - one or two villages have idols. at ntem it is a piece of wood carved to represent a man \" shuga \" and is kept in the sacred - the sacred grass so or jiro invariably contains the eye of a cow and the process of divination or swearing oaths is often accompanied by a kind of cymbal. - the harvest rites performed at vokide in november are of interest. here the village heal is not the priest but an old woman is designated priestess. behind the chief ' s house is a pit kept covered by a large stone. the people celebrate the coming event by dancing for 7 days. on the eighth day the priestess goes to the pit alone the people sitting at a distance. she removes the stone and looks into the pit. if she sees vapour rising and young seedlings of corn sprouting she stands up and laughs for this portends a good harvest ; whereat all the people join in laughing. they then dance and drink beer for another 7 days. should the priestess see no vapour or seedlings she cries and all lament. no one is allowed to look into the pit except the priestess. divination of crime is however performed by the village head. in marriage by exchange if one couple has no children, it is customary for the other couple to share their children with them. that is to say if one couple has four children two of them would be given to the childless couple. at mbanga and mba", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47460003070725365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:505a371a-dc64-4f30-97c7-25d0950cd0ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.917592"}
{"text": "marriage by exchange if one couple has no children, it is customary for the other couple to share their children with them. that is to say if one couple has four children two of them would be given to the childless couple. at mbanga and mbang apart from marriage by exchange they have a system of marriage which might be termed marriage by labour. should a woman have no brother and a man, having no sister, wished to marry her he goes to her farm and works it for her one year and provided her with beer. at the end of the year she goes to his house. no bride money is given but if a son is born, when he grows up, he works on his grandmother ' s farm for a year. they have no marriage by purchase. after death the body is opened and the whole of the internal organs examined for signs of witchcraft. i was unable to substantiate mr meek ' s statement that only the heart is examined ( v. para. 1, p551, tribal studies i ). in fact at mbang they go so far as to make incisions on the inside of the elbows and behind the knees and examine the veins and tendons and also sever the head completely. - at mbaso and gubin the body is placed in a sitting posture in the grave. elsewhere the corpse is laid on its right side with the head to the west and the feet to the east. in some instances a woman is lain on her left side. - as a rule, the period of mourning is one year. note. on the whole the village heads have unusually good authority over their people and i think the reason may be found in the fact that they are also the priests and therefore held in respect. sgd h. j. gill, a. d. o. ( dated 8 xi 1931 ). notes on dr meek ' s report ( page numbers refer to tribal studies, vol. i ) intermarriage between hamlets : addendum i / to this report, omitted here : hdg / gives the result of analysing the marriages of three 533 - 4. \" mwandi \" ( sun ) is commonly used by the northern as well as the southern mambila. tagbo, lagubi, tongbo ( lagbo, on p560 ) : bo is apparently a termination denoting a group of people, as in jabu, gembu etc. lak is the name used in torbi dialect for gembu, tong is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4578321704250906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:505a371a-dc64-4f30-97c7-25d0950cd0ec>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.920033"}
{"text": "daughter may be exchanged for a girl who can be exchanged in turn for a wife for any member of the family ) : under the same system, one is obliged to provide a male with a female to exchange for a wife ; and permitting an unmarried father custody of his male children would probably depend rather on the existing ratio of unmarried males to unmarried females in the mother ' s compound, or on the desire of senior males to take additional wives, perhaps. hdg / as the conclusion to be drawn from all this it is suggested that the dual form of marriage, while so long - standing in the northern villages as to be fundamental to the social system, was not a primeval and unchangeable custom, but only a compromise evolved - as the result of a fight against the unsatisfactory features of exchange marriage - from an earlier system in which no other form of marriage existed. pp539 - 40. exchange marriage : certain practices were noted among the southern villages which dr meek does not actually mention : ( a ) a woman who is a proved child - bearer is ( or was ) sometimes exchanged for another woman plus money, or rather plus hoes, which were formerly the only currency ; ( b ) a woman may be exchanged for the refusal of a girl, or, on the principle of the bird in the hand, of two girls ; ( c ) re - exchange is regular during the negotiations for a marriage, and a long chain of exchanges of brides and prospective brides may be set up, but once marriage is consummated the wife is not again exchanged. bride - price : the majority of men state that their wives were obtained by purchase, not exchange, and it looks as though a system of bride - price of the common ( moslem ) type ( i. e. where the father, not the mother, has custody of the children ) is coming into existence. for instance, it was said at gembu that exchange had been rare for over 30 years, yet al the families were undoubtedly patrilocal. possibly the patrilocal bride - price system is an extension of the marriage with a purchased slave which dr meek mentions. it was evidently common in the past and is probably so now, for a girl married by bride - price, if she had borne no children within a year or two, to be reclaimed by the parents and given in exchange elsewhere. custody of children : enquiries went to show that the vast majority of children now reside in the father ' s house, despite the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5152759509400433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:505a371a-dc64-4f30-97c7-25d0950cd0ec>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.924262"}
{"text": "she had borne no children within a year or two, to be reclaimed by the parents and given in exchange elsewhere. custody of children : enquiries went to show that the vast majority of children now reside in the father ' s house, despite the fact that their parents are alleged to be married under the bride - price system, which should imply maternal custody. / f91 / whatever the truth of this and whatever the allowances to be made for falsehood, it seems clear that the dual social system described by meek is rapidly breaking down, partly from natural causes and partly from the administrative order regarding exchanges, not as in some cases elsewhere from inadvertent action by the courts. / unable to trace this order ; ref. to \" inadvertent action \" obscure. change of married status : it was not unknown for a man to contract a marriage by bride - price or its equivalent, and later, if opportunity offered, to effect an exchange and obtain his same wife \" genuinely \". in such an instance children born prior to the exchange remained with the mother ' s family, while those born subsequently naturally belonged to the father. the instance quoted by dr meek, where a husband gave his sister into slavery to save the skin of the wife ' s uncle, illustrates the same principle, and i believe that between the words \" all children begotten by her ( sic ) \" and \" would become his \", the word \" subsequently \" is implied. redemption from slavery : in the only instance which came up, a man had been sent to slavery as a child to redeem his father ' s mother ( the father having married by exchange, the grandmother apparently by purchase ). no case of self - redemption was noted. inheritance of wives : both levirates are practised throughout the tribe, but inheritance of widows either by or from a son or sister ' s son, mentioned by meek, is not practised in the southern villages. inheritance of chieftainship : the chiefs of wa and tep ( whose appointments date from german times ) and probably certain others are / f92 / sons of purchase marriages. 543 - 4. illicit sexual relations : it should be noted that a mambila man seldom marries before 25 and a girl before at least 20. unmarried adults of both sexes occupy regularly the same sleeping - hut as a married couple. relationship terms : most of the terms quoted by mr meek are unknown in the central and southern villages. pp546 - 7. moon worship : the new - moon rites continue at mbanga,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49104836955615805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:505a371a-dc64-4f30-97c7-25d0950cd0ec>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.925817"}
{"text": "regularly the same sleeping - hut as a married couple. relationship terms : most of the terms quoted by mr meek are unknown in the central and southern villages. pp546 - 7. moon worship : the new - moon rites continue at mbanga, one taro from the hamlet of fu being the priest. the day after the performance of these rites is a public holiday. the rites described by dr meek as performed at the waning of the moon have evidently ordeal : the sole oath or ordeal which the tribe now admits to practising when questioned by an administrative officer is that on the kuru gong, or yong, which is enjoined by the native court ( mentioned on p555 ). ngubsho : this charm ( not to be confused with ngu, a witch - testing concoction imported by itinerant quacks from the tikar tribe ) does not seem to be known in the southern hamlets. in an alternative way of preparation the cock ' s head is impaled up on the stick. festivals : every kindred has its \" sabbath \" which is the market day and comes at ten - day intervals - five days in mbang and the kaka villages. not infrequently the market hasceased to function, but its name and date persist ( v. infra ). there are four chief seasonal festivals, as shown in the list below, which is taken from titon but applies widely : ( 1 ) kati ( chief festival, sowing of corn ), ( 2 ) gevur ( ripening of maize / first or second? in general, maize ripens twice throughout this area. hdg / ), ( 3 ) kip ( harvest - time, celebrated by both sexes ; nyoti is particular for women ), ( 4 ) nyingwan ( harvest - thanksgiving when the crops are gathered ). kundu is the name given for burial feasts. burial : the custom of burying a chief under one of his granaries and hanging his gown and fez on it is by no means invariable : some have been outside their hamlet in a grove. blood - brotherhood : though individual blood - brotherhood rites are not now practised, they are not unknown to the southern mambila, and in instances where a pair of hamlets is forbidden by custom to intermarry a long - standing blod - brotherhood may be given as the reason. diga ( mbamga ) and kila ( vokkude ), koshin ( mba", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48700522110414984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:505a371a-dc64-4f30-97c7-25d0950cd0ec>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.926882"}
{"text": "instances where a pair of hamlets is forbidden by custom to intermarry a long - standing blod - brotherhood may be given as the reason. diga ( mbamga ) and kila ( vokkude ), koshin ( mbanga ) and mbarr are such pairs. circumcision : sometimes postponed till after puberty. no reason was suggested except that the boy might have been frightened to undergo the operation earlier. house - building : as meek says, houses made of a frame of reeds ( tolergrass ) are usual in the northerly villages, and houses of the \" lath and plaster \" type in the center and south, but it is not correct to say that short thatch invariably goes with a framework hut and long with the latter. granaries : each wife and adult son has his own granary, the usual practice being that their corn is put to current use, while that in the master ' s store is kept for reserve and tax - paying. family group : although in almost every hill - top group of compounds there is a nucleus of two or three compounds of close relations, there is almost invariably also a number of compounds belonging to persons who admit no close relationship. ownership of bamboo palms : gullies containing the bamboo - palm belong as a rule to the hamlet as a whole, not to a special household or family in the narrower sense. dancing floor : in the northern group of villages the center of the beaten dancing - circle is invariably (? ) occupied by a \" coral \" tree ( minjiriya, erythrina senagalensis - dalziel ) growing out from a mud platform. it may be noted that the minjiriya is revered also by the kaka of bamenda. names of the villages and hamlets : the naming of a village after a previous chief is, i believe, purely a fulani _ german innovation. the mambila, unless speaking to a stranger, uses the kindred - or place - name ( which are one ) or occasionally the name of the existing chief. the following are \" village \" names of fulani use only and derive from a chief of the period 1890 - 1910 : titon, vokkude ( nickname ), tamnya, gembu, wa, tem. most of the remaining hamlets and villages are known abroad by their mambila kindred - names or a corruption of it, though kabri among others seems to be a pre - mambila weapons ' hoes : spears", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4629541692067202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:505a371a-dc64-4f30-97c7-25d0950cd0ec>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.928730"}
{"text": "wa, tem. most of the remaining hamlets and villages are known abroad by their mambila kindred - names or a corruption of it, though kabri among others seems to be a pre - mambila weapons ' hoes : spears are made by the blacksmiths of kabri and vokkude who are true mambila or at least very long - standing immigrants. hoes, on the other hand, are made only by the blacksmiths of kuma and gikau, close to nayo daga, who are distinct from the mambila proper. it is curious if the mambila with their highly distinctive shields have, as dr meek suggests, been spear - bearers for only a short time, and one would like to hear in more detail the evidence on which he bases hiw view. f96 / musical instruments : a curious instrument is used by men to accompany their \" crooning \". this is a plucking instrument, like a guitar without a handle, of which the sounding medium is a series of springy splinters instead of strings. personal appearance : clothes are now worn by a few women in the northern villages ; in the south they are still nude. some of these follow the kaka fashion of piercing the nose or ear and inserting a fragment of straw. the chipping of teeth is common, but is a fahsion only, not obligatory. markets : the market day is the holy day, coming roung every ten days except in mbang village, where the five - day kaka week is kept. sgd d a percival, 1 xi 35.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4242418375112026, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:505a371a-dc64-4f30-97c7-25d0950cd0ec>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.929422"}
{"text": "ask dr. math high school archive dr. math home | | middle school | | high school | | dr. math faq see also the dr. math faq : browse high school history / biography stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. - the welsh vigesimal number system [ 02 / 17 / 2003 ] what can you tell me about the welsh version of the vigesimal number - what if there was no zero? [ 10 / 21 / 2003 ] why did it take so long to discover zero? why did early civilizations not need zero? how would math as we know it be different if there was - what is a sign? [ 04 / 21 / 2003 ] can you do anything in math without signs? - what is menelaus ' theorem? [ 11 / 15 / 1998 ] proof of menelaus ' theorem, and discussion of its converse and desargues ' - what was fermat ' s last theorem? [ 07 / 23 / 1997 ] i wonder if you might take the time to explain fermat ' s last theorem. i am an undergraduate in mathematics, so an easy answer would be perfect. - when do we need to know roman numerals? [ 08 / 26 / 2003 ] i have a student who does not see how learning roman numerals will benefit her. what advice can you give her to make this learning experience more relevant to her life and needs? - where did fahrenheit and celsius come from? [ 07 / 26 / 1997 ] how did scientists figure out the relation between two numbers that mean the same thing, e. g. 0 deg c and 32 deg f? - where did pi come from? [ 12 / 2 / 1994 ] we are an adult high school and we were wondering if you could answer our question. where did the word pi come from, and how did someone determine it was equal to 3. 14? - where does pi come from? [ 1 / 13 / 1995 ] i was wondering how exactly the math notation pi was derived, and whoever derived it, why did he make up that symbol for pi? - where does sine come from? [ 1 / 6 / 1995 ] who was the inventor of sine? and when did he / she discover it? also, how did he / she do it? - who invented algebra? [ 06 / 07 / 2004 ] who invented algebra? - who invented binary? [ 05 / 07 / 2000 ] who invented the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49715065132579594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f50ed2ca-606b-45cb-8f21-0ba274882440>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.941925"}
{"text": "and when did he / she discover it? also, how did he / she do it? - who invented algebra? [ 06 / 07 / 2004 ] who invented algebra? - who invented binary? [ 05 / 07 / 2000 ] who invented the binary system of numbers and when was it developed? - who was hero ( or heron )? [ 11 / 12 / 1997 ] i have been trying to find information on the greek mathematician hero. - why are the numbers on a dartboard where they are? [ 03 / 09 / 2004 ] the way that the numbers 1 to 20 are arranged on a standard dart board at first seems to be random, but are they placed in such a way as to encourage accuracy, i. e., so that missing a high number results in hitting a low number? - why b for intercept? [ 10 / 16 / 2003 ] in the slope - intercept formula, y = mx + b, why is ' b ' used to represent the y - intercept? - why does 1 + 1 = 2? [ 2 / 28 / 1995 ] nobody that i ask has been able to answer that question with an explanation. notice the word why, not how. - why do we need to study rational numbers? [ 04 / 22 / 2008 ] my students want to know why they need to know what rational numbers are and what use they have in the real world. - why is a circle 360 degrees? [ 07 / 01 / 1998 ] why is a circle defined as 360 degrees? - why m for slope? [ 11 / 9 / 1994 ] my class wants me to ask you why the letter m was selected to represent - why straightedge and compass only? [ 10 / 02 / 2002 ] my geometry students want to know why constructions can only be done using a straightedge and a compass. - why x and y? [ 11 / 30 / 1994 ] can dr. math tell me where we get x and y? - women in mathematics [ 3 / 6 / 1996 ] would someone answer questions from eleventh grade girls about being a - you can ' t trisect an angle [ 7 / 16 / 1996 ] who proved you can ' t trisect an angle? search the dr. math library : \u00a9 1994 - 2013 drexel university. all rights reserved. home | | the math library | | quick reference | | search | | help the math forum is a research and educational enterprise of the drexel university school of education.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48681754085469514, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f50ed2ca-606b-45cb-8f21-0ba274882440>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.943739"}
{"text": "london ( reuters ) - ten international drug companies are to team up with scientists from 11 european countries to create a bank of stem cells for a project aimed at speeding up the development of new medicines. stembancc, coordinated by swiss drugmaker roche and managed by scientists at oxford university, aims to use so - called human - induced pluripotent stem cells - derived from people with hard - to - treat conditions - as research tools. martin graf from roche, who is coordinating the project, said the goal was to generate 1, 500 induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from 500 patients that can then be used by researchers around the world to study a range of diseases, including diabetes and dementia. in recent years, researchers have developed a way of reprogramming ordinary adult cells taken from skin or blood, for example, to create stem cells that can be used to generate any type of cell. these induced pluripotent stem cells can offer a supply of different kinds of human cell such as cardiomyocytes, or heart cells, and neurons or nerve cells that can be used for a broad range of laboratory tests in early stage drug development. the research that resulted in the creation of the first induced pluripotent stem cells was a significant breakthrough which won the scientists behind it - john gurdon and shinya yamanaka - this year ' s nobel prize for medicine. graf and zameel cader of oxford university, who announced the project in london, said the raw material for the project would be largely skin and blood samples taken from patients with diseases such as alzheimer ' s and diabetes. the research will focus mainly on these conditions as well as peripheral nervous system disorders such as chronic and neuropathic pain, central nervous system disorders such as dementia, and neurodysfunctional conditions such as autism, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. cader said that because the stem bank ' s cell lines will be derived directly from real patients, they will include genes that may be the culprits in causing the development of diseases - making them useful for early testing of the efficacy and toxicity of potential new medicines. \" this is essentially what is so transformative about stem cell technology - for the first time you can get at the cells that are relevant from the patients with the conditions, \" he said. \" that is what is so exciting about it. \" the project is a public - private partnership backed by the european union ' s innovation medicines initiative and is half funded by the drug industry and half by the eu.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.468754329232569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd74a1c-5e59-43c3-9fb5-af93d5723024>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.947632"}
{"text": "the growing child : 7 to 9 months while all babies may grow at a different rate, the following indicates the average for boys and girls 7 to 9 months of age : - weight : average gain of 1 pound each month ; boys usually weigh about 1 / 2 pound more than girls ; two - and - a - half times the birthweight by 8 months - height : average growth of about 1 / 2 inch each month - head size : average growth of about 1 / 4 inch each month babies are rapidly developing their physical abilities at this age. they become mobile for the first time and safety in the home becomes an important issue. while babies may progress at different rates, the following are some of the common milestones your baby may reach in this age group : - rolls over easily from front to back and back to front - sits leaning forward on hands at first, then unsupported - bounces when supported to stand - gets on hands and feet and rocks back and forth - may creep, scoot, crawl - - backwards first, then forward - begins to pull up to stand - reaches for and grasps objects using whole hand - bangs toy on table - can hold an object in each hand - may hold a bottle - plays peek - a - boo - grasps object with thumb and finger by 8 to 9 months - begins teething, usually starting with the two center front teeth in the lower jaw, then the two center front teeth in the upper jaw - learns to drink from cup - puts everything into mouth - naps are usually twice, sometimes three times a day, for one to two hours each ( on average ) - may begin to awaken during the night and cry it is very exciting for parents to watch their babies become social beings that can interact with others. while every baby develops speech at his or her own rate, the following are some of the common milestones in this age group : - makes two syllable sounds ( ma - ma, da - da ) - makes several different vowel sounds, especially \" o \" and \" u \" - repeats tones or sounds made by others a baby ' s awareness of people and surroundings increases during this time. while babies may progress at different rates, the following are some of the common milestones in this age group : - responds to own name and \" no \" - pays attention to conversation - appears to understand some words ( i. e., eat ) - prefers mother over others - enjoys seeing self in mirror - responds to changes in emotions of others - is afraid of strangers - shows interest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4451171122305265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cda8010f-57ab-4bfc-a472-a9cee7267445>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.954848"}
{"text": "and \" no \" - pays attention to conversation - appears to understand some words ( i. e., eat ) - prefers mother over others - enjoys seeing self in mirror - responds to changes in emotions of others - is afraid of strangers - shows interest in and dislike of foods - makes attention - getting sounds such as a cough or snort - begins to understand object permanence and can uncover a toy after seeing it covered - may follow one - step commands with a sign to demonstrate ( i. e., \" get the ball \" while parent points to ball ) consider the following as ways to foster the emotional security of your baby : - give your baby safe toys that make noises when shaken or hit. - play in front of a mirror, calling your baby by name and pointing to your baby ' s reflection in the mirror. - when talking to your baby, pause and wait for him or her to respond just as when talking with an adult. - play pat - a - cake and peek - a - boo. - name common objects when shown to your baby. - make a variety of sounds with your mouth and tone of voice. - repeat and expand the sounds your baby makes, such as \" ma - ma \" when he or she says \" ma. \" - show picture books and read stories to your baby every day. - give your baby toys with objects or knobs to push, poke, or turn. - give your baby toys that stack or nest and show him or her how they work. - build a tower with your baby and show him or her how to knock it down. - establish a routine for bath and bedtime. - offer a cup.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45491552653654554, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cda8010f-57ab-4bfc-a472-a9cee7267445>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.955908"}
{"text": "osteoarthritis is usually diagnosed after your doctor has taken a careful history of your symptoms. a physical exam will be done. there are no definitive lab blood tests to make an absolute diagnosis of osteoarthritis. certain tests, specifically x - rays of the joint, may confirm your doctor \u2019 s impression that you have developed osteoarthritis. x - ray examination of an affected joint \u2014 a joint with osteoarthritis will have lost some of the normal space that exists between the bones. this space is called the joint space. this joint space is made up of articular cartilage, which becomes thin. there may be tiny new bits of bone ( bone spurs ) visible at the end of the bones. other signs of joint and bone deterioration may also be present. x - rays, however, may not show very much in the earlier stages of osteoarthritis, even when you are clearly experiencing symptoms. arthrocentesis \u2014 using a thin needle, your doctor may remove a small amount of joint fluid from an affected joint. the fluid can be examined in a lab to make sure that no other disorder is causing your symptoms ( such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, infection ). blood tests \u2014 blood tests may be done to make sure that no other disorder is responsible for your symptoms ( such as rheumatoid arthritis or other autoimmune diseases that include forms of arthritis ). researchers are also looking at whether the presence of certain substances in the blood might indicate osteoarthritis and help predict the severity of the condition. these substances include breakdown products of hyaluronic acid ( a substance that lubricates joints ) and a liver product called c - reactive protein. - reviewer : rosalyn carson - dewitt, md - review date : 09 / 2011 - - update date : 09 / 01 / 2011 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4607061198685254, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:749fdeae-168d-42c0-a78f-06c62e066a01>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.958107"}
{"text": "\" mouchan \" mouchan by mke1963 mouchan travel guide : 2 reviews and 4 photos the small village of mouchan is unusual in this part of the world for being down in the valley by a river - the osse. most villages are old and are therefore built up on the ridges and hilltops. fources is another exception, but probably also, like mouchan, a more recent village. \" recent \" here means that it was built after the dark ages around the 10th century. building on higher ground was not just a defensive decision ; the rivers were prone to flood badly and regularly. the osse and the gelise remain particularly prone to flooding, and mouchan is still at risk. those keen to paddle in the warm rivers of the osse should be aware that upstream reservoirs can occasionally discharge water and the water level can rise quickly. as the rivers here do not rise in the pyrenees, there are no hydro - electric schemes upstream, so these rivers in northern gers are not at risk of significant discharges, it would be wise to be careful with small children. mouchan is best known for its romanesque church, which is the earliest known church with gothic features, so is well - known in the architectural world. however, mouchan is more than just one church. it has the traces of an ancient water - mill, the remains of the old fosse, and other interesting little vignettes of rural french architecture. it ' s also a pleasant village and starting pointing for great walks up and down the osse valley and into the vineyards on the ridges around cassaigne to the south. the origins of the name are unknown, although there are local theories that it is derived from the latin personal name muscius. given its location in the valley, this seems unlikely although mouchan is on a roman road. the remains of a roman villa have been found nearby, but then what self - respecting tenareze village doesn ' t have its crop of substantial roman remains? in particular the area around gelleneuve ( south of mouchan, alongside the osse ) has provided rich roman relics. others have suggested that the name started as muysano ( \" more clean \" ), then meysano, moissan and finally mouchan. however, earlier it was known as valaque ( and note that the hamlet nearby is still called balague. in the 10th century, the benedictine order built a priory which, from 126", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38943053814968687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1ba8816-335e-4887-b042-a0da919c25ac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.964831"}
{"text": "( ara ) - traditionally, the term \u201c war zone \u201d elicits images of tanks, gunfire and military personnel. however, as technology evolves, so do the weapons associated with the art of warfare. most recently, the battleground has moved online, with the introduction of a new computer malware threat known as \u201c flame. \u201d flame steals information from e - operations of certain nation states \u2013 making it a vital threat to both governments and military units. based on the way flame works, it can be classified as a \u201c cyber weapon, \u201d according to kaspersky lab, a russian anti - virus firm. web attacks cost businesses $ 114 billion each year, according to a 2011 study conducted by symantec. and as more business, government and military institutions store classified information online, the probability of an attempted attack by these new forms of cyber - weaponry increases. given the likelihood for future security breaches, the need for professionals with the skills required to protect those at risk for such forms of online espionage is amplifying. the u. s. bureau of labor statistics occupational outlook handbook reports that by the year 2020, demand for cyber security experts will increase by 28 percent. much like the way the military and police serve and protect our country and its citizens, cyber security experts play a crucial role in protecting an institution \u2019 s network and information from attacks. these professionals, known as computer forensics experts, also analyze the electronic evidence, and in some cases identify and serve as expert witnesses to help prosecute the criminals responsible. bachelor \u2019 s degree programs such as computer information systems ( cis ) help prepare students for this role. many programs allow students to concentrate their studies in a variety of cyber security specialties. for example, students focusing on computer forensics will learn the skills necessary to handle the electronic evidence of criminal cases and how to identify and prosecute criminals. at devry university, students enrolled in the computer information systems bachelor \u2019 s degree program can pursue a cyber security specialization in computer forensics that allows them to gain understanding of the diversity of computer crime, and the laws and principals concerned with computer forensics and electronic evidence. they also learn how to discover data that resides in a computer system, and how to recover deleted, encrypted or damaged file information. \u201c technical knowledge is only one piece of the skillset puzzle for cyber security practitioners, \u201d says dr. ahmed naumaan, national dean for the college of engineering & information sciences at devry university. \u201c creativity and the ability to think outside the box play a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5381876569441746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9369923a-b2a4-481c-8f1e-c868a10f14ef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.973777"}
{"text": "what do we really know about creativity? very little. we know that creative genius is not the same thing as intelligence. in fact, beyond a certain minimum iq threshold \u2013 about one standard deviation above average, or an iq of 115 \u2013 there is no correlation at all between intelligence and creativity. we know that creativity is empirically correlated with mood - swing disorders. a couple of decades ago, harvard researchers found that people showing \u2018 exceptional creativity \u2019 \u2013 which they put at fewer than 1 per cent of the population \u2013 were more likely to suffer from manic - depression or to be near relatives of manic - depressives. as for the psychological mechanisms behind creative genius, those remain pretty much a mystery. about the only point generally agreed on is that, as pinker put it, \u2018 geniuses are wonks. \u2019 they work hard ; they immerse themselves in their genre. could this immersion have something to do with stocking the memory? as an instructive case of creative genius, consider the french mathematician henri poincare, who died in 1912. poincare \u2019 s genius was distinctive in that it embraced nearly the whole of mathematics, from pure ( number theory ) to applied ( celestial mechanics ). along with his german coeval david hilbert, poincare was the last of the universalists. his powers of intuition enabled him to see deep connections between seemingly remote branches of mathematics. he virtually created the modern field of topology, framing the \u2018 poincare conjecture \u2019 for future generations to grapple with, and he beat einstein to the mathematics of special relativity. unlike many geniuses, poincare was a man of great practical prowess ; as a young engineer he conducted on - the - spot diagnoses of mining disasters. he was also a lovely prose stylist who wrote bestselling works on the philosophy of science ; he is the only mathematician ever inducted into the literary section of the institut de france. what makes poincare such a compelling case is that his breakthroughs tended to come in moments of sudden illumination. one of the most remarkable of these was described in his essay \u2018 mathematical creation \u2019. poincare had been struggling for some weeks with a deep issue in pure mathematics when he was obliged, in his capacity as mine inspector, to make a geological excursion. \u2018 the changes of travel made me forget my mathematical work, \u2019 he recounted. having reached coutances, we entered an omnibus to go some place or other. at the moment i put my foot on the step the idea came", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5205476708740284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b181eeea-90ac-4ac8-b059-bc2e817def78>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.979269"}
{"text": "geological excursion. \u2018 the changes of travel made me forget my mathematical work, \u2019 he recounted. having reached coutances, we entered an omnibus to go some place or other. at the moment i put my foot on the step the idea came to me, without anything in my former thoughts seeming to have paved the way for it, that the transformations i had used to define the fuchsian functions were identical with those of non - euclidean geometry. i did not verify the idea ; i should not have had time, as, upon taking my seat in the omnibus, i went on with a conversation already commenced, but i felt a perfect certainty. on my return to caen, for conscience \u2019 s sake, i verified the result at my leisure. how to account for the full - blown epiphany that struck poincare in the instant that his foot touched the step of the bus? his own conjecture was that it had arisen from unconscious activity in his memory. \u2018 the role of this unconscious work in mathematical invention appears to me incontestable, \u2019 he wrote. \u2018 these sudden inspirations \u2026 never happen except after some days of voluntary effort which has appeared absolutely fruitless. \u2019 the seemingly fruitless effort fills the memory banks with mathematical ideas \u2013 ideas that then become \u2018 mobilised atoms \u2019 in the unconscious, arranging and rearranging themselves in endless combinations, until finally the \u2018 most beautiful \u2019 of them makes it through a \u2018 delicate sieve \u2019 into full consciousness, where it will then be refined and proved. poincare was a modest man, not least about his memory, which he called \u2018 not bad \u2019 in the essay. in fact, it was prodigious. \u2018 in retention and recall he exceeded even the fabulous euler, \u2019 one biographer declared. ( euler, the most prolific mathematician of all \u2013 the constant e takes his initial \u2013 was reputedly able to recite the aeneid from memory. ) poincare read with incredible speed, and his spatial memory was such that he could remember the exact page and line of a book where any particular statement had been made. his auditory memory was just as well developed, perhaps owing to his poor eyesight. in school, he was able to sit back and absorb lectures without taking notes despite being unable to see the blackboard. it is the connection between memory and creativity, perhaps, which should make us most wary of the web. \u2018 as our use of the web makes it harder for us to lock information into our biological memory,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5763846696307225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b181eeea-90ac-4ac8-b059-bc2e817def78>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.980380"}
{"text": "this function unlocks a region in an open file. unlocking a region enables other processes to access the region. bool unlockfileex ( handle hfile, dword dwreserved, dword nnumberofbytestolocklow, dword nnumberofbytestolockhigh, lpoverlapped lpoverlapped ) ; [ in ] handle to a file that contains a region locked by the lockfileex function. the file handle must have been created with the generic _ read or generic _ write access right. reserved. set to zero. [ in ] low - order portion of the length of the byte range to unlock. [ in ] high - order portion of the length of the byte range to unlock. [ in ] pointer to an overlapped structure that is used with the unlock request. this structure contains the file offset of the beginning of the unlock range. nonzero indicates success. zero indicates failure. for extended error information, call getlasterror. unlocking a region of a file releases a previously acquired lock on the file. the region to unlock must correspond exactly to an existing locked region. two adjacent regions of a file cannot be locked separately and then unlocked using a single region that spans both locked regions. if a process terminates with a portion of a file locked or closes a file that has outstanding locks, the locks are unlocked by the os. however, the time it takes for the os to unlock these locks depends upon available system resources. therefore, explicitly unlock all locked files when a process ends. otherwise, access to these files can be denied if the os has not yet unlocked them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5080974504879617, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f178bcb0-e420-4149-a8ff-7e243fcb4c9c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.984349"}
{"text": "tenaim : the conditions of marriage contemporary couples are reinterpreting an old ceremony that set the financial and logistical arrangements for an upcoming marriage the author provides a historical context for the jewish tradition of tenaim where the families of prospective bride and groom would meet to set primarily financial and logistical \" conditions \" for an upcoming marriage ; in a small number of communities, tenaim are still practiced this way. in the spirit of the contemporary trend toward developing new jewish ceremonies, the author then describes how a modern \" tenaim \" ceremony might work. the contemporary version is, for all practical purposes, a new ceremony based broadly on the notion that certain \" conditions, \" albeit primarily personal ones, are set in anticipation of the upcoming marriage. excerpted with permission from the new jewish wedding ( simon & schuster, inc. ). the decision to marry is one of life ' s momentous choices. some couples have made it the occasion for a celebration based on the ashkenazic custom of tenaim - - literally, the \" conditions \" of the marriage. every engagement announces that two people are changing their status ; the public declaration of their decision instantly designates them bride and groom. tenaim kicks off the season of the wedding, officially and jewishly. an old ceremony from the 12th to the early 19th century, tenaim announced that two families had come to terms on a match between their children. the document setting out their agreement, also called tenaim, would include the dowry and other financial arrangements, the date and time of the huppah [ the actual wedding ceremony ], and a knas, or penalty, if either party backed out of the deal. after the document was signed and read aloud by an esteemed guest, a piece of crockery was smashed. the origins of this practice are not clear ; the most common interpretation is that a shattered dish recalls the destruction of the temple in jerusalem, and it is taken to demonstrate that a broken engagement cannot be mended. the broken dish also anticipates the shattered glass that ends the wedding ceremony. in some communities it was customary for all the guests to bring some old piece of crockery to smash on the floor. there is also a tradition that the mothers - in - law - to - be break the plate - - a symbolic rending of mother - child ties and an acknowledgment that soon their children will be feeding each other. after the plate breaking, the party began. possibilities for celebration of tenai", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49292036179235965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eeade2b2-1daf-4fa4-83c7-a73ed6bd7fe7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.989669"}
{"text": "both devices rely on injectable solutions of radiopharmaceuticals, which are drugs that are labeled with radioactive isotopes. as the solution circulates throughout the body, it tends to accumulate in malignant cells. the congregated radiopharmaceuticals emit gamma - rays, which are sensed as light by the devices and then converted into electronic signals that can be rendered as a visible image. \" what we will be looking to do is develop minimally invasive instrumentation, \" keppel says. \" we want to be able to locate and diagnose cancers more effectively. everything coming out of the center, at least in the immediate future, will be focused on finding better ways to locate or image those radiopharmaceuticals. \" eastern virginia medical school ( evms ) in norfolk will be joining with cami to establish a graduate program in medical physics. it will be the first such program in virginia, and the first in the country at an historically black college. any devices resulting from the collaboration will be evaluated both nationally and in clinical programs conducted at tidewater - area hospitals. keppel is in the process of writing proposals that would fund center personnel in medical physics, engineering and applied technology. in addition to five students and two part - time administrative assistants, keppel expects up to 10 individuals from hampton university, the lab, and evms to staff cami. \" we pool expertise in one place and we get the word out, \" she says. \" the idea is to become an international resource for medical physics and to invite physicians, companies and patient advocacy groups to partner with us. \" groundbreaking for a new cami research facility on campus at hampton university is scheduled for later this spring. when complete in 2003, the center will enclose 12, 000 square feet in two stories, housing primarily research labs contact : linda ware doe / thomas jefferson national accelerator facility", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5738488322488382, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:038b38d8-812e-4ba5-98a7-9ab8b9c52ab1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:02.997947"}
{"text": "using voting records, the researchers found out political party affiliation for 35 of the men and 47 of the women in that study. political parties aren ' t a perfect match with ideology, but they come very close, the researchers wrote feb. 13 in the journal plos one. most democrats hold liberal values, while most republicans hold conservative values. comparing the democrat and republican participants turned up differences in two brain regions : the right amygdala and the left posterior insula. republicans showed more activity than democrats in the right amygdala when making a risky decision. this brain region is important for processing fear, risk and reward. meanwhile, democrats showed more activity in the left posterior insula, a portion of the brain responsible for processing emotions, particularly visceral emotional cues from the body. the particular region of the insula that showed the heightened activity has also been linked with \" theory of mind, \" or the ability to understand what others might be thinking. while their brain activity differed, the two groups ' behaviors were identical, the study found. schreiber and his colleagues can ' t say whether the functional brain differences nudge people toward a particular ideology or not. the brain changes based on how it is used, so it is possible that acting in a partisan way prompts the differences. the functional differences did mesh well with political beliefs, however. the researchers were able to predict a person ' s political party by looking at their brain function 82. 9 percent of the time. in comparison, knowing the structure of these regions predicts party correctly 71 percent of the time, and knowing someone ' s parents ' political affiliation can tell you theirs 69. 5 percent of the time, the researchers wrote. this article originally appeared on livescience. com. more from livescience. com :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.508003670910289, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c457d1a-ee6a-4b02-b4c8-f1a09ff16d5b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.005976"}
{"text": "it ' s a look that ' s been painted and photographed untold times : a mother gazing deep into her infant ' s eyes while the two smile and kiss. psychologists believe this interplay helps a child ' s emotional and cognitive development. the behavior was thought to exist only in humans and to a lesser extent in our closest kin, chimpanzees. now, scientists have discovered similarly intense shared gazing and facial expressions in monkeys. and that means, the researchers say, that this kind of maternal communication dates back at least 30 million years. although scientists have studied rhesus macaque monkeys ( macaca mulatto ) in the lab and field for more than 50 years, they missed this key behavior. \" previous researchers were looking more at what happens when a mother and infant are separated, \" says pier francesco ferrari, a neuroscientist at the university of parma in italy, not what happens when they ' re together. but plenty occurs between the two, as ferrari and his team observed. in a semi - free - range environment at the laboratory of comparative ethology, part of the national institutes of health in bethesda, maryland, the scientists filmed 14 mother - and - infant pairs during the first 2 months of the youngsters ' lives, beginning when the infants were a few hours old. the team watched each pair one to three times a day for 15 minute sessions while they were awake. infants sleep 50 % to 75 % of the time, which may be another reason the emotional gazing was previously missed. as the macaque mothers looked into their babies ' eyes, they \" actively searched for the infants ' gaze and tried to engage their babies, \" says ferrari. for instance, a mother might hold her baby ' s head and pull the child ' s face toward her own or bounce her own head up and down, all while gazing directly into the infant ' s eyes. other times, mothers would smack their lips in an exaggerated manner and kiss their babies ' faces - - reminiscent of the way human mothers get their infants ' attention. the infants often responded by imitating their mothers ' lip - smacks or using lip - smacks of their own to get her attention, the team reports today in current biology. as in humans, these actions are likely important in the baby rhesus macaque ' s emotional development, says ferrari. unlike in humans, however, the shared behaviors begin to disappear in macaques after the first month as the babies become more independent. please download the latest version", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4783991563822996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7273ce82-5cec-486a-a4f4-2de040f47359>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.012249"}
{"text": "adult survival rates of shag ( phalacrocorax aristotelis ), common guillemot ( uria aalge ), razorbill ( alca torda ), puffin ( fratercula arctica ) and kittiwake ( rissa tridactyla ) on the isle of may 1986 - 96 harris, m. p. ; wanless, s. ; rothery, p.. 2000 adult survival rates of shag ( phalacrocorax aristotelis ), common guillemot ( uria aalge ), razorbill ( alca torda ), puffin ( fratercula arctica ) and kittiwake ( rissa tridactyla ) on the isle of may 1986 - 96. atlantic seabirds, 2. 133 - 150. full text not available from this repository. on the isle of may between 1986 and 1996, the average adult survival of shags phalacrocorax aristotelis was 82. 1 %, common guillemots uria aalge 95. 2 %, razorbills alca torda 90. 5 %, puffins fratercula arctica 91. 6 % and kittiwakes rissa tridactyla 88. 2 %. shags, razorbills and puffins all had a single year of exceptionally low survival but these years did not coincide. in contrast, kittiwake survival declined significantly over the period and there was evidence that substantial non - breeding occurred in several years. breeding success of kittiwakes also declined, which gives rise to concern for its future status. given a high enough level of resighting, return rates ( the proportion of birds known to be alive one year that were seen the next year ) on a year - by - year basis provide a reasonable indication of relative changes in adult survival. | programmes : | | ceh programmes pre - 2009 publications > other | | ceh sections : | | _ biodiversity & population processes | | additional keywords : | | shag, phalacrocorax aristotelis, common guillemot, uria aalge, razorbill, alca torda, puffin, fratercula arctica, kittiwake, rissa tridactyla | | nora subject terms : | | zoology | | date made live : | | 08 dec 2008 21 : 30 | actions ( login required )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.446541179446296, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2223b59-5dd0-474f-acd5-a52f82c794e8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.018548"}
{"text": "mutualism is very common : the classic example is the relationship pollinators and their plants. around 70 % of land plants require other species to help them reproduce via pollination. often, the pollinators, like bees and wasps, gain food from the plant while the plant benefits by getting to mix its genes with other plants - a clear win - win for both. but both have to give up something, too, and whenever there is a cost to a relationship, both sides have good reason to cheat. when i say cheat, i mean a species not keeping up their half of the deal. a species would gain something if they could maintain the positive benefits provided by another other species without having to expend whatever cost is associated with their side of the mutualistic bargain. a plant would benefit, for example, if it could attract its pollinators without having to make nectar or pretty flowers to attract them. so how is mutualism maintained when there is strong evolutionary pressure to cheat? in some cases, it ' s by nature of the relationship. in the example above, it ' s simply hard for the plant to cheat because skimping on the goods directly affects how the other side acts - no nectar - laden flowers, no reason for a bee or other bug to stop and get covered in pollen. but some mutualist relationships are easier to cheat on - take the case of fig wasps. fig wasps are wasps that lay their eggs in fig flowers. as these flowers turn into fruits, the wasp larvae are protected and fed by the fig, costing the tree resources. this relationship looks parasitic at first glance : the wasp gets healthy babies while the fig gets its fruit ruined. but the wasp has a promise it must keep to the tree : when it lays its eggs, it has to pollinate flowers so the tree can produce seeds. there are actually two kinds of fig wasps : one that pollinates passively and one that pollinates actively. the passive pollinators collect pollen on their extremities and, while climbing around to deposit eggs, pollinate the trees ' flowers without even thinking about it. passively pollinating wasps do not expend extra energy to pollinate, and they cannot easily avoid carrying pollen, so there ' s no real way or reason for them to cheat. david attenborough explains their relationship rather nicely : the active pollinators are much more deliberate about things : female wasps specifically collect pollen in specialized pouches ( see r ) and deposit it on another tree ' s flowers by choice when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4952603835854985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d00124ba-8fe4-4e20-95ce-f046f7843fba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.028588"}
{"text": "to cheat. david attenborough explains their relationship rather nicely : the active pollinators are much more deliberate about things : female wasps specifically collect pollen in specialized pouches ( see r ) and deposit it on another tree ' s flowers by choice when they lay their eggs. active pollinators don ' t have to pollinate, per se - they can, and do sometimes, flit around without collecting pollen and bring it to another tree. after all, it costs the wasp time and energy to go about collecting and lugging around pollen, so why bother if they don ' t have to? instead, the female wasps just infect flowers with wasp eggs, acting more like a parasite than a mutualist. clearly, there ' s an easy, good reason for the wasp to short - change the tree. but, if there ' s good reason for the wasps to cheat, there is equally good reason for the trees to catch them, evolutionarily speaking. having a cheating wasps ' young growing in its fruit does the tree no good whatsoever. but can the trees spot cheaters and somehow punish them for it? that ' s the question that biologists k. charlotte jander and edward allen herre wanted to answer. to find out, they carefully watched six different species of figs, four that had active pollinating wasps and two that had passive pollinating wasps. they wanted to see if the actively - pollinated trees somehow reacted differently to loyal wasps who pollinated like they ' re supposed to and cheaters. since it ' s hard to tell if a wasp is doing its job, instead, the researchers intentionally manipulated the wasps. for each fig tree \u2013 pollinator species - pair, they experimentally produced pollen - carrying and artificially pollen - free wasps, which, because they had no pollen, played the role of cheaters. they then waited to see how well the cheaters larvae survived. they found that the passively pollinated figs had no system in place to protect against cheaters - which is exactly what you ' d expect, since it ' s basically impossible for a passive - pollinating wasp to get around on the flowers without pollinating, meaning that cheating is not likely. the actively pollinated figs, on the other hand, all punished cheaters. first off, the figs carrying cheater offspring were aborted more frequently. when a fig aborts a larvae - containing fruit, it kills all of the larvae inside. one active species only kept around 3 % of the number of fig", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4347360496285829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d00124ba-8fe4-4e20-95ce-f046f7843fba>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.034680"}
{"text": ". first off, the figs carrying cheater offspring were aborted more frequently. when a fig aborts a larvae - containing fruit, it kills all of the larvae inside. one active species only kept around 3 % of the number of figs that the passive pollinated species did. but to punish them even more, the fig also manipulated the conditions within the growing fruits which contained cheating larvae - per fruit, fewer cheater adults emerged than non - cheating ones. in one species of fig, almost no cheaters survived to adulthood - just 5 % of the number that emerged from passively pollinated figs. how exactly the fig changes the condition of the fruit to harm the growing larvae isn ' t yet known. this made the scientists wonder how common cheaters were in the wild, and whether the species that strongly reacted to cheating were plagued by more cheaters. as expected, they didn ' t find any pollen - free passive pollinating wasps, but they did find active pollinating ones that weren ' t carrying the goods. they also found that the species that cheated the most lived on the fig tree that punished them the least. these data strongly support consistent coevolution between the fig wasps and their trees. if the tree doesn ' t catch cheaters, the wasps exploit their longtime friends, and since cheating isn ' t punished, cheating young grow up and continue cheating, leading to high frequencies of cheaters. this rapidly degrades their relationship from mutualism to parasite - host. however, if the trees respond by culling free - riders, they reduce the number of wasps inclined to cheat and maintain the true mutualism that the two have had for around 80 million years. mutualism is often portrayed as \" playing nice \", a beautiful harmony between species. just listen to how the relationship between active pollinating fig wasps and their trees is portrayed in this pbs special : how sweet. too bad it ' s totally not true. just like the arms races between predator and prey or parasite and host, mutualist species constantly adapt to try get the upper hand in their relationship. there is still a battle going on between even the best of friends to gain an evolutionary advantage, and just like other interactions, mutualists have to constantly evolve to maintain the status quo. jander, k., & herre, e. ( 2010 ). host sanctions and pollinator cheating in the fig tree - fig wasp mutualism proceedings of the royal society b : biological sciences doi : 10. 1098 / rspb. 2009.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45960672841109296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d00124ba-8fe4-4e20-95ce-f046f7843fba>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.036253"}
{"text": "two fishing cats born at national zoo9 : 02 am - 06 / 16 / 2012 looks like the national zoo has two new young additions! twin fishing cats were born may 18, marking an important milestone for the endangered species. the twin kittens were the first - ever fishing cats to be bred and produced in the d. c. area \u2014 making future breeding possibilities a more tangible option. just 27 of out of 30 fishing cats in north america are considered reproductively viable. the fishing cat population has decreased 50 percent over the past 18 years due to poaching in southeast asia, and scientists are working hard to help this endangered species thrive in the future. named for their hunting technique, fishing cats tend to find the majority of their diet living in water. these kittens are going through procedures most human babies experience after birth \u2014 physical examinations and vaccinations. they are being closely monitored by specialized scientists. they will make their first public appearance late this summer, but their father, 2 - year - old lek, can be seen now on the national zoo \u2019 s asia trail. their mother, electra, has heightened maternal instincts and doesn \u2019 t let the twins go too far. apparently the zoo originally planned to pair electra with another male, but the original pair showed no interest in each other. when electra met lek, they instantly showed their affection by nuzzling and grooming each other. the match made in heaven is definitely a step in the right direction toward saving another endangered species, as these cute young kittens show.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.397251621027258, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41a29fab-2b75-49f7-8ff2-fb6a104fa717>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.039752"}
{"text": "donald w. pfaff | donald w. pfaff, phd | donald w. pfaff, ph. d., professor and head of the laboratory of neurobiology and behavior at the rockefeller university, is a brain scientist who uses neuroanatomical, neurochemical and neurophysiological methods to study the cellular mechanisms by which the brain controls behavior. his laboratory \u2019 s research has proceeded through four steps to demonstrate how steroid hormone effects on nerve cells can direct natural, instinctive behaviors. first, pfaff is known for discovering exact cellular targets for steroid hormones in the brain. a system of hypothalamic and limbic forebrain neurons with sex hormone receptors, discovered in rodents, was later found to be present in species ranging from fish through primates. this hormone - sensitive system apparently is a general feature of the vertebrate brain. his lab recently found that \u201c knocking out \u201d the gene for the estrogen receptor in animals prevents female reproductive behavior. surprisingly, that single gene deletion resulted both in masculinizing female animals and, counterintuitively, feminizing males \u2019 behavior. secondly, his lab at rockefeller then worked out the neural circuitry for hormone - dependent female reproductive behavior, the first behavior circuit elucidated for any mammal. third, he and his colleagues demonstrated several genes that are \u201c turned on \u201d by estrogens in the forebrain. fourth, in turn, their gene products facilitate reproductive behavior. for example, the induction of one of them, the gene for the progesterone receptor, showed that the hormone estrogen could turn on another transcription factor important, in turn, for behavioral control. regulated gene expression in the brain participates in the control of behavior. taken together, these four advances proved that specific chemicals acting in specific parts of the brain could determine individual behavioral responses. while two genetic transcription factors, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, cooperate with each other to promote reproductive behavior, another transcription factor, thyroid hormone receptor, actually interferes with estrogenic actions. seasonal environmental changes, raising thyroid hormone levels, can block reproductive behaviors when they would be biologically inappropriate. in an experiment that lent support to the concept of the \u201c unity of the body, \u201d pfaff found that the nervous system protein gnrh promotes reproductive behavior as well as directing the pituitary to stimulate the ovaries and testes. this action of gnrh renders instinctive behaviors congruent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47153162160943535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e095e617-d926-456d-bef4-2bd5e7af0c0d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.054662"}
{"text": "body, \u201d pfaff found that the nervous system protein gnrh promotes reproductive behavior as well as directing the pituitary to stimulate the ovaries and testes. this action of gnrh renders instinctive behaviors congruent with the physiology of reproductive organs elsewhere in the body pfaff \u2019 s lab subsequently discovered that gnrh - producing neurons are not actually born in the brain as other neurons are. instead, during embryonic development, they are born in the olfactory epithelium. once born, they migrate up the nose and into the forebrain. in humans, interruption of that migration, especially in men, causes a state in which the body does not produce adequate amounts of the sex hormone testosterone. this hypogonadal state is associated with a loss of libido. in 2003, pfaff received an nih merit award for the study of generalized arousal, responsible for activating all behavioral responses.. his team formulated the first operational definition of nervous system arousal, enabling scientists to measure arousal quantitatively in laboratory animals, as well as in human beings. in humans, deficits in arousal contribute to such cognitive problems as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism and alzheimer ' s disease. erosion of arousal also may account for some of the mental difficulties that people face as they age. understanding generalized arousal may help scientists develop pharmacological methods to enhance alertness during the day and sleep at night. analyzing the mechanisms of arousal may also lead to a more precise anesthesiology. pfaff has made fundamental contributions to our understanding of how the administration of sex hormones can affect health. pfaff \u2019 s lab recently showed that giving hormone doses in pulses, rather than as a steady exposure, may maximize the benefits and limit the side effects now associated with hormone therapies. by giving estrogen replacement to the rats, the scientists studied the actions of the hormone at the level of the brain cell ' s protective outer membrane, and inside the nucleus where the cell ' s dna is housed. they found that both the membrane and the dna pathways are crucial, with one facilitating the other, in triggering hormone - dependent gene expression and female mating behavior. by limiting the estrogen exposure of to short pulses, the total dose can be kept much smaller than with steady delivery, and therefore some of the negative effects will be reduced. born in rochester, n. y., on december 9, 1939, he received the a. b. degree magna cum laude from harvard college in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5212502926883106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e095e617-d926-456d-bef4-2bd5e7af0c0d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.055844"}
{"text": "be kept much smaller than with steady delivery, and therefore some of the negative effects will be reduced. born in rochester, n. y., on december 9, 1939, he received the a. b. degree magna cum laude from harvard college in 1961 and a ph. d. from the massachusetts institute of technology in 1965. he held a national merit scholarship, harvard national scholarship, woodrow wilson fellowship, mit president ' s award fellowship, national institutes of health predoctoral fellowship and national science foundation postdoctoral fellowship. pfaff joined the rockefeller university in 1966 as a postdoctoral fellow. he was named assistant professor in 1969, associate professor in 1971, granted tenure in 1973 and promoted to full professor in 1978. he is a member of the u. s. national academy of sciences and a fellow of the american academy of arts and sciences. he also is a member of several scientific organizations related to studies of the central nervous system. he is the author of estrogens and brain function ( springer, 1980 ), drive : neurobiological and molecular mechanisms of sexual motivation ( mit press, 1999 ), brain arousal and information theory ( harvard university press, 2005 ) and the neuroscience of fair play : why we ( usually ) follow the golden rule ( dana press, 2007 ). he has edited the physiological bases of motivation ( 1982 ), ethical questions in brain and behavior ( 1984 ), genetic influences on the nervous system ( crc press, 1999 ) and hormones, brain and behavior ( 5 volumes, academic press, 2002 ). he also is on the editorial boards of several scientific journals. pfaff and his first wife, the poet stephanie strickland, have three children : robin ( palo alto, calif. ), alexander ( new york, n. y. ) and douglas ( new york, n. y. ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5083321482080316, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e095e617-d926-456d-bef4-2bd5e7af0c0d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.056982"}
{"text": "tiruvellore thattai krishnamachariar ( 1899 \u2013 1974 ) was the indian finance minister from 1956 \u2013 1958 and from 1964 - 1966. krishnamachariar, who was born into a tamil iyengar brahmin family graduated from madras christian college ( mcc ) and was a visiting professor to the department of economics at mcc. he resigned from the position twice. he was popularly known as ttk. he was also a member of drafting committee, and entrepreneur and congress leader krishnamachari was one among the founders of modern india. he was instrumental in building the basic economic and industrial infrastructure of the country and also left his mark on the indian constitution as a member of the drafting committee. krishnamachari began his life as a businessman and went on to lay the foundation of the hugely successful firm tt krishnamachari & co. in 1928, in chennai, which is now known as the ttk group. by the mid - thirties, when the company was well established, krishnamachari decided to turn his attention to politics. he was initially elected to the madras legislative assembly as an independent member, and later joined the congress. in 1946, he was made a member of the constituent assembly at the centre. from 1952 to 1965, he served the country twice as a central minister. he was the first minister for commerce and industry and then finance minister. he also remained in charge of the steel ministry for quite some time. he became minister again in 1962, first without... read more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39475241663344984, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:75deae57-cedd-4394-b27e-95bebc7ac624>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.059598"}
{"text": "invasion of privacy the right of privacy is a common - law ( court - made ) cause of action that is a fairly new legal development. the u. s. constitution contains no direct references to the right of privacy. there are few statutes that affect privacy and most invasion of privacy lawsuits that publishers may face are of the common - law type. an action for invasion of privacy is actually comprised of four distinct torts ( legal wrongs ). these are : intrusion upon seclusion ; appropriation of name or likeness ; publicity given to private life ; and publicity placing the person in a false light. each separate cause of action is addressed below. note : to sue successfully for invasion of privacy, a plaintiff only has to prove one of the four torts, not all of the four torts. the right of privacy competes with the freedom of the press as well as the interest of the public in the free dissemination of news and information, and these permanent public interests must be considered when placing the necessary limitations upon the right of privacy. pennsylvania courts have held that an action based on such right must not become a vehicle for establishment of a judicial censorship of the press. back to top. intrusion upon seclusion one who intentionally intrudes, physically or otherwise, upon the solitude or seclusion of another or his private affairs or concerns, is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy, if the intrusion would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. to be liable for intrusion upon seclusion, the plaintiff must prove the following elements : 1. invasion of a secluded place or privacy : the defendant ( the offender ) must invade the plaintiff ' s ( the person suing ) personal or private space. the definition of this invasion is very broad. invasion may be : by physical intrusion into a place where the plaintiff has secluded himself. by use of the defendant ' s senses to oversee or overhear the plaintiff ' s private affairs ( such as eavesdropping or spying with a telescope ), or some other form of investigation or examination into plaintiff ' s private concerns ( such as illegally obtaining someone ' s credit report ). 2. objectionable intrusion : the intrusion must be of a type that would be highly offensive to the ordinary reasonable person. 3. invasion of private affairs or matters : the interference with the plaintiff ' s privacy must be substantial ( however, if the event reported occurs in public, there is no expectation of privacy ). examples of intrusion upon privacy include placing microphones or cameras in someone ' s bedroom or hacking into their computer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5030746297266315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3044ea9-ee6c-45c6-bb87-4e9ed41c2477>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.073393"}
{"text": "with the plaintiff ' s privacy must be substantial ( however, if the event reported occurs in public, there is no expectation of privacy ). examples of intrusion upon privacy include placing microphones or cameras in someone ' s bedroom or hacking into their computer. however, where the information that is reported pertains to the public interest as well as a party ' s private interest, that individual ' s right of privacy will be weighed against the public interest. if the event being reported is in the public interest ( a newsworthy event ), it will, in all likelihood, be immune to an invasion of privacy lawsuit. an example of this would be a car accident. although it involves the personal affairs of a few people ( or even only one person ), the accident is reportable because it is a newsworthy event. therefore, a person cannot sue a newspaper for invasion of privacy over a story about a car accident that includes the driver ' s name. photographs taken in public are also not violative of one ' s privacy. back to top. appropriation of name or likeness appropriation of name or likeness occurs when someone appropriates the name or likeness of another for their own use or benefit. action for misappropriation of right of publicity protects against commercial loss caused by appropriation of an individual ' s personality for commercial exploitation. it gives the individual exclusive right to control the commercial value of his or her name and likeness to prevent others from exploiting that value without permission. it is similar to a trademark action with the person ' s likeness, rather than the trademark, being the subject of the protection. courts have denied plaintiffs lawsuits unless there is a finding that the defendant obtains an economic benefit from using the plaintiff ' s name. additionally, the courts are unlikely to find that there has been an appropriation of the plaintiff ' s likeness unless the unauthorized use was part of an advertisement or a promotion. if such an appropriation is for a newsworthy event, the person ' s right to privacy is not violated. an example of this is if a photograph of someone patronizing a new restaurant is published as part of a story publicizing the opening of the restaurant. the patron cannot sue the newspaper for appropriation of name or likeness because the photograph is being used for a newsworthy event. however, if a store is using someone ' s picture to advertise a new line of clothes, and they have not received permission from that person to use the picture, that person ' s likeness has been wrongly appropriated. back to top. publicity given to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5056042572103483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3044ea9-ee6c-45c6-bb87-4e9ed41c2477>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.075001"}
{"text": "if a store is using someone ' s picture to advertise a new line of clothes, and they have not received permission from that person to use the picture, that person ' s likeness has been wrongly appropriated. back to top. publicity given to private life one who gives publicity to a matter concerning the private life of another is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy, if the matter publicized is of a kind that : 1. would be highly offensive to a reasonable person, and 2. is not of legitimate concern to the public. the main determination in a publicity given to private life lawsuit is whether the matter being publicized is public or private. if the matter is one of public concern, there is no invasion of privacy. first amendment rights protect the publication of items of legitimate public interest. however, if the matter is not one of public concern, and it is one that people would find offensive, there is an invasion of privacy. an example of publicity given to private life would be publicizing the fact that your neighbor has failed to pay his credit card bill for three months. sometimes there is difficulty in determining whether something really is of legitimate public concern. courts have held that a claim that a person violated the law is relevant and newsworthy, even though it was latter proven that the substance of the complaint was false. the example of a drunk - driving one - car accident is also illustrates this point. although the driver may have an interest in keeping the fact that he was driving while intoxicated private, the accident occurred in public and is a newsworthy event. the public ' s interest in knowing about the accident outweighs the driver ' s interest in keeping the accident private. additionally, matters that are of public record are not protected. if a journalist publishes a story disclosing facts that were obtained from a police press release or a court opinion, the matter is of public record and no lawsuit for publicity given to private life will be successful. public figures ( those persons who, by their accomplishments or place in life, give the public a legitimate interest in their affairs, such as politicians, professional athletes, and even personal injury claimants ) face a somewhat lessened right to privacy because more of their actions are of legitimate public concern than they would be if the public figure were an ordinary person. because of this lessened expectancy of privacy, a newspaper can publish a biography of a public figure without fear of being sued for invasion of privacy. no permission is needed to do such a story. additionally, the newspaper can include", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44800152875509525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3044ea9-ee6c-45c6-bb87-4e9ed41c2477>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.076248"}
{"text": "an ordinary person. because of this lessened expectancy of privacy, a newspaper can publish a biography of a public figure without fear of being sued for invasion of privacy. no permission is needed to do such a story. additionally, the newspaper can include some facts that would otherwise be an invasion of privacy for a person who is not a public figure. care must be taken that these otherwise private facts are within the scope of the story. examples of these facts would be a public figure ' s familial background, associates, or specific events in their life that shape them into the person that they are, or that shed light as to their guilt or innocence. public figures ( those persons who, by their accomplishments or place in life, give the public a legitimate interest in their affairs, such as politicians, professional athletes, and even personal injury claimants ) face a somewhat lessened right to privacy because more of their actions are of legitimate public concern than they would be if the public figure were an ordinary person. because of this lessened expectancy of privacy, a newspaper can publish a biography of a public figure without fear of being sued for invasion of privacy. no permission is needed to do such a story. additionally, the newspaper can include some facts that would otherwise be an invasion of privacy for a person who is not a public figure. care must be taken that these otherwise private facts are within the scope of the story. examples of these facts would be a public figure ' s familial background, associates, or specific events in their life that shape them into the person that they are, or that shed light as to their guilt or innocence. back to top. publicity placing the person in a false light one who gives publicity to a matter concerning another that places the other before the public in a false light is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy if the false light in which the other was placed would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. examples include a newspaper publishing an innocent person ' s picture as part of a story about convicted felons or including reporting that someone was involved in a domestic dispute when, in fact, there was no such dispute. publicly placing a person in a false light also includes falsely stating someone ' s views, such as saying that someone is a member of the ku klux klan. an important exception is when the published matter is in the public interest ( newsworthy ), such as an item dealing with an accident or the background of a candidate for public office. when the published matter is in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5229493494004641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3044ea9-ee6c-45c6-bb87-4e9ed41c2477>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.077451"}
{"text": "member of the ku klux klan. an important exception is when the published matter is in the public interest ( newsworthy ), such as an item dealing with an accident or the background of a candidate for public office. when the published matter is in the public interest, the plaintiff must show that the publisher acted with malice ( that they either had a reckless disregard for the truth or they knew the report was false but published it anyway ). for example, if a newspaper published a story reporting that a candidate for mayor embezzled money from his previous employer, but never attempted to verify the accuracy of the information, the newspaper can be held liable for publicly placing the candidate in a false light. it is important to keep in mind that malice can be found if the information published is without probable cause or the newspaper never checked for truth by the means at hand. for more information about malice, see : libel back to top. special notes on invasion of privacy for a successful lawsuit, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant ' s actions caused his or her privacy to be invaded. therefore, the newspaper cannot be sued for invasion of privacy if a newspaper publishes a story based upon a report that was made by someone who invaded the plaintiff ' s privacy. note : the newspaper may be held responsible if the newspaper encourages someone to invade the plaintiff ' s privacy. additionally, in some invasion of privacy cases, the newspaper may also be held liable for libel. unlike libel, truth is not a defense for invasion of privacy. only the plaintiff holds the right to privacy. it is a personal right. it does not survive the plaintiff ( the defendant cannot be sued for invasion of privacy actions that occur after the death of the person whose privacy was invaded ), nor can it be asserted on behalf of family members. invasion of privacy lawsuits cannot be brought by, or on behalf of, corporations. successful plaintiffs may recover damages for harm to their interest in privacy, mental / emotional distress, and special damages caused by the invasion of privacy. back to top.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4714402438929743, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3044ea9-ee6c-45c6-bb87-4e9ed41c2477>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.078687"}
{"text": "this site is used for testing new functionality and bug fixes. things may not always work the way you expect. for the production site, please go to http : / / www. pdb. org looking at structures : dealing with coordinates the primary information stored in the pdb archive consists of coordinate files for biological molecules. these files list the atoms in each protein, and their 3d location in space. these files are available in several formats ( pdb, mmcif, xml ). a typical pdb formatted file includes a large \" header \" section of text that summarizes the protein, citation information, and the details of the structure solution, followed by the sequence and a long list of the atoms and their coordinates. the archive also contains the experimental observations that are used to determine these atomic coordinates. when you start exploring the structures in the pdb archive, you will need to know a few things about coordinate files. major topics are included here. atoms and hetatms a typical pdb format file will contain atomic coordinates for a diverse collection of proteins, small molecules, ions and water. each atom is entered as a line of information that starts with a keyword : either atom or hetatm. by tradition, the atom keyword is used to identify proteins or nucleic acid atoms, and keyword hetatm is used to identify atoms in small molecules. following this keyword, there is a list of information about the atom, including its name, its number in the file, the name and number of the residue it belongs to, one letter to specify the chain ( in oligomeric proteins ), its x, y, and z coordinates, and an occupancy and temperature factor ( described in more detail below ). this information gives you a lot of control when exploring the structure. for instance, most molecular graphics programs enable you to color identified portions of the molecule selectively - - for example, to pick out all of the carbon atoms and color them green, or to pick one particular amino acid and highlight it. the left image shows myoglobin ( pdb entry 1mbo ) using the default representation in mbt protein workshop. it shows a ribbon diagram for the protein, and ball - and - stick for the small molecules. in the right image, we have changed the representation to show all atoms, using the information in each atom record to color the molecules differently. this clearly shows the heme group in bright red, and a bound oxygen molecule in turquoise. tip : by default,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5631324092951466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3cad986f-7e03-4efc-8be6-6e30e29e53b4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.091114"}
{"text": "right image, we have changed the representation to show all atoms, using the information in each atom record to color the molecules differently. this clearly shows the heme group in bright red, and a bound oxygen molecule in turquoise. tip : by default, many molecular graphics programs do not display the water positions in a pdb file, even though they are often important to the function and interaction of biological molecules. most of these programs have a way to display them, if you use their methods for atom selection. chains and models biological molecules are hierarchical, building from atoms to residues to chains to assemblies. coordinate files contain ways to organize and specify molecules at all of these levels. as described above, the atom names and residue information are included in each atom record. the higher - order information is identified by keywords that separate blocks of atom records, such as ter and model. protein and nucleic acid chains are specified by the ter keyword, as well as a one - letter designation in the coordinate records. the chains are included one after another in the file, separated by a ter record to indicate that the chains are not physically connected to each other. most molecular graphics programs look for this ter record so that they don ' t draw a bond to connect different chains. pdb format files use the model keyword to indicate multiple molecules in a single file. this was initially created to archive coordinate sets that include several different models of the same structure, like the structural ensembles obtained in nmr analysis. when you view these files, you will see dozens of similar molecules all superimposed. the model keyword is now also used in biological assembly files to separate the many symmetrical copies of the molecule that are generated from the asymmetric unit ( for more information, see the tutorial on biological assemblies ). two useful coloring schemes allow you to explore the different chains in any given pdb file. first, you may color each chain differently to show the packing of different chains in the molecule as shown in the bottom image. then, you can color each chain using a rainbow of colors from one end of the chain to the other to highlight its folding characteristics as shown at the top. both of these methods are available in most molecular graphics programs. the molecule shown here is hemolysin from pdb entry 7ahl. if we were able to hold an atom rigidly fixed in one place, we could observe its distribution of electrons in an ideal situation. the image would be dense towards the center with the density falling off further from the nucleus. when you look", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.567970618876947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3cad986f-7e03-4efc-8be6-6e30e29e53b4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.092372"}
{"text": "by the temperature factors. high values, indicating lots of motion, are in red and yellow, and low values are in blue. notice that the interior of the protein has low b - values and the amino acids on the surface have higher values. you can click on the picture for an interactive jmol view. tip : temperature factors are a measure of our confidence in the location of each atom. if you find an atom on the surface of a protein with a high temperature factor, keep in mind that this atom is probably moving a lot, and that the coordinates specified in the pdb file are only one possible snapshot of its location. occupancy and multiple conformations macromolecular crystals are composed of many individual molecules packed into a symmetrical arrangement. in some crystals, there are slight differences between each of these molecules. for instance, a sidechain on the surface may wag back and forth between several conformations, or a substrate may bind in two orientations in an active site, or a metal ion may be bound to only a few of the molecules. when researchers build the atomic model of these portions, they can use the occupancy to estimate the amount of each conformation that is observed in the crystal. for most atoms, the occupancy is given a value of 1, indicating that the atom is found in all of the molecules in the same place in the crystal. however, if a metal ion binds to only half of the molecules in the crystal, the researcher will see a weak image of the ion in the electron density map, and can assign an occupancy of 0. 5 in the pdb structure file for this atom. occupancies are also commonly used to identify sidechains or ligands that are observed in multiple conformations. the occupancy value is used to indicate the fraction of molecules that have each of the conformations. two ( or more ) atom records are included for each atom, with occupancies like 0. 5 and 0. 5, or 0. 4 and 0. 6, or other fractional occupancies that sum to a total of 1. the two images shown are taken from the high - resolution structure of myoglobin in entry 1a6m : glutamine 8 is on the left, and tyrosine 151 on the right. in both cases, the depositors interpreted the experimental data as showing two conformations of the amino acid, with occupancies of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5719439950164931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3cad986f-7e03-4efc-8be6-6e30e29e53b4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.094898"}
{"text": "thinking and reasoning 2 ( 1 ) : 33 \u2013 49 ( 1996 ) | abstract | | we postulate the testing principle : that individuals ' ' act like statisticians ' ' when they face uncertainty in a decision problem, ranking alternatives to the extent that available evidence allows. the testing principle implies that completeness of preferences, rather than the sure - thing principle, is violated in the ellsberg paradox. in the experiment, subjects chose between risky and uncertain acts in modified ellsberg - type urn problems, with sample information about the uncertain urn. our results show, consistent with the testing principle, that the uncertain urn is chosen more often when the sample size is larger, holding constant a measure of ambiguity ( proportion of balls of unknown colour in the urn ). the testing principle rationalises the ellsberg paradox. behaviour consistent with the principle leads to a reduction in ellsberg - type violations as the statistical quality of sample information is improved, holding ambiguity constant. the testing principle also provides a normative rationale for the ellsberg paradox that is consistent with procedural rationality. | | keywords | | no keywords specified ( fix it ) | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles edward e. schlee ( 1997 ). the sure thing principle and the value of information. theory and decision 42 ( 1 ) : 21 - 36. ronald n. giere ( 1970 ). an orthodox statistical resolution of the paradox of confirmation. philosophy of science 37 ( 3 ) : 354 - 362. patrick maher ( 1999 ). inductive logic and the ravens paradox. philosophy of science 66 ( 1 ) : 50 - 70. horacio arlo - costa & jeffrey helzner, iterated random selection as intermediate between risk and uncertainty. jeffrey helzner ( 2009 ). on the application of multiattribute utility theory to models of choice. theory and decision 66 ( 4 ) : 301 - 315. katie steele ( 2007 ). distinguishing indeterminate belief from \u201c risk - averse \u201d preferences. synthese 158 ( 2 ) : 189 - 205. horacio arlo - costa & jeffrey helzner ( 2010 ). ambiguity aversion : the explanatory power of indeterminate probabilities. synthese 172 ( 1 ). jurgen eichberger & david kelsey ( 1999 ). e - capacities and the ellsberg paradox. theory and decision 46 ( 2 ) : 107 - 138. pr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6138171655302664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c92a179a-88bb-469e-ab1b-8ac1d62d53d1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.098871"}
{"text": "an important discovery has been made with respect to the mystery of \u201c handedness \u201d in biomolecules. researchers led by sandra pizzarello, a research professor at arizona state university, found that some of the possible abiotic precursors to the origin of life on earth have been shown to carry \u201c handedness \u201d in a larger number than previously thought. the work is being published in this week \u2019 s early edition of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. the paper is titled, \u201c molecular asymmetry in extraterrestrial chemistry : insights from a pristine meteorite, \u201d and is co - authored by pizzarello and yongsong huang and marcelo alexandre, of brown university. pizzarello, in asu \u2019 s department of chemistry and biochemistry, worked with huang and alexandre in studying the organic materials of a special group of meteorites that contain among a variety of compounds, amino acids that have identical counterparts in terrestrial biomolecules. these meteorites are fragments of asteroids that are about the same age as the solar system ( roughly 4. 5 billion years. ) scientists have long known that most compounds in living things exist in mirror - image forms. the two forms are like hands ; one is a mirror reflection of the other. they are different, cannot be superimposed, yet identical in their parts. when scientists synthesize these molecules in the laboratory, half of a sample turns out to be \u201c left - handed \u201d and the other half \u201c right - handed. \u201d but amino acids, which are the building blocks of terrestrial proteins, are all \u201c left - handed, \u201d while the sugars of dna and rna are \u201c right - handed. \u201d the mystery as to why this is the case, \u201c parallels in many of its queries those that surround the origin of life, \u201d said pizzarello. years ago pizzarello and asu professor emeritus john cronin analyzed amino acids from the murchison meteorite ( which landed in australia in 1969 ) that were unknown on earth, hence solving the problem of any contamination. they discovered a preponderance of \u201c left - handed \u201d amino acids over their \u201c right - handed \u201d form. \u201c the findings of cronin and pizzarello are probably the first demonstration that there may be natural processes in the cosmos that generate a preferred amino acid handedness, \u201d jeffrey bada of the scripps institution of oceanography, la jolla, calif., said at the time. the new pnas work was made", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5510534618647998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7facf7f8-f73a-45cd-8b97-c036384aa446>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.110184"}
{"text": "may be natural processes in the cosmos that generate a preferred amino acid handedness, \u201d jeffrey bada of the scripps institution of oceanography, la jolla, calif., said at the time. the new pnas work was made possible by the finding in antarctica of an exceptionally pristine meteorite. antarctic ices are good \u201c curators \u201d of meteorites. after a meteorite falls - - and meteorites have been falling throughout the history of earth - - it is quickly covered by snow and buried in the ice. because these ices are in constant motion, when they come to a mountain, they will flow over the hill and bring meteorites to the surface. \u201c thanks to the pristine nature of this meteorite, we were able to demonstrate that other extraterrestrial amino acids carry the left - handed excesses in meteorites and, above all, that these excesses appear to signify that their precursor molecules, the aldehydes, also carried such excesses, \u201d pizzarello said. \u201c in other words, a molecular trait that defines life seems to have broader distribution as well as a long cosmic lineage. \u201d \u201c this study may provide an important clue to the origin of molecular asymmetry, \u201d added brown associate professor and co - author huang. source : arizona state university explore further : university of illinois biophysicists measure mechanism that determines fate of living cells", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5293846482881032, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7facf7f8-f73a-45cd-8b97-c036384aa446>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.110957"}
{"text": "industrial pipe systems are inaccessible and narrow. the pipes can be vertical and have junctions. just as challenging, leakage points in the water system must be located, the condition of oil and gas pipelines must be checked and ventilation systems need to be cleaned. in the main, today \u2019 s robots are not that clever. they cannot climb or navigate in vertical pipes \u2013 and very few have active joints. cybernetics and optical measurement scientists at sintef are working on a solution. navigation by light and image with experience and knowledge acquired with snake robots anna konda and aiko as a starting point, a team is now developing an intelligent pipe inspection robot on wheels that will be able to climb, navigate intersections and at any given time know its location in the pipe system. the inspection robot will be able to move in pipes of various diameters, right down to 20 cm. cybernetics scientists are developing the propulsion system while a team of optics scientists is working on the new robot \u2019 s visual system. \u201c we are currently developing the vision system than will enable the robot to navigate, \u201d says jens thielemann at sintef ict. \u201c in the meantime, we are using the lego robot mindstormer to collect the data to train the vision system. this lego robot has a camera attached and moves around the pipe following a pre - programmed map. the next step will be to utilise the vision system as input to control the actual snake robot we are going to develop. \u201d the camera that will provide the new robot \u2019 s vision is an off the shelf time - of - flight camera that provides a bathymetric chart of the pipe system using inflected light. \u201c combined with our algorithms, the robot will be able to navigate and move forward on its own, \u201d says thielemann. \u201c the robot knows when a left or right turn is approaching and also contains a built - in path description detailing what tasks it should carry out in different situations. functions as a train \u201c given our previous work on snake robots, we have become good at controlling mechanisms that are linked, \u201d says sintef cybernetics scientist erik kyrkjeb\u00f8. \u201c we now want to develop a robot with 10 - 11 joint modules, each with an identical pair of wheels cast in plastic. the weight must be well distributed between the joints. for example, can we put the camera and accelerator motor in two different joint modules? the robot will function as a train when operating horizontally. such robots already exist, but we want to develop a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.520700382361162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd388c22-174c-4e68-8fd1-7a94544baf95>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.114775"}
{"text": ". the weight must be well distributed between the joints. for example, can we put the camera and accelerator motor in two different joint modules? the robot will function as a train when operating horizontally. such robots already exist, but we want to develop a robot that can climb too. \u201d the scientists have designed several versions of the pipe inspection robot and have tested different solutions in order to make the new robot both mobile and compact. they have now come up with a design they have faith in. when the robot enters a vertical pipe, it lifts its head in the pipe and meets the pipe wall. it can then either move sideways with its abdomen against the pipe and twist itself upwards or it can topple backwards, attach itself to the pipe wall, in the same way as we would put our feet against a shaft wall to hold on, and then roll upwards. the scientists emphasise that the project is at the design stage. in june, two of the 11 joint modules will be tested to verify the concept and they hope to demonstrate a prototype model by the end of the year. this comprises just phase one of an industrial development, but the enthusiastic scientists are confident of succeeding in the foreseeable future. the final version of the robot will be constructed of aluminium and is planned to be 1. 5 m long. source : aase dragland explore further : nasa : austin, calling austin. 3 - d pizzas to go", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5096582538364303, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd388c22-174c-4e68-8fd1-7a94544baf95>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.115976"}
{"text": "this summer, mount diablo unified school district ' s governing board will make sure district policies on bullying comply with state legislation known as seth ' s law, which went into effect on july 1. named for seth walsh, a 13 - year - old in tehachapi, calif. who hanged himself in 2010 after being bullied for being gay, ab 9 requires public schools to have clear rules about preventing and punishing bullying. here ' s the definition of bullying mt. diablo unified staff shared with the school board in june : no student or group of students shall through physical, written, verbal, or other means harass, sexually harass, threaten, intimidate, cyberbully, cause bodily injury to, or commit hate violence against any other student or school personnel. unwilling to force new costs on cash - strapped school districts, state lawmakers nixed language in the original bill that would have required staff to attend trainings on bullying. it falls on the california department of education to make sure school districts are following the new law, but with resources scarce, it will likely be difficult for the cde to do much in the way of enforcement. that means administrators, teachers, parents and students will ultimately be responsible for addressing the problem of bullying in individual schools. what do you think about the culture in pleasant hill ' s secondary schools? does school staff take bullying seriously? do gay and lesbian students feel respected and safe? tell us in the comments below. suspensions for bullying, violence, intimidation or sexual harassment in 2010 - 2011 total suspensions in 2010 - 2011 57 113 source : california department of education during the 2010 - 2011 school year, researchers for the california healthy kids survey asked around 5, 600 secondary students in mount diablo unified how they feel about their schools. the findings below are from the questions related to bullying. mean rumors spread about you 2 or more times sexual comments or jokes directed at you 2 or more times been made fun of for the way you look or talk 2 or more times 7th graders 23 percent 28 percent 27 percent 9th graders 33 percent 34 percent 25 percent 11th graders 20 percent 36 percent 24 percent been pushed shoved or hit 2 or more times been afraid of being beaten up 2 or more times been in a physical fight 2 or more times 7th graders 24 percent 12 percent 12 percent 9th graders 15 percent 9 percent 9 percent 11th graders 9 percent 7 percent 8 percent source : california healthy kids survey, 2010 - 2011 want pleasant hill news delivered straight to your inbox? sign up for our newsletter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43733205911358264, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c9a5dc5-6a4a-444f-a288-d93a1611287d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.124041"}
{"text": "railroads and ferries brought prosperity | a. b. safford memorial museum in cairo, illinois, built in 1883 | cairo, illinois, is at the extreme southern tip of illinois, at the point where the ohio and mississippi rivers converge. i always have mixed feelings as i drive through cairo ( pronounced \" kay - roh \". ) sadly, the town has endured a long period of hard times and population loss. in the business district, empty lots suggest that many deteriorated buildings have been bulldozed and hauled away. some old buildings, still standing, are candidates for the next demolition list. | i ' m not sure if this church is in use. | cairo became an important railroad hub after the civil war, and the town enjoyed several decades of great prosperity. train cars ( and other vehicles ) were ferried across the rivers, and the ferry business was as important to local fortunes as the railroad and river - shipping businesses. | the riverlore in cairo, illinois | then in 1889, the illinois central railroad completed the cairo rail bridge across the ohio river ( image, another image ). it was a masterpiece of engineering. the metal bridge itself was nearly 2 miles long and the entire structure including the wooden approaches was almost 4 miles long. freight from chicago could travel directly to new orleans via the cairo rail bridge - - a revolution in rail shipping, but a blow to cairo. | more mansions in cairo | vehicles traveling in the cairo area still used the ferries until two highway bridges were built - - the mississippi river bridge ( leading to missouri ) in 1929, and the ohio river bridge ( leading to kentucky ) in 1937. the bridges and roads connected a short distance south of cairo, so travelers could quickly cross both rivers without even entering town. the loss of the railroad and ferry industries was significant, but it alone did not kill the town. by the early 1900s, other serious problems ( racism, corruption, violence, crime ) were well - established in cairo. over the next century, these evils had a slow - but - deadly effect on the town. you can read about the darker side of cairo ' s history at \" cairo, illinois, death by racism. \" | overgrowth and disrepair, too! | a photo i took inside the customs house some years ago seen at wickliffe, kentucky | ohio river bridge, just south of cairo |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3702674268657351, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:48949b39-63ce-4478-838b-a6ec7a73cfab>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.128833"}
{"text": "this page is being updated... | finedust | house dust mites and especially their pellets are held responsible for certain allergies and asthma. what is known? claims that carpets were breeding grounds for dust mites have proven false. in carpets, dust mites can easily be kept under control with regular ventilation and proper cleaning. carpet is not the ideal habitat for mites. carpet prevents the allergic material from being released into the atmosphere by holding the fine allergen particles in the pile until next vacuuming. hard surfaces, on the contrary, allow the allergens to become easily airborne with the slightest draught or vibration. thus, carpet improves the quality of life of allergic persons. it is not the floor covering, but the temperature and humidity that make the difference. the map on the next page shows that conditions in northern europe do not favour mite growth, and yet, that \u2019 s where carpet has been considered wrongly a problem. in southern countries mites do survive, even on hard floors and tiles. despite this, no problems have been reported. ( source : bronswijk j. e. m. h. van, schober g. geoklimatische verteilung von innenraumallergenen. in : jorde w., schata m., eds. monchengladbacher allergieseminar band 5. innenraumallergene. dustri - verlag, munchen - deisenhofen. 1993 : 69 - 84. ) distribution of mites in houses of mite - allergic patients bedding offers ideal living conditions for dust mites, because they are not dependant upon the relative humidity of the bedroom itself : bedding is warm, dark, and damp after sleep and contains discarded skin scales. dust mite allergen in mattresses can be 1. 5 times greater than in dust from bedrooms placed carpet. dust mites are almost not found in offices. in a study comparing carpets in 27 randomly selected offices with 30 bedrooms in homes, mite allergen levels were found to be 0. 32 \u03bc / g in offices vs. 18. 4 \u03bc / g in bedrooms. it was concluded that mite exposure in offices does not seem to be a risk for neither allergic ( atopic ) nor for non - allergic ( non - atopic ) employees. ( source : v. freund, f. lieutier - colas, m. ott, a. vrot, g. paul", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44822470115108703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a231311-4eca-45b3-a0bc-3c0db4654620>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.131419"}
{"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | it is caused by the presence of three \u2014 instead of two \u2014 chromosomes 18 in a fetus or baby ' s cells. the additional chromosome usually occurs before conception. a healthy egg or sperm cell contains 23 individual chromosomes - one to contribute to each of the 23 pairs of chromosomes needed to form a normal cell with 46 chromosomes. numerical errors arise at either of the two meiotic divisions and cause the failure of segregation of a chromosome into the daughter cells ( non - disjunction ). this results in an extra chromosome making the haploid number 24 rather than 23. fertilization of these eggs or sperm that contain an extra chromosome results in trisomy, or three copies of a chromosome rather than two. it is this extra genetic information that causes all the abnormalities characteristic of individuals with edwards syndrome. as each and every cell in their body contains extra information, the ability to grow and develop appropriately is delayed or impaired. this results in characteristic physical abnormalities such as low birth weight ; a small, abnormally shaped head ; small jaw ; small mouth ; low - set ears ; and clenched fists with overlapping fingers. babies with edwards syndrome also have heart defects, and other organ malformations such that most systems of the body are affected. edwards syndrome also results in significant developmental delays. for this reason a full - term edwards syndrome baby may well exhibit the breathing and feeding difficulties of a premature baby. given the assistance offered to premature babies, some of these infants are able to overcome these initial difficulties, but most eventually succumb. the survival rate for edwards syndrome is very low. about half die in utero. of liveborn infants, only 50 % live to 2 months, and only 5 - 10 % will survive their first year of life. major causes of death include apnea and heart abnormalities. it is impossible to predict the exact prognosis of an edwards syndrome child during pregnancy or the neonatal period. as major medical interventions are routinely withheld from these children, it is also difficult to determine what the survival rate or prognosis would be for the condition if they were treated with the same aggressiveness as their genetically normal peers. they are typically severely to profoundly developmentally delayed. the rate of occurrence for edwards syndrome is ~ 1 : 3000 conceptions and 1 : 6000 live births, as 50 % of those diagnosed prenatally with the condition will not survive the prenatal period. although women in their 20 ' s and 30", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46753857070307536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50af4068-0a3c-4cca-b387-37a10a20d013>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.141679"}
{"text": "rate of occurrence for edwards syndrome is ~ 1 : 3000 conceptions and 1 : 6000 live births, as 50 % of those diagnosed prenatally with the condition will not survive the prenatal period. although women in their 20 ' s and 30 ' s may conceive edwards syndrome babies, there is an increased risk of conceiving a child with edwards syndrome as a woman ' s age increases. a small percentage of cases occur when only some of the body ' s cells have an extra copy of chromosome 18, resulting in a mixed population of cells with a differing number of chromosomes. such cases are sometimes called mosaic edwards syndrome. very rarely, a piece of chromosome 18 becomes attached to another chromosome ( translocated ) before or after conception. affected people have two copies of chromosome 18, plus extra material from chromosome 18 attached to another chromosome. with a translocation, the person has a partial trisomy for chromosome 18 and the abnormalities are often less than for the typical edwards syndrome. features and characteristicsedit symptoms and findings may be extremely variable from case to case. however, in many affected infants, the following may be found : - growth deficiency - feeding difficulties - breathing difficulties - developmental delays - mental retardation - undescended testicles in males - prominent back portion of the head - small head ( microcephaly ) - low - set, malformed ears - abnormally small jaw ( micrognathia ) - small mouth - cleft lip / palate - upturned nose - narrow eyelid folds ( palpebral fissures ) - widely - spaced eyes ( ocular hypertelorism ) - dropping of the upper eyelids ( ptosis ) - overlapped, flexed fingers - underdeveloped or absent thumbs - underdeveloped nails - absent radius - webbing of the second and third toes - clubfeet or rocker bottom feet - small pelvis with limited movements of the hips - short breastbone - kidney malformations - structural heart defects at birth ( i. e., ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus ) - stenson, carol m. ( 1999 ). trisomy 18 : a guidebook for families. university of nebraska medical center. isbn 1 - 889843 - 29 - 6. - barnes, ann m. ( 2000 ). care of the infant and child with trisomy 18 or 13 : medical problems, reported treatments and milestones. university of nebraska medical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46645837673656637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50af4068-0a3c-4cca-b387-37a10a20d013>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.142787"}
{"text": "scientific investigations report 2005 - 5232 the carbonate - rock aquifer of the great basin is named for the thick sequence of paleozoic limestone and dolomite with lesser amounts of shale, sandstone, and quartzite. it lies primarily in the eastern half of the great basin and includes areas of eastern nevada and western utah as well as the death valley area of california and small parts of arizona and idaho. the carbonate - rock aquifer is contained within the basin and range principal aquifer, one of 16 principal aquifers selected for study by the u. s. geological survey \u2019 s national water - quality assessment program. water samples from 30 ground - water sites ( 20 in nevada and 10 in utah ) were collected in the summer of 2003 and analyzed for major anions and cations, nutrients, trace elements, dissolved organic carbon, volatile organic compounds ( vocs ), pesticides, radon, and microbiology. water samples from selected sites also were analyzed for the isotopes oxygen - 18, deuterium, and tritium to determine recharge sources and the occurrence of water recharged since the early 1950s. primary drinking - water standards were exceeded for several inorganic constituents in 30 water samples from the carbonate - rock aquifer. the maximum contaminant level was exceeded for concentrations of dissolved antimony ( 6 \u03bcg / l ) in one sample, arsenic ( 10 \u03bcg / l ) in eleven samples, and thallium ( 2 \u03bcg / l ) in one sample. secondary drinking - water regulations were exceeded for several inorganic constituents in water samples : chloride ( 250 mg / l ) in five samples, fluoride ( 2 mg / l ) in two samples, iron ( 0. 3 mg / l ) in four samples, manganese ( 0. 05 mg / l ) in one sample, sulfate ( 250 mg / l ) in three samples, and total dissolved solids ( 500 mg / l ) in seven samples. six different pesticides or metabolites were detected at very low concentrations in the 30 water samples. the lack of voc detections in water sampled from most of the sites is evidence thatvocs are not common in the carbonate - rock aquifer. arsenic values for water range from 0. 7 to 45. 7 \u03bcg / l, with a median value of 9. 6 \u03bcg / l. factors affecting arsenic concentration in the carbonate - rock aquifer in addition to geothermal heating are its natural occurrence in the aquifer material and time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5135595462702525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71d96a69-5ff9-445d-8096-085c505ac74e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.147909"}
{"text": ". 7 \u03bcg / l, with a median value of 9. 6 \u03bcg / l. factors affecting arsenic concentration in the carbonate - rock aquifer in addition to geothermal heating are its natural occurrence in the aquifer material and time of travel along the flow path. most of the chemical analyses, especially for vocs and nutrients, indicate little, if any, effect of overlying land - use patterns on ground - water quality. the water quality in recharge areas for the aquifer where human activities are more intense may be affected by urban and / or agricultural land uses as evidenced by pesticide detections. the proximity of the carbonate - rock aquifer at these sites to the land surface and the potential for local recharge to occur through the fractured rock likely results in the occurrence of these and other land - surface related contaminants in the ground water. water from sites sampled near outcrops of carbonate - rock aquifer likely has a much shorter residence time resulting in a potential for detection of anthropogenic or land - surface related compounds. sites located in discharge areas of the flow systems or wells that are completed at a great depth below the land surface generally show no effects of land - use activities on water quality. flow times within the carbonate - rock aquifer, away from recharge areas, are on the order of thousands of years, so any contaminants introduced at the land surface that will not degrade along the flow path have not reached the sampled sites in these areas. first posted february, 2006 part or all of this report is presented in portable document format ( pdf ) ; the latest version of adobe reader or similar software is required to view it. download the latest version of adobe reader, free of charge. schaefer, d. h., thiros, s. a., and rosen, m. r., 2005, ground - water quality in the carbonate - rock aquifer of the great basin, nevada and utah, 2003 : u. s. geological survey scientific investigations report 2005 - 5232, 41 p. description of study area study design and methods appendix 1. water - quality constituents analyzed in ground - water samples from wells and springs in the carbonate - rock aquifer, nevada and utah", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5027368603324716, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71d96a69-5ff9-445d-8096-085c505ac74e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.152549"}
{"text": "coastal and marine geology program the swinomish channel in la conner, washington. inset shows u. s. geological survey instrument tripod used to measure circulation and water - column properties. ( photographs by e. grossman and a. stevens, u. s. geological survey. ) time - series and spatial measurements of nearshore hydrodynamic processes and water properties were made in the swinomish channel to quantify the net direction and rates of surface water transport that influence habitat for juvenile chinook salmon along their primary migratory corridor between the skagit river and padilla bay in northern puget sound, washington. during the spring outmigration of skagit river chinook between march and june 2007, currents measured with fixed acoustic doppler current profilers ( adcp ) at the south and north end of the swinomish channel and with roving adcp revealed that the currents are highly asymmetric with a dominant flow to the north ( toward padilla bay ). maximum surface current velocities reached 1. 5 m / s and were generally uniform across the channel near mcglinn island causeway. transport times for surface water to travel the 11 km from the southern end of swinomish channel at mcglinn island to padilla bay ranged from 2. 1 hours to 5. 5 days. the mean travel time was ~ 1 day, while 17 percent of the time, transport of water and passive particles occurred within 3. 75 hours. surface water in the swinomish channel during this time was generally very saline 20 - 27 psu, except south of the rainbow bridge in the town of la conner where it ranged 0 - 15 psu depending on tide and skagit river discharge. this salinity regime restricts suitable low salinity ( < 15 - 20 psu ) surface waters for fry chinook salmon to the southernmost 2 km of the channel. the mean change in salinity along the channel was 10 - 13 psu. the high northward current velocities have the capacity to transport chinook fry into less suitable, high - salinity waters toward padilla bay within hours. the rapid transport times of 2. 1 to 3. 75 hours between mcglinn island and padilla bay that occur 17 percent of the time, are considerably less than the time considered adequate for juvenile chinook to acclimate and produce a temporal salinity gradient for pre - smolt salmon that can exceed 4 psu / hour during high northward current flow. download this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4964503226059723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:802c96d6-862e-4d90-a43d-387e37b459e6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.156142"}
{"text": "ten thousand people were killed and 10 to 15 million left homeless when a cyclone slammed into india ' s eastern coastal state of orissa in october 1999. in the aftermath, care and the catholic relief society distributed a high - nutrition mixture of corn and soy meal provided by the u. s. agency for international development to thousands of hungry storm victims. oddly, this humanitarian act elicited cries of outrage. \" we call on the government of india and the state government of orissa to immediately withdraw the corn - soya blend from distribution, \" said vandana shiva, director of the new delhi - based research foundation for science, technology, and ecology. \" the u. s. has been using the orissa victims as guinea pigs for gm [ genetically modified ] products which have been rejected by consumers in the north, especially europe. \" shiva ' s organization had sent a sample of the food to a lab in the u. s. for testing to see if it contained any of the genetically improved corn and soy bean varieties grown by tens of thousands of farmers in the united states. not surprisingly, it did. \" vandana shiva would rather have her people in india starve than eat bioengineered food, \" says c. s. prakash, a professor of plant molecular genetics at tuskegee university in alabama. per pinstrup - andersen, director general of the international food policy research institute, observes : \" to accuse the u. s. of sending genetically modified food to orissa in order to use the people there as guinea pigs is not only wrong ; it is stupid. worse than rhetoric, it ' s false. after all, the u. s. doesn ' t need to use indians as guinea pigs, since millions of americans have been eating genetically modified food for years now with no ill effects. \" shiva not only opposes the food aid but is also against \" golden rice, \" a crop that could prevent blindness in half a million to 3 million poor children a year and alleviate vitamin a deficiency in some 250 million people in the developing world. by inserting three genes, two from daffodils and one from a bacterium, scientists at the swiss federal institute of technology created a variety of rice that produces the nutrient beta - carotene, the precursor to vitamin a. agronomists at the international rice research institute in the philippines plan to crossbreed the variety, called \" golden rice \" because of the color produced by the beta - carotene, with well - adapted local varieties and distribute the resulting plants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4720851365866279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96608448-4ecb-4e5b-b285-de526bb85460>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.166483"}
{"text": "agronomists at the international rice research institute in the philippines plan to crossbreed the variety, called \" golden rice \" because of the color produced by the beta - carotene, with well - adapted local varieties and distribute the resulting plants to farmers all over the developing world. last june, at a capitol hill seminar on biotechnology sponsored by the congressional hunger center, shiva airily dismissed golden rice by claiming that \" just in the state of bengal 150 greens which are rich in vitamin a are eaten and grown by the women. \" a visibly angry martina mcgloughlin, director of the biotechnology program at the university of california at davis, said \" dr. shiva ' s response reminds me of... marie antoinette, [ who ] suggested the peasants eat cake if they didn ' t have access to bread. \" alexander avery of the hudson institute ' s center for global food issues noted that nutritionists at unicef doubted it was physically possible to get enough vitamin a from the greens shiva was recommending. furthermore, it seems unlikely that poor women living in shanties in the heart of calcutta could grow greens to feed their children. the apparent willingness of biotechnology ' s opponents to sacrifice people for their cause disturbs scientists who are trying to help the world ' s poor. at the annual meeting of the american association for the advancement of science last february, ismail serageldin, the director of the consultative group on international agricultural research, posed a challenge : \" i ask opponents of biotechnology, do you want 2 to 3 million children a year to go blind and 1 million to die of vitamin a deficiency, just because you object to the way golden rice was created? \" vandana shiva is not alone in her disdain for biotechnology ' s potential to help the poor. mae - wan ho, a reader in biology at london ' s open university who advises another activist group, the third world network, also opposes golden rice. and according to a new york times report on a biotechnology meeting held last march by the organization for economic cooperation and development, benedikt haerlin, head of greenpeace ' s european anti - biotech campaign, \" dismissed the importance of saving african and asian lives at the risk of spreading a new science that he considered untested. \" shiva, ho, and haerlin are leaders in a growing global war against crop biotechnology, sometimes called \" green biotech \" ( to distinguish it from medical biotechnology, known as \" red biotech \" ). gangs of anti - biotech vandals with cute moniker", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45980917495653756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96608448-4ecb-4e5b-b285-de526bb85460>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.167622"}
{"text": "haerlin are leaders in a growing global war against crop biotechnology, sometimes called \" green biotech \" ( to distinguish it from medical biotechnology, known as \" red biotech \" ). gangs of anti - biotech vandals with cute monikers such as cropatistas and seeds of resistance have ripped up scores of research plots in europe and the u. s. the so - called earth liberation front burned down a crop biotech lab at michigan state university on new year ' s eve in 1999, destroying years of work and causing $ 400, 000 in property damage. ( see \" crop busters, \" january. ) anti - biotech lobbying groups have proliferated faster than bacteria in an agar - filled petri dish : in addition to shiva ' s organization, the third world network, and greenpeace, they include the union of concerned scientists, the institute for agriculture and trade policy, the institute of science in society, the rural advancement foundation international, the ralph nader - founded public citizen, the council for responsible genetics, the institute for food and development policy, and that venerable fount of biotech misinformation, jeremy rifkin ' s foundation on economic trends. the left hasn ' t been this energized since the vietnam war. but if the anti - biotech movement is successful, its victims will include the downtrodden people on whose behalf it claims to speak. \" we ' re in a war, \" said an activist at a protesters ' gathering during the november 1999 world trade organization meeting in seattle. \" we ' re going to bury this first wave of biotech. \" he summed up the basic strategy pretty clearly : \" the first battle is labeling. the second battle is banning it. \" later that week, during a standing - room - only \" biosafety seminar \" in the basement of a seattle methodist church, the ubiquitous mae - wan ho declared, \" this warfare against nature must end once and for all. \" michael fox, a vegetarian \" bioethicist \" from the humane society of the united states, sneered : \" we are very clever little simians, aren ' t we? manipulating the bases of life and thinking we ' re little gods. \" he added, \" the only acceptable application of genetic engineering is to develop a genetically engineered form of birth control for our own species. \" this creepy declaration garnered rapturous applause from the assembled activists. despite its unattractive side, the global campaign against green biotech has had notable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48521922357119573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96608448-4ecb-4e5b-b285-de526bb85460>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.168737"}
{"text": "application of genetic engineering is to develop a genetically engineered form of birth control for our own species. \" this creepy declaration garnered rapturous applause from the assembled activists. despite its unattractive side, the global campaign against green biotech has had notable successes in recent years. several leading food companies, including gerber and frito - lay, have been cowed into declaring that they will not use genetically improved crops to make their products. since 1997, the european union has all but outlawed the growing and importing of biotech crops and food. last may some 60 countries signed the biosafety protocol, which mandates special labels for biotech foods and requires strict notification, documentation, and risk assessment procedures for biotech crops. activists have launched a \" five - year freeze \" campaign that calls for a worldwide moratorium on planting genetically enhanced crops. for a while, it looked like the united states might resist the growing hysteria, but in december 1999 the environmental protection agency announced that it was reviewing its approvals of biotech corn crops, implying that it might ban the crops in the future. last may the food and drug administration, which until now has evaluated biotech foods solely on their objective characteristics, not on the basis of how they were produced, said it would formulate special rules for reviewing and approving products with genetically modified ingredients. u. s. rep. dennis kucinich ( d - ohio ) has introduced a bill that would require warning labels on all biotech foods. in october, news that a genetically modified corn variety called starlink that was approved only for animal feed had been inadvertently used in two brands of taco shells prompted recalls, front - page headlines, and anxious recriminations. lost in the furor was the fact that there was little reason to believe the corn was unsafe for human consumption - only an implausible, unsubstantiated fear that it might cause allergic reactions. even aventis, the company which produced starlink, agreed that it was a serious mistake to have accepted the epa ' s approval for animal use only. most proponents favor approving biotech crops only if they are determined to be safe for human consumption. to decide whether the uproar over green biotech is justified, you need to know a bit about how it works. biologists and crop breeders can now select a specific useful gene from one species and splice it into an unrelated species. previously plant breeders were limited to introducing new genes through the time - consuming and inexact art of crossbreeding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4814034516136038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96608448-4ecb-4e5b-b285-de526bb85460>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.170039"}
{"text": "it works. biologists and crop breeders can now select a specific useful gene from one species and splice it into an unrelated species. previously plant breeders were limited to introducing new genes through the time - consuming and inexact art of crossbreeding species that were fairly close relatives. for each cross, thousands of unwanted genes would be introduced into a crop species. years of \" backcrossing \" - breeding each new generation of hybrids with the original commercial variety over several generations - were needed to eliminate these unwanted genes so that only the useful genes and characteristics remained. the new methods are far more precise and efficient. the plants they produce are variously described as \" transgenic, \" \" genetically modified, \" or \" genetically engineered. \" plant breeders using biotechnology have accomplished a great deal in only a few years. for example, they have created a class of highly successful insect - resistant crops by incorporating toxin genes from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis. farmers have sprayed b. t. spores on crops as an effective insecticide for decades. now, thanks to some clever biotechnology, breeders have produced varieties of corn, cotton, and potatoes that make their own insecticide. b. t. is toxic largely to destructive caterpillars such as the european corn borer and the cotton bollworm ; it is not harmful to birds, fish, mammals, or people.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48765977200392663, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96608448-4ecb-4e5b-b285-de526bb85460>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.170877"}
{"text": "the stated mission of sage is to be viable free open source alternative to magma, maple, mathematica, and matlab. sage \u2019 s predecessors, known as hecke and manin, came about because william stein needed to write them as part of his research in number theory. started by william in 2005 during his time at harvard university, sage combines best - of - breed free open source mathematics software, packaging and unifying them through a common interface. many researchers in number theory, including william himself, use this common interface to build upon and extend the functionalities of underlying packages for number theory research. such software packages include givaro, mpir, ntl, pari / gp, and many others too numerous to list here. students, teachers, professors, researchers throughout the world use sage because they require a comprehensive free open source mathematics package that offers symbolic and numerical computation. most of the time, people are happy with what sage has to offer. as is common throughout the free open source software ( foss ) world, many people often identify cases where sage lacks certain mathematics functionalities that they require. and so they delve into the underlying source code that comprises sage in order to extend it for their purposes, or expose functionalities of underlying packages shipped with sage in order to use their favourite mathematics software packages from within sage. the sage - combinat team is comprised of researchers in algebraic combinatorics. the team \u2019 s stated mission is to improve sage as an extensible toolbox for computer exploration in algebraic combinatorics, and foster code sharing between researchers in this area. for detailed information about why sage exists, see william \u2019 s personal mathematics software biography. in the first few years of sage \u2019 s existence, the project was called \u201c sage \u201d. this acronym stood for \u201c software for algebra and geometry experimentation \u201d. starting around 2007 and early 2008, the name \u201c sage \u201d was widely adopted. think of \u201c sage \u201d as a name for a free open source mathematics software project, just as \u201c python \u201d is a name for a free open source general purpose programming language. whenever possible, please use the name \u201c sage \u201d instead of \u201c sage \u201d to avoid confusing the sage project with a computer project called sage. you pronounce \u201c sage \u201d similar to how you would pronounce \u201c sage \u201d which refers to a wise person, or \u201c sage \u201d which refers to a plant. some people pronounce \u201c sage \u201d as \u201c sarge \u201d, similar to how you would pronounce debian sarge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5474552454828756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a68360c-bedf-4128-a30d-a45c42ba1ef2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.187752"}
{"text": "would pronounce \u201c sage \u201d which refers to a wise person, or \u201c sage \u201d which refers to a plant. some people pronounce \u201c sage \u201d as \u201c sarge \u201d, similar to how you would pronounce debian sarge. however you pronounce \u201c sage \u201d, please do not confuse the sage project with an accounting software by the same name. sage is a volunteer based project. its success is due to the voluntary effort of a large international team of students, teachers, professors, researchers, software engineers, and people working in diverse areas of mathematics, science, engineering, software development, and all levels of education. the development of sage has benefited from the financial support of numerous institutions, and the previous and ongoing work of many authors of included components. a list of direct contributors can be found on the sage development map and the history of changes can be found in the high - level changelog. refer to the acknowledgment page of the sage website for an up - to - date list of financial and infrastructure supporters, mirror network hosting providers, and indirect contributors. a standard rule in the mathematics community is that everything is laid open for inspection. the sage project believes that not doing the same for mathematics software is at best a gesture of impoliteness and rudeness, and at worst a violation against standard scientific practices. an underlying philosophical principle of sage is to apply the system of open exchange and peer review that characterizes scientific communication to the development of mathematics software. neither the sage project nor the sage development team make any claims to being the original proponents of this principle. the development model of sage is largely inspired by the free software movement as spearheaded by the free software foundation, and by the open source movement. one source of inspiration from within the mathematics community is joachim neubuser as expressed in the paper and in particular the following quotation from his paper : you can read sylow ' s theorem and its proof in huppert ' s book in the library without even buying the book and then you can use sylow ' s theorem for the rest of your life free of charge, but... for many computer algebra systems license fees have to be paid regularly for the total time of their use. in order to protect what you pay for, you do not get the source, but only an executable, i. e. a black box. you can press buttons and you get answers in the same way as you get the bright pictures from your television set but you cannot control how they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5579104904203475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a68360c-bedf-4128-a30d-a45c42ba1ef2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.188924"}
{"text": "you do not get the source, but only an executable, i. e. a black box. you can press buttons and you get answers in the same way as you get the bright pictures from your television set but you cannot control how they were made in either case. with this situation two of the most basic rules of conduct in mathematics are violated : in mathematics information is passed on free of charge and everything is laid open for checking. not applying these rules to computer algebra systems that are made for mathematical research... means moving in a most undesirable direction. most important : can we expect somebody to believe a result of a program that he is not allowed to see? moreover : do we really want to charge colleagues in moldava several years of their salary for a computer algebra system? similar sentiments were also expressed by andrei okounkov as can be found in in particular the following quotation : computers are no more a threat to mathematicians than food processors are a threat to cooks. as mathematics gets more and more complex while the pace of our lives accelerates, we must delegate as much as we can to machines. and i mean both numeric and symbolic work. some people can manage without dishwashers, but i think proofs come out a lot cleaner when routine work is automated. this brings up many issues. i am not an expert, but i think we need a symbolic standard to make computer manipulations easier to document and verify. and with all due respect to the free market, perhaps we should not be dependent on commercial software here. an open - source project could, perhaps, find better answers to the obvious problems such as availability, bugs, backward compatibility, platform independence, standard libraries, etc. one can learn from the success of tex and more specialized software like macaulay2. i do hope that funding agencies are looking into this. sage was not written from scratch. most of its underlying mathematics functionalities are made possible through foss projects such as an up - to - date list can be found on the page for the standard packages repository. the principle programming languages of sage are python and cython. python is the primary programming and interfacing language, while cython is the primary language for optimizing critical functionalities and interfacing with c libraries and c extensions for python. sage integrates over 90 foss packages into a common interface. on top of these packages is the sage library, which consists of over 700, 000 lines of new python and cython code. see oh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5658309763486827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a68360c-bedf-4128-a30d-a45c42ba1ef2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.190026"}
{"text": "c libraries and c extensions for python. sage integrates over 90 foss packages into a common interface. on top of these packages is the sage library, which consists of over 700, 000 lines of new python and cython code. see ohloh. net for source code analysis of the latest stable sage release. the following is an incomplete list of institutions and projects that use sage. if any institution or project is missing, please let us know by reporting to the sage - devel mailing list. sage has two very active email lists : there is also a very active irc channels : # sage - devel on freenode. many developers also actively blog and also post other sage - related tutorials and talks. see http : / / www. sagemath. org / help. html for a listing of these resources. this topic has been discussed over and over again. so before you resume the discussion, ensure you have read and understood the arguments below. sage is a distribution of over 90 foss packages for symbolic, numerical, and scientific computation. in general, the combinatorial explosion of configurations to debug is way too large. it is next to impossible to find any linux distribution ( e. g. arch, centos, debian, fedora, gentoo, mandriva, ubuntu ) where the version numbers of packages that sage depends on even remotely match. the majority of people who contribute to sage do so in their free time. these are people who hold day jobs that are not directly related to computer programming or software development. it is next to impossible for anyone to track down the correct versions of packages, configure and compile them on linux, mac os x, solaris, or windows, just so that they could start using sage or start working on their first contribution to sage. while the sage project aims to be useful to as wide an audience as possible, we believe that sage first needs to be as easy as possible to install by anyone with any level of computer experience. if you want to help sage realize this goal, please email the sage - devel mailing list. any software package contains bug. with something as complex as sage, neither the sage community nor the sage development team make any claims that sage is free of bugs. to do so would be an act of dishonesty. a sage release cycle usually lasts for about 3 to 4 weeks. each release cycle is usually chaired by a single release manager who looks after the sage merge tree", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49398030909461405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a68360c-bedf-4128-a30d-a45c42ba1ef2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.191026"}
{"text": "that sage is free of bugs. to do so would be an act of dishonesty. a sage release cycle usually lasts for about 3 to 4 weeks. each release cycle is usually chaired by a single release manager who looks after the sage merge tree for the duration of the release cycle. during that time, the release manager often needs to devote the equivalent of full - time work to quality management and actively interacts with an international community of sage users, developers, and potential contributors. there have been a number of cases where two sage contributors paired up to be the release managers for a sage release cycle. however, it is often the case that few people have the equivalent of 3 weeks \u2019 worth of free time to devote to release management. if you want to help out with release management, please subscribe to the sage - release mailing list. since the beginning of the sage project, sage contributors have tried to listen and think about what would increase the chances that serious potential contributors would actually contribute. what encourages one contributor can discourage another, so tradeoffs need to be made. to decide that a stabilization release would merge patches with bug fixes, and only fix bugs, would likely discourage someone from contributing when they have been told in advance that their positively reviewed patches will not be merged. the sage community believes in the principle of \u201c release early, release often \u201d. how the sage project is organized and run differ greatly from that of a commercial software company. contributors are all volunteers and this changes the dynamic of the project dramatically from what it would be if sage were a commercial development effort with all developers being full - time employees. to download the sage standard documentation in html or pdf formats, visit the help and support page on the sage website. each release of sage comes with the full documentation that makes up the sage standard documentation. if you have downloaded a binary sage release, the html version of the corresponding documentation comes pre - built and can be found under the directory sage _ root / devel / sage - main / doc / output / html /. during the compilation of sage from source, the html version of the documentation is also built in the process. to build the html version of the documentation, issue the following command from sage _ root : $. / sage - docbuild - - no - pdf - links all html building the pdf version requires that your system has a working latex installation. to build the pdf version of the documentation, issue the following command from sage _ root : $. / sage - docbuild all pdf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4469416017740375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a68360c-bedf-4128-a30d-a45c42ba1ef2>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.192032"}
{"text": "our cells generate most of the energy they need in tiny structures inside them called mitochondria, which can be thought of as the cells ' powerhouses. mitochondria have their own dna, independent of the cell ' s nuclear genome, which is compelling similar to the dna of bacterial genomes. what this suggests is that many thousands of years ago, mitochondria were not just components of our cells, but were in fact unicellular organisms in their own right. according to this hypothesis \u2013 the endosymbiotic theory \u2013 mitochondria ( and possibly some other organelles ) originated as free - living bacteria which later became incorporated inside other cells in a symbiotic relationship. like man - made powerhouses, mitochondria produce hazardous by - products as well as useful energy. they are the main source of free radicals in the body \u2013 hugely reactive particles which cause damage to all cellular components through oxidative stress. they attack the first thing they come across, which is usually the mitochondrion itself. this hazardous environment has put the genes located in the mitochondrion at risk of mutational damage, and over many years of evolutionary pressure the mitochondrial dna has gradually moved into the cell ' s nucleus, where it is comparatively well - protected from the deleterious effects of free - radicals alongside all of the cell ' s other dna. this is called allotopic expression, and it has moved all but thirteen of the mitochondrion ' s full complement of at least one thousand genetic instructions for proteins into the ' bomb - shelter ' of the nucleus. however, the remaining thirteen genes in the mitochondrion itself are subject to the ravages of free - radicals, and are likely to mutate. mutated mitochondria, as aubrey de grey has identified, may indirectly accelerate many aspects of ageing, not least when their mutation causes them to no longer produce the required energy for the cell, in turn impairing the cell ' s functionality. in order to combat the down - stream ageing damage as a consequence of mitochondrial mutation, de grey believes that the mitochondrial dna damage itself needs to be repaired or rendered harmless. his characteristically bold solution to this problem is to put the mutations themselves beyond use by creating backup copies of the remaining mitochondrial genetic material and storing them in the safety of the cell ' s nucleus. allotopically expressed here, like the rest of the mitochondrial dna, any deletions in the mitochondrial dna can be safely overwritten", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5609894943529994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b596649b-9733-4f95-92a8-b3cfbd260371>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.218727"}
{"text": "creating backup copies of the remaining mitochondrial genetic material and storing them in the safety of the cell ' s nucleus. allotopically expressed here, like the rest of the mitochondrial dna, any deletions in the mitochondrial dna can be safely overwritten by the backup master copy, which is much less likely to mutate hidden away from the constant bombardment of free radicals. there are several difficulties to this solution, not least the fact that the remaining proteins are extremely hydrophobic and so don ' t ' want ' to be moved at all, and additionally the code disparity between the language of the mitochondrial dna and the nuclear dna which makes a simple transplantation without translation impossible. even if this engineered solution to the problem proves impracticable, at the very least the theory is sound. if we can devise a way systematically defend our mitochondria from their own waste products, we will drastically reduce the number of harmful free radicals exported throughout our bodies, thereby reducing preventing a lot of the damage that distinguishes the young from the old, extending and improving the quality of our lives as a result. dr aubrey de grey, a gerontologist from cambridge, believes that ageing is a disease that can be cured. like man - made machines, de grey sees the human body as a system which ages as the result of the accumulation of various types of damage. and like machines, de grey argues that this damage can be periodically repaired, potentially leading to an indefinite extension of the system ' s functional life. de grey believes that just as a mechanic doesn ' t need to understand precisely how the corrosive processes of iron oxidation degrades an exhaust manifold beyond utility in order to successfully repair the damage, so we can design therapies that combat human ageing without understanding the processes that interact to contribute to our ageing. all we have to do is understand the damage itself. de grey is confident that he has identified future technologies that can comprehensively remove the molecular and cellular lesions that degrade our health over time, technologies which will one day overcome ageing once and for all. in order to pursue the active development and systematic testing of these technologies, de grey has made it part of his mission to break the ' pro - ageing trance ' that he sees as a widespread barrier to raising the funding and stimulating the research necessary to successfully combat ageing. de grey defines this trance as a psychological strategy that people use to cope with ageing, fuelled from the incorrect belief that ageing is forever unavoidable. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5897505737434732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b596649b-9733-4f95-92a8-b3cfbd260371>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.220160"}
{"text": "to raising the funding and stimulating the research necessary to successfully combat ageing. de grey defines this trance as a psychological strategy that people use to cope with ageing, fuelled from the incorrect belief that ageing is forever unavoidable. this trance is coupled with the general wisdom that anti - ageing therapies can only stretch out the years of debilitation and disease which accompany the end of most lifetimes. de grey contends that by repairing the pathologies of ageing we will in fact be able to eliminate this period completely, postponing it with new treatments for indefinitely longer time periods so that no - one ever catches up with the damage caused by their ageing. to get over our collective ' trance ' it is worth realising that this meme has made perfect psychological sense until very recently. given the traditional assumption that ageing cannot be countered, delayed or reversed, it has paid to make peace with such a seemingly immutable fact, rather than wasting one ' s life preoccupied with worrying about it. if we follow de grey ' s rationale that the body is a machine that can be repaired and restored, we have to accept that there are potential technologies that can effectively combat ageing, and thus the trance can no longer be rationally maintained. telomeres are repetitive dna sequences which cap the ends of chromosomes, protecting them from damage and potentially cancerous breakages and fusings. they act as disposable buffers, much as the plastic aglets at the end of shoelaces prevent fraying. each time a cell divides, the telomores get shorter as dna sequences are lost from the end. when telomeres reach a certain critical length, the cell is unable to make new copies of itself, and so organs and tissues that depend on continued cell replication begin to senesce. the shortening of telomeres plays a large part in ageing ( although not necessarily a causal one ), and so advocates of life extension are exploring the possibility of lengthening telomeres in certain cells by searching for ways to selectively activate the enzyme telomerase, which maintains telemore length by the adding newly synthesized dna code to their ends. if we could induce certain parts of our bodies to express more telomerase, the theory goes, we will be able to live longer, healthier lives, slowing down the decline of ageing. every moment we ' re fighting a losing battle against our telomeric shortening ; at conception our telomeres consist of roughly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.578813851131473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b596649b-9733-4f95-92a8-b3cfbd260371>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.221272"}
{"text": "the theory goes, we will be able to live longer, healthier lives, slowing down the decline of ageing. every moment we ' re fighting a losing battle against our telomeric shortening ; at conception our telomeres consist of roughly 15, 000 dna base pairs, shrinking to 10, 000 at birth when the telomerase gene becomes largely deactivated. without the maintenance work of the enzyme our telomeres reduce in length at a rate of about 50 base pairs a year. when some telomeres drop below 5, 000 base pairs, their cells lose the ability to divide, becoming unable to perform the work they were designed to carry out, and in some cases also releasing chemicals that are harmful to neighbouring cells. some particularly prominent cell - types that are affected by the replicative shortening of telomeres include the endothelial cells lining blood vessels leading to the heart, and the cells that make the myelin sheath that protects our brain ' s neurons. both brain health and heart health are bound to some degree to the fate of cells with a telomeric fuse. the correlation between telomere length and biological ageing has motivated a hope that one day we will be able to prevent and perhaps reverse the effects of replicative senescence by optimally controlling the action of telomerase. the complexity of synthesizing proteins for specific purposes is so great that predicting the amino acid sequences necessary to generate desired behaviour is a huge challenge. mutations far away from the protein \u2019 s active site can influence its function, and the smallest of changes in the structure of an enzyme can have a large impact on its catalytic efficacy \u2013 a key concern for engineers creating proteins for industrial applications. even for a small protein of only 100 amino acids long there are more possible sequences than there are atoms in the universe. what this means is that an exhaustive search through the space of all possible proteins for the fittest protein for a particular purpose is essentially unachievable, just as a complete search through all possible chess games to decide the absolutely optimal next move is computationally impractical. this is true both for scientists and for nature. this means that even though evolution has been searching the space of all possible proteins for billions of years for solutions to survival, it has in fact explored only a minute corner of all possible variations. all evolved solutions are likely to be ' good enough ' rather than the absolute optimum \u2013 it just so happens that the ones already ' discovered ' are sufficient to create and maintain the diversity and richness of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5167188273738649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b596649b-9733-4f95-92a8-b3cfbd260371>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.222444"}
{"text": "only a minute corner of all possible variations. all evolved solutions are likely to be ' good enough ' rather than the absolute optimum \u2013 it just so happens that the ones already ' discovered ' are sufficient to create and maintain the diversity and richness of life on planet earth. new ways of efficiently searching this vast space of possible sequences will reveal proteins with properties that have never before existed in the natural world, and which will hopefully provide answers to many of our most pressing problems. directed evolution not only provides a faster way of searching this space than many other methods, but it also leaves a complete ' fossil record ' of the evolutionary changes that went into evolving a specific protein, providing data on the intermediate stages which will offer insight after detailed study into the relationship between protein sequence and function. unlike natural evolution, directed evolution can also explore sequences which aren ' t directly biologically relevant to a single organism ' s survival, providing a library of industrially relevant proteins, and perhaps one day creating bacteria capable of answering worldwide problems caused by pollution and fossil fuel shortage. neo - evolution is factorially faster than normal evolutionary processes. our genetically engineered organisms have already neo - evolved \u2013 shortcutting traditional evolution to produce desirable results without the costly time - delay of selection over hundreds or thousands of generations. higher - yielding and insecticide - resistant crops have been engineered through the painstaking modification of individual genes, achieving better results than years of selective breeding in a fraction of the time. genetic engineering of humans, both embryonic and those already alive, will perhaps one day bring the benefits of this new type of evolution to our bodies. at the moment, we simply do not understand how dna sequences encode useful functions, and so genetic engineering remains a tremendously costly and laborious process. it cost $ 25 million and took 150 person - years to engineer just a dozen genes in yeast to cause it to produce an antimalarial drug, and commercial production has yet to begin. the amount of time and money required to effect a beneficial result through genetic engineering \u2013 even if it involves relatively simple changes to only a dozen genes \u2013 is so costly that the transformative idea of neo - evolved humans has been kept at a safe distance. but there are other ways to neo - evolve that might make the possibility of too - good - to - miss genetic enhancements in humans a reality before long. earlier this year, for instance, the national academy of engineering awarded its draper prize to francis arnold and willem stemmer for their independent work towards ' directed evolution ', a technique which harness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5472402993128099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b596649b-9733-4f95-92a8-b3cfbd260371>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.223834"}
{"text": "to - miss genetic enhancements in humans a reality before long. earlier this year, for instance, the national academy of engineering awarded its draper prize to francis arnold and willem stemmer for their independent work towards ' directed evolution ', a technique which harnesses the power of traditional evolution in a highly optimized environment to accelerate the evolution of desirable proteins with properties not found in nature. rather than attempt to manually code the strings of individual dna letters necessary to effect a particular trait, directed evolution and its associated ' evolution machines ' take a prototype ' parent ' gene, create a library of genetic variants from it and apply selection pressures to screen for the strains that produce the desired trait, iterating this process with the best of each batch until the strongest remain. this was first evidenced in 2009, when geneticist harris wang used directed evolution to create new proteins in e. coli bacteria that would produce more of the pigment that makes tomatoes red than was previously possible. to achieve this genetic modification without manually fine - tuning each gene, wang synthesized 50, 000 dna strands which contained modified sequences of genes that produce the pigment, and multiplied them in his evolution machine. after repeating the process 35 times with the results of each cycle fed into the next, he produced some 15 billion new strains, each with a different combination of mutations in the target pigment - producing genes. of these new strains, some produced up to five times as much pigment as the original strain, more than the entire biosynthesis industry had ever achieved. the process took days rather than years. there are three distinct possibilities for how technological and medical advancement will impact future human evolution. the first contingency is that the human species will undergo no further natural selection, because we may have already advanced to a position of evolutionary equipoise, where our technologies have artificially preserved genes that would otherwise have been removed by natural selection ; evolution no longer has a chance to select. as a species we already control our environment to such an extent that traditional evolutionary pressures have been functionally alleviated \u2013 we adapt the environment to us rather than the other way around. indeed, local mobility and international migration allow populations to genetically integrate to such a degree that the isolation necessary for evolution to take place may in fact already no longer possible. the second possibility is that we will continue to evolve in the traditional way, through inexorable selection pressures exerted by the natural environment. the isolation necessary to allow the impact of any environmental changes to be selected for in the population will now be on the planetary scale,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.533431634317758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b596649b-9733-4f95-92a8-b3cfbd260371>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.224993"}
{"text": "we will continue to evolve in the traditional way, through inexorable selection pressures exerted by the natural environment. the isolation necessary to allow the impact of any environmental changes to be selected for in the population will now be on the planetary scale, enabled by colonization of distant space. the third possibility is that we will evolve in an entirely new way, guided not by unconscious natural forces but by our own conscious design decisions. in this neo - evolution we would use genetic engineering to eliminate diseases like diabetes, protect against strokes and reduce the risks of cancer. we would be compressing a natural process which takes hundreds of thousands of years into single generations, making evolutionarily advantageous adjustments ourselves. from an economic perspective, cheating is a simple cost - benefit analysis, where the probability of being caught and the severity of punishment must be weighed against how much stands to be gained from cheating. behavioural economist dan ariely has conducted experimental studies to test whether there are predictable thresholds for this balance, and how they can be influenced. in one study, ariely gave participants twenty maths problems with only five minutes to solve them. at the end of the time period, ariely paid each participant one dollar for each correctly answered question ; on average people solved four questions and so received four dollars. ariely tempted some members of the study to cheat, by asking them to shred their paper, keep the pieces and tell him how many questions they answered correctly. now the average number of questions solved went up to seven ; and it wasn ' t because a few people cheated a lot, but rather that everyone cheated a little. hypothesizing that we each have a \u201c personal fudge factor \u201d, a point at which we can still feel good about ourselves despite having cheated, ariely ran another experiment to examine how malleable this standard was. before tempting participants to cheat, ariely asked them to recall either ten books they read at school or to recall the ten commandments. those who had tried to recall the commandments \u2013 and nobody in the sample managed to get them all \u2013 did not cheat at all when given the opportunity, even those that could hardly remember any of the commandments. when self - declared atheists were asked to swear on the bible before being tempted to cheat in the task, they did not cheat at all. cheating was also completely eradicated by asking students to sign a statement to the effect that they understood that the survey falls under the \u201c mit honor code \u201d, despite mit having no such code. in an additional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5549091222268638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b596649b-9733-4f95-92a8-b3cfbd260371>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.226118"}
{"text": "task, they did not cheat at all. cheating was also completely eradicated by asking students to sign a statement to the effect that they understood that the survey falls under the \u201c mit honor code \u201d, despite mit having no such code. in an additional variant of the same experiment, ariely tried to increase the fudge - factor and to encourage cheating. a third of particpants were told to hand back their results paper to the experimenters, a third were told to shred it and ask for x number of dollars for x completed questions, and a third were told to shred their results and ask for x tokens. for this last group, tokens were handed out, and the participants would walk a few paces to the side and exchange their tokens for dollars. this short disconnect between cash and token encouraged cheating rates to double in this last group. putting these results in a social context, ariely ran yet another variant of the experiment, to see how people would react when they saw examples of other people cheating in their group. subjects were given envelopes filled with money, and at the end of the experiment they were told to pay back money for the questions that they did not complete. an actor was planted in the group, without the knowledge of the other participants. after thirty seconds the actor stood up and announced that he had finished all of the questions. he was told that the experiment was completed for him, and that he could go home ( i. e. keeping the contents of the envelope ). depending on whether he was wearing a shirt identifying him as from the same university as the rest of the students in the test or not, cheating went either up or down respectively. carnegie mellon students would cheat more if he was identified as a carnegie mellon student, whilst cheating would decrease if he was identified by a university of pittsburgh shirt. ariely ' s results show that the probability of getting caught doesn ' t influence the rate of cheating so much as the norms for cheating influence behaviour : if people in your own group cheat, you are more likely to cheat as well. if a person from outside of your group cheats, the personal fudge factor increases, and the likelihood of cheating drops, just as it did with the ten commandments experiment, reminding people of their own morality. the stock market combines a worrying cocktail of features from these experiments. it deals with ' tokens ', stocks and derivatives and not ' real ' money. stocks are many steps removed from real money, and for long portions of time. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5556356694789703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b596649b-9733-4f95-92a8-b3cfbd260371>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.227267"}
{"text": "morality. the stock market combines a worrying cocktail of features from these experiments. it deals with ' tokens ', stocks and derivatives and not ' real ' money. stocks are many steps removed from real money, and for long portions of time. this encourages cheating. any enclaves of cheating will be reinforced by people mirroring the behaviours of those around them, and this is precisely what happened in the enron scandal. here is a syllogism that is deeply embedded in western society. welfare is maximized by maximizing individual freedom. individual freedom is maximized by maximizing choice. welfare increases with more choice. supermarkets are an embodiment of this belief. they are symbols of affluence and empowerment conferred through their superabundance of choice. the range of products they offer is dizzying. so disorientingly so, in fact, that too many options have paralyzing effects, making it very difficult to choose at all \u2013 a fact that completely undermines the belief that maximizing choice has unqualified beneficial effects. if we finally do manage to make a decision and overcome this paralytic effect, too much choice diminishes the satisfaction that can be gained compared with choices made between fewer options. this is because if the choice you make leaves you feeling dissatisfied in any way it is easy to simulate the myriad of other choices that could have been better. these imagined alternatives, conjured from the myriad real alternatives, can induce regret which dilutes the satisfaction from your choice, even if it was a good one. the wider the range of options, the easier it becomes to regret even the smallest disappointment in your decision. a wider range of choice also makes it easier to imagine the attractive features of the alternatives that have been rejected, once more diminishing the sense of satisfaction with the chosen alternative. this phenomenon is known as the opportunity cost, the sacrificial loss of other opportunities when a choice is made : choosing to do one thing is choosing not to do many other things. many of these other choices will have attractive features which will make whatever you have chosen less attractive, no matter how good it really is. the maximization of choice leads to an escalation of expectations, where the best that can ever be hoped for is that a decision meets expectations. in a world of extremely limited choice, pleasant surprises are possible. in a world of unlimited choice, perfection becomes the expectation : you could always have made a better choice. when there is only one choice on offer, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5388445987204643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b596649b-9733-4f95-92a8-b3cfbd260371>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.228597"}
{"text": "that a decision meets expectations. in a world of extremely limited choice, pleasant surprises are possible. in a world of unlimited choice, perfection becomes the expectation : you could always have made a better choice. when there is only one choice on offer, the responsibility for the outcome of that ' choice ' is outside of your control, and so any disappointment resulting from that decision can safely be blamed on external factors. but when you have to choose between hundreds of options it becomes much easier to blame oneself if anything is less than perfect. it is perhaps no coincidence that as choice has proliferated and standards have risen in the past few generations, so has the incidence of clinical depression and suicide. what this means is that there is a critical level of choice. some societies have too much, others patently too little. at the point at which there is too much choice in a critical proportion of our lives, our welfare is no longer improved. too much choice is paralytic and dissatisfying, and too little is impoverishing. we don ' t want perfect freedom and nor do we want the absence of it ; somewhere there is an optimal threshold, and affluent, materialist societies have probably already passed it. our uniquely large pre - frontal cortex enables us to simulate experiences, allowing us to compare potential futures and make judgements based on these simulations. the difficulty in deciding which of several simulations we prefer arises because we are surprisingly poor at analyzing what makes us happy. seemingly obvious questions such as ' would you prefer to become paraplegic or win the lottery? ' are obscured by the extraordinary fact that one year after each event, both groups report being equally happy with their lives. a preference for one alternative over another can be measured in its ability to confer happiness, and, contrary to all of our impulses, there can be no rational preference in this example when considered over a sufficiently long time - period, as there is no reported qualitative difference between the two levels of happiness after a single year. this is a result of the impact bias, the tendency of our emotional simulator to overestimate the intensity of future emotional states, making you believe that the difference in two outcomes is greater than it really is. in short, things that we would unthinkingly consider important, like getting a promotion or not, passing an exam, or not or gaining or losing a romantic partner, frequently have far less impact, of a much lower intensity and a much lower duration than we expect them to have. indeed, in an astonishing study published", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5235944150002851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b596649b-9733-4f95-92a8-b3cfbd260371>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.230090"}
{"text": "getting a promotion or not, passing an exam, or not or gaining or losing a romantic partner, frequently have far less impact, of a much lower intensity and a much lower duration than we expect them to have. indeed, in an astonishing study published in 1996, it was found that even major life traumas had no effect on subjective well - being ( with very few exceptions ) if they had not occurred in the past three months 1. the reason for this remarkable ability is that our views of the world change to make us feel better about whatever environment we find ourselves in over a period of time. everything is relative, and we make happiness where we would otherwise believe there to be none. to truncate a well - known quotation from milton, \u201c the mind is its own place, and in itself can make a heaven of hell \u201d. daniel gilbert, professor of psychology at harvard, calls this ' synthesizing happiness '. synthetic happiness differs from ' natural ' happiness in that natural happiness is what we feel when we get what we wanted, and synthetic happiness is what we ( eventually ) feel when we don ' t get what we wanted. the mistake we make is believing that synthetic happiness is inferior to natural happiness. this mistake is perpetuated by a society driven by an economic system which relies on people believing that getting what you want makes you happier than not getting what you want ever could. we can resist this falsehood by remembering that we possess within ourselves the ability to synthesize the commodity that we always pursue, and that we consistently overrate the emotional differences between two choices. - 1. suh, eunkook, ed diener, and frank fujita. \" events and subjective well - being : only recent events matter. \" journal of personality and social psychology 70. 5 ( 1996 ) : 1091 - 102. print. optical illusions are a visual proof of a built - in irrationality in the way we reason. in some illusions we can be shown two lines of equal lengths and yet perceive one to be longer than the other. even when we see visual proof that the lines are in fact of equal length, it ' s impossible to overcome the sense that the lines are different \u2013 it ' s as if we cannot learn to override our intuitions. in the case of optical illusions, our intuition is fooled in a repeatable, predictable fashion, and there is not much we can do about it without modifying the illusion itself, either by measuring it or by obscuring some part of it. dan ariel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5748313017786767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b596649b-9733-4f95-92a8-b3cfbd260371>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.232446"}
{"text": "the case of optical illusions, our intuition is fooled in a repeatable, predictable fashion, and there is not much we can do about it without modifying the illusion itself, either by measuring it or by obscuring some part of it. dan ariely, a behavioural psychologist currently teaching at duke university, reminds us that optical illusions are a big deal. vision is one of the best things that we do \u2013 we are evolutionarily designed to be good at it, and a large part of our brain is dedicated to being good at it, larger than is dedicated to anything else. the fact that we make such consistent mistakes, and are repeatedly fooled by optical illusions should be troubling. if we make mistakes in vision, what kind of mistakes will we make in those things that we have no evolutionary reason to be any good at? in new and elaborate environments like financial markets, we don ' t have a specialized part of the brain to help us, and we don ' t have a convenient visual illustration with which to easily demonstrate the mistakes we make. is our sense of our decision making abilities ever consistently compromised? ariely suggests that we are victims of decision making illusions in much the same way we are victims of optical illusions. when answering a survey, for instance, we feel like we are making our own decisions, but many of those decisions in fact lie with the person who designed the form. this is strikingly shown by the disparity in the percentage of people in different european countries who indicated that they would be interested in donating their organs after death, as illustrated by a 2004 paper by eric johnson and daniel goldstein. consent rates in france, belgium, hungary, poland, portugal, france and austria were over 99 %, whilst the uk, germany and denmark all had rates of below 20 %. this huge difference didn ' t arise due to strong cultural differences, but through a simple difference in the way the question on the form was presented. in countries with a low consent rate, the question was as an opt - in choice, as in ' check the box if you wish to participate in the organ donor programme '. people didn ' t check the box, leaving the form in its ' default ' state. those presented with the inverse question, an explicit opt - out rather than explicit opt - in, also left the box unchecked. both groups tended to accept whatever the form tacitly suggested the default position was. the two types of forms created strongly separated groups of consenting donors and non - consenting donors across", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5529110255533444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b596649b-9733-4f95-92a8-b3cfbd260371>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.233740"}
{"text": "algebraic reasoning in grades two through five : effects of teacher practices, characteristics and professional development algebra is a gatekeeper ( moses & cobb, 2001 ). long before students enter an algebra i course in the high school, the foundations for algebra are being developed in elementary school through algebraic reasoning. research ( rowan, chiang, and miller, 1997 ) confirms a direct correlation ( r =. 03, p =. 05 ) between teachers ' content knowledge and student achievement in the learning and understanding of mathematics. the need for teachers to be well equipped to develop students ' algebraic reason is apparent ( lambdin, 1999, ma, 2000 ). ^ this study explores how teachers ' practices, characteristics, and professional development relate to student achievement and ; thereby, gain greater understanding and awareness of the role algebraic reasoning performs in teaching and learning at the elementary school level. the following two research questions directed this study : ( 1 ) to what extent and in what manner can variation in student achievement on problems involving algebraic reasoning be explained by teacher practices, characteristics and professional development? ( 2 ) what teaching practices focused on algebraic reasoning have the greatest impact on student achievement? ^ this study utilized a mixed method research design that examined classroom practices of grades 2 - 6 elementary teachers, n = 62, and their n = 1550 students in 17 urban and suburban schools in rhode island. data were gathered through a participant questionnaire utilizing a 1 - 5 point likert - scale survey instrument developed by the researcher. following the collection of the data, focus groups, n = 18, were conducted with volunteer participants. the qualitative data obtained from the focus groups were analyzed by generating themes and patterns to describe the findings. descriptive statistics ( frequencies, percents, and means ) were computed for each variable. multiple regression analysis was use to determine the magnitude of the relationship between teaching practices and professional development related to student achievement. ^ the findings of the study revealed the variables, teaching practices and professional development, used to calculate multiple regression ( r =. 055, p =. 70 ) were not found to be significantly related. in addition, current professional development on algebraic reasoning is not meeting the needs of the teachers and the connections between teacher knowledge / practices and algebra content require strengthening. the findings emanated from the focus groups and from the open ended questions on the questionnaire suggested teachers are not equipped to teach algebraic reasoning. these findings have recently been collaborated in the national math panel advisory panel ( 2008 ) report. recommendation are made as well as suggestions for additional future research specific to professional development and algebraic reasoning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5680685411522781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17d0e20e-aae0-4a4f-98bf-2843ba4a0191>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.236937"}
{"text": "by david houle, special to cnn editor \u2019 s note : david houle is a futurist and author of the blog evolution shift. he is the author of \u201c the shift age \u201d, \" shift ed : a call to action for transforming k - 12 education \" and \" entering the shift age. \" he has been a contributor to oprah. com. houle is futurist - in - residence at the ringling college of art + design in sarasota, florida. ( cnn ) - when people find out that i am a futurist, they ask me what that means. in speaking and writing, i act as a catalyst to get people, the market and the world to think about the future, then facilitate a conversation about it. there \u2019 s one area that \u2019 s desperately in need of that conversation : education. in the next decade, there will be more transformation at all levels of education than in any 10 -, 20 -, or perhaps 50 - year period in history. generational forces at play will accelerate these changes. the aging baby boomers - who i call the \u201c bridge generation, \u201d as they have bridged education from the middle of the 20th century to now - are retiring in ever increasing numbers. they have held on to the legacy thinking about education, remembering how they were taught. their retirement opens up the discussion about transformation. at the same time, we have the rising digital natives as the students of tomorrow. this generation, born since 1997, is the first that was likely to grow up with a computer in the house, high - speed internet, parents with cell phones and often a touch screen app phone as their first phone. they are the first generation of the 21th century with no memory of the 20th. they are the first generation born into the information - overloaded world ; for them, that \u2019 s simply the way it is. the digital natives are different than prior generations and need new models for education. let \u2019 s take a quick look for all levels of education to see what some major transformations will be : a child born in 2009 is one of the younger digital natives. in upper - middle class households, they are the first children for whom all content can be found on screens. they are using touch screen and other interactive computing devices starting as early as 2, and therefore walk into the first day of preschool or nursery school with a level of digital skills. this will spark greater use of digital devices and interactive learning at this first level of education. classrooms will increasingly have interactive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5184691947441574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:edf32271-9f59-43e1-bf2e-7873a0c8ceee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.244319"}
{"text": "computing devices starting as early as 2, and therefore walk into the first day of preschool or nursery school with a level of digital skills. this will spark greater use of digital devices and interactive learning at this first level of education. classrooms will increasingly have interactive touch screen devices. neuroscience is in a golden age. we have discovered more about the working of the brain and for the sake of this level of education the development of a child \u2019 s brain in the past 20 years than in all time prior. it will become clear that, to the degree that we can bring this knowledge into pre - k education, we can more fully develop the minds and learning of young children. the elevation and integration of digital interactivity is soaring in k - 12 education. school districts are setting up cloud computing to provide always - available information for always - connected education communities. schools that used to make students turn off cellular devices during the school day are allowing them to remain on and become an integral part of the classroom education. if all of the world \u2019 s knowledge and information are just a few keystrokes away, why make the classroom the only unconnected place students experience? self - directed learning - the interaction of the student with learning courses on a computer - will accelerate education and provide more students with the opportunity to learn at a challenging pace. connectivity will bring the world ever more into the classroom and will allow for the grammar school and the high school to be more involved in the local community and the larger global community. higher education is approaching bubble status. the costs have risen rapidly, beyond the ability of most families to pay. debt is being taken on at unprecedented levels and in an economic climate that is not providing the high - paying jobs necessary for that debt to be retired. at the same time, employers complain of a skills gap : the inability to hire employees with the skills needed to perform these new technologically demanding jobs. given these challenges, i can see three major changes coming to higher education during the next decade : first, there will be a dual level of degree granted. the traditional path, costing more than $ 100, 000 with four years of being on campus, will continue. the nontraditional one, perhaps initially a certificate rather than degree program, will cost perhaps $ 10, 000 to $ 20, 000 and will rely on the taking of video and online courses and the passing of exams. this will allow the student a financially viable choice, the university with a new revenue stream and the employer with a comparative choice for hiring. it will also open up higher education", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5015176264931327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:edf32271-9f59-43e1-bf2e-7873a0c8ceee>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.245898"}
{"text": "will rely on the taking of video and online courses and the passing of exams. this will allow the student a financially viable choice, the university with a new revenue stream and the employer with a comparative choice for hiring. it will also open up higher education to a vastly greater number of people, young and old. second, this comparative choice will drive the educational institutions to increase efficiency, adaptability and relevancy to the standard degree. the university model is centuries old and in need of transformation. this is about to happen. third, the two - year associate degree from a community college will become more exalted. this will provide trained job applicants who are less worried about being educated and more concerned with up - to - date training that will provide immediate employment. everyone does not need or should go to college. the 14 - year education will become more respected as our society becomes ever more technologically based. we \u2019 re already beginning to see some of these changes, in the rise of moocs - massive open online courses - and the integration of tablet technology and cloud computing in the classroom. in the past two years, i have met dozens of superintendents who are creating fundamental change at the local level. such local leadership will increase dramatically in the coming year, while, in higher ed, the consumption of high quality moocs will double. the year 2013 will bring about the first steps in a transformation that, by 2020, will leave education at all levels profoundly different from it is today. the opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of david houle.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4395549505412866, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:edf32271-9f59-43e1-bf2e-7873a0c8ceee>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.246589"}
{"text": "i \u2019 ve been looking for a good, easy to read document outlining the latest climate science research and putting it in context for copenhagen and i think i \u2019 ve found it. today in sydney, the climate change research centre, a unit of the university of new south wales, released the copenhagen diagnosis. it \u2019 s free to download or view online in a nice rich text format so credit to the centre for making it accessible in multiple attractive formats. but most praise has to be reserved for the 26 contributing authors who have laid out the science to make it easy to understand for a layman like myself. chapters cover aspects of climate science including \u201c the atmosphere \u201d, \u201c permafrost and hydrates \u201d and \u201c global sea level \u201d. throughout are scattered common questions about climate change and answers designed to clear up confusion. an example : \u201c are we just in a natural warming phase, recovering from the \u2018 little ice age? \u2018. the document, once pictures and the reference section is including is a slim 50 pages. if you want something to get yourself up to speed on the science ahead of copenhagen this could well be the document to download. its even better if you have a colleague willing to run across the road and get it bound for you as i have! the executive summary of the copenhagen diagnosis, which i \u2019 ve excerpted below gives the basics you need to know if even 50 pages is too much to handle as we head into the highly - stressful ( for everyone other than academics ) end of year period. the diplomats and politicians soon to board flights to denmark could do worse than slip a copy of the copenhagen diagnosis into their cabin luggage. the most significant recent climate change findings are : surging greenhouse gas emissions : global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels in 2008 were nearly 40 % higher than those in 1990. even if global emission rates are stabilized at present - day levels, just 20 more years of emissions would give a 25 % probability that warming exceeds 2\u00b0c, even with zero emissions after 2030. every year of delayed action increases the chances of exceeding 2\u00b0c warming. recent global temperatures demonstrate human - induced warming : over the past 25 years temperatures have increased at a rate of 0. 19\u00b0c per decade, in very good agreement with predictions based on greenhouse gas increases. even over the past ten years, despite a decrease in solar forcing, the trend continues to be one of warming. natural, short - term fluctuations are occurring as usual, but there have been no significant changes in the underlying warming trend. acceleration of melting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5356514636814174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6de73326-296f-4b7a-b8ba-84761d55c25e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.254552"}
{"text": "even over the past ten years, despite a decrease in solar forcing, the trend continues to be one of warming. natural, short - term fluctuations are occurring as usual, but there have been no significant changes in the underlying warming trend. acceleration of melting of ice - sheets, glaciers and ice - caps : a wide array of satellite and ice measurements now demonstrate beyond doubt that both the greenland and antarctic ice - sheets are losing mass at an increasing rate. melting of glaciers and ice - caps in other parts of the world has also accelerated since 1990. rapid arctic sea - ice decline : summer - time melting of arctic sea - ice has accelerated far beyond the expectations of climate models. the area of sea - ice melt during 2007 - 2009 was about 40 % greater than the average prediction from ipcc ar4 climate models. current sea - level rise underestimated : satellites show recent global average sea - level rise ( 3. 4 mm / yr over the past 15 years ) to be ~ 80 % above past ipcc predictions. this acceleration in sea - level rise is consistent with a doubling in contribution from melting of glaciers, ice caps, and the greenland and west - antarctic ice - sheets. sea - level predictions revised : by 2100, global sea - level is likely to rise at least twice as much as projected by working group 1 of the ipcc ar4 ; for unmitigated emissions it may well exceed 1 meter. the upper limit has been estimated as ~ 2 meters sea level rise by 2100. sea level will continue to rise for centuries after global temperatures have been stabilized, and several meters of sea level rise must be expected over the next few centuries. delay in action risks irreversible damage : several vulnerable elements in the climate system ( e. g. continental ice - sheets, amazon rainforest, west african monsoon and others ) could be pushed towards abrupt or irreversible change if warming continues in a business - as - usual way throughout this century. the risk of transgressing critical thresholds ( \u2019 tipping points \u2019 ) increases strongly with ongoing climate change. thus waiting for higher levels of scientific certainty could mean that some tipping points will be crossed before they are recognized. the turning point must come soon : if global warming is to be limited to a maximum of 2 \u00b0c above pre - industrial values, global emissions need to peak between 2015 and 2020 and then decline rapidly. to stabilize climate, a decarbonized global society \u2014 with near - zero emissions of co2 and other long - lived greenhouse gases \u2014 needs to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48887713298420377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6de73326-296f-4b7a-b8ba-84761d55c25e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.255803"}
{"text": "a federal program designed to help metropolitan public health agencies prepare to deliver essential medicines to the public after a large - scale bioterror attack or natural disease outbreak has succeeded in improving the level of readiness, according to a new rand corporation study. researchers found that the federal cities readiness initiative, a program active in 72 metropolitan areas, appears to have improved agencies \u2019 ability to rapidly and widely dispense life - saving medications and other medical supplies in the event of a large - scale bioterror attack or a naturally occurring infectious disease outbreak. the study from rand health concludes there is merit in extending the program so the impact can be further monitored, although the analysis did not assess the cost - effectiveness of the effort or compare it to other public health priorities. \u201c the cities readiness initiative has helped agencies in the nation \u2019 s most - populous regions become better able to dispense life - saving medication following a bioterrorism event or after an infectious disease outbreak, \u201d said henry willis, the study \u2019 s lead author and a policy researcher at rand, a nonprofit research organization. researchers concluded that a key reason the cities readiness initiative has helped promote improvements has been its focus on a single scenario with a well - defined numeric goal and the technical assistance it has provided to public health officials. researchers say the initiative has helped increase the number of local public health staff members working on medication dispensing planning, strengthened partnerships between public health officials and local first - responder agencies, and helped pay for new equipment such as mobile drug dispensing units. other public health improvements fostered by the cities readiness initiative are the development of more - detailed plans for medication dispensing, including creation of new strategies that rely less on medically trained staff and take greater advantage of nontraditional venues such as hotels, resorts, churches as well as drive - through dispensing in parking lots and fairgrounds. the cities readiness initiative was created in 2004 to improve the ability of the nation \u2019 s largest metropolitan regions to provide life - saving medications in the event of a large - scale bioterror attack or naturally occurring disease outbreak. the program has spent about $ 300 million on efforts thus far. administered by the federal centers for disease control and prevention, the program helps jurisdictions improve their ability to provide antibiotics and other life - saving medications to 100 percent of a region \u2019 s population within 48 hours of a large - scale anthrax attack or large - scale infectious disease emergency. the 72 regions that have received funding account for about 57 percent of the nation \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43951298347381584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2e46ec0-cf3b-4806-9e5b-2c9115b6d6f3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.259349"}
{"text": "a queen \u2019 s university study of fruit flies that may revolutionize the way birth defects are studied has identified the genes affected by a widely prescribed drug known to cause birth defects. methotrexate ( mtx ), a popular cancer - fighting drug also used to treat psoriasis, ectopic pregnancies, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus, lasts a long time in the body and causes birth defects in children from women who have it in their systems. the study of the drug \u2019 s effect on fruit flies has allowed queen \u2019 s researchers including graduate student joslynn affleck to identify the genes on which the drug acts. \u201c we hope that through this model system we can provide insight into mammalian birth defects, which may be expected to increase in frequency in the future, due to the recent elevated use of mtx, \u201d says affleck. many of the genes found to be affected by mtx are involved in cell cycle regulation, signal transduction, transport, defense response, transcription, or various aspects of metabolism. \u201c this study shows that mtx treatment has multiple targets, \u201d says affleck. \u201c and this provides us with a novel invertebrate model for the study of drugs that cause birth defects. \u201d the findings are set to be published by toxicological sciences in the new year. \u201c this is not a journal in the habit of publishing insect studies, \u201d notes biologist dr. virginia walker, who co - authored the study. \u201c the neat thing about this work is that fruit flies treated with this drug show \u2018 birth defects \u2019 that are hauntingly similar to birth defects in human babies. babies have bent limbs, tufts of hair and bulging eyes and the fruit flies have bent legs ( and wings ), tufts of bristles and rough eyes. \u201d while identifying this gene array is significant in its own right, the successful use of fruit flies in this kind of study is a revelation to the researchers who view it as an efficient model for the initial testing of \u201c rescue \u201d therapies to try to prevent birth defects. scientists can study the effect of the drug on the genes of as many as three generations of fruit flies in a month using readily available scientific tools, speeding up study times while keeping costs low. \u201c it also adds to the growing list of roles fruit flies can take, \u201d says walker. fruit flies are already used as models for aging, neural disease and cancer. from queens university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4612999938190573, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bac0629d-ed0e-4c06-a02c-d2a8cc9db6af>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.262011"}
{"text": "four years ago, lamp ( linux os, apache web server, mysql database and perl, python and php languages ) was the open stack of choice, especially for web servers. in the early part of the decade, when mysql started promoting lamp to boost its own visibility as the m in the stack, the acronym grew in popularity. today, however, lamp is like an illuminated sign with only the a still visible. while the existence of an all - open source application stack remains helpful, there are so many choices beyond the original group that the lamp acronym has fallen into disuse, analysts say. even linux is not sacrosanct, with companies occasionally substituting windows in an otherwise all - open source stack ; the apache web server is the only lamp component whose position remains undisputed, observers say. \" it ' s never been a specific acronym, \" said mark driver, at research vice president at stamford, conn. - based gartner inc.. \" lamp always represented the idea of an open stack. it shouldn ' t be taken too literally. \" anne thomas manes, vice president and research director of midvale, utah - based burton group, agreed. \" lamp stands for completely open source, \" she said. \" and it ' s simpler, lighter - weight programming than java or. net, and it ' s nice for web sites. \" indeed, with the p, lamp ' s clarity began eroding. initially, the p stood for perl, the most popular language for creating web pages. but it was later joined by php, which is easier to write because the program runs inside web pages rather than on a server. though php has in turn has created an \" epidemic of security issues, \" according to ed sawicki, a veteran it consultant based in portland, ore. now python is more popular, but programmers use ruby and lisp, he said. as for databases, mysql may be the most popular open source choice, with simplicity and speed in its favor, sawicki said. still, postgres is better at more complex functions ; so some companies use both databases, he said. the ruby language on the rails framework is generally safer than php and python, whereas python is more complex, and typically used by programmers who are aware of potential security pitfalls, she said. \" the beauty of lamp is that it ' s an a la carte technology, \" added driver. \" and it ' s light years ahead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4737540114591604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e58d19bc-068b-4e54-b97b-75c2f42bdc14>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.265457"}
{"text": "- why are these threats possible? because computers are little more than tools. the term \" computer \" is very descriptive despite all of the abstraction that we attempt to layer on top of them ; it is a device that \" computes \", plain and simple. whether, at any given nanosecond, it is computing the color of a pixel in a ui, the address of data in its memory, etc, it is no more or less than an incredibly fast binary calculator hooked up to a lot of peripheral components that provide inputs to and outputs from the basic programming the cpu is currently churning its way through. given that, the question of \" why \" has a simple answer ; tools can be used for good or ill. hammers can pound nails or skulls. saws can cut wood or flesh. and computers can sequence dna to find the cure for cancer, or steal your bank account information. - why doesn ' t the computer just do the things it is supposed to? it does. it does exactly what it is told to do by the program that it is currently executing. the problem is that the program the computer is currently executing isn ' t necessarily something you told it to execute explicitly by the stroke of a key or the click of a mouse. for a very long time now, we ' ve used multiple layers of software ( and hardware ) to allow for modularity ; any computer can have any hardware plugged into it, and run any program to work with it ( at least that ' s the theory ). more recently we have invented layers to allow a computer to juggle many programs at once. these layers of abstraction such as the os, virtual machines, daemons ( services ), etc, which hide what the computer is really doing on any given clock, can be manipulated by an attacker to run software without your conscious knowledge. - why do some people write malware, instead of programs with a constructive purpose beyond doing damage and violating the law?... some men aren ' t looking for anything logical, like money. they can ' t be bought, bullied, reasoned, or negotiated with. some men just want to watch the world burn. - alfred pennyworth, the dark knight for most \" black hats \", the mayhem they cause is fun, it ' s entertaining, the same way you or i would enjoy a video game in a completely sandboxed environment. they, however, are doing things in the real world. same layer of digital separation between you and the consequences of your actions,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5478265489065582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1e52f6b-281e-4507-bbd1-be5c4b3c1422>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.283348"}
{"text": "it ' s entertaining, the same way you or i would enjoy a video game in a completely sandboxed environment. they, however, are doing things in the real world. same layer of digital separation between you and the consequences of your actions, with the added thrill of knowing it ' s real. - does computer insecurity exist because of the nature of computers? to a point, yes. computers are powerful, but they are extremely dumb. they require humans to do their thinking for them, to design them in a way that is difficult to subvert, to program them in a way that is difficult to subvert, and to use them in a way that is difficult to subvert. the inherent difficulty of this is similar to the inherent difficulty ( maybe the impossibility ) of designing a \" completely foolproof system \" : a common mistake that people make when trying to design something completely foolproof is to underestimate the ingenuity of complete fools. - douglas adams in both cases, you ' re very simply trying to pre - emptively outsmart someone willing to spend a lot of time and effort finding a way to misuse what you ' re designing once the finished product has left your hands. you effectively have to come up with the same ideas that the other person would have, and incorporate mechanisms to defeat that line of thinking. the more complex the system is internally, the more of those ideas become possible, and the less likely you are to have thought of everything. the more you put in place to prevent misuse, the more complexity you add. it ' s a vicious cycle.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6000874537869949, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1e52f6b-281e-4507-bbd1-be5c4b3c1422>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.284655"}
{"text": "saturday, february 2, 2013 tuesday, january 29, 2013 a story plan is the first step in writing fiction. a story plan will be a sketch and is for planning purposes. one way to get started is to think of a real incident that you or someone you know has experienced. base your story plan on that incident, but change anything you wish if it makes your story more interesting or exciting. consider the following elements when you begin your story plan. you can skip around if you wish, but be sure to complete all the steps below. decide on the characters. name the characters and describe their role in the story and their relationship to one another. for example : marie martin, heroine, secretary to the president of the bank. ( if you are not ready to use names, just use descriptions : librarian, doctor, etc. ) choose a setting. decide when and where the events will take place. be as specific as you can because that will help you when you begin your research. ( for example : the south in the 60 \u2019 s vs. birmingham, alabama in 1965. ) decide on the main conflict in the story. what is the problem that your main character faces when the story begins? ( for example : marie martin has been accused of stealing money from the bank? ) decide on a series of events in the plot. briefly describe what happens in a few sentences. ( you can add to these, subtract from these, and rearrange these later. ) determine the climax of the story. describe the moment in the story after which nothing will be the same. determine the resolution of the story. what happens at the very end when the loose ends are tied up? ( some writers determine the ending first and work backwards from there. ) here ' s hoping 2013 is off to a great start!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.476824800927212, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce03358f-14b4-4823-aed8-f9bbc2a58f51>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.287504"}
{"text": "before people learned to make glass, they had found two forms of natural glass. when lightning strikes sand, the heat sometimes fuses the sand into long, slender glass tubes called fulgurites, which are commonly called petrified lightning. the terrific heat of a volcanic eruption also sometimes fuses rocks and sand into a glass called obsidian. in the early times, people would shape obsidian into knives, arrowheads, jewelry, and money. we do not know exactly when, where, or how people first learned to make glass. it is generally believed that the first manufactured glass was in the form of a glaze on ceramic vessels, about 3000 b. c. the first glass vessels were produced about 1500 b. c. in egypt and mesopotamia. the glass industry was extremely successful for the next 300 years, and then declined. it was revived in mesopotamia in the 700 \u2032 s b. c. and in egypt in the 500 \u2032 s b. c. for the next 500 years, egypt, syria, and the other countries along the eastern shore of the mediterranean sea were glassmaking centers. early glassmaking was slow and costly, and it required hard work. glass blowing and glass pressing were unknown, furnaces were small, the clay pots were of poor quality, and the heat was hardly sufficient for melting. but glassmakers eventually learned how to make colored glass jewelry, cosmetics cases, and tiny jugs and jars. people who could afford them \u2014 the priests and the ruling classes \u2014 considered glass objects as valuable as jewels. soon merchants learned that wines, honey, and oils could be carried and preserved far better in glass than in wood or clay containers. the blowpipe was invented about 30 b. c., probably along the eastern mediterranean coast. this invention made glass production easier, faster, and cheaper. as a result, glass became available to the common people for the first time. glass manufacture became important in all countries under roman rule. in fact, the first four centuries of the christian era may justly be called the first golden age of glass. the glassmakers of this time knew how to make a transparent glass, and they did offhand glass blowing, painting, and gilding ( application of gold leaf ). they knew how to build up layers of glass of different colors and then cut out designs in high relief. the celebrated portland vase, which was probably made in rome about the beginning of the christian era, is an excellent example of this art. this vase is considered one of the most valuable glass art objects in the world. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44660946416611047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0520a5c-7f0b-4adc-909f-1693062caebb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.292816"}
{"text": "out designs in high relief. the celebrated portland vase, which was probably made in rome about the beginning of the christian era, is an excellent example of this art. this vase is considered one of the most valuable glass art objects in the world. in the 1500 \u2032 s, the dutch developed ways to make custom eyeglasses as well as lenses which led to the first microscopes and telescopes. the first glass factory in the united states was built in jamestown, virginia, in 1608. the venture failed within a year because of a famine that took the lives of many colonists. the jamestown colonists tried glassmaking again in 1621, but an indian attack in 1622 and the scarcity of workers ended this attempt in 1624. the industry was reestablished in america in 1739, when caspar wistar built a glassmaking plant in what is now salem county, new jersey. this plant operated until 1780. in 1903, the first fully automated glass bottle making machine was used in toledo, ohio. glass has been a major part in many revolutionary inventions. had it not been for glass, we could be living in a world with no thermometers, televisions or light bulbs. cool info about glass a process called \u201c vitrification \u201d can turn nuclear waste into hard glass blocks for long - term storage. glass takes 1, 000, 000 years to decompose. glass never wears out - it can be recycled forever. glass recycling saves resources - each ton of recycled glass replaces 1. 2 tons of raw material ( sand, limestone and soda ash ). glass : a transparent inorganic material produced by combining silica sand with burnt lime or limestone and soda ash. silica sand : a pure form of silicon dioxide that is the most common ingredient in glass manufacturing. soda ash : also known as sodium oxide, this is an ingredient in glass manufacturing. it helps sand melt at a lower temperature. glasphalt : similar to asphalt, but it contains ground glass instead of gravel. limestone : a type of rock that is blended with soda ash in glass manufacturing to stabilize the glass so it will not dissolve in water. when the model t ford car was first introduced, the glass windscreen was an optional extra. bulletproof glass is made of several layers called laminating. in between the glass is a polycarbonate material that absorbs the energy of what has been fired at it. the thicker the glass, the higher impact it can withstand. there is even one - way bulletproof glass enabling the target victim to shoot back. if glass had not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48855080112251187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0520a5c-7f0b-4adc-909f-1693062caebb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.294661"}
{"text": "hugh pickens writes writes \" until recently, geothermal power systems have exploited only resources where naturally occurring heat, water, and rock permeability are sufficient to allow energy extraction but now geothermal energy developers plan use a new technology called enhanced geothermal systems ( egs ) to pump 24 million gallons of water into the side of the dormant newberrry volcano, located about 20 miles south of bend, oregon in an effort to use the earth ' s heat to generate power. \" we know the heat is there, \" says susan petty, president of altarock energy, inc. of seattle. \" the big issue is can we circulate enough water through the system to make it economic. \" since natural cracks and pores do not allow economic flow rates, the permeability of the volcanic rock can be enhanced with egs by pumping high - pressure cold water down an injection well into the rock, creating tiny fractures in the rock, a process known as hydroshearing. then cold water is pumped down production wells into the reservoir, and the steam is drawn out. natural geothermal resources only account for about 0. 3 percent of u. s. electricity production, but a 2007 massachusetts institute of technology report projected egs could bump that to 10 percent within 50 years, at prices competitive with fossil - fuels. \" the important question we need to answer now, \" says usgs geophysicist colin williams, \" is how geothermal fits into the renewable energy picture, and how egs fits. how much it is going to cost, and how much is available. \" \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.523585090905422, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69cee299-0766-4ba9-90b1-4d172309fcc1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.296580"}
{"text": "here are the penultimate penguins : jackass penguin ( spheniscus demersus ) and galapagos penguin ( s. mendiculus ). the jackass penguin is also known as the black - footed penguin, or the african penguin. penguins, in africa? are you bonkers? what \u2019 s next, polar bears in the sahara? no, don \u2019 t be silly. there is a cold - water current responsible for this bird \u2019 s distribution, the benguela current, bringing nutrient - rich cold water from the southern ocean to the south - west atlantic via south africa and namibia. the galapagos penguin is the most northerly species of penguin, it is even found at the equator! this is even more crazy than the idea of an african penguin. why would a classically cold - climate bird be found in the tropics? the answer also lies in the ocean currents : cold waters from the antarctic flow up the pacific coast of south america towards the galapagos islands, bringing nutrients. this current, the so - called humboldt current, also gives its name to another species of penguin from the coast of south america, covered in the next post. as a result of warmer air temperatures, the penguins of galapagos, south africa and other places are smaller. other than the little blue penguin of australia and new zealand, the four penguins of the genus spheniscus are the smallest. spheniscus demersus ( linnaeus, 1758 ) adult jackass penguin ( spheniscus demersus ) distribution : southern africa from 24o38 \u2019 s to 33o50 \u2019 s ; vagrant to other parts of africa. size : 70 cm ( 27\u00bd \u201d ) ; males and females weigh 2. 4 - 4. 2 kg ( 5 lb 5 oz \u2013 9 lb 9 oz ), with males larger than females. habitat : breeds on benguela current influenced coasts, in burrows with suitable substrate or using bushes and boulders as shelter. diet : small fish, cephalopods ( such as squid ), crustaceans and polychaete worms. etymology : spheniscus = \u201c little wedge \u201d in greek ; demersus = \u201c diving \u201d in latin. immature jackass penguin ( spheniscus demersus ) spheniscus mendiculus sundevall, 1871 adult galapagos penguin ( spheniscus mendiculus ) distribution : restricted to the galapagos islands ; breeds on fernandina and isabela, and maybe on bartholomew and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3981472435176814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56d36489-06d7-4c6d-a6d6-751cf3e160b8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.305467"}
{"text": "spheniscus mendiculus sundevall, 1871 adult galapagos penguin ( spheniscus mendiculus ) distribution : restricted to the galapagos islands ; breeds on fernandina and isabela, and maybe on bartholomew and santiago islands ; non - breeding range extends to other islands of the archipelago. size : 53 cm ( 21 \u201d ) ; the smallest spheniscus penguin ; males weigh 1. 7 - 2. 6 kg ( 3 lb 11 oz \u2013 5 lb 11 oz ) ; females weigh 1. 7 - 2. 5 kg ( 3 lb 11 oz \u2013 5\u00bd lb ). habitat : low - lying volcanic coastal desert. diet : fish ( such as mullet and sardine ) and crustaceans ( such as krill ). etymology : spheniscus = as s. demersus ; mendiculus = \u201c little beggar \u201d in latin. immature galapagos penguin ( spheniscus mendiculus ) oh, and while we ' re on the topic of galapagos... if you ' re in london for the next few months, make sure you visit the new exhibition at the natural history museum, darwin : the big idea. there is a stuffed galapagos penguin there, as well as numerous other animals and plants from the archipelago, and two live animals : charlie the green iguana ( iguana iguana ) and sumo the argentine horned frog ( ceratophrys ornata ). not to mention a lot of original material from charles robert darwin ' s epic voyage that first sparked his theory of evolution by natural selection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3754688667433319, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56d36489-06d7-4c6d-a6d6-751cf3e160b8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.310503"}
{"text": "- \u0434\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0442\u043e\u043d \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043c\u0431\u0438\u044f, \u0448\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d : \u0438\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0438 washington is a state in the pacific northwest of the united states. the state is named after george washington, the first president of the united states. as of the 2000 census, the state population was approximately 5. 9 million and the state work force numbered about 3. 1 million. residents are called \" washingtonians \" ( emphasis on the third syllable, pronounced as tone ). it should not be confused with washington, d. c., the nation ' s capital city. to avoid confusion, the city is often called simply d. c. and the state is often called washington state. washington is bounded by the pacific ocean to the west ; oregon to the south ( the columbia river forming most of this border ) ; idaho to the east and british columbia, canada to the north. it is famous for scenery of breathtaking beauty and sharp contrasts. high mountains rise above evergreen forests and sparkling coastal waters. its coastal location and puget sound harbors give it a leading role in trade with alaska, canada, and the pacific rim. puget sound ' s many islands are served by the largest ferry fleet in the united states. washington is a land of contrasts. the deep forests of the olympic peninsula are among the rainiest places in the world and the only rainforests ( such as the hoh rain forest ) in the continental united states, but the flat semi - desert that lies east of the cascade range stretches for long distances without a single tree. snow - covered peaks tower above the foothills and lowlands around them. mount rainier, the highest mountain in the state, appears to \" float \" on the horizon southeast of seattle and tacoma on clear days. the eastern side of the state can be divided into two regions : the okanogan highlands and the columbia river basin. areas under the management of the national park service include : - ebey ' s landing national historical reserve near coupeville - fort vancouver national historic site at vancouver - klondike gold rush seattle unit national historical park in seattle - lake chelan national recreation area near stehekin - lake roosevelt national recreation area along the columbia river - lewis and clark national historic trail - mount rainier national park - nez perce national historical park - north cascades national park near marblemount - olympic national park at port angeles - ross lake national recreation area at new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5142459982678622, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3db128bd-a624-444e-920a-5dba6b11c2ef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.329655"}
{"text": "area along the columbia river - lewis and clark national historic trail - mount rainier national park - nez perce national historical park - north cascades national park near marblemount - olympic national park at port angeles - ross lake national recreation area at newhalem - san juan island national historical park in friday harbor - whitman mission national historic site at walla walla geographical features [ \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0448 ] - puget sound - san juan islands - columbia river - snake river - yakima river - cascade range - olympic mountains \u0448\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d : details prior to the arrival of explorers from europe, this region of the pacific coast had many established tribes of native americans, each with its own unique culture. today, they are most notable for their totem poles and their ornately carved canoes and masks. prominent among their industries were salmon fishing and whale hunting. in the east, nomadic tribes traveled the land and missionaries such as the whitmans settled there. the first european record of a landing on the washington coast was by spanish captain don bruno de heceta in 1775, on board the santiago, part of a two - ship flotilla with the sonora. they claimed all the coastal lands up to the russian possessions in the north for spain. in 1778, british explorer captain james cook sighted cape flattery, at the entrance to the strait of juan de fuca, but the straits would not be explored until 1789, by captain charles w. barkley. further explorations of the straits were performed by spanish explorers manuel quimper in 1790 and francisco de eliza in 1791, then by british captain george vancouver in 1792. the spanish nootka convention of 1790 opened the northwest territory to explorers and trappers from other nations, most notably britain and then the united states. captain robert gray ( for whom grays harbor county is named ) then discovered the mouth of the columbia river. he named the river after his ship, the columbia. beginning in 1792, gray established trade in sea otter pelts. the lewis and clark expedition entered the state on october 10, 1805. in 1819, spain ceded their original claims to this territory to the united states. this began a period of disputed joint - occupancy by britain and the u. s. that lasted until june 15, 1846, when britain ceded their claims to this land with the treaty of oregon. because of the overland migration along the oregon trail, many settlers wandered north to what is now washington and settled the puget sound area. the first settlement was new market ( now known", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.433321690992075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3db128bd-a624-444e-920a-5dba6b11c2ef>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.330926"}
{"text": ", when britain ceded their claims to this land with the treaty of oregon. because of the overland migration along the oregon trail, many settlers wandered north to what is now washington and settled the puget sound area. the first settlement was new market ( now known as tumwater ) in 1846. in 1853, washington territory was formed from part of oregon territory. early prominent industries in the state included agriculture and lumber. in eastern washington, the yakima valley became known for its apple orchards, while the growth of wheat using dry - farming techniques became particularly productive. the heavy rainfall to the west of the cascade range produced dense forests, and the ports along puget sound prospered from the manufacturing and shipping of lumber products, particularly the douglas fir. other industries that developed in the state include fishing, salmon canning and mining. by the turn of the 20th century, washington was of dangerous repute in the minds of many americans. indisputably as \" wild \" as the rest of the american old west, the public image of washington merely replaced cowboys with lumberjacks, and desert with forestland. one city in particular, aberdeen, had the distinction of being \" the roughest town west of the mississippi \" because of excessive gambling, violence, extreme drug use and prostitution ( the city itself changed very little over the years and remained off - limits to military personnel well into the early 1980s ). for a long period, tacoma was noted for its large smelters where gold, silver, copper and lead ores were treated. seattle was the primary port for trade with alaska and the rest of the country, and for a time it possessed a large ship - building industry. the region around eastern puget sound developed heavy industry during the period including world war i and world war ii, and the boeing company became an established icon in the area. during the great depression, a series of hydroelectric dams were constructed along the columbia river as part of a project to increase the production of electricity. this culminated in 1941 with the completion of the grand coulee dam, the largest dam in the united states. during world war ii, the puget sound area became a focus for war industries, with the boeing company producing many of the nation ' s heavy bombers and ports in seattle, bremerton, and tacoma were available for the manufacture of warships. seattle was the point of departure for many soldiers in the pacific, a number of which were quartered at golden gardens park. in eastern washington, the hanford works atomic energy plant was opened in 1943 and played a major", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.447898845415561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3db128bd-a624-444e-920a-5dba6b11c2ef>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.333916"}
{"text": "for the manufacture of warships. seattle was the point of departure for many soldiers in the pacific, a number of which were quartered at golden gardens park. in eastern washington, the hanford works atomic energy plant was opened in 1943 and played a major role in the construction of the nation ' s atomic bombs. on may 18, 1980, following a period of heavy tremors and eruptions, the northeast face of mount st. helens exploded outward, destroying a large part of the top of the volcano. this eruption flattened the forests, killed 57 people, flooded the columbia river and its tributaries with ash and mud, and blanketed large parts of washington in ash, making day look like night. according to the u. s. census as of 2005, washington has an estimated population of 6, 287, 759, which is an increase of 80, 713, or 1. 3 %, from the prior year and an increase of 393, 619, or 6. 7 %, since the year 2000. this includes a natural increase since the last census of 180, 160 people ( that is 418, 055 births minus 237, 895 deaths ) and an increase from net migration of 215, 216 people into the state. immigration from outside the united states resulted in a net increase of 134, 242 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 80, 974 people. as of 2004, washington ' s population included 631, 500 foreign - born ( 10. 3 % of the state population ), and an estimated 100, 000 illegal aliens ( 1. 6 % of state population ). race and ancestry [ \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0448 ] the racial / ethnic makeup of the state : - 77. 0 % white, not of hispanic ancestry - 8. 0 % hispanic of any race - 6. 3 % asian - 4. 0 % two or more races - 3. 0 % black - 1. 6 % native american there are many migrant mexican farm workers living in the southeast - central part of the state. wahkiakum county, as well as most counties in the state, has many residents of scandinavian origin. washington has the fifth largest asian population of any state, with chinese and fillipino being the largest groups. 6. 7 % of washington ' s population was reported as under 5, 25. 7 % under 18, and 11. 2 % were 65 or older. females made up approximately 50. 2 % of the population. the religious affiliations of washington ' s population are :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48100636051216566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3db128bd-a624-444e-920a-5dba6b11c2ef>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.335140"}
{"text": "washington ' s population was reported as under 5, 25. 7 % under 18, and 11. 2 % were 65 or older. females made up approximately 50. 2 % of the population. the religious affiliations of washington ' s population are : - christian \u2013 66 % - other religions \u2013 2 % - non - religious \u2013 27 % as with many other western states, the percentage of washington ' s population identifying themselves as \" non - religious \" is higher than the national average. the percentage of non - religious people in washington is the highest of any state. the 2004 total gross state product for washington was $ 262 billion, placing it 14th in the nation. the per capita income was $ 33, 332. significant business within the state include the design and manufacture of jet aircraft ( boeing ), computer software development ( microsoft, amazon. com, nintendo of america ), electronics, biotechnology, aluminum production, lumber and wood products, mining, and tourism. the state has significant amounts of hydroelectric power generation. significant amounts of trade with asia pass through the ports of the puget sound. see list of united states companies by state. the state of washington is one of only seven states that does not levy a personal income tax. neither does the state collect a corporate income tax. however, washington businesses are responsible for various other state levies. washington ' s state sales tax is 7. 9 percent, and it applies to services as well as products. most foods are exempt from sales tax ; however, prepared foods, dietary supplements and soft drinks remain taxable. the combined state and local retail sales tax rates increase the taxes paid by consumers, depending on the variable local sales tax rates, generally between 8 and 9 percent. an excise tax applies to certain select products such as gasoline, cigarettes, and alcoholic beverages. property tax was the first tax levied in the state of washington and its collection accounts for about 30 percent of washington ' s total state and local revenue. it continues to be the most important revenue source for public schools, fire protection, library, park and recreation, and other special purpose districts. all real and personal property is subject to tax unless specifically exempted by law. personal property also is taxed, although most personal property owned by individuals is exempt. personal property tax applies to personal property used when conducting business or to other personal property not exempt by law. all property taxes are paid to the county treasurer ' s office where the property is located. washington does not impose a tax on intangible assets such as bank accounts, stocks or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45682371298230484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3db128bd-a624-444e-920a-5dba6b11c2ef>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.336471"}
{"text": "used when conducting business or to other personal property not exempt by law. all property taxes are paid to the county treasurer ' s office where the property is located. washington does not impose a tax on intangible assets such as bank accounts, stocks or bonds. neither does the state assess any tax on retirement income earned and received from another state. washington does not collect inheritance taxes ; however, the estate tax is decoupled from the federal estate tax laws, and therefore the state imposes its own estate tax. for 2003, the total value of washington ' s agricultural products was $ 5. 79 billion, the 11th highest in the country. the total value of its crops was $ 3. 8 billion, the 7th highest. the total value of its livestock and specialty products was $ 1. 5 billion, the 26th highest. in 2004, washington ranked first in the nation in production of red raspberries ( 90. 0 % of total u. s. production ), wrinkled seed peas ( 80. 6 % ), hops ( 75. 0 % ), spearmint oil ( 73. 6 % ), apples ( 58. 1 % ), sweet cherries ( 47. 3 % ), pears ( 42. 6 % ), peppermint oil ( 40. 3 % ), concord grapes ( 39. 3 % ), carrots for processing ( 36. 8 % ), and niagara grapes ( 31. 6 % ). washington also ranked second in the nation in production of lentils, fall potatoes, dry edible peas, apricots, grapes ( all varieties taken together ), asparagus ( over a third of the nation ' s production ), sweet corn for processing, and green peas for processing ; third in tart cherries, prunes and plums, and dry summer onions ; fourth in barley and trout ; and fifth in wheat, cranberries, and strawberries. washington has an extensive system of state highways, called state routes, as well as the third - largest ferry system in the world. there are 140 public airfields in washington, including 16 state airports owned by the washington state department of transportation. boeing field in seattle is the busiest airport by numbers of planes in the world. the unique geography of washington presents exceptional transportation needs. there are extensive waterways in the midst of washington ' s largest cites, including seattle, bellevue, tacoma and olympia. the state highways incorporate an extensive network of bridges and the largest ferry system in the united states to serve transpiration needs in the puget sound", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48026523769955665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3db128bd-a624-444e-920a-5dba6b11c2ef>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.338418"}
{"text": "there are extensive waterways in the midst of washington ' s largest cites, including seattle, bellevue, tacoma and olympia. the state highways incorporate an extensive network of bridges and the largest ferry system in the united states to serve transpiration needs in the puget sound area. washington ' s marine highway constitutes a fleet of twenty - eight ferries that navigate puget sound and its inland waterways to 20 different ports of call. washington is home for the five longest floating bridges in the world : the evergreen point floating bridge, lacey v. murrow memorial bridge and homer m. hadley bridge over lake washington, and the hood canal bridge connecting the olympic and kitsap peninsulas. the cascade mountain range also provides unique transportation challenges. washington operates and maintains 7 major mountain passes and 8 minor passes. during winter months these passes are plowed, sanded, and kept safe with avalanche control. not all are able to stay open through the winter. the north cascades highway on state route 20 closes every year. because of the extraordinary amount of snowfall and frequency of avalanches the highway is not safe in the winter months. law and government [ \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0448 ] washington has 49 legislative districts, and elects one senator and two house members from each district. the majority party is the democratic party. washington state senators and representatives are elected for four year and two year terms, respectively. there are no term limits. the washington supreme court is the highest court in the judiciary of the state of washington. nine justices serve on the bench, and are elected at large. the u. s. congress [ \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0448 ] washington representatives in the united states house of representatives are jay inslee ( d - 1 ), richard ray ( rick ) larsen ( d - 2 ), brian baird ( d - 3 ), richard norman \" doc \" hastings ( r - 4 ), cathy mcmorris ( r - 5 ), norm dicks ( d - 6 ), jim mcdermott ( d - 7 ), david reichert ( r - 8 ), and adam smith ( d - 9 ). state elected officials [ \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0448 ] - christine gregoire, governor ( d ) - brad owen, lieutenant governor ( d ) - sam reed, secretary of state ( r ) - rob mckenna, attorney general ( r ) - mike murphy, treasurer ( d ) - brian sonntag, auditor ( d ) - terry bergeson, superintendent of public instruction ( non partisan office ) - doug sutherland, commissioner of public lands ( r ) -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47442397515122336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3db128bd-a624-444e-920a-5dba6b11c2ef>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.339517"}
{"text": ", attorney general ( r ) - mike murphy, treasurer ( d ) - brian sonntag, auditor ( d ) - terry bergeson, superintendent of public instruction ( non partisan office ) - doug sutherland, commissioner of public lands ( r ) - mike kreidler, insurance commissioner ( d ) - washington legislature - currently the democratic party is in control of both the house and the senate. the state has been thought of as politically divided by the cascade mountains, with western washington being liberal ( particularly greater seattle ) and eastern washington being conservative. since the population is larger in the west, the democrats usually fare better statewide. washington has voted for the democratic candidate in presidential elections recently in 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000 and 2004. it was considered a key swing state in 1968 and 2000. in 1968, it was the only western state to give its electoral votes to hubert humphrey. while the democratic party has long dominated washington, the 2004 washington gubernatorial election was among the closest races in united states election history. the initial count as well as the first recount, conducted by machine, both showed dino rossi, the republican candidate, winning the election. a second recount was done by hand, overturning the initial results when it resulted in a lead for christine gregoire, the democratic candidate, of 129 votes, or 0. 0045 % of those cast. as this second recount was the last allowed for by washington election law, gregoire was inaugurated on 12 january 2005. the subsequent court battles raged for months after the election, but ultimately ended with gregoire retaining her office. the final official count left gregoire ahead by 133 votes. washington has the distinction for being the first and so far only state to elect women to all three major statewide offices ( state governor and two u. s. senate seats ) at the same time. on january 30, 2006 governor christine gregoire signed into law legislation making washington the 17th state in the nation to protect gay and lesbian people from discrimination in housing, lending, and employment, and the 7th state in the nation to offer these protections to transgendered people. initiative activist tim eyman filed a referendum that same day, seeking to put the issue before the state ' s voters. despite a push from conservative churches across the state to gather signatures on what were dubbed \" referendum sundays, \" eyman was only able to gather 105, 103 signatures, more than 7, 000 signatures short of the minimum. as a result, the law went into effect on june 7, 2006. see also list of washington", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4337497888378014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3db128bd-a624-444e-920a-5dba6b11c2ef>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.340684"}
{"text": "were dubbed \" referendum sundays, \" eyman was only able to gather 105, 103 signatures, more than 7, 000 signatures short of the minimum. as a result, the law went into effect on june 7, 2006. see also list of washington governors important cities and towns [ \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0448 ] - spokane valley - federal way colleges and universities [ \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0448 ] - central washington university - eastern washington university - the evergreen state college - university of washington - washington state university - western washington university community colleges [ \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0448 ] professional sports teams [ \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0448 ] miscellaneous topics [ \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0448 ] state symbols [ \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0448 ] see also [ \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0448 ] - washington state congressional delegates - capital punishment in washington - list of hospitals in washington - list of washington state prisons - list of washington state forests - list of radio stations in washington - list of television stations in washington - list of washington county name etymologies - list of colleges and universities in washington - list of school districts in washington - list of zip codes in washington - list of high schools in washington - list of u. s. wilderness areas in washington - the washington medal of merit - scouting in washington - washington state park system - music of washington - list of people from washington - list of united states companies by state political activism [ \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0448 ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45699071483245757, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3db128bd-a624-444e-920a-5dba6b11c2ef>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.341285"}
{"text": "here are two cartoons from jay hosler ( blog ), biologist and author / illustrator of the sandwalk adventures : an adventure in evolution told in five chapters and author of the forthcoming evolution : the story of life on earth ( cover art below ) : visual representation in science is the study of how images can inform an understanding of scientific practice and the production and dissemination of knowledge. there will be at least two worskshops on this topic in the next year ( here and here ). the description of one describes images as \u201c occupy [ ing ] a special place \u2026 for their power to encapsulate scientific knowledge, their capacity to communicate to various publics, and their flexibility in the production of meanings by the interaction of producers and users. \u201d for this month \u2019 s edition of the history of science blog carnival, the giant \u2019 s shoulders and it \u2019 s theme of visuals and representations in science, i thought i \u2019 d share some information about darwin and evolution in cartoons and caricatures. jonathan smith looked at visual representation within darwin \u2019 s various books in his 2006 book charles darwin and victorian visual culture ( cambridge studies in nineteenth - century literature and culture ) ( you can read the first chapter as a pdf ). one could look at darwin portraiture and photography, maybe janet browne has, and how specific images have been used to push a particular way of looking at darwin. the darwin year saw many books looking at darwin and his impact on art. constance clark \u2019 s 2001 article in the journal of american history, \u201c evolution for john doe : pictures, the public, and the scopes trial debate, \u201d is about the \u201c role of visual images of evolutionary ideas published during the [ scopes ] debate. \u201d and heather brink - roby \u2019 s article \u201c natural representation : diagram and text in darwin \u2019 s \u2018 on the origin of species, \u201d in victorian studies, looks at how darwin used diagram and text \u201c not simply to argue for, but also as evidence of, his theory. \u201d also, analyses of the march of progress imagery of evolution and other representations ( like trees of life ) would fit into visual representations ( see here and here, and of course gould \u2019 s wonderful life : the burgess shale and the nature of history, specifically chapter 1, \u201c iconography of an expectation \u201d ). where do political cartoons and caricatures fit into this? surely, such images were avenues of knowledge for the public, and how a cartoon represented darwin or evolution ( anti - evolution, pro - evolution, etc. ) had an impact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5252756713481943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c4d5f8a-0ee0-4a1f-aa64-617577e99fde>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.360426"}
{"text": "\u201d ). where do political cartoons and caricatures fit into this? surely, such images were avenues of knowledge for the public, and how a cartoon represented darwin or evolution ( anti - evolution, pro - evolution, etc. ) had an impact on the viewer, and evolution was used as a means to comment on society and culture or whatever was in the news. i know of at least two historians of science who have published on the topic : browne, janet. \u201c darwin in caricature : a study in the popularisation and dissemination of evolution. \u201d proceedings of the american philosophical society 145 : 4 ( december 2001 ) : 496 - 509. ( also, see my post 19th - century caricature prints with tyndall, darwin caricatures at the primate diaries, and darwin caricatures at genomicron ) davis, edward b. \u201c fundamentalist cartoons, modern pamphlets, and the religious image of science in the scopes era. \u201d in religion and the culture of print in modern america, edited by charles lloyd cohen and paul s. boyer, 175 - 98. madison : university of wisconsin press, 2008. davis presented at the history of science society meeting in 2009 on \u201c demonizing evolution, \u201d sharing some of the fundamentalist cartoons. since google books won \u2019 t let me see the cartoons in the article, i \u2019 m not sure if those in his talk are the same as those in his article, but i will share a few from his talk : these cartoons in the era of the scopes trial present evolution as : dangerous to one \u2019 s faith ( learning about and accepting evolution will creep into one \u2019 s religious life ), \u201c modern \u201d education is cheating on god and the bible ; evolution is anti - religion ; evolution is sacred and religious itself ; the theory of evolution is collapsing, full of speculation and not fact - based. much of these claims are still used today, by many creationists and intelligent design proponents who spend more time trying to discredit evolution than convincing us that their view is scientific. such cartoons and anti - evolution pamphlets, according to davis, \u201c provide new insights into the intense debate about the meaning of science and the nature of religion that took place among american protestants in the 1920s. from popular publications such as these, we see just how the fundamentalists and the modernists both attempted to influence public opnion about the religious image of science in the decade of the scopes trial \u201d ( 193 ). there is a wonderful resource for political cartoons that do the opposite of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5134078179586341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c4d5f8a-0ee0-4a1f-aa64-617577e99fde>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.361577"}
{"text": "see just how the fundamentalists and the modernists both attempted to influence public opnion about the religious image of science in the decade of the scopes trial \u201d ( 193 ). there is a wonderful resource for political cartoons that do the opposite of demonizing evolution. historian of science joe cain has brought to our attention the ephemeral journal evolution : a journal of nature, which ran from 1927 through 1938, 21 issue in all, and he provides a publication history for it in a 2003 article for archives of natural history. evolution was \u201c a monthly platform for pro - evolutionist perspectives and as a device for rebutting anti - evolutionists. it also aimed to bolster the resolve of teachers caught in the centre of curriculum debates. \u201d its purpose was laid out in the first issue : \u201d this magazine will help bridge that gap by furnishing a forum in which science itself can speak in popular language without fear of the restraints with which fundamentalists are seeking to shackle them. \u201d among the articles within evolution were scores of political cartoons. cain has made all the issues available ( also available through the biodiversity heritage library ) and a page with some of the cartoons. here are a few : unfortunately, evolution was not a great success ( hence, only 21 issues ). by its 12th issue, the journal touted its 5, 000 subscribers, and provided a list of how many by state. interestingly, it had the most subscribers in new york city ( 675 ), california ( 551 ), new york state ( 494 ), illinois ( 486 ), and ohio ( 299 ). a few others in the 100 - 200 range ( including pennsylvania ), and the rest under 100, including all states in the south. i will also point out another website, put togteher by mark aldrich, called cartooning evolution, 1861 - 1925, broken up into darwin and evolution, evolution as social comment, victorian science, fundamentalist publications, the scopes trial : northern newspapers, the scopes trial : national magazines, and the scopes trial : southern newspapers. here \u2019 s a sampling, but be sure to check out the website itself, there are many more. enjoy : in my previous post i shared a link to ncse \u2019 s images of an intelligent design vs. evolution from the banana - toting, darwin - bashing creationist ray comfort. here \u2019 s one of the images, showing a card from the game that uses this quote : \u201c scientists conced that their most cherished theories", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5331044992638156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c4d5f8a-0ee0-4a1f-aa64-617577e99fde>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.362667"}
{"text": "intelligent design vs. evolution from the banana - toting, darwin - bashing creationist ray comfort. here \u2019 s one of the images, showing a card from the game that uses this quote : \u201c scientists conced that their most cherished theories are based on embarassingly few fossil fragments and that huge gaps exst in the fossil record. \u201d a citation is given, that \u2019 s a good step : time magazine, november 7, 1977. so, what is this quote in reference to? what \u2019 s the context. the quote comes from an article titled \u201c puzzling out man \u2019 s ascent \u201d ( all online, thanks rob igo, for the link ) and here is where it falls : these developments, probably more than any others, hastened the differentiation between man and earlier hominids. explains anthropologist charles kimberlin ( \u201c bob \u201d ) brain of the transvaal museum in pretoria, south africa : \u201c meat eating and hunting were important factors. if you remained a vegetarian, the necessity for culture was not nearly as great. \u201d richard leakey too believes that hunting helped to make emerging man a social creature. says he : \u201c the hominids that thrived best were those able to restrain their immediate impulses and manipulate the impulses of others into cooperative efforts. they were the vanguard of the human race. \u201d still, doubts about the sequence of man \u2019 s emergence remain. scientists concede that even their most cherished theories are based on embarrassingly few fossil fragments, and that huge gaps exist in the fossil record. anthropologists, ruefully says alan mann of the university of pennsylvania, \u201c are like the blind men looking at the elephant, each sampling only a small part of the total reality. \u201d his colleagues agree that the picture of man \u2019 s origins is far from complete. perhaps no one is trying harder to fill in the blanks than richard leakey. picking up where his father louis left off at his death in 1972, richard \u2014 with his lake turkana discoveries \u2014 has already moved to the forefront of modern anthropology. now he is reaching out to coordinate research throughout east africa and taking the lead in sorting and assembling the thousands of fragments of evidence that may someday reveal the secrets of man \u2019 s origins. oh, the article discusses human evolution, not evolution of life on earth generally. gee, ray, do you think you could have clarified that? and, it \u2019 s not like any work in paleoanthropology has occurred over the last three decades. beware, quote", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5107278110611511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c4d5f8a-0ee0-4a1f-aa64-617577e99fde>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.363801"}
{"text": ", not evolution of life on earth generally. gee, ray, do you think you could have clarified that? and, it \u2019 s not like any work in paleoanthropology has occurred over the last three decades. beware, quote - mining occurs in games, too! more important, do i have to give up my brain? national library of australia : books and their owners : a tiny link with the past : joseph dalton hooker ( who features in creation ) was most certainly not a beetle - collecting vicar, but a distinguished scientist in his own right. a tiny link with him surfaced in the nla collections recently. hooker was darwin \u2019 s lifelong friend and confidant, and encouraged him to publish his origin of species. hooker himself had a fascinating life, travelling on scientific expeditions to the antarctic, the himalayas, india, the middle east and the us western states. he became director of the royal botanic gardens at kew, writing and publishing until well into his 90s. he died in 1911 at the age 0f 94. petri dish : a child \u2019 s - eye view of charles darwin : this isn \u2019 t a perspective on the history of science with which i \u2019 m particularly comfortable, as it draws a veil over the hard work of how scientific knowledge emerges, is debated, and then rendered authoritative in a dynamic interplay along many dimensions. and it does, again, tend to make for a \u201c safe \u201d presentation of darwin and science, rehabilitating him, perhaps, from invidious perspectives that have convinced many that the word \u201c darwin \u201d is synonymous with hidden agendas that aim to hijack scientific thought for the purpose of destroying faith in god on dishonest pretenses. a depiction of a robust and engagingly curious young charles who is almost a blank slate, aside from his fondness for be [ e ] tles \u2014 indeed, who is an orthodox believer at the start of the voyage \u2014 as an alert conduit for nature \u2019 s empirical truth is hard to square with a vision of a sinister and conniving darwin out to dupe the devout as the devil \u2019 s chaplain. there \u2019 s an undertone of scientific apotheosis that i \u2019 m not eager to pass along with lessons on evolution if that \u2019 s what comes along with a child \u2019 s - eye view of charles darwin. guardian science blog : the beagle, the astronaut and a party in brazil put the awe back into science : \u201c space stations, square riggers and marine biology : science does", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4832746179031132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c4d5f8a-0ee0-4a1f-aa64-617577e99fde>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.365095"}
{"text": "what comes along with a child \u2019 s - eye view of charles darwin. guardian science blog : the beagle, the astronaut and a party in brazil put the awe back into science : \u201c space stations, square riggers and marine biology : science does not get more exciting than this, and we need to get the inquiring young minds of today excited by science, \u201d barratt said. \u201c the iss circling the world while a scientific square rigger with beagle \u2019 s pedigree rounds cape horn, making new discoveries at sea and on land, streaming footage back to labs and classrooms will be a great way to welcome young minds into the excitement and adventure of science. \u201d darwin would have been proud. chronicle herald : thomas creates wonderful world, characters in pre - darwin britain : one of thomas \u2019 s greatest strengths in the novel is her ability to make us see the world from the eyes of people who do not know the concept of evolution \u2014 anning \u2019 s astounding fossil finds were made years before darwin \u2019 s ideas were published. the ideas of intellectuals and peasants alike were contained within a framework of theology and limited science. it was not until 12 years after anning \u2019 s premature death, at the age of 47, that darwin published on the origin of species in 1859. so the world in which mary found the ammonites and \u201c bezoars, \u201d which she sold to wealthy tourists visiting her hometown of lyme regis, england, was one in which there was not an extensive scientific understanding or explanation for the fossils. the 27th edition of carnival of evolution has just been posted at 360 skeptic. click here to get yer fill. a recap from io9 of the recent futurama episode \u2013 \u201c a clockwork origin \u201d \u2013 dealing with evolution can be read here : \u201c a clockwork origin \u201d had it all \u2013 the professor was crotchety and insane in his devotion to science, robots literally took over a world, an orangutan in a snappy vest disproved evolution, zoidberg attempted to be a father, limbs got cut off, and it all ended with a trial. if that isn \u2019 t classic futurama, i don \u2019 t know what is. casey luskin of the discovery institute stated that some artwork depicting darwin with endless forms of life for nature \u2018 s \u201c 15 evolutionary gems \u201d ( 2009, pdf ) \u201c shows a picture of a smiling young darwin with animals flocking about him ( lizards, birds, monkeys, flowers, sponges, turtles, etc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4975760796026789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c4d5f8a-0ee0-4a1f-aa64-617577e99fde>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.366752"}
{"text": "with endless forms of life for nature \u2018 s \u201c 15 evolutionary gems \u201d ( 2009, pdf ) \u201c shows a picture of a smiling young darwin with animals flocking about him ( lizards, birds, monkeys, flowers, sponges, turtles, etc. ), much like the pictures of jesus posing with lions and lambs on some cheesy religious tract. \u201d the art itself : jack scanlan over at homologous legs therefore had an idea : casey \u2019 s reactionary labeling of this image as a \u201c darwinist \u201d religious icon is absurd, and deserves something just as absurd to mock it \u2026 grab any one of the many non - copyrighted images of darwin out there and add some text that conveys a satirical representation of the idea that darwin is a religious figure who is worshiped by biologists as christians worship jesus. be as creative and hilarious as you can. he has added several contributions in his post. here is my mine, using a picture of i took in cambridge, england of a stained - glass depiction of darwin in the hall of christ \u2019 s college, university of cambridge ; william paley is to the left of darwin : for more on luskin \u2019 s attack on nature, watch this : i \u2019 ve noticed in my google reader recently the following ads : evolution really did happen, living things really do have a common ancestor, and the earth really is 4. 5 billion years old. but the way evolution really works has little in common with darwin \u2019 s theory. darwinism is in deep trouble and it \u2019 s too late save it. it \u2019 s no different than the berlin wall in 1986, enron in 2000 or the us financial markets 3 years ago : it \u2019 s a bubble propped up by academic theorists, atheist zealots, politics and shell games \u2013 not hard science. all that needs to happen is for the right 3 - 5 scientists to step forward and expose the evolution industry for what it is \u2026. and it \u2019 s not a question of \u201c if \u201d, it \u2019 s only a question of when. darwinism has about 2 - 5 years left. and when the! @ # $ hits the, fan it \u2019 s it \u2019 s gonna be quite a spectacle. but that \u2019 s not the important part! the real crime is that the \u201c evolutionists \u201d never bothered to tell you how evolution really works. the evolutionary process is neither random nor accident. it \u2019 s purposeful, it \u2019 s pre - programmed, it \u2019 s so ingenious and elegant it takes your breath away.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4925353121079302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c4d5f8a-0ee0-4a1f-aa64-617577e99fde>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.369263"}
{"text": "evolutionists \u201d never bothered to tell you how evolution really works. the evolutionary process is neither random nor accident. it \u2019 s purposeful, it \u2019 s pre - programmed, it \u2019 s so ingenious and elegant it takes your breath away. then i came home, and i noticed an outrageous banner ad at a creationist blog proclaiming : \u201c 2013 : darwinism falls. \u201d ugh. i understand that there are people who think ( mistakenly ) that there \u2019 s a big crisis in evolutionary biology and it \u2019 s going to collapse, but i \u2019 ve never encountered anyone arrogant enough to set a date. so i clicked on the ad, and it was pretty sad. it \u2019 s some site run by an engineer. what is it with engineers? why is it the most arrogant and vitriolic antievolutionists are engineers? i don \u2019 t know, but here \u2019 s a prediction for you, mr. 2013 - darwin - falls : it ain \u2019 t gonna happen. i was just there at evolution 2010 ( unlike you ), and i \u2019 ve been to many of their past conferences ( also unlike you ). they \u2019 re doing fine. they \u2019 re plugging right along. there \u2019 s lots of excitement. lots of research funding. thousands of researchers. they \u2019 re not going anywhere. so unless jesus christ returns bodily to rule the earth in the next three years, 2013 will see evolutionary biology continuing to enjoy the same cultural power they have now. silly, ignorant creationist propaganda : via christian nightmares. michael ruse makes the claim for the huffington post. read charles darwin and adolf hitler : rethinking the \u2018 links \u2019 ( 7 june 2010 ). when in yosemite national park last week, patrick saw this sign for a john muir program and asked, \u201c is this darwin? \u201d hat - tip to pz. lifted from pharyngula : 14 ( + 1 ) reasons why creationists are more intelligently designed than evolutionists 1. \u201c creationism \u201d comes before \u201c evolution \u201d in the dictionary. 2. radiometric dating has determined that kirk cameron is between 6, 000 \u2013 10, 000 years old. 3. the banana has obviously been perfectly designed by a designer for eating and for using in other creative, non - edible ways. 4. where the hell are those transitional species, like flying squirrels, for example? 5. if we evolved from monkeys, why don \u2019 t we look more like the planet of the apes chimps? 6. ben stein offers a perfect example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4889481858704416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c4d5f8a-0ee0-4a1f-aa64-617577e99fde>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.371220"}
{"text": ". 4. where the hell are those transitional species, like flying squirrels, for example? 5. if we evolved from monkeys, why don \u2019 t we look more like the planet of the apes chimps? 6. ben stein offers a perfect example of irreducible complexity \u201c wherein the removal of any one of the parts [ such as dying brain cells ] causes the system to effectively cease functioning. \u201d 7. especially when filled with animal crackers, my noah \u2019 s ark cookie jar is an exact replica of the real deal as depicted in my illustrated bible. 8. evolution violates the second, third, fourth, and any future laws of thermodynamics that science types can dream up. 9. if the earth were actually billions of years old, all the water from the genesis flood, which currently covers three - fourths of the earth \u2019 s surface, would have disappeared down the drain by now. 10. after supposedly \u201c millions of years, \u201d tetrapods haven \u2019 t evolved into pentapods. 11. evolution is only a theory, like the theory of the scottish origin of rap music. 12. there are well known, professionally published scientists who believe in god and who think dogs can telepathically communicate with humans. 13. if you leave bread, peanut butter, and fluff on a counter long enough, does it eventually evolve into a fluffernutter sandwich? not likely. 14. contrary to claims by darwinists, ann coulter is not a transitional fossil. 15. if creationism isn \u2019 t a valid alternative theory, then what are we going to do with all that crap in the creation museum? paul sivitz, a phd student in my history department ( he, too, just passed his orals \u2013 congrats, paul! ), thinks he \u2019 s so funny with his little fake news pieces poking fun at his fellow historians or historians - in - the - making. i am the subject of his latest : darwin draft manuscript found \u2013 london \u2013 while cleaning out a storage closet, workers at london \u2019 s natural history museum discovered a handwritten draft of a book chapter by charles darwin. the project, evidently never completed, seems to have been written long before any of the scientist \u2019 s other work. several pages of notes found with the manuscript describe darwin \u2019 s theory of evolutionary astrology. the book chapter, titled \u201c origin of pisces \u201d is full of ideas that had already been debunked by astrological scholars decades earlier. michael barton, a noted darwin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4976590454923931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c4d5f8a-0ee0-4a1f-aa64-617577e99fde>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.373349"}
{"text": "with the manuscript describe darwin \u2019 s theory of evolutionary astrology. the book chapter, titled \u201c origin of pisces \u201d is full of ideas that had already been debunked by astrological scholars decades earlier. michael barton, a noted darwin expert, was in london at the time doing research for his book, the meaningless charles darwin, said of the manuscript, \u201c this is even more important to uncovering the unknown parts of darwin \u2019 s life than the discovery of the taxidermy of darwin \u2019 s bulldog, which he had put to sleep after it bit alfred russel wallace on the leg. \u201d in the united states, jerry jessee, one of barton \u2019 s fellow graduate students at montana state university, commented on his colleague \u2019 s book project. said jessee, \u201c barton \u2019 s plan to tell us everything we don \u2019 t need to know about darwin is workable, although somewhat misguided. \u201d har dee har, paul. i saw this on the facebook group, we can find 1, 000, 000 people who do believe in evolution before june. although \u201c believe \u201d should read \u201c accept. \u201d you definitely aren \u2019 t \u201c smart enough. \u201d from flickr user peterwr : \u201c fridge magnet found in ludlow tourist information centre. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48436405994221143, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c4d5f8a-0ee0-4a1f-aa64-617577e99fde>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.374267"}
{"text": "entergy ponders nuclear future when the magnitude 9 earthquake and resulting tsunami devastated much of northern japan on march 11, it was a human catastrophe of almost unimaginable proportion. but it was the damage at the fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant that potentially had the greatest implications for the united states and power companies including entergy that generate significant electricity with nuclear power. although the situation in japan has not yet been stabilized, the nuclear regulatory commission said there is no evidence that overheating during the last month has resulted in any melting of the reactor vessels or their containment structures. the new york times reported april 5 that federal officials believe the plant is unlikely to suffer a complete meltdown, in which uranium fuel gets so hot that it melts through the bottom of the reactor and containment vessels, spewing high - level radiation into the plant \u2019 s underlying foundation. if that assessment is correct, then significant additional releases of radioactivity into the environment will be limited. this is good news for northern japan \u2013 and other regions around the globe where people live near nuclear plants that produce the power they consume. the probability that a particular reactor core at a u. s. nuclear power plant will be damaged as a result of a blackout ranges from 6. 5 in 100, 000 to less than one in a million, according to a 2003 analysis by the nuclear regulatory commission. \u201c compared to many more mundane technologies, such as cars and airplanes, nuclear power facilities are quite safe. for the past half century, we have assumed they are safe enough, \u201d said larry m. elkin, president of palisades hudson financial group and a former editor and reporter for the associated press. \u201c the disaster at japan \u2019 s fukushima daiichi nuclear complex demands that we rethink what \u2018 safe enough \u2019 means, \u201d he asserted in a piece titled \u201c japan shows us it can happen here. \u201d elkin said american scientists believe u. s. power plants have almost no chance of experiencing the kind of earthquake and tsunami damage that the japanese plants sustained, but insisted, \u201c the question we need to consider is not whether similar earthquakes and tsunamis can happen here ; it is whether a plant could, for any combination of reasons, simultaneously suffer a failure of its outside electrical supply and its onsite backups. \u201d for residents of southeast texas, the threat seems more remote. the closest nuclear plant to the area is 160 miles to the west at the south texas project, outside of bay city in matagorda county southwest of houston. more relevant to our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47864556115230034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be6193a6-afd2-4fac-8406-c731a0cd2899>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.385118"}
{"text": ". \u201d for residents of southeast texas, the threat seems more remote. the closest nuclear plant to the area is 160 miles to the west at the south texas project, outside of bay city in matagorda county southwest of houston. more relevant to our area is the river bend station nuclear power plant in louisiana, 186 miles to the east, just north of baton rouge. it is owned by entergy \u2013 and is a major source of electricity in the golden triangle and beyond. \u201c roughly 20 percent of the power entergy supplies to texas comes from river bend station in st. francisville, la., \u201d said mike bowling, communications manager for entergy nuclear. entergy is a utility giant, a fortune 500 company with annual revenues of more than $ 10 billion in 2009 and about 15, 000 employees. entergy is also the second - largest nuclear generator of electricity in the u. s. after exelon corporation, operating a total of 12 nuclear units at 10 plants including river bend, waterford near new orleans and grand gulf near port gibson, miss. bowling sought to allay fears aroused by nonstop coverage of the fukushima daiichi crisis on cable news outlets, where the name of entergy was repeatedly invoked as a prominent american nuclear operator. \u201c nuclear plants in the u. s. are designed and built to withstand threats specific to their location, including earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters, \u201d said bowling. \u201c federal regulators will grant a license only if the plant is built above and beyond any credible natural or man - made threat, \u201d he added. \u201c the nrc requires all safety - significant structures, systems and components in nuclear plants to be able to withstand the most severe natural phenomena historically reported for each plant \u2019 s surrounding area, plus a significant margin for error. \u201d it was not damage from the quake or tsunami that threatened to destroy the daiichi plant but a loss of power that shut down the cooling system. entergy nuclear believes they have made such an occurrence in their plants highly unlikely. \u201c systems are designed with multiple contingent backup systems to provide greater safety margins in our ability to keep cooling water in the reactor and spent fuel pool, \u201d said bowling. \u201c various emergency diesel generators at entergy plants are located within hardened structures and at elevations designed to protect the emergency diesel generators from the sites \u2019 design - basis environmental disasters, including hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes and flooding. \u201d these redundancies give the utility a high degree of confidence. \u201c a nuclear plant can maintain a shutdown condition isolated from the bulk power transmission system indefinitely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4329554066745857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be6193a6-afd2-4fac-8406-c731a0cd2899>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.388607"}
{"text": "the sites \u2019 design - basis environmental disasters, including hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes and flooding. \u201d these redundancies give the utility a high degree of confidence. \u201c a nuclear plant can maintain a shutdown condition isolated from the bulk power transmission system indefinitely, \u201d asserted bowling, who noted, \u201c during katrina, entergy \u2019 s waterford 3 plant shut down safely in anticipation of the hurricane \u2019 s landfall. although the electric grid was down for five days, plant systems ran safely on diesel generators stored in reinforced concrete bunkers until power was restored. \u201d one irony on the american nuclear landscape is that many nuclear plants are not operated today by the company that originally constructed them. \u201c river bend station, which now supplies power to texas, originally began operation in 1986 and was owned by gulf states utilities inc. entergy announced plans to acquire gulf states utilities in 1992 and completed the merger in 1993, \u201d said bowling. what the japanese crisis means for the nuclear industry in this country is less clear. a long - planned addition of two nuclear reactors at the south texas project has been indefinitely put on hold, with partners cps energy and nrg reportedly having a difficult time finding new investors and selling the 2, 700 megawatts the new units would produce, in part because of the reduced demand for power and the persistent low price of natural gas. suggestions that this failure to attract new investors means wall street wants nothing to do with nuclear plants were rejected by bowling. \u201c i wouldn \u2019 t say that this is a fair characterization, \u201d he said. \u201c there is no question that the united states hasn \u2019 t built new reactors in decades, and it will take new plants being built on time and on budget to assure wall street that new nuclear build is a good plan financially. \u201d elkin also cautioned against a rush to judgment on these financial questions. in an interview with the business journal, he said, \u201c i don \u2019 t know that anybody \u2019 s nuclear business is booming \u2013 and certainly what has gone on in japan in the last month hasn \u2019 t helped \u2013 but it \u2019 s a little early to say what the long - term fallout is going to be in the industry. \u201d the bottom line for the financial markets, of course, is money. \u201c as long as there is a market for these kind of securities, i don \u2019 t think it \u2019 s a fair statement to say that wall street isn \u2019 t interested in the industry. general electric is a major player in nuclear power, and they certainly have a following on wall street, \u201d he said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4634855197863411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be6193a6-afd2-4fac-8406-c731a0cd2899>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.390197"}
{"text": "securities, i don \u2019 t think it \u2019 s a fair statement to say that wall street isn \u2019 t interested in the industry. general electric is a major player in nuclear power, and they certainly have a following on wall street, \u201d he said. the fact is this nuclear construction moratorium was already ending before the recent events in japan. \u201c note that plants are being built overseas at rapid rates, \u201d said bowling. \u201c here in the united states, loan guarantees \u2013 not loans or grants, but the ability to receive limited loans with the backing of the federal government \u2013 are helping to jump start the build process. companies like southern have already broken ground for new reactor preparation, in southern \u2019 s case, at the vogtle site in georgia. \u201d so what is entergy \u2019 s corporate strategy going forward in terms of the kind of plants the company will construct? \u201c entergy has made no commitment to build new nuclear plants, but the company does want to keep options open for meeting future energy needs, \u201d said bowling, who indicated any new nuclear plants are likely to be built on existing sites. \u201c entergy has construction and operating license applications for both river bend station in louisiana and grand gulf in mississippi on file with federal regulators, but work on both applications was temporarily suspended in 2009 after entergy was unable to reach a business agreement for deploying a new reactor with potential vendor ge - hitachi, \u201d he said. but elkin, the ap editor turned financial advisor, offered a darker assessment of the american nuclear future. \u201c what happened in japan proved that safety measures there were unacceptably weak. our plants run similar risks, and we ought to acknowledge that our safety measures are equally unacceptable. a 6. 5 in 100, 000 risk is low, but when it comes to radioactive materials, it is too high, especially given the margin of error in our own ability to estimate such risks, \u201d he said. bowling takes sharp exception to such declarations. \u201c entergy knows that we can operate each of our plants safely, regardless of its location, \u201d he said. \u201c we believe very strongly in nuclear power and in the health and safety of the public near them. entergy would not operate units that it did not believe were safe. the nuclear power industry will learn from this event and will redesign our facilities as needed to make them safer in the future. \u201d originally published in the april 2011 issue of the beaumont business journal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43126619831769614, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be6193a6-afd2-4fac-8406-c731a0cd2899>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.391281"}
{"text": "the humanity project offers a variety of programs for both kids and adults. these programs put our mission into practice through real - world action : anti - bullying through the arts \u2014 this is the humanity project \u2019 s all - original anti - bullying program for grades k \u2013 5. this program begins with a live 40 - minute assembly that includes a positive rap song, roleplaying, stories and a music video \u2013 all created and produced by the humanity project. the program continues with follow - up classroom materials and, when requested, classroom visits. pre / post testing to date has shown the program is highly effective. how this serves our mission : we teach bystander students that bullying hurts everyone in school, not only the bullied students, and that action by everyone is needed to help stop bullying. bystanders learn the value to themselves and others of action for the greater good. our program connects bystanders with bullied students and shows those bystanders how to cooperate with the bullied students to end the bullying behavior. also see the humanity project \u2019 s free \u201c anti - bullying advice for parents \u201d on this website : http : / / www. thehumanityproject. com / programs / anti - bullying - advice - for - parents and read our article \u201c stopping violence in schools \u201d by humanity project board of directors \u2019 vice president, dr. laura finley, assistant professor of sociology and criminology at barry university : http : / / thehumanityproject. com / programs / finley / read dr. finley \u2019 s article for the humanity project on the relationship between school bullying and crime : \u201c bully today, criminal tomorrow \u201d : http : / / thehumanityproject. com / programs / bully - today - criminal - tomorrow / \u201c i care! \u201d teen driver safety \u2013 the newest humanity project program, \u201c i care! \u201d was created by talented high school authors working under the guidance of the humanity project. they wrote a book called, \u201c i care! best friends helping best friends stay alive \u201d and this innovative teen - to - teen creation forms the foundation of our program. \u201c i care! \u201d uses all - original poetry, quizzes, stories, photos, graphics, even a comic book as a fun but powerful way to communicate memorable lessons about safe driving. but then the program asks students to share this book with their three best friends, who must pledge to drive with more concentration and cooperation \u2014 not out of fear but rather out of friendship. the message is simple : \u201c don \u2019 t drive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4172915017687422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d8e467c-da70-4b64-8c3d-9018ecee8f2a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.397895"}
{"text": "safe driving. but then the program asks students to share this book with their three best friends, who must pledge to drive with more concentration and cooperation \u2014 not out of fear but rather out of friendship. the message is simple : \u201c don \u2019 t drive safely for yourself. do it for your best friends, who want to keep you in one piece because they care about you. \u201d the \u201c i care! \u201d program will include a dedicated facebook page, a text message campaign, videos and more. how this serves our mission : the program relies on social connections and positive peer pressure as methods to encourage safe teen driving instead of the usual ineffective scare tactics. it emphasizes cooperation among friends as well as cooperation on the roads. \u201c i care! \u201d is all about helping young drivers to feel connected to other people and to respect those relationships by practicing sensible driving habits. download the complete \u201c i care! \u201d book for free as well as additional copies of the \u201c i care! \u201d pledge form : http : / / thehumanityproject. com / programs / i - care shared value for adults \u2014 this original, empirically based program teaches the humanity project \u2019 s core message in practical ways to adults. drawing on psychological realities anyone can recognize in their own lives, we show humanity project members how they can help other individuals during daily life in ways that also serve their own best interests. a win - win approach to living. how this serves our mission : we teach adults sensible, doable methods to incorporate the empirically based ideas of shared value in their everyday world. this allows them to apply cooperation and social connection to improve life for themselves, other individuals and society. also read our article that explains more about this, \u201c what can shared value do for me? \u201d : http : / / thehumanityproject. com / programs / sharedvalue at - risk reading & writing \u2014 this is another all - original program for young people, teaching at - risk readers new skills through helping them to write their own short stories and poetry. this series of workshops for middle school students resulted in the creation of a new booklet for the humanity project anti - bullying program, authored by kids for kids. the booklet is called, \u201c i was a bully \u2026 but i stopped \u201d and is provided to each teacher at every school visited by the humanity project \u2019 s anti - bullying through the arts program. how this serves our mission : we teach at - risk students how writing a booklet that helps others also can help them better learn to read and write. at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46387844702211134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d8e467c-da70-4b64-8c3d-9018ecee8f2a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.402205"}
{"text": "at every school visited by the humanity project \u2019 s anti - bullying through the arts program. how this serves our mission : we teach at - risk students how writing a booklet that helps others also can help them better learn to read and write. at the same time, the booklet provides valuable follow - up lessons for teachers to reinforce our anti - bullying concepts in the elementary schools. \u201c peacepage \u201d and blog exchange \u2013 the humanity project partnered with our member, haikaa yamamoto of the work of art global project, to create the peacepage. it is a collaboration with nonprofits and individuals from every continent, including antarctica, all contributing photographs that powerfully express our common humanity \u2014 the deep feelings and other characteristics all humans share. and our monthly blog and photo exchange with the egyptian association for educational resources tries to show middle east readers the human face of americans working to help others as well as to show our american readers the same thing about humanitarians in that part of the world. how this serves our mission : we help online visitors to peacepage and our blogs to recognize that underneath our relatively superficial differences, human beings truly are all the same at a fundamental level. people have much more in common than anything that divides us. in turn, that understanding contributes to the cooperation and social connection that can help more of us to work together toward the greater good of humanity. also visit our peacepage : www. thehumanityproject. com / peacepage \u201c the cool factor : yes, you can attract more after - school teens to your program \u201d \u2014 developed at the request of children \u2019 s services council of broward county, the humanity project offers an original three - and - a - half hour workshop for other nonprofit groups and educational organizations about how to appeal to today \u2019 s teenagers. the workshop draws on our founder \u2019 s experience as author of 23 books as well as plays, blogs and programs for young people. how this serves our mission : we show those who create programs for young people how they can think outside - the - box to better appeal to teens while also building a program that better serves their organization \u2019 s needs \u2013 a win - win for everyone involved. for the near future thp4kids. com \u2014 this new bilingual website ( the humanity project 4 kids ) will teach basic human values such as respect for others, respect for self, awareness of our hidden individual potential, persistence in pursuit of major goals and more. in both spanish and english, thp4kids. com will introduce and reinforce these ideas through truly innovative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4816489433677927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d8e467c-da70-4b64-8c3d-9018ecee8f2a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.405027"}
{"text": "the tcbh! climate change report : a palm tree grows outside philadelphia i went out today and checked on my palm tree. it \u2019 s a small thing : the trunk is only about a foot from the ground, with the palmate fronds spreading out from the upper part. new fronds appear as compressed blades sticking up from the center. they have a kind of fuzz on them, like the lanugo on a newborn baby. what makes my little palm unusual is it sits in my front yard in maple glen, pennsylvania, about 10 miles north of the edge of philadelphia. it \u2019 s clearly not a native species to this area, but it is doing surprisingly well. although we \u2019 ve had a number of nights now when the temperature dropped below freezing, including two when it dropped to about 26 degrees, the fronds are still bright green, and the shoots have continued to grow. while the palm is pretty, and striking in its own way, standing out against the backdrop of deciduous trees that have finally shed all their leaves for the winter, it is also a little disturbing - - a harbinger of an enormous climate change that is taking place in front of my eyes. i have good reason to believe that this little tree is going to survive our philadelphia winter ( which last year never went below 25 degrees, and then only for such short periods of time that the ground never froze below about an inch or two of soil ), and that it will continue to grow where i planted it, perhaps becoming the first palm in pennsylvania. as i write this, negotiators are meeting in doha, qatar, supposedly to negotiate a treaty that will lead to serious efforts by the nations of the world to finally start reducing the release of more carbon into the earth \u2019 s already overloaded atmosphere. we hear from un researchers that the global emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere have risen by 54 % between 1990 and 2011, and that by the end of this year, that number will be 58 %. they were supposed to be going down over that period. meanwhile, the evidence that all this carbon is starting to have a snowball effect on global warming. ice caps in both the arctic and the antarctic are melting, and at a faster rate than anyone was predicting even five years ago. the oceans, both as a result of that melting, and thanks to the expansion of the water itself as it warms, are showing a measurable rise, which was one of the reasons for the extraordinary damage done to new york city and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43281850687410817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd4c2023-fae0-42e2-84c6-b3f1b1740a48>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.411972"}
{"text": "by dr. paul o \u2019 reilly note : dr. o \u2019 reilly is a tutor at thomas aquinas college as well the vice president for development. the following text is the transcript of a lecture he presented on august 26, 2011, as part of the the st. vincent de paul lecture and concert series, endowed by barbara and paul henkels. it might seem strange that i should stand in front of you this evening to speak about catholic liberal education. it could be especially odd because i intend to consider whether there can be such a thing as catholic liberal education. why should that be an issue for us? is it not obvious that there is such a thing as catholic liberal education? surely thomas aquinas college gives testimony to its existence. our founding document, the blue book, is entitled a proposal for the fulfillment of catholic liberal education. just why would i waste your time asking about the possibility of something that so obviously exists? now i take it as obvious that there can be catholic carpenters and plumbers, there can be catholic tennis players and golfers, and there can be catholic poets and teachers. however, let us consider what it means to say that this man is a catholic plumber, or that this woman is a catholic tennis player. surely we must mean that the plumber happens to be catholic, or maybe better, the catholic happens to be a plumber, and it is coincidental that the catholic woman is a tennis player. there is not a particularly catholic way of installing a sink. the plumber could install it well or badly, but how would he install it in a catholic way? the catholic is called to be honest and forthright, but that does not mean it is inappropriate for the catholic tennis player to use the backhand during a game. isn \u2019 t it clear that the relationship between plumbing and catholicism, or tennis and the catholic faith, is coincidental? you might prefer to play tennis with a catholic, but that is, perhaps, because of the conscientious behavior displayed on the court. if we consider the parts of liberal education, especially the liberal arts themselves ( the quadrivium : geometry, arithmetic, music and astronomy ; and the trivium : grammar, logic, and rhetoric ) does it really seem to be the case that if we add catholic to any one of the parts the nature of the discipline changes? that is, is there a catholic geometry? is there a peculiar geometrical truth that could be called catholic? or is there a particularly catholic way of proving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5081940421366469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.507965"}
{"text": "case that if we add catholic to any one of the parts the nature of the discipline changes? that is, is there a catholic geometry? is there a peculiar geometrical truth that could be called catholic? or is there a particularly catholic way of proving some geometrical proposition? as with the example of the plumber, isn \u2019 t it the case that catholicism does not make geometry into a different kind of activity? the term \u201c catholic geometrician \u201d names someone who just happens to be both a catholic and a geometer. it is not like the case of \u201c rational \u201d when added to animal. \u201c rational animal \u201d names a specific kind of animal, one that is not a brute. so \u201c rational \u201d does not just describe an animal that happens to be rational, \u201c rational animal \u201d actually defines a different kind of animal. but \u201c catholic geometer \u201d does not seem to do the same, for there is no kind of geometry that is particularly catholic. what we have just said about geometry also applies to arithmetic, and astronomy, to grammar and logic, and the remaining liberal arts. the basic point so far is that if the parts of liberal education are not called catholic properly, then how could the whole, composed of these parts, be called catholic in any other way than an education that happens to be acquired by catholics? however it should be pointed out that a liberal education is not just the education in the liberal arts. liberal education is the education that is sought for its own sake, and so it is suitable for the free man. as a consequence, this education is primarily speculative, that is, it is sought because it is good to know, and not because of some practical purpose. liberal education, then, would include philosophy and theology, in addition to the liberal arts. surely philosophy and theology can be specifically catholic. and if they are catholic then a catholic liberal education could simply be an education informed by philosophy and theology, both of which have a catholic character. this point has merit. there is a considerable difference between geometry, for example, and philosophy. geometry is about points, lines, figures, and magnitudes generally. these kinds of objects are not specifically catholic, so is it a surprise that that there is not a properly catholic geometry? philosophy, on the other hand, considers the nature of man, the universe, and all sorts of things that have direct bearing on the catholic faith. the philosopher might well consider whether there is evidence that god exists ; he might wonder what constitutes freedom of the will. he should consider if it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5422047883882606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.514637"}
{"text": "nature of man, the universe, and all sorts of things that have direct bearing on the catholic faith. the philosopher might well consider whether there is evidence that god exists ; he might wonder what constitutes freedom of the will. he should consider if it is the case that matter is the most fundamental cause of things, or think about whether the soul survives death. these issues directly pertain to the faith also. so if philosophy considers these matters correctly, wouldn \u2019 t it be appropriate to call such philosophy catholic? now the knowledge proper to the philosopher begins with the evidence that he derives from experience and common considerations, not from the teachings of the church. if the philosopher does not begin his thinking according to the lights of human reason, can he really be said to proceed philosophically? are not the claims of faith, however meritorious they are, out of place in a rational and open pursuit of knowledge? maybe catholicism could be a kind of extrinsic guide, but does it make sense to speak about catholic philosophy as if it was a particular kind of thinking? i would like to add to this point by considering a text from john paul ii \u2019 s encyclical fides et ratio. in particular, i want to concentrate on the common english translation of this encyclical. here is the passage : the church has no philosophy of her own nor does she canonize any one particular philosophy in preference to others. the underlying reason for this reluctance is that, even when it engages theology, philosophy must remain faithful to its own principles and methods. ( fr # 49 ) later john paul ii goes on to say : \u201c philosophy must obey its own rules and be based upon its own principles \u201d ( fr # 79 ). one last text from the same encyclical : the designation \u201c christian philosophy \u2026 in no way intends to suggest that there is an official philosophy of the church, since the faith as such is not a philosophy \u201d ( fr 376 ). so it seems pretty clear that to the extent that natural reason is to respect its own principles and methods, philosophy cannot be specifically catholic. in short, faith begins in belief, whereas philosophy proceeds from natural evidence. no doubt catholicism would enlighten the kind of life the philosopher should live ; it might also encourage him to pursue certain questions, and sustain him in times of difficulty, but it does not appear to be appropriate to call philosophy catholic. if this is the case, then the fact that a liberal education includes philosophy is not sufficient to call that education properly catholic. maybe it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4850563034279381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.520241"}
{"text": ", and sustain him in times of difficulty, but it does not appear to be appropriate to call philosophy catholic. if this is the case, then the fact that a liberal education includes philosophy is not sufficient to call that education properly catholic. maybe it is obvious that theology, one part of a truly liberal education, would be defined by catholicism. perhaps one could argue that theology is the most important part of a liberal education. it studies the most important object \u2014 god himself \u2014 and perhaps the other parts of a liberal education are insignificant before the knowledge of the divine majesty. here we might find a reason for calling all of a liberal education catholic if theology is included as one of its parts. after all if the most important part of something has a certain character, then the whole can be described by that characteristic. much like you might call a man odd if he displays odd behavior. his hands and feet may not be odd, but you call the whole man odd because a significant part of him is odd. is this why we could call a liberal education catholic, because its most significant part, theology, is catholic? not so fast. consider how we study and discuss theology at thomas aquinas college. does it make a difference if a student is catholic or protestant, jewish, or a non - believer? in freshman theology students are encouraged to consider the evidence in the text of scripture itself, not to bring in the catechism. and in sophomore theology doesn \u2019 t the class depend on the argument that st. augustine makes, and the evidence he provides, not what this or that student believes? finally, in junior and senior theology, what is most remarkable is how argumentative, that is, how rational st. thomas \u2019 procedure is. as long as one concedes the principles that, no doubt, st. thomas believes, any student can follow the argument. so even if in itself theology is properly catholic, one can grasp the argument of the theologian without sharing his belief. so, the conclusion of all we have said so far is that catholic liberal education does not appear to be one kind of thing. it seems to be more like our previous example of a catholic plumber \u2014 a man who just happens to be catholic is also a plumber. so is this how we are to understand catholic liberal education : the education that people who happen to be catholic take part in? what if this is the case, what if all that can be said is that catholic liberal education is an education that catholics take part in, or one in which there are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5038999570354235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.521815"}
{"text": "liberal education : the education that people who happen to be catholic take part in? what if this is the case, what if all that can be said is that catholic liberal education is an education that catholics take part in, or one in which there are additional catholic elements, the sacraments and catholic practices, and that \u2019 s all there is to it? well if catholicism is only incidentally related to the educational program, then it is not essential to the program. on that account it may be nice to have, but it makes no more of a difference to the educational program itself than does the food service. it is crucial, then, for us to determine just what makes a liberal education properly catholic. to begin, let me note, and briefly defend, two presuppositions, or principles of education. the first presupposition is about the whole of education, the second is about the parts of an education. 1 ) education has as its end a knowledge of the truth. now that does not mean a full and precise knowledge of the truth, but if there is no reference to truth at all in the education one receives it is not an education properly speaking. 2 ) the second presupposition, very closely related to the first, is that without an integrated program of studies, that is, if the parts of the program of studies do not form a coherent whole, an education will fall short of its principal aim of attaining the truth. the first supposition i will briefly defend by considering the alternative. that is, what if education is not about the truth? quite frankly, this is the view at most colleges and universities. in those institutions a student will come to class to hear what his professor thinks about some matter, or he will read and write about his opinions about a particular issue, but to what end? in general, the position that seems to predominate is that education is either to learn what people think about this or that subject, or that education is designed to prepare the student to find a job. the mind is not raised to something higher, some unchanging truth which perfects reason just by being known. if one gives up the search for truth, one abandons the effort to understand the way things are. without some serious resolution one will become a humanist, not an educated man. that is, if you are content simply to appreciate different positions, you might be fun to talk to at a cocktail party, but you will not know anything. you would be familiar with who thinks what,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4772552937744461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.527588"}
{"text": "become a humanist, not an educated man. that is, if you are content simply to appreciate different positions, you might be fun to talk to at a cocktail party, but you will not know anything. you would be familiar with who thinks what, but you would be unable to make judgments about the way things are. the second supposition that i will consider is, as i said, concerning the parts of an education and it is closely related to the previous supposition. if a student studies many disciplines without integration, that is, if he thinks about science apart from theology, or mathematics independently of philosophy, he will not have a unified view about what is. he could easily tend to a kind of skepticism, because whatever he knows in natural science is not brought to bear upon his understanding of ethics, for example. or what is understood as a theological doctrine, would not be thought of as a guide to thinking rightly in some other discipline. without an effort to resolve these differences, the mind is left on its own to wander according to its own inclinations and guesses. this is a problem for us at the college as well as for other academic institutions. in our own curriculum we study the great books throughout the program. in these books there is more disagreement than agreement. and the disagreements are often about first principles, and notions so basic, that it is impossible that the authors be reconciled except in the vaguest of ways. in fact, often an attempt to reconcile these contrary positions would do violence to the views of the authors themselves. so how should we deal with the basic disagreements that we find in our own program? in the face of contrary positions, and basic disagreements, the mind will be at sea. there are at least three ways to react to fundamental disagreements among the wise. 1 ) a good approach to the conflicting positions found in the great books is to realize that if the wise have disagreements, the matter must be difficult to know. that realization should prompt you to try harder to see where the truth is. 2 ) these contrary positions could cause you to despair of any genuine intellectual advance, so you become either a skeptic, or uninterested in the examined life. 3 ) perhaps the worst reaction to the differing positions that have been considered over the centuries is to make the positions themselves the object of study. in that case, the search is no longer for the truth ; instead the object of study becomes the opinions of men. it should be granted, then, that an education properly so called must have as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5606753417016825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.533432"}
{"text": "to make the positions themselves the object of study. in that case, the search is no longer for the truth ; instead the object of study becomes the opinions of men. it should be granted, then, that an education properly so called must have as its end to come to know what is true. and since there are many disciplines and many great minds studied in any educational program, there must be some order and resolution in the curriculum if the truth is to be received. now the principal way that the truth is to be made known is by an unfailing guide. that is one way in which catholic liberal education is education in the strictest sense. cardinal newman makes this point succinctly in the beginning of the book : the idea of a university. he points out that a university is a place to seek universal knowledge, and that \u201c it cannot fulfill its object duly \u2026 without the church \u2019 s assistance \u2026 the church is necessary for its integrity \u201d ( p. xxxvii, 1966 edition ). pope john paul ii quotes this same remark of cardinal newman in his apostolic constitution ex corde ecclesiae. the holy father then adds : \u201c it is the office ( officium ) of the catholic university to devote itself, without condition, to the cause of truth. \u201d he goes on to say that : \u201c the catholic university bears itself ( inclines ) towards every truth according as they are joined to the supreme truth, that is to god \u201d ( ex corde ecclesiae, # 4 ). so these preliminary remarks suggest a strategy for the rest of this lecture. if we are to understand how a liberal education can be catholic, we should first consider the end of education, that is truth, and then treat how the parts of truth are integrated. the words \u201c true \u201d or \u201c truth \u201d can be used in a number of different ways. perhaps the most common use of the term is when we say something such as : \u201c i think what you say is true. \u201d or, \u201c what you say is the truth. \u201d in this sense of the word, a claim has been made, in the form of a sentence, and one judges that what that sentence expresses conforms to the way things are. the thought expressed in the sentence, then, is true. also, a building can be described as being \u201c true \u201d to the architect \u2019 s original vision. this sense of \u201c true \u201d does not appear to refer to a statement. another sense of the word \u201c true \u201d is found when we speak of someone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5049751369045588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.535870"}
{"text": "also, a building can be described as being \u201c true \u201d to the architect \u2019 s original vision. this sense of \u201c true \u201d does not appear to refer to a statement. another sense of the word \u201c true \u201d is found when we speak of someone as a \u201c true \u201d friend, or a \u201c true \u201d patriot. this use of the word \u201c true \u201d also does not seem to refer to the truth of a statement. aristotle, speaking about the first and most obvious sense of true, says that \u201c falsity and truth are not in things \u2026 but in though \u201d ( metaphysics, vi, ch. 4, 1027b26 ). he goes on to make a qualification. not everything that is in the mind would be called truth : \u201c with regard to simple concepts and \u2018 whats \u2019 falsity and truth do not exist even in thought. \u201d if i think about what a dog is, for example, to the extent that i am just doing that, i have yet to attain to the notion of truth. if i say, or think, \u201c dog, \u201d i have yet to make a claim about it. \u201c dog : true or false? \u201d that is an absurd question. so we begin by noting two things : 1 ) the true, in the first sense of the word, is not in things but it is in the mind ; 2 ) and the true is in the mind when some judgment is made, and normally that judgment is expressed in a sentence. this, according to our own experience of knowing, is the most obvious sense of truth. a third thing follows from what i have just said. although the true is in the mind, it is not the mind that principally causes the truth. if i make the statement that a centaur is a long - lived animal, that statement is false, for there is no such thing as a centaur. so although, in the most common use of the word \u201c truth, \u201d the truth is found in the mind and not in things, it is the reality of a thing that causes truth. another way of putting this is that a thing \u2019 s being is a cause of any true statement made about it. a statement is not true just because i make it ; man is not the measure of things. no, a statement is only true if what is said corresponds to some reality, some existing thing. as st. thomas puts it : \u201c \u2026 the being of a thing is the cause of the true estimation ( or judgment ) which the mind has about something.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5901224510926596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.539027"}
{"text": "a statement is only true if what is said corresponds to some reality, some existing thing. as st. thomas puts it : \u201c \u2026 the being of a thing is the cause of the true estimation ( or judgment ) which the mind has about something. for the true and the false are not in things, but in the mind \u2026 \u201d ( in metaphysicorum, ii, l. 2, # 298 ). from what we have just said, we can understand the traditional account of the true as a conformity, or adequation, of the mind to things. as st. thomas puts it : \u201c a thing is not called true except according as it is adequated ( or conformed ) to an intellect, whence secondarily ( per posterius ) the true is found in things, primarily ( per prius ) however it is found in the intellect \u201d ( de veritate, 1, a. 2 ). note, however, what st. thomas says here : although the true, in the primary sense, is found in the mind, a thing can be said to be true in a secondary sense if that thing conforms to an intellect. i think what this means is that if one considers the intellect one can see that it can know things simply for their own sake ; that is, one can have a kind of speculative knowledge, but also the intellect thinks about things that can be made. the architect obviously thinks about the design of a house. when that house is built, presuming it is built according to his plan, then the house can be said to conform to what he had in mind. the house then can be called true, because it conforms to what the architect had in his mind. a brief qualification about what i have just claimed : i do not intend to say that the practical intellect is the only measure of the things that it produces. so when it is claimed that the true is in the mind first, it does not mean that the human mind is the sole or primary measure of the truth. a thing can be called true to the intention of the maker and still be called false in another sense. counterfeit money is still not true currency even though it conforms to the mind of the counterfeiter. much like the way \u201c faux \u201d pearls are called false because they have a tendency to make you think they are something they are not, that is, they are false pearls because one could easily think they are real ones. this suggests to me that there are more senses of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5397202543516175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.541645"}
{"text": "\u201c faux \u201d pearls are called false because they have a tendency to make you think they are something they are not, that is, they are false pearls because one could easily think they are real ones. this suggests to me that there are more senses of the word \u201c true \u201d than the two that i have outlined, but i am going to limit my consideration to these two senses. so in addition to the primary sense of truth, there is this secondary sense that, as long as what is in the mind is some art or perfection, then there will be found in the mind of the maker a cause of the truth of the thing produced. having made this qualification, i want to concentrate on the way man \u2019 s mind is related to things in the two basic ways i have pointed out, and this gives rise to two fundamental meanings of \u201c truth. \u201d now there is a significant difference in the way that a thing is related to the speculative intellect and how something relates to the practical intellect. the practical intellect, or more particularly, the art in the mind of the architect, for example, is a measure of what it produces. that is, the musical piece, to take another example, is said to be true according as it conforms to the musical principles the composer has in mind. the speculative intellect is said to have the truth according as it conforms itself to things. that is, the true judgment is one which has its basis in the way things are. so, we can see that practical thinking measures, or determines, the thing that is produced ; whereas things are what measure or determine the true judgment of speculative thinking. for the practical intellect, the art in the mind of the composer, for example, causes the thing that it produces, and so the product is called true since the effect corresponds to the cause. but the speculative intellect only attains truth if its knowledge is caused by things, that is, the mind receives things as they are, not as it wants them to be, or imagines them, or has been accustomed to think of them. st. thomas gives a nice summary of the relation of the human intellect to things : the knowledge of the human intellect is in some way caused by things : hence what follows is that knowable things are the measure of human knowledge, since the intellect judges [ what is ] true by bearing on things, and not the converse [ that is, not by the intellect determining things ] ( s. c. g. i, 62, # 512 ) so the human mind, to the extent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5827510659583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.543656"}
{"text": "the intellect judges [ what is ] true by bearing on things, and not the converse [ that is, not by the intellect determining things ] ( s. c. g. i, 62, # 512 ) so the human mind, to the extent that it attains or receives the truth, is determined or measured by things. when the human mind is a principle of something made, then that thing can be called true according as it conforms to the maker \u2019 s intention. here is how st. thomas puts it : [ a ] mong created things truth is found in things and in the mind ( intellectu ) \u2026 in the mind according as the understanding that it has conforms ( adaequatur ) to things ; in things [ truth is found ] according as they imitate the divine intellect, which is their measure, as art is the measure of all artifacts. the comparison between the artist and the creator is worth noting. the artifact that the artist produces is determined by the art that he has in his mind, his mind is not conformed to it, since it is what is in his mind that has given rise to his product. the mind of god is not measured, not determined, not caused by things. rather, the divine intellect determines things in a way like the art in the mind of the architect or composer determines the building or musical piece. earlier we noted that the building designed by the architect can be called true since it conforms to the plan that he had in mind. similarly, every natural thing conforms to the ideas in the mind of god. st. thomas puts it this way : the divine intellect by its own knowledge is the cause of things. hence it is necessary that his science is the measure of things : as art is the measure of artifacts. ( scg, i, 61, # 512 ) a consequence of this is that truth would not be caused in the mind of god by the things he has produced, but the converse, that those things would be said not only to be, but to be true, according as they conform to the divine intellect. st. thomas summarizes quite nicely the main distinctions i have been trying to make. the very notion of truth implies a conformity of a thing to an intellect. however the intellect is compared to things in a twofold way : as the measure of existing things, [ that is ] the intellect which causes things ; another intellect is measured by things, [ that is ] the intellect whose knowledge is caused by things. therefore there is not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5332343162470577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.546151"}
{"text": "compared to things in a twofold way : as the measure of existing things, [ that is ] the intellect which causes things ; another intellect is measured by things, [ that is ] the intellect whose knowledge is caused by things. therefore there is not truth in the divine intellect because it is conformed ( adequated ) to things, but because things are conformed to the divine intellect. ( commentary on st. john, l. 18, l. 11 ) the gospel of st. john allows us to speak more fully on this matter. for in that gospel the creation of heaven and earth is described in such a way as to make clear that all things owe their existence to god, that is, they exist and are the kind of things they are, because god said \u201c let them be. \u201d in the beginning was the word, and the word was with god, and the word was god. he was in the beginning with god ; all things were made through him, and without him was nothing made that was made. all things were made through the word. the word is the expression of the father. he is what proceeds from the father, as a concept from the father. god \u2019 s act of creation is described as due to the father bringing forth his word, and that word is that through which all things are made. as a consequence the being of all things is due to the divine intellect. clearly the truth in the divine intellect is not due to things, but all things are and are true because of the mind of god. furthermore, since the divine intellect produces its concept or word, by which all things are made, that word can be called the truth. for, as we have previously argued, the first meaning of truth is what is brought forth by the mind in conformity to what it thinks about. since the word is brought forth by the father, and is in perfect conformity to the father, the word is appropriately called the truth. st. thomas puts it this way : and so it is that the uncreated truth of the divine intellect is appropriated to the son, who is the conception itself of the divine intellect and the word of god. for truth follows a conception of the intellect. ( commentary on st. john, l. 18, l. 11 ) earlier in the commentary on the gospel of st. john, st thomas says : truth belongs properly ( per se ) to him ( christ ) because he is the word. for truth is nothing other than the conformity of a thing to the intellect,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5346156034370558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.553489"}
{"text": "earlier in the commentary on the gospel of st. john, st thomas says : truth belongs properly ( per se ) to him ( christ ) because he is the word. for truth is nothing other than the conformity of a thing to the intellect, and this comes about when the intellect conceives a thing as it is. therefore, the truth of our intellect belongs to our word, which is its conception. but although our word is true, it is not truth itself, since it is not through itself, but it is conformed to the thing conceived. now the truth of the divine intellect belongs to the word of god. but because the word of god is true of itself, since it is not measured by things, but things are true insofar as they come near to a likeness of him, and so it is that the word of god is truth itself. and because no one can know the truth unless he adheres to the truth, it is necessary that everyone who desires to know the truth adhere to this word. ( in john, l. 14, lec. 2 ) here we have a fundamental distinction. \u201c the word of god is true of itself, since it is not measured by things. \u201d so unlike the human mind which comes to the truth by conforming itself to things, god contains all truth because things conform to him. so how are we to reach the fullness of truth? by knowing god. a consequence of what we have said is that since god possesses the whole of truth, and every other truth depends on him and points to him. he alone is the teacher without qualification. as st. thomas explains, god is first and properly a teacher because he has doctrine from himself. ( just as god is first and properly a father because he is the begetter of another in virtue of himself, whereas all other fathers are so called because of the existence and power that they have received from god. ) any lesser truth directs the mind to the fullness of truths and, therefore, the knowledge of all truths is not fully had until they are seen in their relation to the source of truth. when jesus speaks about the truth he identifies it with himself, and he indicates that it is what makes us free. knowing the truth, which is found in god essentially, and the word personally, is what makes us free. and since the end of a liberal education is to know the truth, which enables one to live the life of a free man, it follows that the fullness of liberal education is found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5009835618271572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.554655"}
{"text": "essentially, and the word personally, is what makes us free. and since the end of a liberal education is to know the truth, which enables one to live the life of a free man, it follows that the fullness of liberal education is found in a program of studies under the inspiration of the church christ established while he was on earth to guard his truth. that is, a catholic liberal education is the fullness, or perfection, of a liberal education. it is not merely an education for catholics, nor an education with catholic customs and practices added on. no, a catholic liberal education is the perfection of an education ordered towards the truth. it is catholic through and through, in its principles, methods, and ends ; and catholicism affects all the parts of such an education however humble they are. john paul ii indicates as much in ex corde ecclesiae : [ a ] catholic university is completely dedicated to the research of all aspects of truth in their essential connection with the supreme truth, who is god. it does this without fear but rather with enthusiasm, dedicating itself to every path of knowledge, aware of being preceded by him who is \u201c the way, the truth, and the life. \u201d let us return then to some of the difficulties raised at the beginning of this lecture. the phrase \u201c catholic liberal education \u201d is not like \u201c catholic plumber \u201d for in the case of the plumber it makes no essential difference to his activity that he is catholic. this is not the case with a catholic liberal education. catholicism makes all the difference in such an education, for it orders that education from beginning to end. it defines the kind of education it is, and it perfects all the natural parts of the program of studies by ordering them to the supreme truth. mr. mark berquist, one of the founders of thomas aquinas college, says much more precisely what i am trying to get at. when one finds a catholic school with a great books curriculum, one is inclined to suppose that catholic belief is incidental to its educational program, and that ( at most ) it modifies but does not determine that program... catholicism, it seems, makes a difference, but not an educational difference \u2026. [ not so. ] the intellectual tradition of the catholic church orders the study of all such truth about reality \u2014 a truth of which it speaks with confidence, from the word of god it receives in faith. ( \u201c catholic education and the great books \u201d ) the parts of a catholic liberal education are not equally,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4629017521586235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.556970"}
{"text": "orders the study of all such truth about reality \u2014 a truth of which it speaks with confidence, from the word of god it receives in faith. ( \u201c catholic education and the great books \u201d ) the parts of a catholic liberal education are not equally, nor all obviously, catholic in the way that theology is catholic. theology is catholic because it proceeds from principles that are divinely revealed and that are handed down to us by the church. the other parts of a catholic liberal education are more or less informed by these principles, or are more or less helpful in making known the meaning of catholic doctrine, and they are more or less intimately ordered to theology. catholic theology is most fully and perfectly a catholic discipline, philosophy is less so, and still less the other disciplines, until one arrives at disciplines only slightly under the light of catholic learning, such as geometry. this point should not be surprising. if one considers living things, for example, it is the higher animals that are more fully and more obviously alive. it is more difficult to see the life in the lowest forms of animals and plants. or, to take another example, it is quite evident that human beings act for a purpose, but it is harder to see that purposeful activity in some other animals, and still more difficult to see this purpose in the activity of some plants and in the inanimate world. so too the higher disciplines are more obviously catholic because they have some bearing, directly or indirectly, on catholic doctrine, or they help to elucidate catholic teaching and ends. this is much less evident in, say, the mathematical disciplines. this point mr. berquist made in the passage i just quoted. he said : \u201c the intellectual tradition of the catholic church \u2026 orders the study of all truth about reality \u2014 a truth of which it speaks with confidence, from the word of god it receives in faith. \u201d the following example might be helpful. the use of the word \u201c catholic \u201d in the phrase \u201c catholic liberal education \u201d is like the use of \u201c catholic \u201d when we speak of \u201c catholic marriage. \u201d it is obvious that \u201c catholic tennis player \u201d simply names a catholic who happens to play tennis. catholic marriage, on the other hand, does not just mean the marriage between catholics. for catholicism makes a real difference to the marriage itself. god is the author of marriage, and he has ordered marriage towards catholic ends. as pope leo xiii puts it : \u201c by the command of christ, [ marriage ] looks not only to the propagation of the human race, but to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4780991964102809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.558331"}
{"text": "the marriage itself. god is the author of marriage, and he has ordered marriage towards catholic ends. as pope leo xiii puts it : \u201c by the command of christ, [ marriage ] looks not only to the propagation of the human race, but to the bringing forth of children for the church \u201d ( arcanum divinae sapientiae, # 10 ). so the natural end of marriage is perfected by this spiritual end, and because the natural end is ordered to and perfected by the spiritual end, the relation between marriage and catholicism is not by chance. as leo xiii explains, \u201c \u2026 there abides in [ marriage ] something holy and religious ; not extraneous, but innate ; not derived from men, but implanted by nature \u201d ( # 19 ). catholic marriage, then, is not simply the marriage between catholics, but an institution ordered to the ends of the faith. hence, it is the perfection of marriage. so, too, catholic liberal education is not just an education with catholic trappings, no, the very education is essentially catholic. it does not seem to me to be good enough to say that the parts of a catholic education are called catholic because of something extrinsic or because of something accidental to them. i think it is better to say, even in the hardest cases such as geometry and the other mathematical disciplines, that they acquire a catholic character insofar as they are parts of a catholic education. of course, it would be strange to say that geometry is catholic in the way theology is. no geometrical argument begins with principles held by faith. but insofar as any part of a catholic liberal education is ordered to knowing the fullness of truth, then, that part, even if it is geometry, has a catholic character as a lesser truth ordered to the fullness of truth. that is, geometrical truth is ordered to the truth about god as the natural end of marriage is ordered to, and perfected in, the spiritual end of catholic marriage. i know that is still vague, but i will leave it at that until someone pushes me to say more during the discussion period. how is there a catholic philosophy? in one sense of the word there is only one philosophy. as aristotle puts it, \u201c it is right also that philosophy should be called knowledge of the truth, for the end of theoretical knowledge is truth \u201d ( metaphysics, ii, ch. 1, 993b19 ). with this meaning of the word \u201c philosophy, \u201d there would not be many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4957567165152906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.559885"}
{"text": "that philosophy should be called knowledge of the truth, for the end of theoretical knowledge is truth \u201d ( metaphysics, ii, ch. 1, 993b19 ). with this meaning of the word \u201c philosophy, \u201d there would not be many philosophies, because there is either truth or falsehood. so it would not be necessary to ask is this philosophy catholic? for by definition the truth attained by the human mind, the philosophical truths, would not contradict the truth revealed by god through the church. as pope leo xiii puts it in aeterni patris : those, therefore, who to the study of philosophy unite obedience to the christian faith are philosophers indeed ; for the splendor of the divine truths, received into the mind, helps the understanding, and not only detracts in nowise from its dignity, but adds greatly to its nobility, keenness, and stability. ( p. 9 ) in another sense of the word \u201c philosophy, \u201d any natural effort to know the world around us can be called philosophy and be defined by its principles and methods. in this sense of \u201c philosophy, \u201d there are as many philosophies as there are distinct approaches to understanding the world, that is, distinct principles and methods of inquiry. the philosophy of descartes would differ then from that of aristotle. and to the extent that descartes appears to hold that the soul and body are distinct substances, and he seems to hold a curious view about what substance and accidents are, to that extent cartesian philosophy would not be a catholic philosophy, even though descartes was a catholic. in fides et ratio, john paul ii seems to use this sense of the word \u201c philosophy. \u201d he distinguishes philosophies by their principles and methods. however, that still makes the passage i quoted earlier curious : \u201c the church has no philosophy of her own nor does she canonize any one particular philosophy in preference to others. \u201d how are we to understand this passage in light of centuries of papal teaching extolling the philosophy of st. thomas? for example, pope pius xi : we consider that thomas should be called not only the angelic, but also the common or universal doctor of the church ; for the church has adopted his philosophy for her own, as innumerable documents of every kind attest. ( studiorum ducem # 11 ) the first thing to note about the quotation from fides et ratio is that john paul ii refers to a text from pius xii \u2019 s humani gene", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5264128175948133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.561671"}
{"text": "as innumerable documents of every kind attest. ( studiorum ducem # 11 ) the first thing to note about the quotation from fides et ratio is that john paul ii refers to a text from pius xii \u2019 s humani generis. in that passage pius xii considers the church \u2019 s relationship to philosophy : \u201c [ t ] he church cannot be bound to any philosophical system which exists for a brief period of time \u2026 \u201d he then goes on to say that only those things composed from common consent of catholic doctors are not based on a weak foundation because they are \u201c supported by principles and notions deduced from a true knowledge of created things. \u201d clearly pius xii is warning the faithful about basing their judgments on philosophical fads, among which he includes \u201c idealism \u201d and \u201c existentialism, \u201d for these \u201c systems \u201d incline one to \u201c dogmatic relativism. \u201d it is important to note that john paul ii \u2019 s remarks, generally translated as : \u201c the church has no philosophy of her own nor does she canonize any one particular philosophy in preference to others \u201d is to be understood in terms of the text from pius xii that he refers us to. a sign of this is that later in the same encyclical he speaks about the \u201c incomparable value of the philosophy of st. thomas \u2026 [ and that ] the thought of the angelic doctor seems \u2026 the best way to recover the practice of a philosophy consonant with the demands of faith \u201d ( f + r # 57 ). one last point, if one looks to the latin text of fides et ratio, it becomes clear that the passage i have been quoting is very loosely translated, and, as a result, might give a false impression. as literally as i can put it, the passage should be rendered as follows : the church does not hold forth her very own philosophy, nor does she have preference for one to the detriment of others. what the holy father is saying, then, is that the church urges the faithful to seek for truth wherever it can be found. she is not bound to this or that philosophy, especially not to philosophies that are popular and so could be a fad. the church does not reject truth found in any particular philosophical school, but she also has a longstanding endorsement of the perennial philosophy found in st. thomas aquinas \u2019 teaching. so there is a catholic philosophy, a philosophy that is a handmaid to the truth revealed by god, and taught by his church. that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5235035419699783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.562649"}
{"text": "she also has a longstanding endorsement of the perennial philosophy found in st. thomas aquinas \u2019 teaching. so there is a catholic philosophy, a philosophy that is a handmaid to the truth revealed by god, and taught by his church. that philosophy is one in the sense that the truth is one, and to the extent that one thinks of philosophies distinguished by their principles and methods it is found principally in the teaching of st. thomas. can one study theology apart from catholicism? recall one of the presuppositions of this lecture : education is ordered to knowing the truth. as a result, if we consider someone who engages the arguments in theology, but who has not accepted the principles of the theological arguments, those principles that must be held by faith, then he has not fully attained the science of theology. no doubt one can become aware of an argument without accepting the principles upon which that argument is based. however without a grasp of the principles one has not been led to a new truth. instead one has engaged in a logical exercise, something like a hypothetical consideration, without coming to grasp a new truth. therefore, without accepting the principles of a theological argument, which admittedly are held by faith, one cannot have the science of theology, and so there is no theological education strictly speaking. without holding the principles of theology one would be like someone who follows an argument in astronomy but who is ignorant of the geometrical principles upon which the astronomical argument depends. so theology is unique because the truth of its principles is not seen by the human mind, but grasped in the light of faith. without faith there is no science of theology. let me turn briefly to a kind of practical corollary to the thesis of this lecture. as the psalmist says, \u201c teach me thy way, o lord, that i may walk in thy truth \u201d ( 86 : 11 ). if a man wants to grow in the truth not only will he pursue a program of studies that is ordered to the truth, but he will also live a life that is suitable to that pursuit. jesus has told us that he is the way, the truth, and the life. the order here is noteworthy. jesus tells us that he is the way before he tells us that he is the truth. that is, he is the path towards the truth, and the truth is what will give us life, not only an examined life, but life everlasting. in order to receive the truth that we are pursuing, we must follow the path that jesus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.486976550739881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.656152"}
{"text": "is, he is the path towards the truth, and the truth is what will give us life, not only an examined life, but life everlasting. in order to receive the truth that we are pursuing, we must follow the path that jesus points out to us. if he is the way, then we have to imitate him if we hope to arrive at the truth. obviously we imitate him by becoming good. so a life of virtue is the path to the truth. the virtues i am talking about are both virtues proper to the intellectual life, such as docility, studiousness, and perseverance, but also moral virtues such as temperance and patience. all these virtues are on the path towards the truth. so if jesus is the truth to which all other truths are ordered, then the truth will be found not only in study, but also in a life of virtue, and even more so in a sacramental life that unites us more closely to the one who is truth, especially in the sacrament of the eucharist. the eucharist is jesus fully present to us, and, as we have argued, he is truth itself. so how will we succeed in this program? it all begins with us on our knees, continues in the classroom and in a life of study, and culminates in the sacraments. that is a truly catholic, truly liberal education, because it is an ordered whole : a catholic liberal education. i would like to conclude by quoting archbishop jose h. gomez. he addressed the seniors at our last graduation mass in our lady of the most holy trinity chapel with the following words : jesus is the logos, the divine reason through whom the universe is created. he is the truth and wisdom of god. in him we find not only the unity of knowledge, but we also find the fundamental harmony of faith and reason.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4631702149233282, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ba38f-34f9-452d-bce7-98847c753b9d>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.678378"}
{"text": "the year is 1565. on the island of malta, 600 knights of st. john, commanding a force of some 8000 men, prepare to defend their island fortress from attack. these same catholic knights had been driven from their previous stronghold, the isle of rhodes, in 1522, by the ottoman turks. under suleyman the magnificent, the moslems were pressing hard across arabia, syria, iraq, into egypt and northern africa, and had established a strong foothold on the north coast of the black sea, the gateway to all of europe itself. in 1526, the hungarians had been defeated at the battle of mohacs, and only the austrian habsburgs now stood in the way of the moslem advance. vienna came under attack in 1529, but the moslems were unable to take the capital, and their over - extended campaign failed. now, the turks had raised a fleet of 181 ships, carrying some 30, 000 soldiers, and malta was the prize they sought. their goal was to plunder and sweep all the ships of christian europe from the mediterranean. then, in control of the sea lanes and trade routes, with their naval and economic power supreme, all of europe would be set to fall before them. our lord and our lady, top left, blessing the catholic fleet at lepanto for more pictures, click here the turkish fleet appeared off the coast of malta, and laid siege to the island. all through the summer of 1565 the contest for malta raged. in the end, the knights of st. john ( knights of malta ) were victorious, and the turks were forced to withdraw in defeat. it did not, however, end the threat from the ottoman turks. in 1566, pius v ascended to the chair of st. peter in rome. pius v was a dominican monk with a reputation for piety and austerity. a teacher of philosophy and theology for 16 years, unlike some previous popes, he was a humble man who continued to lead the ascetic life of a simple monk even after becoming pope. pius v was also very serious about defending christendom against the ottoman turks. he knew they were not just going to go away and leave europe in peace. vienna and the eastern borders continued to be threatened by moslem military power and incursions, and the papal states themselves could soon be at risk. cyprus came under attack again in 1570. seeing the increasing danger to christendom, pius v called on \" the holy league, \" consisting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4541519759358464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30039e8e-82af-4663-8c93-b7b938a6ff50>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.692971"}
{"text": "by moslem military power and incursions, and the papal states themselves could soon be at risk. cyprus came under attack again in 1570. seeing the increasing danger to christendom, pius v called on \" the holy league, \" consisting of the papal states, spain, genoa, venice, and the knights of malta, to address the moslem threat. a christian naval fleet was assembled under the overall command of admiral don john of austria. although young ( in his twenties ), don john was a capable naval commander. the spaniards were led by santa cruz, the genoese by andrea doria, and the venetians commanded by agostin barbarigo and sebastian veniero. the fleet under don john ' s command was some 300 ships strong, with over 100 ships and 30, 000 men being supplied by philip ii of spain alone. the pope personally outfitted and supplied 12 papal galleys, and provided funding for many of the others as well. the venetian contingent was around 100 ships, manned in part by additional spanish soldiers. in the venetian fleet were six galleasses. heavier, broader, and much slower than conventional galleys, they were nonetheless technologically advanced - the heavy gun platforms and battleships of their day. all total, over 50, 000 men served the fleet as rowers, and another 30, 000 were fighting soldiers. don juan of austria, chief commander of the holy league ' s fleet, inflicted the largest naval defeat on the muslims in history in september of 1571, don john moved the catholic fleet east to intercept the turks at corfu, but the turks had already landed, terrorized the population, and then moved on. while anchored off the coast of cephalonia, news reached don john that the christian stronghold at famagusta on cyprus had fallen to the turks, with all prisoners being tortured and then executed by the moslems. don john then pulled up anchor and moved to engage the turkish fleet in the gulf of lepanto, off the southern coast of greece. the turkish fleet, some 330 ships strong, under the command of ali pasha, had been reinforced by uluch ali, the bey of algiers, and head of the notorious band of moslem corsairs ( pirates ) that had long terrorized catholic ships in the mediterranean. on the night of october 6, with a favorable wind behind him, ali pasha moved his fleet westward toward the mouth of the gulf of patras to intercept the approaching ships of the holy league. the clash", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3782268602312366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30039e8e-82af-4663-8c93-b7b938a6ff50>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.694023"}
{"text": "long terrorized catholic ships in the mediterranean. on the night of october 6, with a favorable wind behind him, ali pasha moved his fleet westward toward the mouth of the gulf of patras to intercept the approaching ships of the holy league. the clash that was to come would be the largest naval engagement since the battle of actium in 30 b. c. at dawn, on october 7, 1571, the two fleets met. don juan split his fleet into three sections : on the left ( north ), the venetians under agostin barbarigo ; on the right ( south ), andrea doria led the genoese and papal galleys ; in the center, don john commanded his flagship and galleys. santa cruz, with a force of 35 spanish and venetian ships, was held in reserve. he ordered his captains not to fire until \u201c close enough to be splattered with moslem blood. \u201d the iron rams were removed from the christian ships, as the plan was for boarding and close quarter fighting. two of the large venetian galleasses were towed into position in front of each of the three christian divisions. don juan of austria in battle, at the bow of the ship, painted by juan luna y novicio ali pasha ' s fleet approached in a giant crescent formation, and seeing the opposing fleet, he also ordered his fleet split into three divisions. ali pasha himself took up the middle position opposite don john, and charged forward to engage don john ' s ships. the venetian galleasses opened fire, and almost immediately eight moslem ships were hit and began to sink. the catholic galleys, their decks filled with soldiers, opened fire with arquebuses ( 1 ) and crossbows as the moslem ships drew alongside. ali pasha ' s men attempted to board the catholic ships, but the spanish soldiers were experienced and well disciplined. attack after attack was beaten back with deadly shots from their crossbows and arquebuses. don john ordered the ship of ali pasha to be boarded and taken. two times the boarding attack of the spanish soldiers was beaten back, but on the third attempt they swarmed over the deck, now awash in blood, and took the ship. ali pasha was captured and beheaded on the spot ( against the wishes of don john ), and the battle flag of the ottoman fleet came down off the mainmast. the head of the turkish admiral was spitted on a long pike and raised on high for all the enemy ships to see. the turkish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40334816240388194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30039e8e-82af-4663-8c93-b7b938a6ff50>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.695088"}
{"text": "the wishes of don john ), and the battle flag of the ottoman fleet came down off the mainmast. the head of the turkish admiral was spitted on a long pike and raised on high for all the enemy ships to see. the turkish attack in the center collapsed, and don john sent his ships in pursuit of the retreating turks, and also turned to aid in the battles raging on his flanks. fresco of the lepanto battle plan by antonio danti on the catholic right, uluch ali and his pirates had broken through doria ' s lines and managed to capture the flagship of the knights of st. john. santa cruz, seeing what had happened, came up to the rescue, and uluch ali was forced to abandon his prize. the genoese were in a fight for their lives with the remainder of uluch ali ' s ships, but after don john had broken the enemy fleet in the center, he turned and came to the aid of the genoese. the algerian corsairs were finally overcome, and fled for their lives in full retreat. admiral mahomet sirocco, commanding the turkish right ( on the catholic left ), sailed close to the rocks and shallows on the northern shore of the gulf and was able to outflank barbarigo ' s venetian galleys. barbarigo ' s flagship was surrounded by eight enemy galleys, and the catholic admiral fell dead from turkish arrows. his flagship was taken for a time, but aid finally arrived, and sirocco ' s flagship galley was sunk. the turkish admiral was yanked out of the water, and, like ali pasha, killed right on the spot. the engagement lasted, all total, around four to five hours. when it was all over, 8, 000 men who had sailed with don john were dead and another 16, 000 wounded. the turks and uluch ali ' s corsairs had over 25, 000 dead, and untold thousands more wounded and captured. over 12, 000 catholic galley slaves had also been rescued from the moslems. the venetian galleasses had taken a heavy toll on the turkish fleet. it was a major victory for the holy league and christendom. at dawn, on october 7, 1571, as recorded in the vatican archives, pope pius v, accompanied by a group of the faithful, entered the basilica of santa maria maggiore to pray the rosary and ask our lady to intercede for a catholic victory. the prayers continued in rome as the catholic and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3829666616569751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30039e8e-82af-4663-8c93-b7b938a6ff50>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.696027"}
{"text": "the vatican archives, pope pius v, accompanied by a group of the faithful, entered the basilica of santa maria maggiore to pray the rosary and ask our lady to intercede for a catholic victory. the prayers continued in rome as the catholic and moslem fleets battled far away in the gulf of lepanto. later in the day, the pope is said to have suddenly interrupted his business with some cardinals, and looking up, cried out, saints peter, roch, justine and mark ask our lady for the catholic fleet - paolo veronese \" a truce to business! our great task at present is to thank god for the victory which he has just given the catholic army. \" the pope, of course, had no way of knowing that the battle was taking place and being decided on that very day. ( no cell phones in 1571! ) when news of the victory finally reached europe, church bells rang out in cities all across the continent. the battle of lepanto was a decisive victory, with only 40 of the over 300 moslem ships surviving the engagement. the turkish force of some 75, 000 men was in ruins. the battle, although a great victory for catholic europe, did not end the threat of invasion, or completely break the power of the ottoman turks. more naval and land battles would follow in the years to come, and vienna itself would come under attack again, and yet again. today, the long clash between christendom and islam is still evident in the political and ethnic geography of europe, africa, byzantium, and north into russia. the battle also extends, in varying degrees, throughout the near and far east, and the islands of the pacific as well. many christian knights, soldiers, and sailors have died defending christendom against the onslaughts of islam down through the centuries. today, the borders of many european countries, canada, and the united states are practically wide open, and the old enemy is invited to come in and make himself at home. and many ' christians ' in the west are just too busy enjoying their material prosperity to be bothered with unpleasant history. but the enemy has not forgotten history. he remembers it all too well, and he is still deadly serious about his religion. his goal over the years has not changed in the slightest, and he is very patient. the enemy within is now smiling, just biding his time. and long dead christian knights, our ancestors in the faith, are probably turning over in their graves right about now, trying desperately to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3974802610036916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30039e8e-82af-4663-8c93-b7b938a6ff50>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.697026"}
{"text": "published on monday, april 09, 2012 02 : 34 written by los angeles travelingmom fields of gold and orange poppies swaying in the breeze are a spectacular sight in spring when california \u2019 s landscape blooms with a mosaic of colorful wildflowers and shrubs. winter rains determine the intensity and duration of wildflowers such as poppies, lupine, cream cups and towering ocotillos. round up the kids, pack a picnic and bring your camera. antelope valley california poppy reserve masses of poppies grow in this western mojave desert 15 miles west of lancaster, a stone \u2019 s throw from los angeles. other wildflowers include owl \u2019 s clover, goldfields, and the scented grape soda lupine found along the tehachapi vista trail. singing meadow larks and hawks break the silence of the quiet countryside. during the wildflower season, the nearby jane s. pinheiro interpretive center shows a short video, and offers free guided tours. shaded picnic tables available. seven miles west of the poppy reserve is the arthur b. ripley desert woodland state park, where a native joshua tree and juniper woodland are among the last standing in this habitat that once spread across the antelope valley. http : / / www. parks. ca. gov. joshua tree national park a variety of flowers at different elevations brighten the park \u2019 s two deserts \u2013 the higher mojave desert and lower colorado desert. wildflowers usually begin blooming in the lower elevations of the pinto basin and along the park \u2019 s south boundary around february, and at higher elevations in march and april. where there are clusters of rocks, expect plenty of wildflowers. seen throughout the park is the desert dandelion, a hearty flower that forms brilliant patches of gold across the landscape. the flowers are yellow and some have a red dot in the center. look carefully, you may even see a desert tortoise snacking on one! for flower updates, call the joshua tree national park 760 - 367 - 5500 or visit www. nps. gov / jotr. anza - borrego desert state park california \u2019 s largest state park, encompassing more than 600, 000 acres, has one of the most spectacular wildflower displays in the west. here you \u2019 ll find a kaleidoscope of flowers from tiny bursts of color and gold poppies to towering ocotillos sprouting fiery spines of scarlet blossoms. the canyons west of borrego springs usually have a pageant of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39420442086915236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7a6b3df-8fcf-4386-b44c-c8fe0f26900b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.702886"}
{"text": "if your child frequently gets colds, sinus infections and laryngitis you may have considered having his or her adenoids removed to see if the infections would lesson. a new study from the netherlands says you might want to rethink that. according to chantal boonacker, who led the research team at the university medical center utrecht, waiting has no bad consequences. the watchful waiting approach seems to be as effective as surgery. adenoids are tissue that sit in the back of the nasal cavity and are above the roof of the mouth. you can see your tonsils when you look in the mirror and open your mouth, but you can ' t see your adenoids. their purpose is to help fight infection in children and usually shrink and disappear by adulthood. sometimes the tissue becomes enlarged. a surgery called an adenoidectomy may be performed in children with a chronic cough and cold. the study suggests that in children with respiratory problems, delaying the surgery may be a smart financial and medical decision. the research included 111 children, age one to six, who ' d had an average of nine or ten respiratory infections - including colds and sinus infections - in the past year. half of them were randomly chosen to have an adenoidectomy right away and the rest were assigned to a watchful waiting strategy over the next two years. in a report released in 2011, the study team found no difference in future respiratory infections or ear problems in kids who did or didn ' t have immediate adenoidectomy. of the 57 kids initially allocated to watchful waiting, 23 went on to have their adenoids removed. researchers also looked into the expense of the two medical approaches. boonacker and her colleagues found that once surgery, drugs, doctors ' appointments and family expenses were considered, immediate adenoidectomy was about one and a half times more expensive than waiting - at an average of $ 1, 995 versus $ 1, 216. the cost may be different in the u. s. there are other reasons a child may undergo an adenoidectomy, such as ear infections or airway obstruction. boonacker cautioned that the financial and clinical findings might not apply in those cases. many u. s. physicians prefer the watchful waiting approach before having a child undergo surgery when possible. the typical treatment for children with breathing problems would include antibiotics for infection or topical nasal steroids for allergies. in another study published alongside the new report, researchers from montreal children ' s hospital in canada found african american kids were at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4358835763660574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c44d3183-b920-413a-94bf-fcd06dfb9997>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.708897"}
{"text": "when madison minton was six months old, her parents noticed that her breathing was frequently labored. now in second grade, the child is on eight medications for asthma and other pulmonary ailments. \u201c madison \u2019 s situation is typical, \u201d says deborah payne, energy and health coordinator of the kentucky environmental foundation. \u201c people in eastern kentucky often don \u2019 t have the financial capacity to move away so they live with the consequences of being downwind of a coal processing plant. this means that madison is exposed to high quantities of dust every single day. \u201d payne calls coal mining \u201c one piece of the birth defect puzzle \u201d and says that at every stage, coal is problematic, from its extraction, to its processing, transport, and eventual burning. \u201c at each step there are negative health consequences for adults, children, and fetal life, \u201d she continues. and it \u2019 s gotten worse. as mountaintop removal [ mtr ] has horned - in on underground mining, the health maladies of residents of eastern kentucky, southwest virginia, eastern tennessee, and southwest west virginia \u2014 appalachia \u2014 have begun to pile up. here \u2019 s why. mtr requires the use of explosives to reach coal streams, a process that makes it even more perilous than underground mining. according to physicians for social responsibility [ psr ], mtr blasts release selenium, iron, and aluminum into the air. selenium is particularly hazardous, psr says, because it accumulates in tissue where it can cause circulatory, kidney, liver, and nerve damage. but that \u2019 s not all : later, chemically treated liquids are used to wash the coal and, more often than not, this brew ends up in groundwater. even more frightening, a group called appalachian mountain advocates estimates that when the time comes to turn coal into electricity, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury - - in the form of coal ash - - gets spewed into the oxygen we breathe and the water we drink. not surpringly, this hasn \u2019 t fazed the coal companies. in fact, by all accounts, mtr has been a boon for them, allowing the removal of two - and - a - half times more coal per hour than traditional underground mining. already, the rush to extract - - four million tons a year is taken from each coal - rich county - - has cleared nearly 2200 square miles of forests, reduced 470 mountain summits to rubble, buried 2000 miles of streams, and damaged the ecosystems needed by fish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43664618940502475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:623a0a6a-3911-4078-9182-697638004185>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.714838"}
{"text": "to extract - - four million tons a year is taken from each coal - rich county - - has cleared nearly 2200 square miles of forests, reduced 470 mountain summits to rubble, buried 2000 miles of streams, and damaged the ecosystems needed by fish and wildlife. still, it is the human toll that is causing the lion \u2019 s share of brow furrowing. a first - of - its - kind study released in june 1011 - - \u201c the association between mountaintop mining and birth defects among live births in appalachia, 1996 - 2003 \u201d - - brought six scientists together to analyze more than 1. 8 million hospital birth records for the central portion of the region. their findings should jolt both advocates of reproductive justice and those who purport to support the right to life. indeed, the scientists were cautious, recognizing that most birth defects come from a mix of genetic and environmental factors. nonetheless, in areas where mtr is used, health abnormalities - - including spina bifida, heart, lung, and genital malformations, cleft palate, hydrocephalus, and club feet - - greatly exceeded defects in non - mtr areas : 235 per 10, 000 versus 144. the study also found that living in an area with mountaintop removal increases the chance of having a child with a circulatory defect by 181 percent. adults, researchers say, also suffer. numerous health surveys have confirmed that adults living in areas where there is mountaintop removal have significantly more illnesses than others of comparable age - - with high rates of diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, liver disease, hypertension, heart problems, and kidney failure. factor in poverty - - which affects nearly a third of appalachia \u2019 s residents - - and it \u2019 s hard not to despair. despite these realities, scientists say that they still have a lot to learn about the risks associated with mtr. \u201c we have not yet investigated the health of pregnant women, \u201d says dr. michael hendryx, director of the west virginia rural health research center. \u201c we know that at certain times during pregnancy there is a greater risk of toxins passing through the placenta. that has to be studied. throughout appalachia we hear stories about kids developing cancer at early ages, having asthma and other serious respiratory symptoms, getting frequent rashes and skin blisters. we also hear about kids with digestive and dental problems, kids losing their adult teeth while they \u2019 re teenagers. if they drink water from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4347064249471449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:623a0a6a-3911-4078-9182-697638004185>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.716867"}
{"text": "at early ages, having asthma and other serious respiratory symptoms, getting frequent rashes and skin blisters. we also hear about kids with digestive and dental problems, kids losing their adult teeth while they \u2019 re teenagers. if they drink water from a well that water is usually not treated and we suspect that it is tainted by chemicals that come off a mining site and then rot their teeth. other people have different kinds of air - related problems. in some places people have to wipe a thick layer of coal dust - - it comes from the processing plants - - off their furniture every day or two. the health problems vary depending on what people are exposed to - - but they need to be documented and then analyzed. \u201d that said, some facts are incontrovertible : for one, coal - mining communities experience significantly more birth defects than communities where mining doesn \u2019 t occur. secondly, adults living in mtr districts are, on average, sicker than adults who live elsewhere. so what to do? coal is currently responsible for generating almost half of the electricity used in the us, something that is unlikely to change unless viable alternatives are developed. at the same time, the companies that see coal as a cheap and abundant fossil fuel need to be reminded that here is nothing cheap about human health. when i was a kid my grandmother frequently repeated a phrase that i found ridiculous : \u201c if you have your health, you have everything. \u201d who would have imagined that, years later, that truism would resonate.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43083898854483904, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:623a0a6a-3911-4078-9182-697638004185>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.717594"}
{"text": "part of twisted. internet. protocol view source view in hierarchy implements interfaces : twisted. internet. interfaces. iconsumer | method | | write | | the producer will write data by calling this method. | | method | | registerproducer | | register to receive data from a producer. | | method | | unregisterproducer | | stop consuming data from a producer, without disconnecting. | inherited from adapter : | method | | _ _ init _ _ | | set my ' original ' attribute to be the object i am adapting. | | method | | _ _ conform _ _ | | i forward _ _ conform _ _ to self. original if it has it, otherwise i simply return none. | | method | | isuper | | forward isuper to self. original | register to receive data from a producer. this sets self to be a consumer for a producer. when this object runs out of data ( as when a send ( 2 ) call on a socket succeeds in moving the last data from a userspace buffer into a kernelspace buffer ), it will ask the producer to resumeproducing ( ). resumeproducing will be called once each time data pauseproducingwill be called whenever the write buffer fills up and resumeproducingwill only be called when it empties. | parameters | | producer | | ( type : |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5066313883838873, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d742678b-13bf-4525-862a-587e6eb21d1a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.719434"}
{"text": "classifying critical points so let \u2019 s say we \u2019 ve got a critical point of a multivariable function. that is, a point where the differential vanishes. we want something like the second derivative test that might tell us more about the behavior of the function near that point, and to identify ( some ) local maxima and minima. we \u2019 ll assume here that is twice continuously differentiable in some region around. the analogue of the second derivative for multivariable functions is the second differential. this function assigns to every point a bilinear function of two displacement vectors and, and it measures the rate at which the directional derivative in the direction of is changing as we move in the direction of. that is, if we choose coordinates on given by an orthonormal basis, we can write the second differential in terms of coordinates this matrix is often called the \u201c hessian \u201d of at the point. as i said above, this is a bilinear form. further, clairaut \u2019 s theorem tells us that it \u2019 s a symmetric form. then the spectral theorem tells us that we can find an orthonormal basis with respect to which the hessian is actually diagonal, and the diagonal entries are the eigenvalues of the matrix. so let \u2019 s go back and assume we \u2019 re working with such a basis. this means that our second partial derivatives are particularly simple. we find that for we have and for, the second partial derivative is an eigenvalue which we can assume ( without loss of generality ) are nondecreasing. that is,. now, if all of these eigenvalues are positive at a critical point, then the hessian is positive - definite. that is, given any direction we have. on the other hand, if all of the eigenvalues are negative, the hessian is negative definite ; given any direction we have. in the former case, we \u2019 ll find that has a local minimum in a neighborhood of, and in the latter case we \u2019 ll find that has a local maximum there. if some eigenvalues are negative and others are positive, then the function has a mixed behavior at we \u2019 ll call a \u201c saddle \u201d ( sketch the graph of near to see why ). and if any eigenvalues are zero, all sorts of weird things can happen, though at least if we can find one positive and one negative eigenvalue we know that the critical point can \u2019 t be a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6019996875066407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1470b6e0-0c2a-416e-a3f3-01bb7910efed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.723304"}
{"text": "to see why ). and if any eigenvalues are zero, all sorts of weird things can happen, though at least if we can find one positive and one negative eigenvalue we know that the critical point can \u2019 t be a local extremum. we remember that the determinant of a diagonal matrix is the product of its eigenvalues, so if the determinant of the hessian is nonzero then either we have a local maximum, we have a local minimum, or we have some form of well - behaved saddle. these behaviors we call \u201c generic \u201d critical points, since if we \u201c wiggle \u201d the function a bit ( while maintaining a critical point at ) the hessian determinant will stay nonzero. if the hessian determinant is zero, wiggling the function a little will make it nonzero, and so this sort of critical point is not generic. this is the sort of unstable situation analogous to a failure of the second derivative test. unfortunately, the analogy doesn \u2019 t extent, in that the sign of the hessian determinant isn \u2019 t instantly meaningful. in two dimensions a positive determinant means both eigenvalues have the same sign \u2014 denoting a local maximum or a local minimum \u2014 while a negative determinant denotes eigenvalues of different signs \u2014 denoting a saddle. this much is included in multivariable calculus courses, although usually without a clear explanation why it works. so, given a direction vector so that, then since is in, there will be some neighborhood of so that for all. in particular, there will be some range of so that. for any such point we can use taylor \u2019 s theorem with to tell us that for some. and from this we see that for every so that. a similar argument shows that if then for any near in the direction of. now if the hessian is positive - definite then every direction from gives us, and so every point near satisfies. if the hessian is negative - definite, then every point near satisfies. and if the hessian has both positive and negative eigenvalues then within any neighborhood we can find some directions in which and some in which.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6059305900042358, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1470b6e0-0c2a-416e-a3f3-01bb7910efed>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.724278"}
{"text": "the humble grape ( pl. grapes, adj grape - like, grape - ish, grape - esque ) is a small, succulent fruit famous for being the primary ingredient in most wines, beers and spirits, and also enjoys the distinction of being the only known vertibrate fruit. it comes in three basic flavours : white, purpley, and wrath. grapes are also known to be the most flirtacious of all fruits, forming hybrid babies with other foods, leading to children that nobody really likes. because of this, the grape family is very large. some well - known distant relatives are the grapefruit, grapenut, grapeshot, tentacle grape, the grape white shark, the grape wall of china, and kevin bacon. currently the grape family is very influential, owning large parts of the french countryside, where they form countless offspring to use in their cannabalistic wine. a grape once killed my father, so i adopted a new one. we set up grape defenses ( land mines, machine guns, nancy pelosi, the standard ) and were never bothered again. edit how is am, the grape? glad you asked. grapes grow on trees, where they are harvested by french peasants and trained monkeys ( who are also french ), who knock the grapes out of the trees with long sticks. the grapes are then de - spined obliterated and bottled, then depending on the size and quality of the grape, are sent to an appropriate alcoholic beverage factory. the most juiciest, purpliest grapes are made into wine, whereas the scraggliest runty ones go to the white cider distillery. the now drinkable grapes are consumed by the buyer. the grapes which are not worthy to be drunk are poured on french blouses to freshen them up. some people will tell you that grapes grow off of vines, but this is simply a cruel stereotype that emerged in the era of segregation. they do, in fact, grow off of trees. edit grape apes the enigma of this spined fruit made it an obvious potential candidate for fulfilling man ' s ageless dream of crossing small fruit with primates. swiss scientists managed to successfully splice grape dna with that of the greater mountain gorilla in the year of our lord 1992, using test tubes and stuff like that. the experiment was a great success with dr herzkoff bork, the head geneticist on the project, declaring grape apes to be \" the juiciest and purpleyest monkeys i ever ate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48447544039459756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aaddbc52-fbee-49d4-b931-85a18e336621>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.730955"}
{"text": "1992, using test tubes and stuff like that. the experiment was a great success with dr herzkoff bork, the head geneticist on the project, declaring grape apes to be \" the juiciest and purpleyest monkeys i ever ate \". the grape family was reluctant at first to include this test - tube relative into their ranks, but after many wacky hijinx together thwarting baron von hatekill ' s evil plans and saving christmas, they ' ve become fast friends. baron von hatekill, however, was not amused, and has since sworn to \" destroy those meddling grapes! \". edit grape nuts the grape is a fruit, i already said that, but in 1974 the grape was temporarily reclassified as a nut by the fda, in order to support the vietnam war effort. this is because nuts are harder than fruits and don ' t go rotten as quickly, making them much more suitable for intercontinental transportation and thereby much easier to deliver to desperate grape - less troops on the front lines. when the war was over, grapes were reclassified as fruit again. this specific relative of the grape family was welcomed into the family with open arms. they at first were a model citizen, getting amazing grades in high school, helping old grapes across the street, and generally being nice. however, they were never the same after vietnam. they lost an arm, en eye, and, most importantly, they lost hope. they suffered alienation after returning, and, not able to get a job, turned to alchohol and drugs to sate their foracious apetite for adventures that had long since died. yes, things looked grim for grape nut. however, through many power ballads and years of withdrawl, they managed to pull through and become a model grape again. in 1999, grape nut released a solo album thanking his friends and family for standing by him. edit health risks consumption of red grapes has been linked with a degenerative nerve disease colloquially known as \" red grape disease \". recent studies have shown that eating a mere handful of red grapes a day can greatly increase the risk of developing red grape disease. like many seedless vertibrates, the red grape contains a spine, but no seeds. recent studies suggest that red grape disease may be caused by the reproductive process of red grapes, a phenomenon which red grape expert dr. roger lodge describes as \" a confusing and terrible process that, frankly, scares the hell out of me \". many accidents related to grapes can be attributed to the little -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49165264596354785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aaddbc52-fbee-49d4-b931-85a18e336621>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.734150"}
{"text": "by the reproductive process of red grapes, a phenomenon which red grape expert dr. roger lodge describes as \" a confusing and terrible process that, frankly, scares the hell out of me \". many accidents related to grapes can be attributed to the little - known but well - established fact that at least one grape in every bunch is evil and / or vengeful. edit the grape in popular culture in the 1975 blockbuster jaws, cap ' n quint initially believes the titular great white shark to be \" some kind of giant grape \". it has been noted that people of the african descent are naturally attracted to grape flavored products such as purple drink. in the seinfeld episode the jockstrap, jerry and george compete to see who can go the longest without shaving. jerry wins by default when george chokes to death on a grape. john williams is a famous grape aficionado, and frequently attends film premieres with his face painted purple to show his love for the fruit. rosie o ' donnell, a revered grape lover, once threw a ten hour long \" i ' m ape for grape \" parade in which he \" dressed \" as a large gorilla in full greek toga regalia, being fed bunches of grapes in a golden bath tub by lesbian slaves wearing ann coulter masks. the party was said to be the most vile monstrosity and abuse of power ever known to man and even made your mom run crying into the arms of evil sex villain, tila tequila. it lasted from 11 pm to 9 am from june 13th to 14th 2008. | commonly mistaken for fruit |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4358456943728839, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aaddbc52-fbee-49d4-b931-85a18e336621>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.735478"}
{"text": "powerpoint, and other presentation tools like it, is either the blessing or bane of most professors ' daily work. as a tool to project content, it has often been misused by presenters in a hurry or too uninformed of its features to use it properly. on the other hand, it can be very successful when used well. powerpoint has its detractors, though. every article that i reviewed for this blog posting referenced edward tufte ' s 2003 article on the cognitive style of powerpoint, and talked about his great dislike for bullet points, linear presentations, and simplistic presentations. tufte even called powerpoint \" content vacuous \". there are other powerpoint detractors in addition to tufte. david brier and kaye vickery, in a 2009 articled titled \" perception and use of powerpoint at library instruction conferences \" ( references & user services quarterly ) listed their 5 top characteristics of bad powerpoint presentations : 1. speaker reads slides to audience 2. overuse of text on slide 3. slides use full sentences and paragraphs instead of bullet points 4. text is too small to be read 5. slides are hard to see because of color choices many of us have sat through powerpoint presentations that were difficult to endure, for these reasons and many more. but powerpoint, used well, can be quite effective in transmitting important content to listeners. patricia nemec and anne sullivan soydan, in the 2008 psychiatric rehabilitation journal ( the medium isn ' t the message ), write that powerpoint has two main functions. first, it is a visual aide supplemented by a spoken lecture, and second, it is a set of trainer notes that are a useful organizer and pacing tool. not only is powerpoint good as a tool for presenters, it also can help listeners learn and remember better. jo mackiewicz, in her 2009 article comparing powerpoint experts ' and university students ' opinions about powerpoint presentations ( journal of technical writing and communication ), associates dual coding theory with powerpoint, saying that powerpoint is uniquely positioned to offer both verbal and visual content, thus activating both processing systems and enhancing memory. so if powerpoint can be used well, how can we become better designers and presenters? one of the greatest minds on the correct use of powerpoint is jean - luc doumont. in his 2009 book, trees, maps, and theorems : effective communication for rational minds, he spells out clearly how to design and present excellent powerpoint presentations. i will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4865932913222434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca0b55fa-cce0-4534-9728-686073ddebbf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.744743"}
{"text": "on the correct use of powerpoint is jean - luc doumont. in his 2009 book, trees, maps, and theorems : effective communication for rational minds, he spells out clearly how to design and present excellent powerpoint presentations. i will borrow liberally from his work as i explain how to both design and organize slides and deliver presentations. good powerpoint slide organization jean luc doumont says that presentations should answer five questions - - what, when, why, who, and where. with a focus on the audience, presenters should be concentrating on what the listeners will be able to do after attending the presentation, not on the next slide. doumont recommends this slide organization - - title, attention - getter, preview slide, content, transition, content, conclusion, questions. the title slide should do just that - - state the title and author ' s name. quickly following, the attention - getter slide is the one that really makes the very first impression on listeners and, obviously, gets their attention. using a statement, question, anecdote, analogy, or visual, doumont says that it also serves as an advance organizer, telling the listeners quickly what to expect from the presentation topic and getting them ready to learn. the preview slide is very important ; this contains the \" table of contents \" or outline of the presentation. this tells listeners how long the presentation will be and how many sections it will include. the preview slide can also be used again as a transition slide throughout the presentation ; whenever a new section is begun, show the preview slide with the completed sections grayed out. this offers listeners a visual indicator of progress and tells them what is left in the presentation. the conclusion slide should concisely sum up the presentation, and the questions slide need not say \" questions \" - - it could just contain an organizational logo, or some other symbol, and the presenter can just ask for questions. effective slide design doumont correctly says that poorly - designed slides reflect upon the speaker and compete with the speaker for the audience ' s attention. many times we place too much text on the slide, and then the listener cannot both read and listen to the text read out loud at the same time ( dual coding again - - confusion of processing systems. ) doumont says that if you aren ' t going to mention it, don ' t put it on your slide. he says speakers make three common mistakes : 1. creating slides for themselves as memory aides with often cryptic text 2. making slides to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4700069488959119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca0b55fa-cce0-4534-9728-686073ddebbf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.745961"}
{"text": "##umont says that if you aren ' t going to mention it, don ' t put it on your slide. he says speakers make three common mistakes : 1. creating slides for themselves as memory aides with often cryptic text 2. making slides to double as a written report 3. copying text to slides without adapting it to slide format doumont says that opening sentences like \" hello my name is \" or \" i am going to talk about fail to appeal to the audience because they lack a compelling purpose and are not motivating. instead, he says to start with a rationale and tell listeners immediately about the purpose of the presentation. he says that listeners want to know why they should listen at all, and thus we should tell them - - and that we should talk about the topic ( the system has three advantages... ), and not about the speaker ( i will present three advantages... ). doumont recommends standing either to the left or right of the screen, whatever works with your right or left hand or how you have to advance the slides. face the audience with shoulders, hips, and feet, and point to the slide with the hand closest to the screen. project your voice to the back of the room, and elaborate on the slide, never reading the text to listeners who can read it themselves. maintain eye contact with listeners as you speak. this means you should know your presentation material well enough that you don ' t have to look each time you make a slide transition - - slides should not be used as visual prompts. when you make a transition to a new section, use the preview slide, but don ' t read it ; let it visually tell the listener what ' s been done and what ' s next. at the closing, sum up the presentation both visually and verbally, and then you ' re ready for questions. powerpoint is like many tools - - it is what you make of it. by following these guidelines, you can make a credible, successful presentation that will be listened to and remembered. you don ' t have to be an advanced powerpoint user to use it well - - just one who follows good, solid guidelines and who cares more about what the listeners should get from the presentation than just getting through all the slides.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44065904494835556, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca0b55fa-cce0-4534-9728-686073ddebbf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.747140"}
{"text": "' re trying to fill up the first 2 feet, that takes a lot of water, \" gwynn said. there ' s another factor at play, too, said dan bedford, an associate geography professor at weber state university who studies the lake : a portion of the fresh water that used to flow to the lake is now diverted for human uses. scientists roughly estimate that the great salt lake is typically about 5 feet lower than it would be if received all of the naturally flowing water, bedford said. with another million or so people expected to arrive along the wasatch front \u2014 the urban area in the north - central part of utah \u2014 in the coming decades, that strain on the lake ' s water supply is expected to deepen. that ' s not to mention predictions of warmer temperatures and longer droughts for portions of the west, including utah. \" the trend certainly suggests there ' s likely to be less water available for the lake in the future unless we ' re careful about it, \" bedford said. lower lake levels affect more than boaters and the brine shrimp industry, which scoops the tiny creatures out of the water for sale as fish food and other products. exposed shorelines offer easier access for predators such as foxes and coyotes to reach island bird populations, bedford said. lake levels also play an important role in the wetlands around the lake that provide habitat for millions of birds each year. copyright 2008 the associated press. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. guidelines : you share in the usa today community, so please keep your comments smart and civil. don ' t attack other readers personally, and keep your language decent. use the \" report abuse \" button to make a difference. read more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3519270757843635, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2a5a45c-d7e3-4fc9-874a-4c3d98e2bb02>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.753817"}
{"text": "the debate over the military ' s women in combat exclusion was reignited by a 2011 government study calling for more diversity in the armed services. allowing women in combat positions would be a reversal of a pentagon policy adopted in 1994. the military leadership diversity commission advocated for the military to end its policy restriction on women in combat after finding white males make up a disproportionate share of the upper echelons of the armed services. the report described the policy as an \" institutional barrier \" to women that \" can affect their ability to reach the senior leadership ranks, particularly in the officer corps. \" panel advocates women in combat white males accounted for 77 percent of the senior officers on active duty in 2008, according to the commission. the percentage of white males far outpaced the portion of black officers active duty, who accounted for 8 percent, hispanics, who made up 5 percent, and asians, who made up 4 percent. in addition, the commission reported, women held only 16 percent of senior office positions. \" the armed forces have not yet succeeded in developing a continuing stream of leaders who are as diverse as the nation they serve, \" the commission wrote. \" racial / ethnic minorities and women still lag behind non - hispanic white men in terms of representative percentage of military leadership positions held. \" why males dominate military brass the diversity commission suggested one reason white males have dominated the ranks of military brass is that the armed services do not do an adequate job of educating servicemen and servicewomen about the promotion process early in their careers. \" multiple occasions for preparation can help servicemembers recognize career - enhancing opportunities and make choices that further their professional and personal goals, \" the commission advocated. a more obvious reason white males make up such a large portion of active - duty officers is the ban on women in combat, which the commission recommends putting to an end. \" the services must remove institutional barriers in order to open traditionally closed doors, especially those relating to assignments - - both the initial career field assignment and subsequent assignments to key positions, \" the report said. \" an important step in this direction is that dod ( department of defense ) and the services eliminate combat exclusion policies for women... \" about the ban on women in combat the 1994 ban on women in combat directs that \" women shall be excluded from assignment to units below the brigade level whose primary mission is to engage in direct combat on the ground. \" the policy states that \" direct ground combat takes place well forward on the battlefield. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4501237535578797, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c6f6631-6db3-4a14-a454-d276c6ef17d8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.756645"}
{"text": "\u00ab back to pet talk cancer and your pets : what you need to know almost everyone has known a friend or loved one who has been affected by cancer. while cancer in humans is definitely prevalent, our pets are also afflicted with this disease. according to dr. heather wilson, assistant professor of oncology at the texas a & m university college of veterinary medicine and biomedical sciences, 50 percent of all dogs and 30 percent of all cats over the age of 10 will be diagnosed with some form of types of cancers most common in dogs include : lymphoma ( tumor of the lymph nodes ), mast cell tumors ( skin tumors ), and osteosarcoma ( tumor of the bones ). some common types of cancer in cats are : lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma ( which affects the head, neck and mouth ), and vaccine associated sarcomas. \" cats are not nearly as prone to cancer as dogs, but one of the most common cancers in cats comes from vaccine injection sites, \" notes wilson. \" while you can pick and choose some vaccinations, rabies vaccinations are required by law. however, there is a non - adjuvanted rabies vaccine for cats that is less irritating, thus less likely to cause cancer and is available at most the type of cancer your pet has can also be closely associated with its breed. in dogs, lymphoma is most common in golden retrievers, boxers, and labs. mast cell tumors are common in dogs with short noses such as boxers, pugs, and bulldogs. large breed dogs such as rottweilers and great danes are more prone to \" there is very little distinction across breeds when it comes to cancer in cats, \" states wilson. \" however, cancer most commonly affects the siamese breed of cats. \" once your veterinarian has diagnosed your pet with cancer you will then want to find a veterinary oncologist in your area that specializes in your pet ' s specific cancer. \" there are veterinary oncologists that specialize in medical oncology and radiation oncology. there are also surgeons that specialize in surgical oncology, \" explains wilson. \" the best way to find a medical oncologist in your area is to go to the american college of veterinary internal medicine ( acvim ) website at treatment options range from chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy and are administered depending on the type and severity of the cancer. \" chemotherapy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4106836695109347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6b2f65e-012b-4bd7-a474-25487c1e22aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.761404"}
{"text": "is to go to the american college of veterinary internal medicine ( acvim ) website at treatment options range from chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy and are administered depending on the type and severity of the cancer. \" chemotherapy is the number one treatment option for animals with lymphoma, \" says wilson. \" while cure rates in dogs vary greatly with the type of cancer, overall response rates for dogs with lymphoma treated with the chop chemotherapy protocol ( a multidrug protocol given weekly over 19 weeks ) is greater than 80 response rates for dogs with mast cell tumors varies depending on the grade, but with complete surgical excision plus radiation for low grade tumors the control rates is often greater than 80 percent at three years. \" unfortunately, the majority of dogs with osteosarcoma and metastatic disease do not achieve a cure, \" states wilson. \" also, most cancers in cats are also very hard to cure. when we do achieve remission in cats with vaccine associated sarcomas, they often live 18 - 24 months before they have a recurrence. \" cost is another important thing to consider when deciding on the treatment of an animal for cancer. while costs range widely, the average cost for a surgery is $ 2, 000 - $ 3000 ; chemotherapy regimen is $ 1, 200 - $ 3, 000, and radiation averages $ 3, 000. \" as cost is prohibitive to some families, a good option may be to enter your pet into a clinical trial if possible, \" notes wilson. \" many of these trials have a financial incentive such as a free treatment regimen, and they also help with future research for both veterinary and human oncology. \" for more information on clinical trials at texas a & m university ' s college of veterinary medicine, go to vetmed. tamu. edu / clinical - trials. while cancer in pets can be extremely stressful for owners, the good news is that with the amount of resources and specialists that are now available to treat cancer in pets, owners now have the power to make informed and responsible decisions to get their beloved pets through this illness. about pet talk pet talk is a service of the college of veterinary medicine & biomedical sciences, texas a & m university. stories can be viewed on the web at http : / / tamunews. tamu. edu /. suggestions for future topics may be directed to email @ example. com angela g. clendenin director, communications & public relations ofc -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4206107237716228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6b2f65e-012b-4bd7-a474-25487c1e22aa>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.762378"}
{"text": "pope lived during a period of intense and varied scientific activities \u2014 the development of the microscope, and newton ' s formulation of a theory explaining the gravitational basis of the universe, for example \u2014 which revealed a great deal about the nature of things : for pope, these discoveries seemed to provide scientific corroboration for a crucially important concept which he expressed in various ways, but which can be expressed as the fundamentally conservative notion that the physical universe itself, and man ' s place in it, are aspects of an orderly divine scheme of things which, though it is too vast for the merely human intellect to comprehend, is nevertheless both majestic and meaningful. pope ' s acceptance of this concept, and the ways in which he managed to incorporate it into his work, are revealing : contemporary scientific discoveries, that is, seemed to him to provide acceptable answers to questions which had previously been matters of religious faith or philosophical belief. with what questions does he seem to have concerned himself most? much more so than darker and more sceptical figures like swift or johnson ( who were in any case much more dubious about the validity of the very notion of scientific \" progress \" ) pope seems to have regarded contemporary scientific and technological advances \u2014 those, at any rate, which could be incorporated into his belief - system \u2014 as being somehow reassuring. incorporated in the victorian web july 2000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6083546764283295, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2c268a0-ad4d-4be3-9695-a6d3667e90c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.763991"}
{"text": "barbara heath land race \u2013 2012 by the time barbara heath visited horsham, the town and the surrounding wimmera district of western victoria were in the process of recovering from a decade - long drought. to inform her work, which was initially to address issues of drought, heath held a number of planned and fortuitous conversations with the assistance of horsham regional art gallery staff, which came to focus on the changes in agricultural practices in the area. the list of people with whom heath consulted is lengthy, but dr bob redden, curator australian temperate field crops collection of the grains innovation park became her main contact. in an email of august 2011, dr redden wrote to heath : \u2018 now with unprecedented population levels and growth, there is a risk of disconnect and taking food supply for granted, even with climate change. humans will need to change if they wish to continue their increasing diverse interests, but will need to prioritise agricultural research, better understanding our available genetic resources, plant growth and development, and imaginative paths to harnessing science and truly earn the title \u2018 homo sapiens \u2019. land race is a direct response to the urgency of maintaining biodiversity. agriculture today requires economies of scale that change the social landscape and limit population diversity. this results in the erasure of many small communities, loss of connection to the past and cultural loss. dr redden explained his department \u2019 s work to ensure plant gene diversity by sourcing and saving seed from land race crops. \u2018 land race \u2019 is the term used to describe heritage seed varieties now being displaced by international seed uniformity standards. heath \u2019 s land race series shows distinct levels, from biodiversity in the soils to the patterns of farming practices above. each land race also features a remnant plant species that reaches up and through the tractor track patterns : briar, apple and aloe. there are numerous hero shots ( one above ) and details prepared ( below ), we will wait for the show to get under way and publicise a little later. the preliminary research is in an earlier blog post \u2013 click here. 2 responses \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4857847326834671, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1e616f0-c628-4e79-8c4f-63212b07cee3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.768680"}
{"text": "in june every year, the us celebrates father \u2019 s day to honor fathers, who take care of their families and contribute so much for their growth. father \u2019 s day was first celebrated in 1910 in spokane, washington, after the prevailing efforts of a young girl named sonora dodd. sonora was raised by her father alone after her mother died. when sonora heard a sermon on mother \u2019 s day, this young girl thought fathers too deserve to be recognized for their efforts and that a day should be declared as father \u2019 s day in their honor. so, it all started because one little girl thought, it is important to celebrate fathers efforts and spread across the world. fathers contribute so much in the lives of their children and family. with guidance from father, young kids learn to gain strength in facing the world to reach their best. sometimes it may be difficult to appreciate father \u2019 s role in raising a family, how despite working so hard and not keeping much to himself, an ordinary father gives rise to such great sons and daughters? what a great father karam chand gandhi must have been to present the nation and the world, mohandas karamchand gandhi who become the father of the nation? he was a loving father when the child was unable to grasp right from wrong, he made him realize what truth is and elevated him to reach the heights of humanity. fathers of empathy with their willingness to train their children, guide them, mentor them and pay the ultimate price till the end, of breathing the last breath and reaching him. when the baby is taking its first steps, father is elated, and when the baby utters the first words, dada or papa or nana or baaba, father \u2019 s happiness has no bounds. it is a great thing to be a father, because that is when they see their own creation in flesh and blood and love them immensely. sometimes, it is also the child that teaches a mom or a dad. when the darling child is sleeping in the arms of its papa, it will be too difficult for the father to remove them off of their chest and rest them on the bed or crib. they wait until the child is so sound asleep that it will not wake up and get disturbed. child teaches them to be patient and more understanding of the needs of their offspring. when a child is ill with fever or wheezing, fathers rush them to the doctor, give them needed care and may just carry them in arms all night long, without the worrying about having to attend meetings the next day or teach or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4579424287258119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca14992c-1df8-4c55-b745-bf91cb2bc565>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.776056"}
{"text": "offspring. when a child is ill with fever or wheezing, fathers rush them to the doctor, give them needed care and may just carry them in arms all night long, without the worrying about having to attend meetings the next day or teach or attend the office or design bridges and have them constructed or do whatever that they do for their living. he does all this and also takes care of the home. when the mom is ill, it is once again father to the rescue, in single families. he kneads flour, makes bread, cooks meals, makes the home spic and span, and yet he attends to his work without even so much as a complaint, especially when the kids are young. this kind father does not remain young and able all the while. he, the invincible hero in the eyes of his kids, does grow old. he reaches his time, and kids should remember, it is not always possible for the dad to be active and alert as always. he might grow old, unable to recognize even his own kids, and may become dependent on others for every little thing. like a cycle, life goes on and the grand child develops a bond with the grand dad, and reaches a full circle. i remember listening to my dad when he spoke, \u201c talking to others is like a penance \u201d. it is not right to raise voice and lose temper with parents, especially to mom. if one cannot control their temper because the other person is testing their nerves, they have to remember their temper should not be affected by others but by their own thinking. one can control their own thinking and not lose balance, because it is ones own attitude that one can control. he would always tell us the saying from swamy dayanand saraswathi ji, \u201c satyam bruyath, priyam bruyath ; na bruyath satyam apriyam \u201d. when i think about talking in a pleasing manner, as the sayings of the swamy dayanand saraswathi ji, i recall in may 2012, there was a special visit by a very well known singer to houston, tx, dr. ghazal srinivas. he presented houstonians with his melodious music that was almost divine in nature. dr. ghazal srinivas garu was singing with a message, \u201c devalayo rakshati, rakshitah, \u201d meaning \u2018 temples protect, when protected \u2019. he sang many compositions about the theme, but the best part of it was the song", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4946379477460548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca14992c-1df8-4c55-b745-bf91cb2bc565>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.777445"}
{"text": "##nivas garu was singing with a message, \u201c devalayo rakshati, rakshitah, \u201d meaning \u2018 temples protect, when protected \u2019. he sang many compositions about the theme, but the best part of it was the song about dad. dad is not given his due love either in families or in culture and society, mother taking that place! however, dad \u2019 s place is irreplaceable especially in guiding and making the children socially responsible and raising them as good citizens. when a dad is raising the baby into the air and holding it, he is not only raising the baby but also raising it above himself, so he can be a greater person than himself. when dr. ghazal srinivas was singing this song, i was so much touched that one of the member from the audience asked me if i remembered my dad. i said, \u201c yes indeed \u201d. it was just this year in february that my father reached the divine father, and until i heard that song, i never realized that when the parents are raising the child into the air and holding them, it is because they want to see their child in higher position than themselves. it was an eye opener regarding the sentiments about father. the amount of happines dr. ghazal srinivas was showing was greatest when he let his daughter take the stage and present us with her melody. he is a proud father, training his daughter to reach heights with a sound foundation of classical music. he stands tall as an exemplar to this society. happy father \u2019 s day to all the fathers out there, who are doing their best! - uma pochampally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47838471612447586, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca14992c-1df8-4c55-b745-bf91cb2bc565>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.778301"}
{"text": "mit professor \u2019 s book digs into the eclectic, textually linked reading choices of people in medieval london. cambridge, mass. - - following the 1997 creation of the first laser to emit pulsed beams of atoms, mit researchers report in the may 16 online version of science that they have now made a continuous source of coherent atoms. this work paves the way for a laser that emits a continuous stream of atoms. mit physicists led by physics professor wolfgang ketterle ( who shared the 2001 nobel prize in physics ) created the first atom laser. a long - sought goal in physics, the atom laser emitted atoms, similar in concept to the way an optical laser emits light. \" i am amazed at the rapid progress in the field, \" ketterle said. \" a continuous source of bose - einstein condensate is just one of many recent advances. \" because the atom laser operates in an ultra - high vacuum, it may never be as ubiquitous as optical lasers. but, like its predecessor, the pulsed atom laser, a continuous - stream atom laser may someday be used for a variety of applications in fundamental physics. it could be used to directly deposit atoms onto computer chips, and improve the precision and accuracy of atomic clocks and gyroscopes. it could aid in precision measurements of fundamental constants, atom optics and interferometry. a continuous stream laser could do all of these things better than a pulsed atomic laser, said co - author ananth p. chikkatur, a physics graduate student at mit. \" similar to the optical laser revolution, a continuous stream atom laser might be useful for more things than a pulsed laser, \" he said. in addition to ketterle and chikkatur, authors include mit graduate students yong - il shin and aaron e. leanhardt ; david f. kielpinski, postdoctoral fellow in the mit research laboratory of electronics ( rle ) ; physics senior edem tsikata ; mit affiliate todd l. gustavson ; and david e. pritchard, cecil and ida green professor of physics and a member of the mit - harvard center for ultracold atoms and the rle. a new form of matter an important step toward the first atom laser was the creation of a new form of matter - the bose - einstein condensate ( bec ). bec forms at temperatures around one millionth of a degree kelvin, a million times colder than interstellar space. ketterle ' s group had developed novel cooling techniques that were key to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6307052704983962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00cd54cf-be16-4b4b-8800-7d5342159b7a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.787190"}
{"text": "the bose - einstein condensate ( bec ). bec forms at temperatures around one millionth of a degree kelvin, a million times colder than interstellar space. ketterle ' s group had developed novel cooling techniques that were key to the observation of bec in 1995, first by a group at the university of colorado at boulder, then a few months later by ketterle at mit. it was for this achievement that researchers from both institutions were honored with the nobel prize last year. ketterle and his research team managed to merge a bunch of atoms into what he calls a single matter - wave, and then used fluctuating magnetic fields to shape the matter - wave into a beam much like a laser. to test the coherence of a bec, the researchers generated two separate matter - waves, made them overlap and photographed a so - called \" interference pattern \" that only can be created by coherent waves. the researchers then had proof that they had created the first atom laser. since 1995, all atom lasers and bec have been produced in a pulsed manner, emitting individual pulses of atoms several times per minute. until now, little progress has been made toward a continuous bec source. while it took about six months to create a continuous optical laser after the first pulsed optical laser was produced in 1960, the much more technically challenging continuous source of coherent atoms has taken seven years since ketterle and colleagues first observed bec in 1995. a new challenge creating a continuous bec source involved three steps : building a chamber where the condensate could be stored in an optical trap, moving the fresh condensate and merging the new condensate with the existing condensate stored in the optical trap. ( the same researchers first developed an optical trap for becs in 1998. ) the researchers built an apparatus containing two vacuum chambers : a production chamber where the condensate is produced and a \" science chamber \" around 30 centimeters away, where the condensate is stored. the condensate in the science chamber had to be protected from laser light, which was necessary to produce a fresh condensate, and also from hot atoms. this required great precision, because a single laser - cooled atom has enough energy to knock thousands of atoms out of the condensate. in addition, they used an optical trap as the reservoir trap, which is insensitive to the magnetic fields used for cooling atoms into a bec. the researchers also needed to figure out how to move the fresh condensate -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6513137756459401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00cd54cf-be16-4b4b-8800-7d5342159b7a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.788754"}
{"text": "##nsate. in addition, they used an optical trap as the reservoir trap, which is insensitive to the magnetic fields used for cooling atoms into a bec. the researchers also needed to figure out how to move the fresh condensate - chilled to astronomically low temperatures - from the production chamber to the science chamber without heating them up. this was accomplished using optical tweezers - a focused laser light beam that traps the condensate. finally, to merge the new condensate with the existing condensate in the science chamber, they moved the new condensate in the tweezers into the science chamber by merging the condensates together. a bucket of atoms if the pulsed atom laser is like a faucet that drips, chikkatur says the new innovations create a sort of bucket that collects the drips without wasting or changing the condensate too dramatically by heating it. this way, a reservoir of condensate is always on hand to replenish an atom laser. the condensate pulses are like a dripping faucet, where the drops are analogous to the pulsed bec production. \" we have now implemented a bucket ( our reservoir trap ), where we collect these drips to have continuous source of water ( bec ), \" chikkatur said. \" although we did not demonstrate this, if we poke a hole in this bucket, we will have a steady stream of water. this hole would be an outcoupling technique from which we can produce a continuous atom laser output. \" the big achievement here is that we have invented the bucket, which can store atoms continuously and also makes sure that the drips of water do not cause a lot of splashing ( heating of becs ), \" he said. the next step would be to improve the number of atoms in the source, perhaps by implementing a large - volume optical trap. another important step would be to demonstrate a phase - coherent condensate merger using a matter wave amplification technique pioneered by the mit group and a group in japan, he said. this work is funded by the national science foundation, the office of naval research, the army research office, the packard foundation and nasa.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6247463846576145, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00cd54cf-be16-4b4b-8800-7d5342159b7a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.789898"}
{"text": "forth lesson 0 why bother? forth is weird compared to most popular computer languages. until you learn how, it is hard to read because it is not based on the syntax of algebraic expressions. but it is worth learning because a running forth system gives you an extraordinary degree of low - level control over the system. unlike most other programming environments that put up walls to hide or block access to \" unauthorized \" things, forth makes it easy to get at anything, at any level from low to high. forth syntax here is syntactically - valid line of forth code : this is a test 123 456 don ' t try to guess what it does ; in fact it doesn ' t necessarily actually work, because some of the symbols might not be defined. but it is syntactically valid. it consists of 6 words, \" this \" \" is \" \" a \" \" test \" \" 123 \" \" 456 \". words are separated by white space - spaces, tabs, and newlines. in most cases, spaces and newlines are the same. another syntactically valid line : asdf foo jello @ w # $ % ^, t / % $ 1a2qw2 gibbet that ' s 6 words. one of them is pretty strange, consisting mostly of punctuation, but it is a word nevertheless. any string of printing characters is a word, though most forth implementations limit valid word names to 31 or fewer characters. left to right execution the forth interpreter is very simple. it parses the next word ( i. e. it skips whitespace, then collects characters until it sees another whitespace character ) and executes it. that is it in a nutshell. so if you are trying to understand a forth program in detail, you have to look at each word in turn and work out what it does. that sounds simple, but it will trip you up if you insist on looking for algebra. just go left to right, one word at a time. with practice, you will learn enough of the forth vocabulary ( the meanings of standard words ) so that you can see what is going on at a glance, without having to puzzle out each individual word. it is just like learning to read - it is tedious until you get the basic vocabulary down, then it is easy. thus endeth the lesson.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.518727319708072, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcce8b27-2e71-414c-960d-ab7375a0415f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.793795"}
{"text": "enology - n. : a science that deals with wine and wine making the v & e department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. for over one hundred years the university of california has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. the continuing excellence of the department has enabled california growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the golden state to achieve its potential and become a premier wine - producing region. our students are innovators. we prepare our students to advance the art and science of grape growing and winemaking the department of viticulture & enology teaches students to think critically, based on an understanding of the sciences that are the foundation of grape growing and winemaking. our programs are based on a comprehensive preparation in mathematics and statistics, chemistry and biochemistry, microbiology and plant biology. the focus of our coursework is to provide our students the underlying principles so that they can understand current practices. our graduates learn from practicing winemakers, viticulturists, and apply their understanding to create their own styles and practices - the result is many of the finest wine...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5059823356049942, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91ea468d-dd1c-4ada-8437-e3d3fbe1e76e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.795999"}
{"text": "magnetite fefe2o4 isometric magnetite is a common mineral found at many localities in wisconsin. only localities that where the mineral is present in great abundance or as unusual material are listed here. magnetite occurs as an accessory in most igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, where it is found as small equant, euhedral to rounded grains. it is an abundant heavy mineral in sediments and is usually the major constituent of certain metamorphosed iron formations, where it forms an important ore mineral. it is exceptionally common on wisconsin ' s iron ranges, such as at black river falls, the gogebic range in iron county and in florence county. magnetite may also form in high - temperature hydrothermal veins in association with ore minerals such as pyrrhotite, sphalerite and galena. magnetite octahedral crystal in talc schist, jackson county iron mine, near black river falls, wi. crystals is about 5 mm across. ashland county - abundant constituent of the iron formation in the gogebic range from mineral lake to hurley where it is found as small crystals and masses intergrown with siderite, chamosite, stilpomelane, ferrodolomite, chlorite, calcite and quartz. magnetite is also in actinolite schists associated with the iron formation where it forms small crystals, masses and clusters. ( van hise and irving, 1892 ; huber, 1959 ; usgs, 1976 ) outcrops occur along ballou creek ( nw ne sec. 11 t. 44n. r. 2w ). where magnetite occurs with quartz, grunerite, siderite and minnesotaite. also in outcrop on the west side of hwy. 13 near mellen ( se nw sec. 13 t. 44n. r. 3w. ) where it occurs with grunerite, tremolite, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and talc. also in penokee gap ( nw nw sec. 14 t. 44n. r. 3w. ) on the west side of bad river where it occurs with quartz, actinolite, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene. ( laybourn, 1979 ). - magnetite is a major component of the ore at the berkshire mine, ( sw 1 / 4 sw 1 / 4 se 1 / 4 sec. 9 t. 44n. r.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4714849673046585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a0d966d-c67b-47b8-ae8d-daf9a855a626>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.840055"}
{"text": "sec. 25 t. 40n. r. 17e. ( dutton, 1971 ) - magnetite crystals, partly to completely replaced by hematite ( \" martite \" ), occurs in quartzite in the michigamme slate in outcrop and small pits in sec. 31 and 32 t. 40n. r. 18e. near commonwealth. the magnetite is associated with iron silicates, garnet, chlorite and tourmaline. ( dutton, 1971 ). - small magnetite crystals in a grunerite - quartz iron formation within the michigamme slate is found at sw 1 / 4 ne 1 / 4 sec. 28 t. 39n. r. 18e. ( dutton, 1971 ). - magnetite - grunerite - stilpnomelane - garnet assemblages outcrop in the w 1 / 2 sec. 26 and in sec. 35 and 36 t. 40n. r. 17e. ( dutton, 1971 ). - euhedral xls. about 1 mm across are abundant in the riverton iron formation in sec. 26, 27, 34 and 35 t. 40n. r. 17e. ( dutton, 1971 ). iron county magnetite is abundant in the iron formation in the gogebic range from upson to hurley where it is found as small crystals and masses intergrown with siderite, ferrodolomite, chlorite, calcite and quartz. it is also a component of the actinolite schists with the iron formation, where is forms small crystals, masses and clusters intergrown with actinolite and other iron silicates. ( van hise and irving, 1892 ) ( huber, 1959 ). - found as small octahedral xls. in chloritic slate in sec. 1 t. 45n. r. 1e. ( van hise and irving, 1892 ). - magnetite - rich iron formation occurs in the potato river section ( se se sec. 19 t. 45n. r. 1e. ) associated with minnesotaite and stilpnomelane ( laybourne, 1979 ). - found as crystals in ore vugs at the montreal mine, montreal. ( laybourne, 1979 ). - fine - grained laminated rocks with magnetite, siderite, chlorite, minnesotaite, stilpnomelane, specular hematite and quartz are found along the gorge of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4701496183370319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a0d966d-c67b-47b8-ae8d-daf9a855a626>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.843248"}
{"text": "montreal. ( laybourne, 1979 ). - fine - grained laminated rocks with magnetite, siderite, chlorite, minnesotaite, stilpnomelane, specular hematite and quartz are found along the gorge of tyler fork ( se 1 / 4 ne 1 / 4 sec. 33 t. 45n. r. 1w. ) ( van hise and irving, 1892, laybourn, 1979 ). - magnetite occurs with hematite and siderite in the banded iron formation in the pine lake area, t. 44n. r. 3e. ( u. s. g. s., 1976 ). - magnetite and grunerite occur at the ford and lucas whitside exploration near butternut in sec. 2 and 4 t. 41n. r. 1e. ( dutton and bradley, 1970 ). jackson county magnetite was the major ore mineral at the jackson county iron mine near black river falls ( sec. 15 t. 21n. r. 3w ). it is found as small octahedra and masses associated with quartz, cummingtonite, grunerite, ferroactinolite, biotite, hastingsite, hedenburgite and garnet. ( jones, 1978 ). it also occurs as euhedral octahedra up to 1 cm. in diameter in talc schist. magnetite partly converted to hematite ( \" martite \" ) occurs in iron formation on several mounds near black river falls. some examples are in ne sec. 12 and sw se sec. 11 t. 21n. r. 4w. ( klemic and ohlson, 1973 ). marathon county : magnetite may form up to 10 % of some quartz syenite bodies in outcrops and roadcuts near the employer ' s mutual insurance co. offices ( nw se sec. 27 t. 29n. r. 7e., accounting for a magnetic anomaly there. ( laberge and myers, 1983 ). - coarse magnetite octahedra occur locally in the nepheline syenite of the core zone of the stettin pluton, with k feldspar, fluorite, zircon, apatite, and a variety of amphiboles and pyroxenes. ( laberge and myers, 1983 ). marinette county : magnetite forms up to 10 % of the iron formation at the duval massive sul", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49450317151234113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a0d966d-c67b-47b8-ae8d-daf9a855a626>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.844769"}
{"text": "one of the most significant fault lines in western culture opened up in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when what we now know as the \u201c modern \u201d world separated itself from the classical and medieval world. the thinking of descartes, spinoza, leibniz, kant, newton, jefferson, and many others represented a sea change in the way western people looked at practically everything. in almost every telling of the story, this development is presented as an unmitigated good. i rather emphatically do not subscribe to this interpretation. it would be foolish indeed not to see that tremendous advances, especially in the arenas of science and politics, took place because of the modern turn, but it would be even more foolish to hold that modernity did not represent, in many other ways, a severe declension from what came before. this decline is particularly apparent in the areas of the arts and ethics, and i believe that there is an important similarity in the manner in which those two disciplines went bad in the modern period. in his classic text after virtue, the philosopher alisdair macintyre lamented, not so much the immorality that runs rampant in our contemporary society, but something more fundamental and in the long run more dangerous ; namely, that we are no longer even capable of having a real argument about moral matters. the assumptions that once undergirded any coherent conversation about ethics, he said, are no longer taken for granted or universally shared. the result is that, in regard to questions of what is right and wrong, we simply talk past one another, or more often, scream at each other. in his masterpiece brideshead revisited, evelyn waugh implicitly lays out a program of evangelization that has particular relevance to our time. \u201c brideshead \u201d refers, of course, to a great manor house owned by a fabulously wealthy catholic family in the england of the 1920 \u2019 s. in the complex semiotic schema of waugh \u2019 s novel, the mansion functions as a symbol of the catholic church, which st. paul had referred to as the \u201c bride of christ. \u201d just in advance of christmas, the film version of j. r. r. tolkien \u2019 s the hobbit appeared. as i and many other commentators have pointed out, tolkien \u2019 s great story, like its more substantive successor the lord of the rings, is replete with catholic themes. on christmas day itself, another film adaptation of a well - known book debuted, namely victor hugo \u2019 s les miserable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4857749388220125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:392f43f9-cfd5-441a-89bb-85422e02ff8b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.853136"}
{"text": "definitely probably one definitely probably one : a generation comes of age under china ' s one - child policy had china not imposed its controversial but effective one - child policy a quarter - century ago, its population today would be larger than it presently is by 300 million - roughly the whole population of the united states today, or of the entire world around the time of genghis khan. the chinese population - control policy of one child per family is 25 years old this year. a generation has come of age under the plan, which is the official expression of the chinese quest to achieve zero population growth. china ' s adoption of the one - child policy has avoided some 300 million births during its tenure ; without it, the chinese population would currently be roughly 1. 6 billion - the number at which the country hopes to stabilize its population around 2050. many experts agree that it is also the maximum number that china ' s resources and carrying capacity can support. standing now at a pivotal anniversary of the strategy, china is asking itself, where to from here? china ' s struggle with population has long been linked to the politics of national survival. china scholar thomas scharping has written that contradictory threads of historical consciousness have struggled to mold chinese attitudes towards population issues. china possesses a \" deeply ingrained notion of dynastic cycles \" that casts large populations as \" a symbol of prosperity, power, and the ability to cope with outside threat. \" at the same time, though, \" historical memory has also interpreted a large population as an omen of approaching crisis and downfall. \" it was not until economic and development issues re - emerged as priorities in post - mao zedong ' s china that the impetus toward the one - child policy began to build rapidly. during mao ' s rule population control was often seen as inhibiting the potential of a large population, but in the years following his death it became apparent that china ' s population presented itself as more of a liability than an asset. policymakers eager to reverse the country ' s backwardness saw population control as necessary to ensure improved economic performance. ( in 1982, china ' s per - capita gdp stood at us $ 218, according to the world bank. the u. s. per - capita gdp, by way of comparison, was about $ 14, 000. ) the campaign bore fruit when mao ' s successor, hua guofeng, along with the state council, including senior leaders such as deng xiaoping, decided on demographic targets that would curb the nation ' s high fertility rates. in 1979 the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4594210166104195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c083301e-7481-41e8-a02b-0463694f18b8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.862464"}
{"text": "000. ) the campaign bore fruit when mao ' s successor, hua guofeng, along with the state council, including senior leaders such as deng xiaoping, decided on demographic targets that would curb the nation ' s high fertility rates. in 1979 the government announced that population growth must be lowered to a rate of natural increase of 0. 5 percent per year by 1985. in fact, it took almost 20 years to reach a rate of 1 percent per year. ( the overestimating was in part due to the lack of appropriate census data in 1979 ; it had been 15 years since the last population count and even then the numbers provided only a crude overview of the country ' s demography. ) nevertheless the chinese government knew that promoting birth - planning policies was the only way to manifest their dedication and responsibility for future generations. in 1982 a new census was taken, allowing for more detailed planning. the government then affirmed the target of 1. 2 billion chinese for the year 2000. demographers, however, were skeptical, predicting a resurgence in fertility levels at the turn of the century. the promotion of such ambitious population plans went hand in hand with the need for modernization. though vast and rich in resources, china ' s quantitative advantages shrink when viewed from the per - capita perspective, and the heavy burden placed on its resources by china ' s sheer numbers dictates that population planning remain high on the national agenda. the government has also stressed the correlation between population control and the improved health and education of its citizens, as well as the ability to feed and employ them. in september 2003, the chinese magazine qiushi noted that \" since population has always been at the core of sustainable development, it is precisely the growth of population and its demands that have led to the depletion of resources and the degradation of the environment. the reduction in birth rate, the changes in the population age structure, especially the improvement in the quality of the population, can effectively control and relieve the pressure on our nation ' s environment and resources and strengthen our nation ' s capability to sustain development. \" the reach of the one - child policy despite the sense of urgency, the implementation of such a large - scale family planning program proved difficult to control, especially as directives and regulations were passed on to lower levels. in 1981, the state council ' s leading group for birth planning was transformed into the state population and family planning commission. this allowed for the establishment of organizational arrangements to help turn the one - child campaign into a professional state family planning mechanism. birth - planning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4477260144046837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c083301e-7481-41e8-a02b-0463694f18b8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.863502"}
{"text": "1981, the state council ' s leading group for birth planning was transformed into the state population and family planning commission. this allowed for the establishment of organizational arrangements to help turn the one - child campaign into a professional state family planning mechanism. birth - planning bureaus were set up in all counties to manage the directives handed down from the central government. documentation on how the policy was implemented and received by the population varies from area to area. there are accounts of heavy sanctions for non - compliance, including the doubling of health insurance and long - term income deductions as well as forced abortions and sterilizations. peasant families offered the most significant opposition ; rural families with only one daughter often insisted that they be given the right to have a second child, in hopes of producing a son. on the other hand, in some regions married couples submitted written commitments to the birth - planning bureaus stating they would respect the one - child policy. despite this variation, it is commonly accepted that preferential treatment in public services ( education, health, and housing ) was normally given to one - child families. parents abiding by the one - child policy often obtained monthly bonuses, usually paid until the child reached the age of 14. especially in urban areas it has become commonplace for couples to willingly limit themselves to one child. cities like shanghai have recently eased the restrictions so that divorcees who remarry may have a second child, but there, as well as in beijing and elsewhere, a second child is considered a luxury for many middle - class couples. in addition to the cost of food and clothing, educational expenses weigh heavily : as in many other countries, parents ' desire to boost their children ' s odds of entering the top universities dictates the best available education from the beginning - and that is not cheap. the end of free schooling in china - another recent landmark - may prove to be an even more effective tool for restricting population growth than any family planning policy. interestingly, the frankfurter allgemeine zeitung has reported that chinese students who manage to obtain a university education abroad often marry foreigners and end up having more than one child ; when they return to china with a foreign spouse and passport they are exempt from the one - child policy. there are other exceptions as well - it is rumored that couples in which both members are only children will be permitted to have two children of their own, for instance - and it is clear that during the policy ' s existence it has not been applied even - handedly to all. chinese national", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4813274373791082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c083301e-7481-41e8-a02b-0463694f18b8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.866159"}
{"text": "is rumored that couples in which both members are only children will be permitted to have two children of their own, for instance - and it is clear that during the policy ' s existence it has not been applied even - handedly to all. chinese national minorities have consistently been subject to less restrictive birth planning. there also appears to have been a greater concentration of family planning efforts in urban centers than in rural areas. by early 1980, policy demanded that 95 percent of urban women and 90 percent of rural women be allowed only one child. in the december 1982 revision of the chinese constitution, the commitment to population control was strengthened by including birth planning among citizens ' responsibilities as well as among the tasks of lower level civil administrators. it is a common belief among many chinese scholars who support the one - child policy that if population is not effectively controlled the pressures it imposes on the environment will not be relieved even if the economy grows. more services, fewer sanctions over time, chinese population policy appears to have evolved toward a more service - based approach consistent with the consensus developed at the 1994 international conference on population and development in cairo. according to ru xiao - mei of the state population and family planning commission, \" we are no longer preaching population control. instead, we are emphasizing quality of care and better meeting the needs of clients. \" family planning clinics across the country are giving women and men wider access to contraceptive methods, including condoms and birth - control pills, thereby going beyond the more traditional use of intrauterine devices and / or sterilization after the birth of the first child. the commission is also banking on the improved use of counseling to help keep fertility rates down. within china, one of the most prevalent criticisms of the one - child policy has been its implications for social security, particularly old - age support. one leading scholar envisions a scenario in which one grandchild must support two parents and four grandparents ( the 4 - 2 - 1 constellation ). this development is a grave concern for chinese policymakers ( as in other countries where aging populations stand to place a heavy burden on social security infrastructures as well as the generations now working to support them ). a related concern, especially in rural china where there is a lack of appropriate pension systems and among families whose only child is a daughter, is that it is sons who have traditionally supported parents in old age. the one - child policy and the preference for sons has also widened the ratio of males to females, raising alarms as the first children born into the one - child generation approach marriage age.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44622666972191327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c083301e-7481-41e8-a02b-0463694f18b8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.867703"}
{"text": "that it is sons who have traditionally supported parents in old age. the one - child policy and the preference for sons has also widened the ratio of males to females, raising alarms as the first children born into the one - child generation approach marriage age. the disparity is aggravated by modern ultrasound technology, which enables couples to abort female fetuses in hopes that the next pregnancy produces a son ; although this practice is illegal, it remains in use. the 2000 census put the sex ratio at 117 boys to 100 girls, and according to the guardian newspaper, china may have as many as 40 million single men by 2020. ( there are several countries where the disparity is even greater. the un population fund reports that countries such as bahrain, oman, qatar, saudi arabia, and united arab emirates have male - to - female ratios ranging between 116 : 100 and 186 : 100. ) however, the traditional chinese preference for sons may be on the decline. dr. zhang rong zhou of the shanghai population information center has argued that the preference for boys is weakening among the younger generation, in shanghai at least, in part because girls cost less and are easier to raise. the sex ratio in shanghai accordingly stands at 105 boys to every 100 girls, which is the international average. shanghai has distinguished itself over the past 25 years as one of the first urban centers to adopt the one - child policy, and it promises to be a pioneer in gradually relaxing the restrictions in the years to come. shanghai was the first region in china to have negative fertility growth ; 2000 census data indicated that the rate of natural increase was - 0. 9 per 1, 000. a major concern remains that as the birth rate drops a smaller pool of young workers will be left to support a large population of retirees. shanghai ' s decision to allow divorced chinese who remarry to have a second child is taking advantage of the central government ' s policy, which lets local governments decide how to apply the one - child rule. although shanghai has devoted much effort to implementing the one - child policy over the past 25 years, the city is now allowing qualifying couples to explore the luxury of having a second child. this is a response to rising incomes ( gdp has grown about 7 percent per year over the past 20 years ) and divorce rates. as noted above, however, many couples, although often better off then their parents, remain hesitant to have more than one child because of the expense. the first generation of only children in china is approaching parenthood accustomed to a level of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46862807031226733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c083301e-7481-41e8-a02b-0463694f18b8>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.869336"}
{"text": "divorce rates. as noted above, however, many couples, although often better off then their parents, remain hesitant to have more than one child because of the expense. the first generation of only children in china is approaching parenthood accustomed to a level of economic wealth and spending power - and thus often to lifestyles - that previous generations could not even have imagined. however, china also faces a rapidly aging population. in the larger scheme of things, this may be the true test of the government ' s ability to provide for its citizens. the fate of china ' s family planning strategy - in a context in which social security is no longer provided by family members alone but by a network of government and / or private services - may be decided by the tension between the cost of children and the cost of the elderly. there seems little doubt, however, that family planning will be a key element of chinese policymaking for many years to come. claudia meulenberg, a former worldwatch intern, received her master ' s degree from the george washington university ' s elliott school of international affairs in may and now works at the institute for international mediation and conflict resolution at the hague in her home country of the netherlands. references and readings for each article are available at www. worldwatch. org / pubs / mag /.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4775370434535489, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c083301e-7481-41e8-a02b-0463694f18b8>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.870045"}
{"text": "| first detailed look at rna dicer | scientists have gotten their first detailed look at the molecular structure of an enzyme that nature has been using for eons to help silence unwanted genetic messages. a team of researchers with berkeley lab and the university of california, berkeley, used x - ray crystallography at als beamlines 8. 2. 1 and 8. 2. 2 to determine the crystal structure of dicer, an enzyme that plays a critical role in a process known as rna interference. the dicer enzyme is able to snip a double - stranded form of rna into segments that can attach themselves to genes and block their activity. with this crystal structure, the researchers learned that dicer serves as a molecular ruler, with a clamp at one end and a cleaver at the other end a set distance away, that produces rna fragments of an ideal size for gene - silencing. rna \u2014 ribonucleic acid \u2014 has long been known as a multipurpose biological workhorse, responsible for carrying dna ' s genetic messages out from the nucleus of a living cell and using those messages to make specific proteins in a cell ' s cytoplasm. in 1998, however, scientists discovered that rna can also block the synthesis of proteins from some of those genetic messages. this gene - silencing process is called rna interference and it starts when a double - stranded segment of rna ( dsrna ) encounters the enzyme dicer. dicer cleaves dsrna into smaller fragments called short interfering rnas ( sirnas ) and micrornas ( mirnas ). dicer then helps load these fragments into a large multiprotein complex called risc, for rna - induced silencing complex. risc can seek out and capture messenger rna ( mrna ) molecules ( the rna that encodes the message of a gene ) with a base sequence complementary to that of its sirna or mirna. this serves to either destroy the genetic message carried by the mrna outright or else block the subsequent synthesis of a protein. until now, it has not been known how dicer is able to recognize dsrna and cleave those molecules into products with lengths that are exactly what is needed to silence specific genes. the berkeley researchers were able to purify and crystallize a dicer enzyme from giardia intestinalis, a one - celled microscopic parasite that can infect the intestines of humans and animals. this dicer enzyme in giardia is identical to the core of a dicer enzyme", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5304331832704829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b56c8760-12eb-4ec7-be08-1f531a0e88a9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.877291"}
{"text": "a dicer enzyme from giardia intestinalis, a one - celled microscopic parasite that can infect the intestines of humans and animals. this dicer enzyme in giardia is identical to the core of a dicer enzyme in higher eukaryotes, including humans, that cleaves dsrna into lengths of about 25 bases. in this work, the researchers describe a front view of the structure as looking like an axe. on the handle end there is a domain that is known to bind to small rna products, and on the blade end there is a domain that is able to cleave rna. between the clamp and the cleaver is a flat - surfaced region that carries a positive electrical charge. the researchers propose that this flat region binds to the negatively charged dsrna like biological velcro, enabling dicer to measure out and snip specified lengths of sirna. when you put the clamp, the flat area, and the cleaver together, you get a pretty good idea as to how dicer works. the research team is now using this structural model to design experiments that might reveal what triggers dicer into action. in addition, one size does not fit all for dicer : different forms of the dicer enzyme are known to produce different lengths of sirna, ranging from 21 to 30 base pairs in length or longer. having identified the flat - surfaced positively charged region in dicer as the \" ruler \" portion of the enzyme, the researchers speculate that it may be possible to alter the length of a long connector helix within this domain to change the lengths of the resulting sirna products. the researchers would like to see what happens when you take a natural dicer and change the length of its helix. research conducted by i. j. macrae and k. zhou ( university of california, berkeley, and howard hughes medical institute ) ; f. li, a. repic, a. n. brooks, and w. z. cande ( university of california, berkeley ) ; p. d. adams ( berkeley lab ) ; and j. a. doudna ( university of california, berkeley, howard hughes medical institute, and berkeley lab ). research funding : national institutes of health. operation of the als is supported by the u. s. department of energy, office of basic energy sciences. publication about this research : i. j. macrae, k. zhou, f. li, a. repic, a. n. brooks, w", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5028035267478049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b56c8760-12eb-4ec7-be08-1f531a0e88a9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.878776"}
{"text": "tonight will be one of the best chances to see comet panstarrs as it passes 28 million miles from the sun and over 100 million miles from earth. despite the distance, if you are patient and find a good spot to view after sunset, you should be able to see panstarrs near the horizon just after sunset at 6 : 55 tonight. to the unaided eye, it may look like a fuzzy star, but if you have a set of binoculars, you should be able to make out the tail. here is a graph showing the position of panstarrs during the coming week. chart courtesy : space. com on the weather side of things, skies will be clear tonight at 6 : 55 p. m. sunset, but we will be dodging clouds on wednesday \u2013 friday. still, opportunities will appear to see the comet if you are lucky and your timing is good. remember, do not use your binoculars until the sun is completely below the horizon \u2026 your eyes can be seriously damaged if you look at or near the sun. image courtesy : space. com in case you were wondering how panstarrs got its name, here is the explanation from www. space. com : \" comet pan - starrs, which has the official designation c / 2011 l4 ( panstarrs ), was discovered in june 2011 by astronomers using the panoramic survey telescope and rapid response system ( or panstarrs ) telescope in hawaii. the comet made its way into the inner solar system from the oort cloud \u2014 a group of icy bodies orbiting the sun in a region that extends from just beyond the orbit of neptune out to a distance of 93 trillion miles. \" if you don ' t get to see panstarrs, you ' ll have another chance to see comet oort cloud in late november. this comet promises to be one of the brightest in at least 30 years. we ' ll have more on that on the blog closer to november. in the meantime, bundle up, get your binoculars and head out tonight to see panstarrs. if you are able to photograph it, you can share your pictures here on 14news. com or on the 14news facebook page or the 14first alert facebook page. 1115 mt. auburn road closed captioning contact :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42261132113714606, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f16ee996-0018-4834-8138-a1da10a4a44c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.883932"}
{"text": "paradnaja lestnitza doma tolstykh overview and history odessa is the largest city on the coastline of the black sea and was once the third largest city in russia, after moscow and st. petersburg. her nicknames are \" the pearl of the black sea \", \" odessa mama \" and \" southern palmira. \" the name probably comes from the earliest recorded inhabitants, a greek colony called odessos which disappeared around the fourth century ad. here ' s a lightning overview of odessa ' s rulers, from the beginning. first there were the ancient greeks, then miscellaneous nomadic tribes, the golden horde of mongolia, the grand duchy of lithuania, the crimean khanate, the ottoman empire, the russian empire, the u. s. s. r, and finally ukrainian independence in 1991. the founding of the first city in this location dates to 1240 ad and is credited to a turkish tatar named hacibey khan. its name at that time was khadjibey. the first fortress was built in the fourteenth century, when odessa was already becoming a major trading center. the fortress served to protect the harbor. khadjibey became part of the ottoman empire in the early sixteenth century. its fortress was rebuilt by the ottomans and named yeni dunya, around 1764 ad. the eighteenth century saw odessa change hands from turkish to russian control. russia captured odessa in 1789 under the command of jose de ribas, a spaniard who became a russian admiral and played a major part in the victory. jose de ribas gets the credit for founding the modern city of odessa - - his name is remembered in the most prominent street through the heart of odessa - - deribasovskaya street. in the treaty of jassy in 1792, turkey gave over control of a wide swath of land encompassing modern - day ukraine and odessa. the city was rebuilt to be a fort, commercial port and naval base. during the nineteenth century odessa attracted immigrants from greece, bulgaria, romania, armenia and all over europe, enjoying its status as a free port. odessa was bombed by british and french weaponry during the crimean war of the 1850 ' s. after the destruction was repaired, a railroad joined odessa to kiev in 1866 and the city rapidly developed as the main export center for grain production. it became a center of ukranian nationalism at the turn of the 20th century and in 1905 odessa was the scene of a worker ' s uprising, led by sailors from the battleship potemkin. during the uprising hundreds of citizens were murdered on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3833143246245608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0777141c-cc96-4f55-b60e-280e4e2cef6e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.890692"}
{"text": "it became a center of ukranian nationalism at the turn of the 20th century and in 1905 odessa was the scene of a worker ' s uprising, led by sailors from the battleship potemkin. during the uprising hundreds of citizens were murdered on the staircase that has come to be called \" the potemkin steps. \" during wwi odessa was bombarded by the turkish fleet and after the bolshevik revolution the city was occupied by the central powers, the french and the red army. in 1922 odessa was unified with the ukranian soviet socialist republic. there was terrible suffering in the famine which took place after the russian revolution in 1921. odessa was taken by german forces in 1941, and almost 300, 00 civilians were killed. it remained under romanian administration during wwii until its liberation by the soviet army in 1944. the city went through another rapid growth period after wwii, with industries of ship - building, oil refineries and chemical processing. the city became part of newly - independent ukraine in 1991 after the fall of communism. by air, the international airport of odessa is where you ' ll arrive and it ' s linked to the city by buses. passenger ships from istanbul, haifa and varna connect with the port. the marine terminal is at the bottom of the potemkin steps. when you get to the top you ' ll be greeted by the duke of richelieu, one of the city ' s founding fathers. this staircase also forms an optical illusion ; looking down from the top, the steps are invisible and the side walls of the staircase appear to run parallel. don ' t be fooled. the main railway station is in the southern part of the city and it ' s connected with trams and buses, as usual, to get you around. people and culture things to do, recommendations the opera house is the oldest and most famous in odessa, built in 1810 with rich decorative rococo style. here ' s a look at the opera theater at night. the palais - royal is adjoined to the opera theater and is also worth a trip to see. on the \" must - see \" list, deribasovskaya street is the very heart of odessa. its unique character lasted even when adherence to soviet - design styles was strictly promoted - - so here you can find amazing architecture, outdoor cafes and restaurants, cobblestone streets and no vehicle traffic. here ' s a look in the passage shopping mall and hotel in the city center, a cool place to walk around. visit the spaso - preobrazhensky cathedral,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.350715689370765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0777141c-cc96-4f55-b60e-280e4e2cef6e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.892402"}
{"text": "[ author ' s note : although i am employed by the japanese american national museum, this article should not be construed as coming from the national museum. instead, this article is my personal opinion and should be taken as such. ] over the last month, i have posted articles about my grandfather and what happened to him during the second world war. much of my grandfather \u2019 s story was not unique. approximately 120, 000 japanese americans were illegally incarcerated during the war, their only crime was looking like the enemy. the majority of those incarcerated were american citizens. when most people refer to where the japanese american were held, they use the term : internment camp. but the term is not only inaccurate but also hides what they really were : concentration camps. before you get angry or offended, let me explain. according to the merrian webster dictionary, a concentration camp is \u201c a camp where persons ( as prisoners of war, political prisoners, or refugees ) are detained or confined. \u201d the definition of a concentration camp describes exactly what happened to the japanese americans during wwii, where they were political prisoners confined in a camp. one of the reasons people are reluctant to use the term is because they don \u2019 t want to imply what happened in the united states was similar to what happened to jews and others in europe. but i believe what happened in europe was not a concentration camp but much much worse. a more accurate term would be \u201c death camp, \u201d because the main purpose of the european camps was to torture and kill its prisoners. in the book, common ground : the japanese american national museum and the culture of collaborations, the museum curators addressed this debate : a \u201c concentration camp \u201d is a place where people are imprisoned not because of any crimes they committed, but simply because of who they are. although many groups have been singled out for such persecution throughout history, the term \u201c concentration camp \u201d was first used at the turn of the century in the spanish american and boer wars. during world war ii, america \u2019 s concentration camps were clearly distinguishable from nazi germany \u2019 s. nazi camps were places of torture, barbarous medical experiments and summary executions : some were extermination centers with gas chambers. six million jews were slaughtered in the holocaust. many others, including gypsies, poles, homosexuals and political dissidents were also victims of the nazi concentration camps. in recent years, concentration camps have existed in the former soviet union, cambodia and bosnia. despite differences, all had one thing in common : the people in power removed a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5083999805460726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f810c39-e1c7-47a2-b870-25227b799427>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.900834"}
{"text": "homosexuals and political dissidents were also victims of the nazi concentration camps. in recent years, concentration camps have existed in the former soviet union, cambodia and bosnia. despite differences, all had one thing in common : the people in power removed a minority group from the general population and the rest of society let it happen. it should be noted that united states government and military officials ( including the president ) often referred to these places as concentration camps. it is also important to note that not all japanese americans agree with the use of the term. some japanese americans would prefer to use the government terminology. although i disagree with them, it is their right to do so. if concentration camps is the historically most accurate term, is saying interment camp wrong? yes, because internment camp is a euphemism. according to the merrian webster dictionary, a euphemism is \u201c the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. \u201d a good example of a euphemism is saying someone was \u201c eliminated \u201d versus \u201c killed. \u201d think it doesn \u2019 t make a difference? what images are evoked when you hear concentration camp versus when you hear internment camp? internment seems benign at worst while concentration camp is always construed negatively. that difference is intentional. mako nakagawa, a former teacher and japanese american activist, spoke about the negative effects of the euphemism on the general perception of the world war ii experiences of japanese americans in an interview with the nichi bei, a japanese american newspaper : government - created euphemistic language led to some people actually believing that the japanese americans were being protected and even pampered in the camps. the use of inaccurate terms can, and too often does, distort facts into outright fantasies. the old adage that \u201c sticks and stones may break bones / but words will never hurt \u201d is not true. words have power. they can create and they can destroy. every time i write anything, whether it \u2019 s a screenplay, blog, or email, i remember the following quote from pearl strachan to remind myself how important my words can be : \u201c handle them carefully, for words have more power than atom bombs. \u201d internment camp wasn \u2019 t the only euphemism. here is a short list of some of the other more egregious ones : this last one is so unbelievable ( and not very well known ), i feel it is important to expand on it a little", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4510710867134464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f810c39-e1c7-47a2-b870-25227b799427>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.901954"}
{"text": "t the only euphemism. here is a short list of some of the other more egregious ones : this last one is so unbelievable ( and not very well known ), i feel it is important to expand on it a little. in the evacuation order, it states : all japanese persons, both alien and non - alien, will be evacuated from the above designated area by 12 : 00 o \u2019 clock noon tuesday, april 7, 1942. if an alien is someone who is not a citizen, a non - alien is a citizen. but they couldn \u2019 t say, \u201c all japanese person, both citizen and non - citizen will be evacuated \u201d because it would be too obviously unconstitutional. but if we say non - alien most people wouldn \u2019 t give it a second thought. hiding the truth of what happened behind euphemistic language doesn \u2019 t allow us as a country to learn from our mistake and make sure it doesn \u2019 t happen again. that \u2019 s why when people ask me about my family \u2019 s experience in world war ii, i always make sure to start by saying that they were incarcerated for almost six years in america \u2019 s concentration camps. if you want to learn more, i recommend reading words can lie or clarify : terminology of the world war ii incarceration of japanese americans by aiko herzig - yoshinaga. ( aiko was one of the people responsible for proving that the incarceration of japanese americans was not based on a military necessity but racism. ) finally, mako nakagawa will be speaking at the japanese american national museum on august 27, 2011 at 2pm. she will discuss euphemisms and the importance of using accurate terminology.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5031959269188743, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f810c39-e1c7-47a2-b870-25227b799427>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.902747"}
{"text": "coming soon! nanotech on your desktop within 15 years, desktop nanofactories could pump out anything from a new car to a novel nanoweapon, says a technology commentator. and he warns that society needs to start preparing for this brave new world. mike treder from the center for responsible nanotechnology ( crn ) in new york says advanced nanotechnology, like these nanofactories, could help solve world poverty but it could also wreak economic and social chaos. \" it ' s the biggest challenge we ' ve ever faced as a species, \" says treder, who has been addressing scientists in australia this week. crn is a non - profit organisation advised among others by the so - called father of nanotechnology, dr eric drexler. the organisation says it aims to raise awareness about the benefits and dangers of molecular manufacturing, the precise assembly of products atom - by - atom. while molecular manufacturing is not yet a reality, treder says researchers are already working on building molecular - scale machines that could eventually move atoms around to make products. and he says that in less than 15 years, nanoscale factories could be making consumer products from cups and chairs to cars and house bricks. raw materials like carbon would be pumped into the nanofactory, where atoms would be rearranged to make products according to programs downloaded from the internet, says treder. treder says such desktop nanofactories could help reduce poverty and starvation in developing nations, and provide tremendous medical benefits. but society needs to guard against its potential risks. in particular, he says crn is concerned that these desktop nanofactories would lead to a nano \" arms race \" in which hard - to - detect nanoweapons could be designed, manufactured and tested much quicker than they are today. \" imagine a suitcase filled with billions of toxin - carrying flying robots that could be released anywhere to target a population, \" he says. \" you could make a suitcase full of these things overnight for a few dollars. \" the mass production of consumer goods by private desktop factories could also trigger social chaos due to economic disruption, says treder. \" if i can make my own car at home for a couple of hundred dollars with a design downloaded from the internet that means i ' m not a customer of the auto dealer down the road. \" waste from such easy manufacturing, or nanolitter, is another issue that needs to be thought about, he says. as is the prospect of nanospam. \" if someone could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5336492919140885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8b29f1b2-f3ec-4c61-a471-ce6a42fd2e31>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.913136"}
{"text": "m not a customer of the auto dealer down the road. \" waste from such easy manufacturing, or nanolitter, is another issue that needs to be thought about, he says. as is the prospect of nanospam. \" if someone could send you a product online that you don ' t want but they just make it pump out of your nanofactory, how are we going to prevent that? \" experts are generally sceptical that desktop factories could exist so soon but welcome treder ' s discussion of impacts of nanotechnology on society. dr peter binks of nanotechnology victoria, a sponsor for treder ' s tour, says his organisation does not \" yet buy into the idea \" of the desktop factory. \" but we don ' t dismiss it either, \" he says. \" we think there are a large number of technical hurdles to be overcome. \" william price, professor of nanotechnology at the university of western sydney says desktop factories may be possible but technical issues will mean this will not be within 15 years. professor chennupati jagadish of the australian research council nanotechnology network, which is also a sponsor for the tour, thinks treder ' s views are imaginative and futuristic. \" expecting those sorts of machines in 15 years is probably too optimistic, \" he says, estimating they would be more like 30 or 40 years away, if at all. and it ' s this challenge that makes professor ned seeman, of new york university, who is involved in self - assembling arrays of dna machines, sceptical of treder ' s claims. \" i think this suggestion is wildly optimistic, \" he says. \" most of the basic principles have not been demonstrated, much less in a ' desktop ' context. \" but even he is not willing to rule the technology out completely. \" one hundred years from now anything is possible. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.541975386816236, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8b29f1b2-f3ec-4c61-a471-ce6a42fd2e31>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.921718"}
{"text": "australian bureau of statistics 4102. 0 - australian social trends, 2004 previous issue released at 11 : 30 am ( canberra time ) 15 / 06 / 2004 | page tools : print page print all rss search this product | national and state summary tables housing data sources and definitions an estimated 99, 900 people were homeless on census night 2001. homeless people are among the most marginalised people in australia and their profile has changed in recent years from that of older, lone men to include more women, youth and families. this article summarises data and analysis from the australian census analytic program report counting the homeless ( abs cat. no. 2050. 0 ) by chris chamberlain and david mackenzie. it estimates the numbers of homeless people in australia in 2001 and discusses their characteristics. the proportion of homeowners or purchasers among younger age groups has diminished between 1986 and 2001. this may be related to economic conditions, a delaying effect due to our changing society, or personal choices. the increasing price of housing is also examined in this article, aswell as the relationship between the size of first home loans and average earnings. housing and lifestyle the number of people living in four or more storey apartment blocks increased at a much faster rate than the overall australian population between 1981 and 2001. this article compares the socio - demographic characteristics of high rise residents with those of people living in separate houses, and discusses some ways in which the high rise residential population has changed over the last two decades. this page last updated 10 april 2007 unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a creative commons attribution 2. 5 australia licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website copyright notice. for permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4584751474597144, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59375324-fe6e-4166-b195-03695b08616a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.925162"}
{"text": "located in jiangxi province is the largest freshwater fresh water is naturally occurring water on the earth ' s surface in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and underground as groundwater in aquifers and underground streams. fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and... a lake is a body of relatively still fresh or salt water of considerable size, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land. lakes are inland and not part of the ocean and therefore are distinct from lagoons, and are larger and deeper than ponds. lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams,... chinese civilization may refer to : * china for more general discussion of the country. * chinese culture * greater china, the transnational community of ethnic chinese. * history of china * sinosphere, the area historically affected by chinese culture... it has a surface area of 3, 585 km\u00b2, a volume of 25 km\u00b3 and an average depth of eight meters. the lake provides a habitat for half a million migratory birds, and is a favorite destination for birding. it is fed by the gan, xin, and xiu xiu is a chinese language web site for online shopping, operated in the people ' s republic of china. founded by mr. ji wenhong and mr. jin huang in march 2008, it ' s a vertical e - commerce company, offering middle to luxury brand name fashion products - clothing, shoes, bags, ornaments, cosmetics and... rivers, which connect to the yangtse through a channel. during the winter, the lake becomes home to a large number of migrating siberian crane the siberian crane also known as the siberian white crane or the snow crane, is a bird of the family gruidae, the cranes... s, up to 90 % of which spend the winter there. historically, although poyang lake has also been called pengli marsh ( ) they are not the same. before the han dynasty the han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of china, preceded by the qin dynasty and succeeded by the three kingdoms. it was founded by the rebel leader liu bang, known posthumously as emperor gaozu of han. it was briefly interrupted by the xin dynasty of the former regent wang mang..., the yangtze followed a more northerly course through what is now lake longgan ( \u9f8d ) whilst pengli marsh formed the lower reaches of the gan river. the area that is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4505529956969629, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b51d44ab-e947-405d-afbe-bcfc3900d967>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.938174"}
{"text": "dynasty of the former regent wang mang..., the yangtze followed a more northerly course through what is now lake longgan ( \u9f8d ) whilst pengli marsh formed the lower reaches of the gan river. the area that is now poyang lake was a plain along the gan river. around ad 400, the yangtze river switched to a more southerly course, causing the gan river to back up and form lake poyang. the backing up of the gan river drowned poyang county poyang county is a county under the administration of shangrao city in jiangxi province of the people ' s republic of china. it is located on the eastern side of lake poyang.... and haihun county, forcing a mass migration to wucheng township in what is now yongxiu county yongxiu county is a county under jiujiang city in jiangxi province, china. the total area is square kilometre, and the population is as of 200?. - external links :.... wucheng thus became one of the great ancient townships of jiangxi province. this migration gave birth to the phrase, \" drowning haihun county gives rise to wucheng township \" \u300c \u6d77 \uff0c \u51fa \u57ce \u300d. lake poyang reached its greatest size during the tang dynasty the tang dynasty was an imperial dynasty of china preceded by the sui dynasty and followed by the five dynasties and ten kingdoms period. it was founded by the li family, who seized power during the decline and collapse of the sui empire..., when its area reached 6000 km\u00b2. there has been a fishing ban in place since 2002. in 2007 fears were expressed that china ' s finless porpoise the finless porpoise is one of six porpoise species. in the waters around japan, at the northern end of its range, it is known as the sunameri. a freshwater population found in the yangtze river in china is known locally as the jiangzhu or \" river pig \". there is a degree of taxonomic uncertainty..., known locally as the jiangzhu ( \" river pig \" ), a native of the lake, might follow the baiji baiji may refer to : * the baiji or yangtze river dolphin * baiji, iraq, a city of northern iraq. * \" baiji \" is the pinyin romanization for baekje...., the yangtze river dolphin, into extinction. calls have been made for action to be taken", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44133359494589813, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b51d44ab-e947-405d-afbe-bcfc3900d967>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.962537"}
{"text": "dolphin * baiji, iraq, a city of northern iraq. * \" baiji \" is the pinyin romanization for baekje...., the yangtze river dolphin, into extinction. calls have been made for action to be taken to save the porpoise, of which there are about 1, 400 left living, with between 700 and 900 in the yangtze, with about another 500 in poyang and dongting lakes. 2007 population levels are less than half the 1997 levels, and the population is dropping at a rate of 7. 3 per cent per year. sand dredging has become a mainstay of local economic development in the last few years, and is an important source of revenue in the region that borders poyang lake. but at the same time, high - density dredging projects have been the principal cause of the death of the local wildlife population. dredging makes the waters of the lake muddier, and the porpoises cannot see as far as they once could, and have to rely on their highly - developed sonar systems to avoid obstacles and look for food. large ships enter and leave the lake at the rate of two a minute and such a high density of shipping means the porpoises have difficulty hearing their food, and also cannot swim freely from one bank to the other. in 1363, the battle of lake poyang the naval battle of lake poyang took place 30 august \u2013 4 october ad 1363 and was one of the final battles fought in the fall of china ' s mongol - led yuan dynasty... took place there, and it is claimed to be the largest naval battle in history the title of \" largest naval battle in history \" is disputed between adherents of criteria which include the numbers of personnel and / or vessels involved in the battle, and the total tonnage of the vessels involved... the lake has also been described as the \" chinese bermuda triangle \". many ships have disappeared while sailing in it. on 16 april 1945, a japanese troop ship vanished without a trace with 200 sailors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4516779151208092, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b51d44ab-e947-405d-afbe-bcfc3900d967>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.971390"}
{"text": "accessmylibrary provides free access to millions of articles from top publications available through your library. over the years, countless scholarly works have been written about the african - american experience. in addition to examining the african - american ' s place in american history, some scholars have taken special interest in the black family, black youth, and black urban life ( billingsley, 1968 ; frazier, 1939 ; glasgow, 1980 ; glick & mills, 1974 ; gutman, 1976 ; hill, 1973 ; moynihan, 1965 ; wilson, 1987 ). as early as 1908, w. e. b. dubois wrote the negro american family and, years before that, described black life in the city of philadelphia ( 1899 ). since that time, except for that of a handful of scholars, interest in these subjects has waxed and waned, invariably increasing after incidents of urban unrest and turmoil such as the riots of the 1960s. the most recent riot, occurring in los angeles in may 1992, and escalating incidences of senseless urban violence have combined to renew scholarly, as well as public, concern for discovering why such events occur. one has only to look at statistical data compiled and interpreted in book form ( hacker, 1992 ) or data directly from the u. s. bureau of the census or from other government agencies to see why there might be unrest, despair, and even a sense of hopelessness in the black urban ghetto in general and among black young adults in particular. it is clear that these young people have much to contend with and have fewer and fewer tools to overcome the obstacles before them, obstacles that have the power to defeat them even before they are out of infancy. these are forces that weaken the black family, that undermine education, and that glorify violence. the 1990 census report indicates that african - americans make up 11. 9 percent of the total population of this country, yet they disproportionately contribute to statistics which, when translated, portray the face of ongoing human tragedy. to begin with, almost two - thirds of all black babies are now born outside marriage. this means that a large percentage of black families are headed by females. in fact, 56. 2 percent of all black families are headed by women and 55. 1 percent of these women have never been married ( hacker, 1992, pp. 67 - 74 ). more disturbing is the tendency of black teenagers to begin sexual activity at a relatively early age. it is estimated that, by age fifteen, 68. 6 percent of black", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5106584482663715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ff5ca78-4ba9-461f-9328-c3569f2b3f87>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.978994"}
{"text": "women have never been married ( hacker, 1992, pp. 67 - 74 ). more disturbing is the tendency of black teenagers to begin sexual activity at a relatively early age. it is estimated that, by age fifteen, 68. 6 percent of black teenagers have engaged in sexual intercourse. the results of this activity are that some 40. 7 percent of all black teenage girls become pregnant by age eighteen. some 99. 3 percent of these girls elect to keep and raise their babies ( p. 76 ). many of these girls live in multigenerational households with a mother, other children, and the daughter ' s children ( p. 72 ). perhaps the most devastating statistics have to do with the effect these lifestyle patterns have on the way many of these black families live. fifty - six percent of black single parent families have incomes less than the poverty level of $ 10, 530 for a family of three. in fact, 39. 8 percent of families receiving federally sponsored aid for dependent children ( afdc ) are black. this means that they are, because of income, relegated, for the most part, to substandard housing, inadequate health care, and inferior schools. the litany continues, but the statistics concerning black men are particularly disturbing. nationwide, 500, 000 black men are serving time in ' ails and prisons for criminal offenses. more than 1 million have criminal records ( p. 74 ). violent death now accounts for more deaths among young black men than other cause. if a black man is fifteen to twenty - five years old, he is 3. 25 times more likely to die than his black female counterpart. what is most dismaying is that the leading cause of death among black men in this age group is gunshot wounds ( hacker, 1992, p. 75 ). historically, african - americans have, in very large numbers, been poor. in 1990, they made up 10. 1 percent of the work force but received only 7. 8 percent of all earnings. in that same year, the median income for all black families was $ 21, 423 as compared with $ 36, 915 for all white families. in 1990, 37 percent of all black families earned less than $ 15, 000 a year, and 44. 8 percent of all black children lived below the poverty line ( hacker, 1992, pp. 98 - 99 ). even with added education, there still remains an income disparity between blacks and whites. with a high school diploma, black men earn approximately $ 797 for every $ 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.482230336069606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ff5ca78-4ba9-461f-9328-c3569f2b3f87>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.981001"}
{"text": "the poverty line ( hacker, 1992, pp. 98 - 99 ). even with added education, there still remains an income disparity between blacks and whites. with a high school diploma, black men earn approximately $ 797 for every $ 1, 000 earned by a white man with the same diploma. with a college degree, black men earn only $ 798 compared with the $ 1, 000 earned by their white counterparts. black women, on the other hand, are much closer to achieving parity with the earnings of white women at every educational level ( hacker, 1992, p. 95 ). the majority of poor african - americans live in the central cities of this country, and 70 percent are concentrated in low income neighborhoods. here, it is difficult to find work or to get to the place of employment even if one is fortunate enough to have a job. with few factory jobs available - - the mainstay of the black working class - - unemployment remains high. the unemployment rate among blacks since 1974 has been in double digit figures. in 1983, it was at a high of 20 percent and has consistently remained twice that of the white unemployed ( hacker, 1992, pp. 102 - 03 ). in the area of education, 63. 3 percent of all black school - age children still attend segregated schools ( hacker, 1992, p. 162 ). this statistic reflects not only school segregation but housing segregation as well since blacks tend to be concentrated in predominantly black neighborhoods. looking more closely at black school attendance patterns on a state by state basis, illinois tops the list of segregated schools, with 83. 2 percent of its black students attending segregated classes. new york is not too far behind, with 80. 8 percent attending segregated schools, followed closely by mississippi, with an 80. 3 percentage, rate ( p. 163 ). to \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48258764354569195, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ff5ca78-4ba9-461f-9328-c3569f2b3f87>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:03.982954"}
{"text": "community based adaptation the ifad adaptive approach to participatory mapping : design and delivery of participatory mapping projectssubmitted by c. baldin on fri, 2013 - 01 - 25 20 : 00 this document reports on an adaptive approach to designing and implementing participatory mapping initiatives within ifad - supported projects. the adaptive undp / gef supported cba community based adaptation project pilot sites : onamulunga school garden projectsubmitted by andrea on mon, 2011 - 09 - 26 07 : 09 the community - based adaptation programme ( cba ) is a five - year united nations development programme ( undp ) global initiative funded by the global environmental facility ( gef ). undp works with a number of partners including the united nations volunteers and the gef small grants programme ( sgp ). initial cba investments have been made in 20 communities in the northern parts of namibia ( i. e. omusati, oshana, ohangwena, oshikoto and kavango regions ). climate models suggest that these areas are particularly vulnerable and face significant climate change risks, both at present and in future. to facilitate uptake of cba strategies the onamulunga combined school project is focused on integrating adaptation to climate change into school curriculum. the pilot programme at onamulunga combined school in the oshikoto region involves training grade 9 and 10students in adaptation farming methods such as conservation tilling, water harvesting, and micro - drip irrigation and planting drought resistant crops. these methods are subsequently taken up by the students \u2019 native communities. this project directly contributes towards millennium development goals ( mdgs ) 2 and 7 and, through a special focus on the inclusion of young women and girls, to mdg 3. the project also indirectly contributes to the realization of other mdgs. there are various community based adaptation projects in namibia. the particular project discussed here is implemented by an ngo called creative entrepreneurs solutions ( ces ) that applies cba measures through self - help groups. at the onamulunga combined school in the oshikoto region, grade 9 and 10 students receive practical lessons in how to implement improved farming methods for a future affected by climate change. results and learning : according to a recent field visit by an independent assessor, the onamulunga garden project has achieved many of the intended results. various sites at the school have been prepared for crop agriculture using the latest conservation tilling methods for dry land crops and micro - drip irrigation for vegetables", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5002651083779298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84ab4d10-c521-467e-b052-5ae68116c607>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.002791"}
{"text": "by an independent assessor, the onamulunga garden project has achieved many of the intended results. various sites at the school have been prepared for crop agriculture using the latest conservation tilling methods for dry land crops and micro - drip irrigation for vegetables. the project coordinator is agriculture and life science teacher, johannes nelongo, who has provided inspirational leadership for 87 grade 9 and 10 students to put the theory they learn in the classroom in practice in the field, growing maize, sunflowers, cow peas, spinach, carrots, onions and other vegetables. they apply conservation furrowing and ripping, water saving techniques, mulching, application of organic and chemical fertilising, crop rotation and alternative growing methods. as such, the project provides learners with practical adaptation techniques. \u201c practical exercises make it easier for learners to interpret theoretical information. it thus gives them wisdom and insight and teaches them how to apply these methods at home, \u201d says nelongo. [ refer to the attached document for further details. ] the project has built adaptive capacity for almost ninety learners, with the intention that they take these skills forward and apply them in the decades to come. already a multiplier effect is noticeable in the children and teachers \u2019 home communities. the project focuses on establishing a strong foundation for the application of adaptation mechanisms in farming practices rather than creating dependency through aid. \u201c because the programme demonstrates tangible benefits for the communities involved, it is sustainable, \u201d says marie johansson from ces. \u201c it will continue even if donor support stops tomorrow. it is important to start with educating kids. young people, especially girls, pick the skills up quickly. from there on it is easier to integrate the community. later on, many kids will migrate to urban areas and unfortunately fall in the trap of unemployment. but with the skills they learn here, there is an alternative way to make a living off the two hectares or so near their homestead. in this way even small farmers can become commercial farmers. \u201d the project has been so successful that it has grabbed the attention of other schools. four nearby schools are interested and have been invited to participate. as such, onamulunga can become a centre of learning for the community. this is compounded by the multiplier effect already mentioned, with children introducing the new methods to their parents and villagers coming to the school to see the improved cropping system with their own eyes. \u201c as a school we need to involve communities and share the skills and knowledge that we have, \u201d says onamulu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46114765870729096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84ab4d10-c521-467e-b052-5ae68116c607>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.005223"}
{"text": "children introducing the new methods to their parents and villagers coming to the school to see the improved cropping system with their own eyes. \u201c as a school we need to involve communities and share the skills and knowledge that we have, \u201d says onamulunga principal immanuel namupolo. \u201c now the community helps us to look after the project when the school is closed. we also give parents our surplus maize, so they can sell it. in doing so, the project reaches out to parents. we give them a role to play, so that they are involved in the process of adaptation. \u201d the experiment teaches children to adapt to a situation where fertile land and water are becoming increasingly scarce resources. but the initiative also has a wider effect within the surrounding communities, with children applying their newly acquired skills in the household farm setting. enthused by the onamulunga success story, parents and teachers have also started their own gardens. \u201c the proceeds from the garden save people a lot of money. sometimes you don \u2019 t even have to go to the market for a whole month, \u201d one teacher remarks. implementing agency and partnering organizations : onamulunga combined school ; creative entrepreneurs solutions ( ces ). other stakeholders include : the ministry of environment and tourism, the ministry of education, the ministry of fisheries, the ministry of agriculture, the namibia agronomic board, gef through its strategic priority on adaptation ( spa ) programme, undp ; small grants programme and all its delivery partners. the community - based adaptation programme ( cba ) is a five - year united nations development programme ( undp ) global initiative funded by the global environmental facility ( gef ). undp works with a number of partners including the united nations volunteers and the gef small grants programme ( sgp ). initial cba investments have been made in 20 communities in the northern parts of namibia ( i. e. omusati, oshana, ohangwena, oshikoto and kavango regions ). climate models suggest that these areas are particularly vulnerable and face significant climate change risks, both at present and in future. there are various community based adaptation projects in namibia. the particular project discussed here is implemented by an ngo called creative entrepreneurs solutions ( ces ) that applies cba measures through self - help groups. at the onamulunga combined school in the oshikoto region, grade 9 and 10 students receive practical lessons in how to implement improved farming methods for a future affected by climate change. through equipping the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4833087687733042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84ab4d10-c521-467e-b052-5ae68116c607>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.007031"}
{"text": "measures through self - help groups. at the onamulunga combined school in the oshikoto region, grade 9 and 10 students receive practical lessons in how to implement improved farming methods for a future affected by climate change. through equipping the students with relevant agricultural adaptation skills, the pilot programme is designed to sow the seeds for uptake and wider spread of adaptation measures throughout the community. - outcome 1 : enhanced adaptive capacity allows communities to reduce their vulnerability to adverse impacts of future climate hazards. - outcome 2 : national policies and programmes promote replication of best practices derived from cba projects. - outcome 3 : cooperation among member countries promotes innovation in adaptation to climate change including variability. project status : under implementation primary beneficiaries : major stakeholders are : the onamulunga combined school ; creative entrepreneurs solutions ( ces ). primary beneficiaries are the grade 9 and 10 students, their families and the communities living within the pilot areas, as well as other schools in the wider area. undp / gef supported cba community based adaptation project pilot sites : university of namibia \u2013 ogongo campus : the sweet - stem sorghum researchsubmitted by andrea on mon, 2011 - 09 - 26 06 : 42 the community - based adaptation programme ( cba ) is a five - year united nations development programme ( undp ) global initiative funded by the global environmental facility ( gef ). undp works with a number of partners including the united nations volunteers and the gef small grants programme ( sgp ). initial cba investments have been made in 20 communities in the northern parts of namibia ( i. e. omusati, oshana, ohangwena, oshikoto and kavango regions ). climate models suggest these areas are particularly vulnerable and face significant climate change risks, both at present and in future. to facilitate uptake of cba strategies, one project focuses on research into sweet - stem sorghum varieties that are better suited to altered climatic conditions. the purpose is to cultivate one variety that is not only stronger, but also presents the ideal mix of multi - purpose applications, such as food, fodder / silage and sugar extract for ethanol ( biofuel ). the project pursues multifaceted objectives of food security, environmental sustainability and universal education. these objectives address the three millennium development goals ( mdgs ) 1, 2, and 7. now entering its final stage, the researchers are focusing on three remaining sorghum varieties. one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5018052806012436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84ab4d10-c521-467e-b052-5ae68116c607>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.009145"}
{"text": "sustainable once the best variety is selected. first, future trials and subsequent cultivation of such a variety will provide evidence to support the hypothesis that multi - purpose crops can augment household income and sustainability on various levels and strengthen the climate change response, as well as other national development objectives. once successfully tested, the small - scale farmers will continue to plant or cultivate the best variety. [ refer to the attached document for further details. ] replicability is ensured by distributing the seeds of the successful variety across the northern regions for free, and subsequently at a subsidized price. the research also ties in with an africa - wide trial including countries like zambia and kenya. it could, therefore be replicated in other areas or on other crops. multi - disciplinary cooperation through icrisat, which is kept abreast of developments in ogongo, will aid this purpose. icrisat currently looks at multiplying the seeds of multi - purpose crops so that they do not become hybrid and infertile. namibia, as an advanced country, has the potential to serve as a replication model. the results of the trial can be shared with countries with similar climatic conditions, which could duplicate the outcomes. finally increased yields and income could facilitate further cultivation and initiate the long - awaited \u2018 green revolution \u2019 in africa. an agreement over redd plus could further enhance agro forestry. the african drought risk and development network ( addn ) is a region - wide network for advocacy, capacity building and peer learning. it was initiated by the united nations development programme drylands development centre ( undp - ddc ) and un \u2019 s international strategy for disaster reduction ( isdr ) in 2005 with the aim to promote applied discussion and policy dialogue on key issues linking drought risk and development in africa. integrating climate change risks into water and flood management by vulnerable mountainous communities in the greater caucasus region of azerbaijan implementing agency and partnering organizations : ministry of ecology and natural resources to reduce vulnerability of the communities of the greater caucasus region of azerbaijan to water stress and hazards by improved water and flood management. windhoek, namibia : as climate change becomes more eminent, it is the vulnerable who are most affected. one of the worst affected areas is namibia - the driest country in sub - saharan africa. climate change projections for namibia forecast increased aridity and variable rainfall. implementing agency and partnering organizations : unhcr unhcr and its partners, including the chad government, are addressing the effects of climate change with programmes aimed at better management of dwindling water resources and at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4946679038619243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84ab4d10-c521-467e-b052-5ae68116c607>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.013048"}
{"text": "forecast increased aridity and variable rainfall. implementing agency and partnering organizations : unhcr unhcr and its partners, including the chad government, are addressing the effects of climate change with programmes aimed at better management of dwindling water resources and at holding back desertification by planting trees in one of the driest and hottest countries on earth. senior information officer phone : + 41 22 739 86 57 mobile : + 41 79 200 76 17 project status : under implementation adapting national and transboundary water resource management in swaziland to manage expected climate changesubmitted by juliannebg on wed, 2010 - 06 - 23 05 : 17 implementing agency and partnering organizations : the goal of the project is to ensure that national and transboundary water resources management is adapted to the expected impact of climate change. the objective of the project is to promote the implementation of national and transboundary integrated water resource management that is sustainable and equitable given expected climate change. * * 1. * * promoting informed and inclusive national dialogue around water needs vulnerability to climate change and water allocation in swaziland among productive and domestic uses. * * 2. * * integrating climate risk management into the implementation of national policies and relevant to integrated water resource management. * * 3. * * informed negotiations on trans - boundary water resources management. * * 1. 1 * * information on community views on water needs and vulnerabilities to climate change. * * 1. 2 * * information dissemination to raise community awareness regarding climate change impacts and adaptation measures. * * 1. 3 * * policy analysis regarding climate change impacts on water and agriculture sectors. * * 1. 4 * * national platform to discuss bottom - up and top - down analysis. * * 1. 5 * * national policy dialogues to promote adoption of national water policy draft. * * 1. 6 * * knowledge products for policy makers to promote response options in water and agriculture sectors. * * 1. 7 * * partnership between met service and policy makers. * * 2. 1 * * guidelines and tools designed to take into account climate change. * * 2. 2 * * investment plans implemented by ministry of natural resources and energy and ministry of agriculture adjusted to take climate change risks into account. * * 3. 1 * * swaziland delegations to trans - boundary water resources management negotiations briefed on implications of climate change. * * 3. 2 * * dissemination of knowledge products on climate change impacts on trans - boundary water resources management and water allocation. regional technical advisor +", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48492507716861444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84ab4d10-c521-467e-b052-5ae68116c607>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.014122"}
{"text": "the first national communication preparation to unfccc, the program will build on and further enhance current technical knowledge and capacity for policy relevant vulnerability assessment. * * outcome 3. * * developing capacity for community based adaptation in a pilot river basin. the program will pilot climate change adaptation approaches by introducing the principles of community based adaptation ( cba ) in the context of agricultural practices, water management, food security, climate change related disaster risk management, particularly drought management, coastal development, natural resources management, data and information management. cba approaches will be established as important elements of vulnerability reduction and disaster management strategies. cba will build on and further develop local capacities and knowledge, including through better data and information management, to cope with climate risks and variability. cba options will be instrumental not only in formulating local coping and adaptation strategies, but also in situating them within wider development planning and debates by empowering local communities through their increased participation in local planning and decision making. by applying participatory methods, the program will bring together key stakeholders at the local level ( planners and decision makers, developers and investors, local communities and most vulnerable groups ) in the framework of public private partnership ( ppp ) to mobilize commitments and local resources in financing adaptation measures. * * outcome 4. * * mainstreaming climate risk reduction into the un programming framework. under this outcome, the program will establish the guiding principles as well as develop the technical guidelines for integrating climate change concerns into the \u201c one un \u201d programming. this will be done by using the undaf as the programmatic platform for mainstreaming adaptation within the un system. this approach will ensure the \u201c climate proofing \u201d of all multi - agency development assistance that is targeted to achieving the mdgs. tel : + 90 312 454 1192 fax : + 90 312 496 1463 regional project coordinator tel : + 90 312 454 1086 fax : + 90 312 496 1463 finance and administrative officer tel : + 90 312 454 1181 fax : + 90 312 496 1463 tel : + 90 312 454 1056 fax : + 90 312 496 1463", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4967904286798662, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84ab4d10-c521-467e-b052-5ae68116c607>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.018259"}
{"text": "cholesterol test results ; ldl test results ; vldl test results ; hdl test results cholesterol is a soft, wax - like substance found in all parts of the body. your body needs a little bit of cholesterol to work properly. but too much cholesterol can clog your arteries and lead to heart disease. some cholesterol is considered good and some is considered bad. different blood tests can be done to individually measure each type of cholesterol. a total cholesterol test measures all types of cholesterol in your blood. the results of this test tells your doctor whether your cholesterol is too high. best : lower than 200 borderline high : 200 - 239 high : 240 and higher if your total cholesterol levels are high, your doctor will want to know your ldl cholesterol and hdl cholesterol levels before deciding whether you need treatment. knowing your ldl and hdl cholesterol levels will also help guide your doctor to choose the best drug for you. ldl ( bad ) cholesterol ldl stands for low - density lipoprotein. it ' s also sometimes called \" bad \" cholesterol. lipoproteins are made of fat and protein. they carry cholesterol, triglycerides, and other fats, called lipids, in the blood to various parts of the body. ldl can clog your arteries. your ldl level is what doctors watch most closely. you want your ldl to be low. too much ldl, commonly called \" bad cholesterol, \" is linked to cardiovascular disease. if it gets too high, you will need treatment. a healthy ldl level is one that falls in the best or near - best range. best : less than 100 mg / dl ( less than 70 mg / dl for persons with a history of heart disease or those at very high risk ) near best : 100 - 129 mg / dl borderline high : 130 - 159 mg / dl high : 160 - 189 mg / dl very high : 190 mg / dl and higher hdl ( good ) cholesterol hdl stands for high - density lipoprotein. it ' s also sometimes called \" good \" cholesterol. lipoproteins are made of fat and protein. they carry cholesterol, triglycerides, and other fats, called lipids, in the blood from other parts of your body to your liver. you want your hd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4689026859684447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6aec1b9-5c0c-4a7f-aa52-bb7191ae9409>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.027018"}
{"text": ". lipoproteins are made of fat and protein. they carry cholesterol, triglycerides, and other fats, called lipids, in the blood from other parts of your body to your liver. you want your hdl cholesterol to be high. studies of both men and women have shown that the higher your hdl, the lower your risk of coronary artery disease. this is why hdl is sometimes referred to as \" good \" cholesterol. a healthy hdl level should be as follows : men : above 40 mg / dl women : above 50 mg / dl an hdl 60 mg / dl or above helps protect against heart disease. exercise helps raise your hdl cholesterol. vldl ( bad ) cholesterol vldl stands for very low density lipoprotein. there are three major types of lipoproteins. vldl contains the highest amount of triglycerides. vldl is considered a type of bad cholesterol, because it helps cholesterol build up on the walls of arteries. a normal vldl cholesterol level is between 5 and 40 mg / dl. sometimes, your cholesterol levels may be low enough that your doctor will not ask you to change your diet or take any medications. when your levels are high, your doctor must consider other factors before deciding whether your cholesterol levels are a concern and need treatment. gennest j, libby p. lipoprotein disorders and cardiovascular disease. in : bonow ro, mann dl, zipes dp, libby p, eds. braunwald \u2019 s heart disease : a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 9th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 47. a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc., editorial team : david zieve, md, mha, and bethanne black.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46763493952136975, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6aec1b9-5c0c-4a7f-aa52-bb7191ae9409>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.028240"}
{"text": "one deed reflects on another the torah describes how the people eagerly came to donate their prized possessions towards the building of the mishkan ( tabernacle ). \" the men came with the women ; everyone whose heart motivated him brought bracelets, nose - rings, body ornaments - all sorts of gold ornaments - every man who raised up an offering of gold to god. \" ( 1 ) the commentaries discuss the meaning of the phrase, \" the men came with the women \". rabbeinu bechaye explains that the women in fact came first to donate their jewelry, and the men only came after them. this, he explains, demonstrates their righteousness in and of itself but it also reflects positively on an earlier incident involving jewelry - that of the golden calf. when the men demanded that aaron make for them a statue, he told them to remove the women ' s jewelry. however, the women refused to give over their jewelry so the men took their own gold and gave that towards the building of the calf. from the incident of the golden calf alone, it is unclear why the women refused to give their jewelry. it was possible that their main motivation was their natural attachment to their jewelry, as opposed to the pure motivation of refusal to be involved with the sin of the golden calf. however, in vayakhel we see that the women were very willing to donate their jewelry towards the elevated purpose of the building of the mishkan. this retroactively teaches us about the reason that they did not give their jewelry at the golden calf. it was not because of their attachment to gold and silver, because that did not prevent the women from parting with them for the sake of the mishkan. rather, their refusal to give towards the golden calf emanated from leshem shamayim ( pure ) motives - they wanted no part in that terrible sin. ( 2 ) rav avraham pam derives a very important concept from this explanation. it is known in hebrew as ' maasim shel adam mochichim zeh et zeh '. this means that the actions of a person in one area can reveal something about his actions in another area. in this case, the women ' s willingness to part with their jewelry for the mishkan revealed their pure intentions when refusing to do so for the golden calf. we see another example of this concept with regards to one of the names given to the third meal that is eaten on shabbos : shalosh seudas - this literally means,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4727640216780318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c276153f-1255-44ed-84d8-c6b230411b52>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.049963"}
{"text": "pure intentions when refusing to do so for the golden calf. we see another example of this concept with regards to one of the names given to the third meal that is eaten on shabbos : shalosh seudas - this literally means, ' three meals '. this is a very strange name to give the third meal, it would be more appropriate to only use its other name - seudah shelishis. why is this meal also known as ' three meals '? the answer is that the way a person conducts himself at the third meal reflects retroactively on his intentions during the first two shabbat meals. there are two possible reasons as to why a person would eat well at the first two shabbat meals : it could be because of his pure desire to honor the shabbat by eating delicious food, or it could emanate from his hunger and desire to eat well, because both those meals come at a time when a person is normally hungry and ready to eat well. however, the third meal comes quite soon after shabbat lunch, therefore a person ' s natural hunger will not be high. if he refrains from eating at the third meal despite the fact that it is a mitzvah to eat then, he retroactively shows that his main kavannah ( intention ) for the first two meals was to fill his stomach more than honor the shabbat! if, however, he does partake in a delicious meal he demonstrates that his intentions are for the honor of shabbat, for if it were not shabbat he would otherwise eat far less or nothing at all. accordingly, by eating the third meal he retroactively demonstrates his intent for the first two, and at this point it is clear that he ate all three meals with pure intentions. therefore, the third meal merits the name, ' three meals ' because, for one who eats the third meal, it is considered as if he ate all three meals with pure intent. ( 3 ) this concept of ' maasim shel adam mochichim zeh es zeh ' is of great importance because it is a very effective mechanism in judging the consistency of people ' s actions. this idea is brought out by the beis halevi, rabbi yosef dov soloveitchik, ( 4 ) on vayigash. when joseph revealed himself to his brothers he asked them the question ; \" is my father still alive? \" ( 5 ) when the brothers heard this, they were completely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48131167084817833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c276153f-1255-44ed-84d8-c6b230411b52>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.051752"}
{"text": "actions in spending money for his own enjoyment reflects badly on his spending of money for the mitzvah of giving charity. in this vein, the chaftez chaim once berated a wealthy man for giving insufficient funds to charity. the man answered that he did indeed give away a significant amount. the chafetz chaim then worked out the amount of money he gave to charity and compared it to his expenses on his own luxuries. it came out that the man spent more money on his drapery alone than on all the charity that he gave! we have discussed the concept of ' maasim shel adam mochichim zeh et zeh ' and seen its great significance in the process of judgment. the obvious lesson to be derived from this concept, is that it is essential that a person analyze the consistency of his actions. for example, a person who claims that he does not have enough time to learn will have to justify his failure to learn on the day of judgment. if it becomes clear that he did have enough time for many other types of activities then his claim that he did not have enough time to learn will be put in serious jeopardy. his actions in other areas show that in truth it wasn ' t because he did not have enough time to learn rather that it was a very low priority in his list of importance. it would be much less disconcerting if we can make our own self - analysis of such inconsistencies and fix them before the day of judgment. may we all merit to achieve consistency in all our actions. 1. shemot, 35 : 22. 2. rabbeinu bechaye, shemot, 35 : 22. 3. heard from rav yisroel reisman. 4. he was the father of reb chaim soloveitchik, and grandfather of the brisker rav, rav yitzchak zev soloveitchik. 5. bereishit, 45 : 3. 6. bereishit rabbah, 93 : 10.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4816943958550724, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c276153f-1255-44ed-84d8-c6b230411b52>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.055348"}
{"text": "ki tisa ( exodus 30 : 11 - 34 : 35 ) two types of religious encounter framing the epic events of this week ' s torah portion are two objects - the two sets of tablets, the first given before, the second after, the sin of the golden calf. of the first, we read : the tablets were the work of god ; the writing was the writing of god, engraved on the tablets. these were perhaps the holiest object in history : from beginning to end, the work of god. yet within hours they lay shattered, broken by moses when he saw the calf and the israelites dancing around it. the second tablets, brought down by moses on the tenth of tishri, were the result of his prolonged plea to god to forgive the people. this is the historic event that lies behind yom kippur ( tenth of tishri ), the day marked in perpetuity as a time of favour, forgiveness and reconciliation between god and the jewish people. the second tablets were different in one respect. they were not wholly the work of god : carve out two stone tablets like the first ones, and i will write on them the words that were on the first tablets, which you broke. hence the paradox : the first tablets, made by god, did not remain intact. the second tablets, the joint work of god and moses, did. surely the opposite should have been true : the greater the holiness, the more eternal. why was the more holy object broken while the less holy stayed whole? this is not, as it might seem, a question specific to the tablets. it is, in fact, a powerful example of a fundamental principle in jewish spirituality. the jewish mystics distinguished between two types of divine - human encounter. they called them itaruta de - l ' eylah and itaruta deletata, respectively \" an awakening from above \" and \" an awakening from below. \" the first is initiated by god, the second by mankind. an \" awakening from above \" is spectacular, supernatural, an event that bursts through the chains of causality that at other times bind the natural world. an \" awakening from below \" has no such grandeur. it is a gesture that is human, all too human. yet there is another difference between them, in the opposite direction. an \" awakening from above \" may change nature, but it does not, in and of itself, change human nature. in it, no human effort has been expended. those to whom it happens are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49012717810242845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ffaac7e1-e6f5-4e10-bb04-0ea99b4abe7b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.083325"}
{"text": "between them, in the opposite direction. an \" awakening from above \" may change nature, but it does not, in and of itself, change human nature. in it, no human effort has been expended. those to whom it happens are passive. while it lasts, it is overwhelming ; but only while it lasts. thereafter, people revert to what they were. an \" awakening from below \", by contrast, leaves a permanent mark. because human beings have taken the initiative, something in them changes. their horizons of possibility have been expanded. they now know they are capable of great things, and because they did so once, they are aware that they can do so again. an awakening from above temporarily transforms the external world ; an awakening from below permanently transforms our internal world. the first changes the universe ; the second changes us. two examples. the first : before and after the division of the red sea, the israelites were confronted by enemies : before, by the egyptians, after by the amalekites. the difference is total. before the red sea, the israelites were commanded to do nothing : stand still and you will see the deliverance god will bring you today... god will fight for you ; you need only be still. ( 14 : 13 - 14 ). facing the amalekites, however, the israelites themselves had to fight : moses said to joshua, ' choose men and go out and fight the amalekites ( 17 : 9 ). the first was an \" awakening from above \", the second an \" awakening from below. \" the difference was palpable. within three days after the division of the sea, the greatest of all miracles, the israelites began complaining again ( no water, no food ). but after the war against the amalekites, the israelites never again complained when facing conflict ( the sole exception - when the spies returned and the people lost heart - was when they relied on hearsay testimony, not on the immediate prospect of battle itself ). the battles fought for us do not change us ; the battles we fight, do. the second example : mount sinai and the tabernacle. the torah speaks about these two revelations of \" god ' s glory \" in almost identical terms : the glory of god settled on mount sinai. for six days the cloud covered the mountain, and on the seventh day god called to moses from within the cloud. then the cloud covered the tent of meeting, and the glory of god filled the tab", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5333042321280572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ffaac7e1-e6f5-4e10-bb04-0ea99b4abe7b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.085144"}
{"text": ": the glory of god settled on mount sinai. for six days the cloud covered the mountain, and on the seventh day god called to moses from within the cloud. then the cloud covered the tent of meeting, and the glory of god filled the tabernacle. the difference between them was that the sanctity of mount sinai was momentary, while that of the tabernacle was permanent ( at least, until the temple was built, centuries later ). the revelation at sinai was an \" awakening from above \". it was initiated by god. so overwhelming was it that the people said to moses, \" let god not speak to us any more, for if he does, we will die \" ( 20 : 16 ). by contrast, the tabernacle involved human labour. the israelites made it ; they prepared the structured space the divine presence would eventually fill. forty days after the revelation at sinai, the israelites made a golden calf. but after constructing the sanctuary they made no more idols - at least until they entered the land. that is the difference between the things that are done for us and the things we have a share in doing ourselves. the former change us for a moment, the latter for a lifetime. there was one other difference between the first tablets and the second. according to tradition, when moses was given the first tablets, he was given only torah shebikhtav, the \" written torah \". at the time of the second tablets, he was given torah she - be ' al peh, the oral torah as well : \" r. jochanan said : god made a covenant with israel only for the sake of the oral law, as it says : \" for by the mouth of these words i have made a covenant with you and with israel \" ( ex. 34 : 27 ). the difference between the written and oral torah is profound. the first is the word of god, with no human contribution. the second is a partnership - the word of god as interpreted by the mind of man. the following are two of several remarkable passages to this effect : r. judah said in the name of shmuel : three thousand traditional laws were forgotten during the period of mourning for moses. they said to joshua : \" ask \" ( through ruach hakodesh, the holy spirit ). joshua replied, \" it is not in heaven. \" they said to samuel, \" ask. \" he replied, \" these are the commandments - implying that no prophet has the right to introduce anything new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45514076172600193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ffaac7e1-e6f5-4e10-bb04-0ea99b4abe7b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.087464"}
{"text": "labeling and rating systems an interpretation of the library bill of rights libraries do not advocate the ideas found in their collections or in resources accessible through the library. the presence of books and other resources in a library does not indicate endorsement of their contents by the library. likewise, providing access to digital information does not indicate endorsement or approval of that information by the library. labeling and rating systems present distinct challenges to these intellectual freedom principles. labels on library materials may be viewpoint - neutral directional aids designed to save the time of users, or they may be attempts to prejudice or discourage users or restrict their access to materials. when labeling is an attempt to prejudice attitudes, it is a censor \u2019 s tool. the american library association opposes labeling as a means of predisposing people \u2019 s attitudes toward library materials. prejudicial labels are designed to restrict access, based on a value judgment that the content, language, or themes of the material, or the background or views of the creator ( s ) of the material, render it inappropriate or offensive for all or certain groups of users. the prejudicial label is used to warn, discourage, or prohibit users or certain groups of users from accessing the material. such labels sometimes are used to place materials in restricted locations where access depends on staff intervention. viewpoint - neutral directional aids facilitate access by making it easier for users to locate materials. the materials are housed on open shelves and are equally accessible to all users, who may choose to consult or ignore the directional aids at their own discretion. directional aids can have the effect of prejudicial labels when their implementation becomes proscriptive rather than descriptive. when directional aids are used to forbid access or to suggest moral or doctrinal endorsement, the effect is the same as prejudicial labeling. many organizations use rating systems as a means of advising either their members or the general public regarding the organizations \u2019 opinions of the contents and suitability or appropriate age for use of certain books, films, recordings, web sites, games, or other materials. the adoption, enforcement, or endorsement of any of these rating systems by a library violates the library bill of rights. when requested, librarians should provide information about rating systems equitably, regardless of viewpoint. adopting such systems into law or library policy may be unconstitutional. if labeling or rating systems are mandated by law, the library should seek legal advice regarding the law \u2019 s applicability to library operations. libraries sometimes acquire resources that include ratings as part of their packaging. librarians should not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5049928283197738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3de72b0-832d-4aeb-99cb-c1673757c4ba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.095605"}
{"text": "although tunisia has enacted several laws pertaining to environmental protection, enforcement of environmental legislation has not been consistent until recently, due both to the lack of staff and resources. in addition, the legal instruments available in the past were not highly effective. the creation of the national environmental protection agency ( anpe ) in 1988, however, led to the development of a national action plan for the environment ( nape ), which attempts to draw together existing environmental legislation and programs and to provide a strategy for natural resource conservation, pollution control and land - use management. to that end, article 8 of air pollution and noise emissions law no. 88 - 91 dictates that any industrial, agricultural or commercial establishment as well as any individual or corporate entity carrying out activity that may cause pollution to the environment, is obliged to eliminate or to reduce discharges and, eventually, to recycle rejected matter. the anpe may initiate legal proceedings against violators or reach a compromise with the polluting entity. legislation pertaining to environmental protection includes the wildlife protection law no. 88 - 20 ; the water pollution law no. 75 - 16 ; and the marine pollution law no. 75 - 16. in addition, tunisia is a member of iso. in june, 1997, the technical committee for the elaboration of standards adopted the iso 14, 000 series relating to industrial atmospheric emission standards. tunisia has entered into several international conventions and agreements dealing with environmental problems and aspects, including : - convention of the prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of bacteriological ( biological ) and toxin weapons, and on their destruction ; - convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ; - convention for the protection of the mediterranean sea against pollution ; - treaty banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water ; and - international convention relating to intervention on the high seas in cases of oil pollution casualties.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4592477916180805, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b04843c9-6308-433a-bdc5-92d013b18251>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.099382"}
{"text": "the word \u201c hermeneutic \u201d is often used to refer to a method or style of interpretation commonly associated with the interpretation of scripture. no doubt there are any number of hermeneutical methods a person can use when approaching scripture : hermeneutic of rationalism, historical critical method, hermeneutic of trust, etc. any person can, regardless of personal belief, approach scripture using any hermeneutic they see fit to use. however, not ever hermeneutic is equal and not ever hermeneutic is useful in fostering spiritual growth and developing a deeper relationship with christ. the catholic church has never accepted many of the modern critical methods and hermeneutics used in biblical interpretation and biblical criticism in their totality ; she has found them time and time again useful but inadequate in being able to give a complete interpretation of scripture, for it is that each has their own pitfalls and stumbling blocks, which more often results in an emptying of meaning from scripture than in a richer understanding of scripture. many of these modern critical methods fall under what scholars have named a hermeneutic of suspicion. in short, a hermeneutic of suspicion operates from the mindset that scripture cannot be trusted in its current form. that the modern mind cannot and does not have access to the meaning of scripture without first running it through certain textual and analytical filters. a hermeneutic of suspicion encourages the reader to suspect the credibility of scripture and those who interpret scripture operating from a different hermeneutic. a hermeneutic of suspicion stands contrary to what dei verbum, the document from vatican ii on divine revelation, states : \u201c holy mother church has firmly and with absolute constancy held, and continues to hold, that the four gospels just named, whose historical character the church unhesitatingly asserts, faithfully hand on what jesus christ, while living among men, really did and taught for their eternal salvation... the sacred authors wrote the four gospels... told us the honest truth about jesus. for their intention in writing was that either from their own memory and recollections, or from the witness of those who \u201c themselves from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word \u201d we might know \u201c the truth \u201d concerning those matters about which we have been instructed ( \u00a7 19 ). \" the vatican ii document even stands in union with pope benedict \u2019 s xvi \u2019 s utterance of \u201c i trust the gospels \u201d in his recent book jesus of nazareth ( xx", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5048018301581648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:48facb47-35fd-4338-b41e-73286edd94f3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.116981"}
{"text": "\u201d concerning those matters about which we have been instructed ( \u00a7 19 ). \" the vatican ii document even stands in union with pope benedict \u2019 s xvi \u2019 s utterance of \u201c i trust the gospels \u201d in his recent book jesus of nazareth ( xxi ). in other words, both vatican ii and pope benedict xvi are promoting and encouraging faithful readers of scripture to approach the text first with a hermeneutic of trust. something the church has always encouraged, as it states in psalm 4 to \" put your trust in the lord \" ( rsvce ). further, it often benefits the believer to first believe and trust scripture so that later the believer might understand what it is he or she believes. saint augustine said it best when he preached in a sermon : \u201c i believe, in order to understand ; and i understand, the better to believe \u201d ( ccc 158 ). in the early church, biblical interpretation was done differently than how it is done in most present day critical settings. it is not that the early church was uncritical in their approach to scripture, it was that the early church was critical about scripture in a different manner than most modern critical methods. the ancient method included and exemplified a hermeneutic of trust, and interpretation was done according to the rule of faith ( the creed ). the historical critical method and other hermeneutics of suspicion do not acknowledge the rule of faith when interpreting scripture. the early church sought christ in scripture and were less concerned with authorship of the gospels, the dates the texts were written and under what political hermeneutic the gospel writers wrote, because the early church trusted the texts and those who vouched for the authenticity of those texts. unfortunately, the hermeneutic of suspicion is a method firmly entrenched in the minds of many scholars, students, church goers and the american public mind. it is a methodology taught and widely used in universities of both secular and religious natures, high school, and in bible studies of nearly ever denomination. priests and deacons even preach the hermeneutic of suspicion from the pulpit at sunday mass. to the unbeliever, a hermeneutic of trust is an unacceptable mode of operation towards scripture. but what about the believer? what happens to a believer who uses solely a hermeneutic of suspicion when reading scripture? how do you engage a believing catholic in dialogue who approaches scripture with a hermeneutic of suspicion? what do we do with these suspicious believers? there are three basic approaches", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47959251927961916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:48facb47-35fd-4338-b41e-73286edd94f3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.121502"}
{"text": "believer who uses solely a hermeneutic of suspicion when reading scripture? how do you engage a believing catholic in dialogue who approaches scripture with a hermeneutic of suspicion? what do we do with these suspicious believers? there are three basic approaches in speaking with a believing catholic who operates from a hermeneutic of suspicion. the first approach is direct and can be summed up in saying \u201c because the church says so. \u201d the other two approaches are geared more at demonstrating that the believing catholic who approaches scripture with suspicion often approaches scripture with faulty logic. the first approach \u201c because the church says so. \u201d is and should be a sufficient reason as to why a catholic should approach scripture with trust. though it is a sufficient reason it is not an adequate answer for the suspicious believer, and this approach is often best saved for a person who is trying to follow the church \u2019 s teachings to the letter, but those people usually already trust scripture and the church. too often a person who is already suspicious of scripture will stop listening if they encounter the \u2018 because the church says so \u201d answer because by virtue of not trusting scripture this leads the suspicious believer to an inability to trust the party, namely the church, who vouches for the accuracy of scripture. in other words, to not trust scripture is to not trust the church and is akin to saying that the church herself is untruthful and untrustworthy. this second approach aims at showing the suspicious believer that believing in christ, his church, and approaching scripture with suspicion does not follow logically if a person is trying to grow in holiness. one of the goals of every believer is to grow closer to christ. some saints would even say the christian is to have the same mind as christ. undoubtedly the suspicious believer will agree that the christian is supposed to grow closer to god and christ. they will also normally agree that scripture is a good means to grow closer in their relationship with christ. this is where their logic begins to falter. one can begin by asking \u201c what kind of relationship can you have with another person if you are always and already suspicious of the other person? \u201d i have never met anyone who, when asked this question, has replied, \u201c strong and healthy \u201d to the kind of relationship that can be had when entered into with suspicion. this is because a strong and healthy relationship cannot be built upon suspicion. the relationship nurtured on suspicion is a relationship that is strained, tense, stressed and worrisome. it is like the wife who perpetually believes her", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46209047381072255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:48facb47-35fd-4338-b41e-73286edd94f3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.124667"}
{"text": "into with suspicion. this is because a strong and healthy relationship cannot be built upon suspicion. the relationship nurtured on suspicion is a relationship that is strained, tense, stressed and worrisome. it is like the wife who perpetually believes her husband is having an affair and is in bed with everyone except herself. to live in a relationship built upon suspicion is unhealthy in many areas of a person \u2019 s life and will likely end in a separation of the two parties because suspicion does not foster the growth of a close relationship. as it is, scripture reiterates the point that it is necessary to trust god and that to not trust god, his word and those who speak on his behalf results in disaster : e. g. \" because you did not trust in me, to show my holiness before the eyes of the israelites, therefore you shall not bring this assembly into the land that i have given them \" ( rsvce, num. 20 : 21 ) the third approach also explores how the logic of the suspicious believer is fickle. no doubt, the suspicious believer will also normally agree that every believer can grow closer to god and christ by conversing with scripture. here their logic falters again. like with relationships, the question arises, \u201c what kind of conversation can a person enter into with another person when one is already suspicious of the other person and one is suspect of the conversation that will follow before the conversation even begins? \u201d i asked this very question to a group of graduate students in theology, and it was unanimous ; they all agreed that to enter into a conversation with suspicion is to have a conversation that is hindered, hard going, awkward, embarrassing, and sometimes the whole conversation is dismissed. the students even shared personal stories of calls home and parents suspecting that their child was calling only to ask for money and how the suspicion of the parent not only hindered the conversation but also resulted in the child feeling insulted and betrayed because their parents did not trust them. when asked how a person should enter into a conversation, the students did not hesitate to chime in : \u201c open minded \u201d \u201c non - judgmental \u201d, and \u201c tolerant of their views \u201d, were just a few of their responses. yet, when i applied the same question to scripture : \u201c what kind of conversation can we have with scripture if we enter into that conversation already suspicious of that conversation we are about to have? \u201d some of the students held that the bible was exempt from the above approach. as it was,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.497361479266361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:48facb47-35fd-4338-b41e-73286edd94f3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.126979"}
{"text": "to scripture : \u201c what kind of conversation can we have with scripture if we enter into that conversation already suspicious of that conversation we are about to have? \u201d some of the students held that the bible was exempt from the above approach. as it was, many of these students had scripture professors who approached scripture with suspicion and had passed on that suspicion to their students. so it was no surprise that the rules changed when applied to scripture. this was a problem. for by being unable to converse freely, fully, and openly with scripture and being only able to approach scripture with suspicion turns scripture into a kind of supermarket tabloid fit with aliens, biblical doomsday prophecy, and bigfoot \u2019 s baby. scripture becomes a book of hearsay akin to hearing a story from a friend who heard it from a friend who knows a fellow who says it \u2019 s true. further by conversing suspiciously with scripture, scripture resembles a fisherman \u2019 s story about the \u2018 big one \u2019 that got away. where on the fisher \u2019 s first telling, the fish is a reasonable size about \u2018 ye big \u2019 as he would demonstrate with his hands spread apart. while on the fisher \u2019 s last telling of the story, the fisher, equipped only with a rod and reel in a 8 - foot skiff, with his wits alone to protect him, fights moby dick himself long through the night and into the wee hours of the morning until the fish finally tires and surfaces next to the vessel in time only for the fisher \u2019 s line or pole to break before a net sizable enough can be reached, and all the while his camera, on the other side of the boat, cannot be reached in time to document the story that is, only after exaggeration and misinformation have been stripped away can the real meaning be determined. this is a take on scripture highly contrary from the recommendations of vatican ii, the holy father and is different from how the saints conversed with scripture. finally, to approach scripture with suspicion is to, by default, approach other parts of the doctrines of faith with the same suspicion, for much of catholic theology is derived from scripture. as mentioned earlier, to operate from a hermeneutic of suspicion is to be suspicious of not only scripture but also the church who vouches for it. furthermore to not trust scripture means that one does not trust the inspiration or the person whom inspired the holy texts : the holy spirit. we know that wherever one person of the trinity is present so are the other two and every act of god is always tri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5038575633811246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:48facb47-35fd-4338-b41e-73286edd94f3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.128782"}
{"text": "science fair project encyclopedia cryonics is the practice of preserving organisms, or at least their brains, for possible future revival by storing them at cryogenic temperatures where metabolism and decay are almost completely stopped. an organism held in such a state ( either frozen or vitrified ) is said to be cryopreserved. barring social disruptions, cryonicists believe that a perfectly vitrified person can be expected to remain physically viable for at least 30, 000 years, after which time cosmic ray damage is thought to be irreparable. many scientists in the field, most notably ralph merkle and brian wowk, hold that molecular nanotechnology has the potential to extend even this limit many times over. to its detractors, the justification for cryonics is unclear, given the primitive state of preservation technology. advocates counter that even a slim chance of revival is better than no chance. in the future, they speculate, not only will conventional health services be improved, but they will also quite likely have expanded even to the conquering of old age itself ( see links at the bottom ). therefore, if one could preserve one ' s body ( or at least the contents of one ' s mind ) for, say, another hundred years, one might well be resuscitated and live indefinitely long. but critics of the field contend that, while an interesting technical idea, cryonics is currently little more than a pipedream, that current \" patients \" will never be successfully revived, and that decades of research, at least, must occur before cryonics is to be a legitimate field with any hope of success. probably the most famous cryopreserved patient is ted williams. the popular urban legend that walt disney was cryopreserved is false ; he was cremated, and interred at forest lawn memorial park cemetery. robert heinlein, who wrote enthusiastically of the concept, was cremated and his ashes distributed over the pacific ocean. timothy leary was a long - time cryonics advocate, and signed up with a major cryonics provider. he changed his mind, however, shortly before his death, and so was not cryopreserved. obstacles to success damage from ice formation cryonics has traditionally been dismissed by mainstream cryobiology, of which it is arguably a part. the reason generally given for this dismissal is that the freezing process creates ice crystals, which damage cells and cellular structures \u2014 a condition sometimes called \" whole body freezer burn \" \u2014 so as to render any future repair impossible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5661763089331618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:808b609d-c9b2-4043-aeea-548f59273c25>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.150289"}
{"text": "which it is arguably a part. the reason generally given for this dismissal is that the freezing process creates ice crystals, which damage cells and cellular structures \u2014 a condition sometimes called \" whole body freezer burn \" \u2014 so as to render any future repair impossible. cryonicists have long argued, however, that the extent of this damage was greatly exaggerated by the critics, presuming that some reasonable attempt is made to perfuse the body with cryoprotectant chemicals ( traditionally glycerol ) that inhibit ice crystal formation. according to cryonicists, however, the freezer burn objection became moot around the turn of the millennium, when cryobiologists greg fahy and brian wowk, of twenty - first century medicine developed major improvements in cryopreservation technology, including new cryoprotectants and new cryoprotectant solutions, that greatly improved the feasibility of eliminating ice crystal formation entirely, allowing vitrification ( preservation in a glassy rather than frozen state ). in a glass, the molecules do not rearrange themselves into grainy ice crystals as the solution cools, but instead become locked together while still randomly arranged as in a fluid, forming a \" solid liquid \" as the temperature falls below the glass transition temperature. alcor life extension foundation, the world ' s largest cryonics provider, has since been using these cryoprotectants, along with a new, faster cooling method, to vitrify whole human brains. they continue to use the less effective glycerol - based freezing for patients who opt to have their whole bodies preserved, since vitrification of an entire body is beyond current technical capabilities. the only other full - service cryonics provider in the world, the cryonics institute, is currently testing its own vitrification solution. current solutions being used for vitrification are stable enough to avoid crystallization even when a vitrified brain is warmed up. this has recently allowed brains to be vitrified, warmed back up, and examined for ice damage using light and electron microscopy. no ice crystal damage was found. however, if the circulation of the brain is compromised, protective chemicals may not be able to reach all parts of the brain, and freezing may occur either during cooling or during warming. cryonicists argue, however, that injury caused during cooling can be repaired before the vitrified brain is warmed back up, and that damage during rewarming can be prevented by adding more cryoprotectant in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5580263743984724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:808b609d-c9b2-4043-aeea-548f59273c25>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.153016"}
{"text": "cooling or during warming. cryonicists argue, however, that injury caused during cooling can be repaired before the vitrified brain is warmed back up, and that damage during rewarming can be prevented by adding more cryoprotectant in the solid state, or by improving rewarming methods. some critics have speculated that because a cryonics patient has been declared legally dead, their organs are dead, and thus unable to allow cryoprotectants to reach the majority of cells. cryonicists respond that it has been empirically demonstrated that, so long as the cryopreservation process begins immediately after legal death is declared, the individual organs ( and perhaps even the patient as a whole ) remain biologically alive, and vitrification ( particularly of the brain ) is quite feasible. critics have often quipped that it is easier to revive a corpse than a cryonically frozen body. many cryonicists might actually agree with this, provided that the \" corpse \" were fresh, but they would argue that such a \" corpse \" may actually be biologically alive, under optimal conditions. a declaration of legal death does not mean that life has suddenly ended \u2014 death is a gradual process, not a sudden event. rather, legal death is a declaration by medical personnel that there is nothing more they can do to save the patient. but if the body is clearly biologically dead, having been sitting at room temperature for a period of time, or having been traditionally embalmed, then cryonicists would hold that such a body is far less revivable than a cryonically preserved patient, since any process of resuscitation will depend on the quality of the structural and molecular preservation of the brain, which is largely destroyed by ischemic damage ( from lack of blood flow ) within minutes or hours of cardiac arrest, if the body is left to sit at room temperature. traditional embalming also largely destroys this crucial neurological structure. cryonicists would also point out that the definitions of \" death \" and \" corpse \" currently in use may change with future medical advances, just as they have changed in the past, and so they generally reject the idea that they are trying to \" raise the dead \", viewing their procedures instead as highly experimental medical procedures, whose efficacy is yet to be either demonstrated or refuted. some also suggest that if technology is developed that allows mind transfer, revival of the frozen brain might not even be required ; the mind of the patient could instead be \" uploaded \" into an entirely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5670470379156386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:808b609d-c9b2-4043-aeea-548f59273c25>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.155147"}
{"text": "whose efficacy is yet to be either demonstrated or refuted. some also suggest that if technology is developed that allows mind transfer, revival of the frozen brain might not even be required ; the mind of the patient could instead be \" uploaded \" into an entirely new substrate. the biggest drawback to current vitrification practice is a costs issue. because the only really cost - effective means of storing a cryopreserved person is in liquid nitrogen, possibly large - scale fracturing of the brain occurs, a result of cooling to \u2212196\u00b0c, the temperature of liquid nitrogen. fracture - free vitrification would require inexpensive storage at a temperature significantly below the glass transition temperature of about \u2212125\u00b0c, but high enough to avoid fracturing ( \u2212150\u00b0c is about right ). alcor is currently developing such a storage system. alcor believes, however, that even before such a storage system is developed, the current vitrification method is far superior to traditional glycerol - based freezing, since the fractures are very clean breaks that occur even with traditional glycerol cryoprotection, and the loss of neurological structure is still less than that caused by ice formation, by orders of magnitude. while cryopreservation arrangements can be expensive ( currently ranging from $ 28, 000 to $ 150, 000 ), most cryonicists pay for it with life insurance. the elderly, and others who may be uninsurable for health reasons, will often pay for the procedure through their estate. others simply invest their money over a period of years, accepting the risk that they might die in the meantime. all in all, cryonics is actually quite affordable for the vast majority of those in the industrialized world who really want it, especially if they make arrangements while still young. even assuming perfect cryopreservation techniques, many cryonicists would still regard eventual revival as a long shot. in addition to the many technical hurdles that remain, the likelihood of obtaining a good cryopreservation is not very high because of logistical problems. the likelihood of the continuity of cryonics organizations as businesses, and the threat of legislative interference in the practice, don ' t help the odds either. most cryonicists, therefore, regard their cryopreservation arrangements as a kind of medical insurance \u2014 not certain to keep them alive, but better than no chance at all and still a rational gamble to take. brain vs. whole - body cryopreservation during the 1980s,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5654683619447742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:808b609d-c9b2-4043-aeea-548f59273c25>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.157457"}
{"text": "cryopreservation arrangements as a kind of medical insurance \u2014 not certain to keep them alive, but better than no chance at all and still a rational gamble to take. brain vs. whole - body cryopreservation during the 1980s, the problems associated with crystallization were becoming better appreciated, and the emphasis shifted from whole body to brain - only or \" neuropreservation \", on the assumption that the rest of the body could be regrown, perhaps by cloning of the person ' s dna or by using embryonic stem cell technology. the main goal now seems to be to preserve the information contained in the structure of the brain, on which memory and personal identity depends. available scientific and medical evidence suggests that the mechanical structure of the brain is wholly responsible for personal identity and memories ( for instance, spinal cord injury victims, organ transplant patients, and amputees appear to retain their personal identity and memories ). damage caused by freezing and fracturing is thought to be potentially repairable in the future, using nanotechnology, which will enable the manipulation of matter at the molecular level. to critics, this appears a kind of futuristic deus ex machina, but while the engineering details remain speculative, the rapidity of scientific advances over the past century, and more recently in the field of nanotechnology itself, suggest to some that there may be no insurmountable problems. and the cryopreserved patient can wait a long time. with the advent of vitrification, the importance of nanotechnology to the cryonics movement may begin to decrease. some critics, and even some cryonicists, question this emphasis on the brain, arguing that during neuropreservation some information about the body ' s phenotype will be lost and the new body may feel \" unwanted \", and that in case of brain damage the body may serve as a crude backup, helping restore indirectly some of the memories. partly for this reason, the cryonics institute preserves only whole bodies. some proponents of neuropreservation agree with these concerns, but still feel that lower costs and better brain preservation justify preserving only the brain. historically, cryonics began in 1962 with the publication of the prospect of immortality by robert ettinger. in the 1970s, the damage caused by crystallization was not well understood. two early organizations went bankrupt, allowing their patients to thaw out, bringing the matter to the public eye, at which point the problem with cellular damage became more well known and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5537133062083075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:808b609d-c9b2-4043-aeea-548f59273c25>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.160243"}
{"text": "science fair project encyclopedia trier ( french : treves ), is germany ' s oldest city. it is situated on the western bank of the moselle river in a valley between low vine - covered hills of ruddy sandstone. it is located in the state of rhineland - palatinate near the german border with luxembourg. trier had around 100, 000 inhabitants at the end of 2002. there is also an important wine - growing - region nearby : mosel - saar - ruwer. the romans under julius caesar subdued the celtic treverans in 58 to 50 bc. when the roman provinces in germany were reorganised in 16 bc, augustus decided that trier, then called augusta treverorum, should become the regional capital. from 259 to 274 trier was the capital of the break away gallic empire. later for a few years ( 383 - 388 ) it was the capital of magnus maximus, who ruled most of the western empire. sacked by attila in 451, it passed to the franks in 463, to lorraine in 843, to germany in 870, and back to lorraine in 895, and was finally united to germany by the emperor henry i. the archbishop of trier was, as chancellor of burgundy, one of the electors of the empire, a right which originated in the 12th or 13th century, and which continued till the french revolution. the last elector removed to koblenz in 1786 ; and treves was the capital of the french department of sarre from 1794 till 1814, after which time it belonged to prussia. the city is well known for its well - preserved roman buildings, among them the porta nigra, the best preserved roman city gate north of the alps, a complete amphitheatre, ruins of several roman baths, and the huge basilica, a basilica in the original roman sense, being the 67m - length throne hall of roman emperor constantine ; it is today used as a protestant church. trier is the oldest seat of a christian bishop in germany. in the middle ages, the archbishop of trier was an important ecclesiastical prince, controlling land from the french border to the rhine. he was also one of the seven electors of the holy roman empire. the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44894348211959195, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70ae6338-65ea-4c96-b633-8e96a8846182>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.163366"}
{"text": "boson or bogus, billion - dollar bull? by hank mills salt lake city, utah july 9, 2012 salt lake city, utah - - the universe is a mysterious place, and we understand very little about how it works. sadly, the challenges our civilization faces such as war, poverty, pollution, economic turmoil, and \" black swan \" events may not allow humanity to exist long enough to figure it out before our species goes extinct. if we are to learn how the universe works, breakthrough technologies like cold fusion ( lenr ) need to be pursued, instead of multibillion dollar projects such as the search for the higgs boson that will have very few real - world applications in the short - to - medium term. what humanity needs at this moment are working technologies that can allow us to overcome the issues that threaten our civilization. the cold fusion - based energy catalyzer, known colloquially as the e - cat, is just such a technology because it could allow for almost unlimited energy production utilizing only tiny amounts of cheap, non - polluting fuel. the home version of the e - cat is expected to be available commercially in the next six months at a cost $ 600 or less. the energy catalyzer has cost andrea rossi, a successful and colorful italian engineer, virtually everything he has - perhap smore than $ 1 million dollars in all. by contrast, it took $ 9 billion and 30 years of work and 9, 000 scientists to build the large hadron accelerator in geneva that they say \" may have \" discovered the so - called \" god particle, \" the theoretical construct known as the higgs boson. the united states contributed $ 531 million of that, and it uses enough power for 120, 000 homes or the entire canton of geneva, switzerland. it costs the united kingdom enough to buy a beer for everyone in the country. with cold fusion technology, funded by less than $ 100 millioon, humanity could gain a tool that could allow for large - scale desalinization of water and the resulting transformation of deserts into productive farmland, along with a massive reduction in the co2 pollution that fuels global warming. the e - cat utilizes tiny amounts of nickel powder, hydrogen gas, and undisclosed ( for proprietary reasons ) catalysts to produce nuclear reactions, with the result being a massive release of energy in the form of heat. in every way, this technology matches what i had hoped for throughout my childhood and later on in my life : in addition, the millions of jobs created around the world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6128521178141552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:49e65512-cd36-482c-a80e-a39c0a4b14ac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.174331"}
{"text": "reactions, with the result being a massive release of energy in the form of heat. in every way, this technology matches what i had hoped for throughout my childhood and later on in my life : in addition, the millions of jobs created around the world by a cold - fusion revolution would galvanize the global economy and end the current global recession - and do it all safely, without fukushima - like events. to be blunt, cold - fusion technology holds the potential to transform our world from a planet of poverty, war and self - destruction into a place of enlightened prosperity. on the other hand, the existence of the higgs boson offers no near - term benefits to humanity. it may give us a bit more knowledge about the universe, but no one claims that even one single technology that could be immediately developed using this knowledge. if the existence of the higgs boson could yield a warp drive, free - energy device, gravity - modifying device, or other breakthrough in a reasonable period of time, perhaps the billions of dollars spent would be worth it. but the truth is that just like hot fusion research, the search for the higgs boson is a boondoggle. due to the lack of any near - term benefits, the funds could be better spent elsewhere. if a fraction of the money spent on the search for the higgs boson had been put into cold fusion research 20 years ago, there would be no energy crisis today. instead, cold fusion devices that could produce kilowatts of power and very high temperatures - like the e - cat - would have been quickly developed and commercialized. instead of putting money into practical technologies that could benefit all mankind in the near term, the career scientists naysayed exotic technologies like cold fusion, and lobbied for billions of dollars in additional funding for giant hot fusion reactors and particle colliders. all these years later, we have seen little or no return on the investment in the form of technological advancement. we are still stuck with rockets for propulsion and burning fossil fuels for energy. literally, we are still in a technological dark age when it comes to the most fundamental of technologies - energy and propulsion. ( if you don ' t count the \" black, \" off - budget projects that use taxpayer money with no taxpayer benefit, and actually have the agenda of making us all slaves. ) i do not want to call the search for the higgs field or the higgs boson totally meaningless. however, i think nicola tesla ' s work ( although still ignored by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6280921793611445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:49e65512-cd36-482c-a80e-a39c0a4b14ac>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.176151"}
{"text": "benefit, and actually have the agenda of making us all slaves. ) i do not want to call the search for the higgs field or the higgs boson totally meaningless. however, i think nicola tesla ' s work ( although still ignored by the mainstream ) into the nature of the ether is much more meaningful. he worked for years to find ways of harnessing the ether to allow for practical applications. some of these applications, such as wireless power transfer and superluminal communication via longitudinal waves in the ether, and his black box that provided electrical power ( from the ether ) to run an electrical vehicle - have been replicated. others have not yet been replicated, so far as we know. but if a fraction of the billions of dollars spent on hot fusion and the search for the higgs boson were utilized to fund inventors with the open - mindedness of tesla, knowledge of how the universe works would be opened up to us very quickly. my personal belief is that all the most important breakthroughs and discoveries will come from projects that can be performed in an ordinary lab, with a modest amount of funding. i think expensive multibillion - dollar projects that require monstrous reactors and miles - long particle accelerators belong in the future - if ever - after we have solved the more immediate issues facing our civilization. once our civilization is stabilized and poverty is a thing of the past, after we stop fighting wars over oil and the destruction of our environment has been reduced, then it may be time for larger - scale projects. of course, by that time, the smaller - scale projects may have figured almost everything out that the monolithic projects were designed to explore. by then, the commercialization of cold fusion, free energy, gravity modification, faster - than - light drives and other technologies may have provided us with a more complete knowledge of how the universe works. i think the e - cat is a key example of a technology that was developed on a modest budget that will provide both solutions to the challenges our civilization faces and a huge wealth of information about how our universe works. in fact, cold fusion may end up telling us more about how our universe works than the existence of the higgs boson. in my opinion, once the world recognizes that cold fusion is a reality, it will turn the discovery of the higgs boson into a footnote in history. also, it will expose how a field of study in which researchers are often forced to work on shoestring budgets can yield greater benefits for humanity than research that receives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5998732169029086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:49e65512-cd36-482c-a80e-a39c0a4b14ac>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.178167"}
{"text": "- historic sites is our civic life really in decline? voter turnout may be down in recent years, but the involvement of the common citizen has grown to far surpass anything the founding fathers ever dreamed of october 1999 | volume 50, issue 6 today we are at the tail end of the long progressive era. we know it has got us less than we hoped, but we don \u2019 t know how to picture a mode of citizenship that might give us more. not that it is at all the whole story of citizenship in this century. citizenship has changed again in the past fifty years, as the civil rights movement and the \u201c rights revolution \u201d broadly added the courtroom to the voting booth as a locus for civic participation. social movements and political organizations that in the past could hope for change only through legislative action have found that the judicial system can offer a powerful alternative route to their goals. the civil rights movement opened the door to a widening web of constitutionally guaranteed citizen rights and state and federal laws that expanded citizens \u2019 entitlements and the reach of due process. this affected not only the civil and political rights of african - americans but the rights of women and of the poor and, increasingly, of minority groups of all sorts. a new notion of citizenship has thus overflowed the banks of electoral activity, opening a new channel in the courts and streaming on across the terrain of everyday life into schools, workplaces, and homes. the acts and avenues of citizenship today are a world away from anything jefferson and washington lived with or conceived of. today we are left with the legacy of each of the past eras of citizenship. our inheritance of the politics of assent, the politics of partisanship and loyalty, the politics of the informed citizen, and the politics of rights, together, in all their variety, gives us our historical resource for forging a new model of citizenship for the new century.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43860848491923127, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5d4a696-3da0-4b25-84e2-30166bbd6927>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.180918"}
{"text": "since we are constantly searching for new ways to help study abroad students learn languages before, during, and after their trips, we were delighted to find a new, extremely portable way to do so. not only is playsay handy and portable, it is available in japanese and chinese as well as spanish! the system consists of audio image flashcards that are available in audio files to learn each word pair in either language direction. you can put these on your ipod or cell phone to easily review vocabulary anywhere you happen to be. a really cool aspect of the playsay program is what is offered : - chinese offers preparation for the hsk ( hanyu shuiping kaoshi ) levels 1 - 4, as well as the integrated chinese textbooks, and the new practical chinese reader series. while studying chinese recently, my class used the integrated chinese textbooks and i painstakingly made hundreds of flashcards by hand \u2026 i wish i had known about playsay! - for japanese, you can get vocabulary for the japanese language proficiency test ( jlpt ), grammar dictionaries, common phrase books, and several others such as japanese for busy people. - for spanish learners, flashcards are available for learning and practicing verbs, as well as vocabulary and textbooks too. since the flashcards are available through instant download, you can get started right away. we found playsay to be an easy to use, highly effective way to practice, learn, and retain relevant vocabulary for japanese, chinese, and spanish.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4614936714233447, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bfb77dff-c4f7-4f42-9fe4-662e4427b8b5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.185172"}
{"text": "use project - based learning to meet the national educational technology standardsposted by andrew k. miller on apr 26, 2012 in blog, edutopia | 0 comments this post originally appeared on edutopia, a site created by the george lucas educational foundation, dedicated to improving the k - 12 learning process by using digital media to document, disseminate, and advocate for innovative, replicable strategies that prepare students. view original > the iste nets ( national educational technology standards ) are more than just simple content standards and learning objectives. if examined closely, they truly can foster an educational shift to engaging, relevant, technology - rich learning. in terms of project - based learning ( pbl ), the iste nets, not only align, but can truly support a pbl environment. after my own examination, i felt we must have a # pblchat on the subject. weeks ago, this was our topic. feel free review the storify archive of the whole chat to get more ideas. here are some of my ideas and take - aways as well as inspirations from others on how some the iste student nets can support pbl. we will focus on five of the student nets this time, but keep in mind there are more, as well as the nets for teachers, administrators and coaches! student net # 1 : creativity and innovation students demonstrate creative thinking, construct knowledge, and develop innovative products and processes using technology. okay, i \u2019 m going to be a bit crass with this description. pbl requires that students create something new, innovate with content, and develop products that show this deeper learning. students do not gorge on content and then throw it up in a pretty new genre or technology tool. this net can help teachers ensure that they \u2019 re asking for products that require innovation of the content and not regurgitation. through an innovative project idea and driving question, your students are not only learning content, but creating something new with it. student net # 2 : communication and collaboration students use digital media and environments to communicate and work collaboratively, sometimes at a distance, to support individual learning and contribute to the learning of others. two of the key 21st century skills in pbl are communication and collaboration. pbl projects balance the learning not only of content, but also 21st century skills that are transferable across disciplines and into life after k - 12 schooling. through this standard, students can communicate and collaborate, both in person with their teams and across the globe, giving an opportunity for global education", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48801831230706466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0e0efe4-24a3-49df-9de4-cbc50e60561e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.189455"}
{"text": "of content, but also 21st century skills that are transferable across disciplines and into life after k - 12 schooling. through this standard, students can communicate and collaborate, both in person with their teams and across the globe, giving an opportunity for global education. using the right tools for the authentic purposes of collaboration and communication, students can engage in innovative pbl projects. student net # 3 : research and information fluency students apply digital tools to gather, evaluate and use information. when we unpack this standard, one of the key words here is \u201c inquiry. \u201d students are not simply doing research. pbl projects require students to engage in in - depth inquiry on a specific topic through posing questions, researching and interpreting data, and reporting it. however, as students move through this cycle of inquiry, they may find incomplete data, require further information or make mistakes. this net lets students know that revision and reflection are critical to the inquiry process. in addition, it leverages higher - order thinking skills like synthesis and evaluation, which can ensure that pbl projects are stimulating deep learning. student net # 4 : critical thinking, problem solving, and decision making students use critical thinking skills to plan and conduct research, manage projects, solve problems and make informed decisions using appropriate digital tools and resources. pbl projects must engage students in critically thinking around content, and they often have students attempt to solve a problem. in addition, this standard really pushes for student - centered learning. it is on the students to manage themselves, make decisions and more. the teacher \u2019 s role is more of guide on the side, with \u201c just in time \u201d moments of instruction to help students with critical thinking and problem solving. pbl projects also leverage the 21st century skill of critical thinking and problem solving through assessment. student net # 5 : digital citizenship students understand human, cultural and societal issues related to technology, and practice legal and ethical behavior. as students engage in technology - rich projects, it is important to model and practice digital citizenship. explicit instruction, lessons and activities must take place to ensure that students are creating good \u201c digital footprints. \u201d in addition, this is a great theme inspiration for a pbl project. from a technology class to a language arts class, you can have students make recommendations about digital policy or teach other members of the school community and beyond how to be good digital citizens. as you build your pbl projects, consider how the iste nets can support your work. the nets will not only help to hone and refine a pbl project, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5252984087103891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0e0efe4-24a3-49df-9de4-cbc50e60561e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.190510"}
{"text": "anh exclusive! official eu data indicate lightning more likely to kill than herbs or vitamins save the pictures within this news item to your computer so that you can spread them yourself via twitter, facebook and other social media networks. following anh - intl \u2019 s release last month of uk data on some key causes of death, we \u2019 re now in a position to release data sourced from across europe. these data, drawn from official european union ( eu ) sources, reveals once more that natural health products are among the safest things we put into our bodies \u2013 confirming the uk data. the new figures show that eu hospitals are not only hundreds of thousands of times more likely to cause death than natural health products \u2013 they are twice as deadly as either cancer or smoking. so why are natural products under threat for \u2018 posing a risk to public safety \u2019? casting the net wider just a few short weeks ago, we brought you exclusive data proving what natural health advocates have said all along : that products associated with natural forms of health management are among the safest substances that human beings put into their bodies. compelling as they were, however, those data were for the uk only. now we cast the net wider and bring you a comparable analysis using eu - wide data. and the new information paints a picture that is just as stark. figure 1. eu relative risks of death bubble chart ( click on image to open as a pdf, or save to your computer ) figure 2. eu relative risks of death bar graph ( click on image to open as a pdf, or save to your computer ) exactly as with the uk data, the eu figures display the relative risks of death to an individual for a range of activities. a larger bubble on the bubble chart ( figure 1 ) represents a proportionately larger risk of death, as does a longer bar on the bar graph ( figure 2 ). risk of death from food supplements has been assigned a value of 1 to allow calculation of the relative risk from other sources. the same clarifications apply here as to the uk data. the data only include risk of death from acute causes, and not from chronic, long - term exposure to any of the substances or activities we investigated. also, the charts don \u2019 t include any data on adverse events that do not lead to death, i. e. sublethal acute effects. where possible, all data are taken from official eu sources. the data were collated and presented by ron law, an independent new zealand - based risk management consultant. key points and comparison", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4823704785262839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44b132e3-352c-40a3-8e33-eae11ae7f4da>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.195968"}
{"text": "to death, i. e. sublethal acute effects. where possible, all data are taken from official eu sources. the data were collated and presented by ron law, an independent new zealand - based risk management consultant. key points and comparison with uk data eu relative risk of death data uk relative risk of death data preventable medical injury in eu hospitals poses the greatest risk of death to eu citizens \u2013 some 351, 220 times the risk of consuming food supplements, and 206, 600 times the risk posed by herbal medicines preventable medical injury picked up during a stay in a uk hospital is 293, 006 more likely to kill a uk citizen than taking a food supplement eu - wide, the risk of death from both smoking and cancer is around 173, 000 times that of taking food supplements. therefore, a hospital visit is over twice as likely as either smoking or cancer to take the life of an eu citizen smoking is the riskiest activity for uk citizens, at 797, 940 times the risk of taking a food supplement eu citizens taking pharmaceutical drugs run a risk of death from side effects that is 123, 125 greater than the mortality risk experienced through taking a food supplement. comparing pharmaceuticals with herbal medicines, meanwhile, the relative risk of death is multiplied 72, 426 times the risk of death from pharmaceutical drugs in the uk is 62, 000 times that of taking food supplements food supplements and herbal medicines are \u2018 supersafe \u2019, with a risk of death below 1 in 10 million eu - wide food supplements and herbal medicines are \u2018 supersafe \u2019, with a risk of death below 1 in 10 million in the uk preventable medical injuries in eu hospitals are in the \u2018 dangerous \u2019 category of risk, i. e. a greater than 1 in 1, 000 chance of death. also in this category are adverse pharmaceutical drug reactions, smoking, cancer, illicit drug use and overweight / obesity preventable medical injuries in uk hospitals are in the \u2018 dangerous \u2019 category of risk, i. e. a greater than 1 in 1, 000 chance of death. the only activities with a similar level of risk are active military service in iraq or afghanistan and smoking in the eu, pharmaceutical adverse drug reactions pose double the risk of death compared with lung cancer someone having a motorcycle accident in the uk is around half as likely to die as someone who has an adverse reaction to a pharmaceutical drug the closest comparisons with food supplements or herbal medicines, in terms of risk of death in the eu, are with lightning strikes and passengers who experience railway or aeroplane accidents.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4759499693325928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44b132e3-352c-40a3-8e33-eae11ae7f4da>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.196952"}
{"text": "half as likely to die as someone who has an adverse reaction to a pharmaceutical drug the closest comparisons with food supplements or herbal medicines, in terms of risk of death in the eu, are with lightning strikes and passengers who experience railway or aeroplane accidents. however, they are still 26 \u2013 68 times more likely to result in death than taking food supplements uk residents are about as likely to be hit by lightning or to be killed on the london underground than to die from taking herbal remedies or dietary supplements a blatant lie these figures emphasise once again that the public safety - based justification given by european regulators and governments for increasingly restrictive legislation on ingredients and health claims for natural products is hollow. if the authorities were genuinely interested in public safety, they would be promoting natural healthcare for all it \u2019 s worth, while clamping down on the many dubious aspects of mainstream medicine \u2013 starting with its over - reliance on poorly tested, unnecessary and dangerous pharmaceutical drugs that are greatly over - prescribed to the over - 50s at risk of chronic diseases. taking a long, hard look at how healthcare within hospitals is handled would also make the public a lot safer, but it \u2019 s difficult to see how this can be significantly achieved without a root - and - branch overhaul of the medical systems within which those hospitals operate. as with so many things, the first step toward change is for enough people to realise that change is needed. in this case, once the \u2018 public safety \u2019 fiction that has been built up around natural healthcare is widely exposed, it will become impossible to maintain. help us get the truth out there! call to action - the most important thing with this information is to get the word out! please share the charts and data sources on facebook, twitter and other social media, and email them to all your contacts \u2013 especially those in all corners of europe! we can \u2019 t emphasise this enough : when enough people know the truth, it will become very difficult \u2013 if not impossible \u2013 for governments, regulators and others to tighten the screws on natural healthcare through the usual justification of \u2018 it \u2019 s a danger to public health \u2019 - both our uk and eu data sets show clearly that the last place you ever want to end up is in hospital. the best way to do this is to take responsibility for your own health and keep yourself healthy! check our food4health campaign for some ideas on healthy eating and lifestyles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4562502965598498, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44b132e3-352c-40a3-8e33-eae11ae7f4da>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.198158"}
{"text": "submitted to : international journal of food microbiology publication type : peer reviewed journal publication acceptance date : february 20, 2004 publication date : september 1, 2004 citation : liming, s. h., bhagwat, a. a. 2004. application of molecular beacon - - real - time pcr technology to detect salmonella species contaminating fruits and vegetables. international journal of food microbiology. 95 : 177 - 187. interpretive summary : conventional methods in food may take up to one week to accurately predict the presence of human pathogens. considering the limited shelf life of produce, rapid methods for pathogen detection are required. real - time detection of salmonella strains will broaden our ability to screen large number of samples in a short time. in this study, a dna hybridization based detection method for salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, based on polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) is developed to enable near - instantaneous detection and quantitative analysis. the modified protocol requires less than 24 hours and is compatible for future high throughput sample analyses requirements. detection of human pathogens from fresh produce is a crucial step in implementing food safety. both the fresh produce industry and consumers will benefit from the results of this research. an oligonucleotide probe that becomes fluorescent upon hybridization to the target dna ( molecular beacon ; mb ) was used in a real - time polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) assay to detect the presence of salmonella species. a fluorogenic mb - probe was designed to recognize the iaga ( invasion associated gene ), which is highly specific to all salmonella species that we tested. as few as 1 to 4 colony - forming units ( cfu ) per pcr reaction could be detected. the capability of the assay to detect salmonella species from artificially inoculated fresh - cut produce such as cantaloupe, mixed - salad, cilantro, and alfalfa sprouts was demonstrated. in addition, a comparison of two commercially available kits utilizing mb - pcr ( iq - check, bio - rad laboratories ) and conventional aoac - approved pcr ( bax, dupont qualicon ) was performed on artificially inoculated produce. as few as 4 cfu / 25 g of produce were detected after 16 h of enrichment in buffered peptone broth. these assays could be carried out entirely in sealed pcr tubes, enabling a rapid and high throughput detection of salmonella species in a large number of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5240471262361512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8824e71b-14b7-4eca-8340-dda460304b4d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.202358"}
{"text": "managing diseases and pests of honey bees to improve queen and colony health location : bee research title : secreted and immunogenic proteins produced by the honey bee bacterial pathogen, paenibacillus larvae | antunez, karina - | | anido, matilde - | | zunino, pablo - | submitted to : veterinary microbiology publication type : peer reviewed journal publication acceptance date : november 1, 2010 publication date : december 10, 2010 citation : antunez, k., anido, m., evans, j. d., zunino, p. 2010. secreted and immunogenic proteins produced by the honey bee bacterial pathogen, paenibacillus larvae. veterinary microbiology. 141 : 385 - 389. interpretive summary : american foulbrood ( afb ) remains an important and reportable brood disease of honey bees. past work indicates that the bacterium causing afb secretes proteins that then attack the bee gut. these proteins are poorly characterized, and we carried out these experiments to see which proteins are most important. using data from the p. larvae genome project we were able to identify proteins that seem like good candidates to explain how this bacterium causes honey bee disease. the results from this work have bearing on bee immunity and the management and breeding steps bee breeders can use to reduce this and other bee diseases. american foulbrood is a severe disease affecting larvae of honeybee apis mellifera, causing significant decrease in the honeybee population, beekeeping industries and agricultural production. in spite of its importance, little is known about the virulence factors secreted by paenibacillus larvae during larval infection. the aim of the present work was to perform a first approach to the identification and characterization of p. larvae secretome. p. larvae secreted proteins were analyzed by sds - page and identified by maldi - tof. protein toxicity was evaluated using an experimental model based on feeding of a. mellifera larvae and immunogenicity was evaluated by western blot, using an antiserum raised against cells and spores of p. larvae. ten different proteins were identi. ed among p. larvae secreted proteins, including proteins involved in transcription, metabolism, translation, cell envelope, transport, protein folding, degradation of polysaccharides and motility. although most of these proteins are cytosolic, many of them have been previously detected in the extracellular medium of different bacillus spp. cultures and have been related to vi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4821189649815253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77aae870-e294-41f5-91bf-b4d1b4af67b1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.207855"}
{"text": "rome. - roman churches, funerary monuments and museums where artistic treasures are housed have been damaged in the italian region affected by the earthquake. even though the extent of the damage has not been calculated, david rijser, an expert in classic and renaissance antiquities has tried to calculate the losses. \" it has been a true drama, there is a lot that has been lost, said david rijser to radio nederland. in 1985 i visited the abruzzo region for the first time. at that time there were no tourists, he told reporter philip smet by telephone. these days there are few art lovers in the region even though there are a lot of places that deserved to be visited. in l ' aguila and its surroundings there are many roman and gothic churches and other buildings from the xiii, xiv and xv centuries. italy today lives the tragedy caused by the earthquake that hit a region that is the birthplace of art and civilization. no other catastrophe can ever erase the memory of those who, throughout the centuries, marked the identity of their cities. among the masterpieces destroyed were the gothic church of maria di collemaggio, built in the 13th century in the mountainous region of abruzzo that was the epicentre of the quake. sources from the italian superintendency of cultural heritage have stated that the caracalla thermal baths, in rome, have suffered damages due to the earthquake. other roman monuments in rome have not suffered damages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4055193518986323, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:898d3e61-8803-43f4-83ba-4ef58efd7144>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.210117"}
{"text": "adult general education career & technical ed. information & resources miami - dade county public schools, adult & career technical education programs are designed to prepare you to enter the career of your choice through our career technical education training. additionally, our courses can help you prepare to take the citizenship exam, learn english as a second language and / or help you prepare for the ged\u00ae or high school diploma. whether you decide to learn technical skills or get a college education, our adult basic education program will provide you with the foundation needed to begin your new career. furthermore, our programs offer ged\u00ae test preparation and high school completion courses. programs are specifically designed to help adults boost their levels of understanding with reading, writing, arithmetic and the basic knowledge required to enter post - secondary education training. our post - secondary training is designed to support the local workforce. the adult & career technical education programs will provide you pathways in the areas of industrial / technical, health / medical, business / computers, family and consumer sciences, and public service. miami - dade county public schools is the fourth largest school district in the united states, comprised of 392 schools, 345, 000 students and over 40, 000 employees. located at the southern end of the florida peninsula, the school district stretches over 2, 000 square miles of diverse and vibrant communities ranging from rural and suburban to urban cities and municipalities. a truly global community, district students speak 56 different languages and represent 160 countries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4169886333329317, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9c9ad25-6d65-452d-8ced-80775b5222b3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.213198"}
{"text": "counties : boundaries formed by rivers - - rivers : changing course of, as affecting county boundary a sudden change in the course of a river which forms the boundary between counties does not change the boundary to conform to the new course of the river. - - - - - - - - - - - - - may 6, 1957 honorable george w. sibbald prosecuting attorney of cowlitz county cowlitz county court house kelso, washington cite as : ago 57 - 58 no. 57 attention : mr. richard l. norman, deputy by letter of april 15, 1957, previously acknowledged, you have requested the opinion of this office concerning the location of the boundary between clark and cowlitz counties. we quote from your letter : \" several years ago when primary state highway no. 1 ( u. s. 99 ) was constructed, the lewis river was diverted and a horseshoe bend was left high and dry. this diversion involves approximately 65 acres of land and a few home sites. said property, before the diversion, was considered part of clark county and is on clark county assessment rolls. our county commissioners feel that since the course of the lewis river was moved that said property is now properly within the boundaries of cowlitz county and should be on cowlitz county ' s assessment rolls. \" your question may be paraphrased as follows : [ [ orig. op. page 2 ] ] is there any legal basis for the institution of an action by cowlitz county to establish the boundary between cowlitz and clark counties along the present course of the lewis river? we answer in the negative. the common law rule with regard to changes in the course of a river that forms a boundary of a piece of land is stated as follows in hirt v. entus, 37 wn. ( 2d ) 418, quoting fromharper v. holston, 119 wash. 436 : \" '... when grants of land border on running water, and the course of the stream is changed by that process known as accretion \u2011 - that is to say, the gradual washing away on the one side and the gradual building up on the other \u2011 - the owner ' s boundary changes with the changing course of the stream.... \" ' on the other hand, it is equally the rule that, when a stream which is a boundary, from any cause, suddenly abandons its old channel and creates a new one, or suddenly washes from one of its banks a considerable body of land and deposits it on the opposite bank,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45108925976816316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77b2cf2e-73f2-4f52-8e99-2d73240a7d04>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.221170"}
{"text": "the rule that, when a stream which is a boundary, from any cause, suddenly abandons its old channel and creates a new one, or suddenly washes from one of its banks a considerable body of land and deposits it on the opposite bank, the boundary does not change with changed course of the stream, but remains as it was before. this sudden and rapid change is termed in law an avulsion, and differs from an accretion in that the one is violent and visible, while the other is gradual, and perceptible only after a lapse of time. '... \" although our washington cases dealing with this question have been concerned only with privately - owned property, rather than county boundaries as created by statute, this common law rule has been consistently applied by other courts in cases involving shifting river courses forming boundaries between counties. see, for example, blair v. u. s. ( okla. ), 32 f. ( 2d ) 130 ; witt v. willis, ( ky. ), 85 s. w. 223 ; fitzsimmons v. cassity ( la. ), 172 so. 824 ; randolph v. moberly hunting & fishing club ( mo. ), 15 s. w. ( 2d ) 834 ; nothstine v. feldmann ( mo. ), 8 s. w. ( 2d ) [ [ orig. op. page 3 ] ] 912 ; jacobs v. stoner ( mo. ), 7 s. w. ( 2d ) 698 ; andstate v. huffman ( mo. ), 2 s. w. ( 2d ) 582. it is our opinion that the facts as you have related them present a clear case of avulsion, and that therefore the boundary between clark and cowlitz counties continues to exist, so far as the disputed 65 acres are concerned, along the course that the lewis river followed prior to the construction of primary state highway no. 1. we trust this opinion will be of assistance to you. very truly yours, john j. o ' connell david s. black assistant attorney general", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49194813665115444, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77b2cf2e-73f2-4f52-8e99-2d73240a7d04>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.221979"}
{"text": "endometriosis is one of the most common causes of female fertility problems. and in the largest study to date on the link between diet and endometriosis, researchers at brigham and women ' s hospital in boston have found that fats in a woman ' s diet play a deciding role in whether or not she will develop the condition. published online march 24, 2010, in the journal human reproduction, the study of over 70, 000 women showed that women who ate the most trans fats \u2014 hydrogenated oils found in fried foods from restaurants, margarine, and some chips and crackers \u2014 had a 48 percent increased risk of developing endometriosis, compared with those who ate only small amounts of these \" bad fats. \" on the flip side, women who ate the most omega - 3 oils \u2014 \" good fats \" found in foods like salmon and tuna \u2014 were 22 percent less likely to develop the fertility - impairing condition. endometriosis occurs when pieces of uterine lining ( endometrium ) grow outside the uterus. some women experience no symptoms, but for many, the condition causes severe pain and infertility. as the study authors explained, the cause of endometriosis is poorly understood and there is no cure. symptoms are usually treated with pain medication, hormone drugs, or surgery. researchers hope next to investigate whether diet changes \u2014 reducing trans fats and increasing omega - 3 oils \u2014 can alleviate symptoms in women who already have endometriosis. \" millions of women worldwide suffer from endometriosis. many women have been searching for something they can actually do to reduce the risk of developing the disease, and these findings suggest that dietary changes may be something they can do, \" says stacey missmer, scd, of the department of obstetrics and gynecology and the channing laboratory at brigham and women ' s hospital. you can take steps right now to boost your omega - 3 fat intake by eating a few servings a fish each week, snacking on walnuts, or adding a little ground up flax seed to your morning yogurt. other good sources of omega - 3s include tofu, soybeans, shrimp, and winter squash. eliminate trans fats by avoiding foods made with partially hydrogenated soybean oil and other hydrogenated fats. check labels carefully and when eating out, avoid fried foods, which are the most likely to contain trans fats.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4422183053904377, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:006ec628-e268-4406-926c-ac9670c1f65a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.224956"}
{"text": "we are banishing darkness from the night. electric lights have been shining over cities and towns around the world for a century. but, increasingly, even rural areas glimmer through the night, with mixed \u2013 and largely unstudied \u2013 impacts on wildlife. understanding these impacts is a crucial conservation challenge and bats, as almost exclusively nocturnal animals, are ideal subjects for exploring the effects of light pollution. previous studies have confirmed what many city dwellers have long noted : some bats enjoy a positive impact of illumination by learning to feed on insects attracted to streetlights. my research, however, demonstrates for the first time an important downside : artificial lighting can disrupt the commuting behavior of a threatened bat species. this project, using a novel experimental approach, was supported in part by bci student research scholarships. artificial lighting is a global phenomenon and the amount of light pollution is growing rapidly, with a 24 percent increase in england between 1993 and 2000. since then, cultural restoration projects have brought lighting to old docks and riversides, placing important river corridors used by bats and other wildlife at risk of disturbance. studies of bats ' foraging activity around streetlights find that these bats are usually fast - flying species that forage in open landscapes, typically species of pipistrellus, nyctalus, vespertilio and eptesicus. such bats are better able than their slower cousins to evade hawks, owls and other birds of prey. for our study, we chose the lesser horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus hipposideros ), a shy, slow -? ying bat that typically travels no more than about 1. 2 miles ( 2 kilometers ) from its roost to forage each night, often flying no more than 16 feet ( 5 meters ) from the ground. the species is adapted for feeding in cluttered, woodland environments. its global populations are reported decreasing and the species is endangered in many countries of central europe. the united kingdom provides a european stronghold for the lesser horseshoe bat, with an estimated population of around 50, 000. these bats ' slow flight leaves them especially vulnerable to birds of prey, so they leave their roosts only as the light fades and commute to foraging areas along linear features such as hedgerows. hedgerows are densely wooded corridors of shrubs and small trees that typically separate fields from each other and from roadways. such features are important commuting routes for many bat species, which use them for protection from predators and the elements. we suspected that lesser horseshoe bats would avoid illuminated areas, largely because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5031865845867771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28ac1264-a7a3-4f42-b3f0-d3aa321f1dcf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.236648"}
{"text": "trees that typically separate fields from each other and from roadways. such features are important commuting routes for many bat species, which use them for protection from predators and the elements. we suspected that lesser horseshoe bats would avoid illuminated areas, largely because of a heightened risk from raptors. we conducted arti? cial - lighting experiments along hedgerows in eight sites around southern britain. we first surveyed light levels at currently illuminated hedgerows, then duplicated those levels at our experimental hedgerow sites, all of them normally unlighted. we installed two temporary, generator - powered lights \u2013 about 100 feet ( 30 meters ) apart \u2013 that mimic the intensity and light spectra of streetlights. each site was near a maternity colony and along confirmed commuting routes of lesser horseshoe bats. bat activity at each site was monitored acoustically, with mounted bat detectors, during four specific treatments : control ( with no lights ) ; noise ( generator on and lights installed but switched off ) ; lit ( full illumination all night for four consecutive nights ) ; and another night of noise only. we identified horseshoe bat calls to species and measured relative activity by counting the number of bat passes per species each night. we found no significant difference in activity levels of lesser horseshoe bats between the control nights and either of the two noise nights, when the generators were running but the lights were off. the presence of the lighting units and the noise of the generators had no effect on bat activity. the negative impacts came when we turned on the lights. we documented dramatic reductions in activity of lesser horseshoe bats during all of the illuminated nights. in our study, 42 percent of commuting bats continued flying through the lights ; 30 percent reversed direction and left before reaching the lights ; 17 percent flew over the hedgerows ; 9 percent flew through the thick hedgerow vegetation ; and 2 percent circled high or wide to avoid the lights. we also recorded some strange behavior on one night when two bats flew over the hedge in a dark area between two lights, then flew up and down repeatedly, as though trapped between the lights. we examined the effects of light on the timing of bats ' commuting activity. the bats began their commute, on average, 29. 9 minutes after sunset on control nights, but 78. 6 minutes after sunset when the lights were turned on. light pollution significantly delayed the bats ' commuting behavior. interestingly, the activity began a few minutes earlier ( 23 minutes after sunset ) on the first, but not the second, noise night. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49618714455801916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28ac1264-a7a3-4f42-b3f0-d3aa321f1dcf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.238602"}
{"text": "after sunset when the lights were turned on. light pollution significantly delayed the bats ' commuting behavior. interestingly, the activity began a few minutes earlier ( 23 minutes after sunset ) on the first, but not the second, noise night. it is possible that some bats emerged early to investigate the generator noise. we clearly demonstrated how artificial lighting disrupts the behavior of lesser horseshoe bats. we found no evidence of habituation : at least on our timescale, the bats did not become accustomed to the illumination and begin returning to normal activity or timing. these results suggest that light pollution may fragment the network of commuting routes used by lesser horseshoe bats, causing them to seek alternate, and probably longer, paths between roosting and foraging habitats. for some bats, this increased flight time can increase energy costs and stress, with potential impacts on reproductive success. it is critical, therefore, that light pollution be considered in conservation efforts. light pollution is an increasing global problem with negative impacts on such important animal behaviors as foraging, reproduction and communication. yet lighting is rarely considered in habitat - management plans and streetlights are specifically excluded from light - pollution legislation in england and wales. i plan to use these results as the basis for recommendations for changes in policy, conservation and management for bat habitat in areas that are subject to development. this knowledge is fundamental for understanding the factors that impact bat populations not only in the united kingdom but around the world, and in developing effective bat - conservation actions. i hope these findings will also help guide further research. scientists need to determine what levels of lighting particular bat species can tolerate, so we can take appropriate measures to limit the impact. these might include reducing illumination at commuting times, directing light away from commuting routes and constructing alternative flight routes. we sincerely hope this research and similar studies will cause both officials and the public to think more about the consequences of artificial lighting on bats and other wildlife. emma stone is a ph. d. student at the university of bristol and a researcher at the university ' s school of biological sciences. this project earned her the national vincent weir scientific award from the bat conservation trust of the united kingdom. visit her project website for more information : www. batsandlighting. co. uk. this research was originally published in the journal current biology, with co - authors gareth jones and stephen harris.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5002753586304032, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28ac1264-a7a3-4f42-b3f0-d3aa321f1dcf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.240327"}
{"text": "how to protect your hearing and keep ears safe about 1 in 10 adults has damaged hearing which can be caused by loud music and noises. here ' s newsround ' s guide to keeping your ears safe. why does loud music harm our ears? our ears are sensitive instruments and loud music can damage tiny hairs inside the ear that help us hear properly. when the hairs are damaged they can ' t be fixed and a lot of people are left with a ringing or whistling noise in their ears. we call this tinnitus and people find it very annoying! how loud is too loud? sound is measured in units called decibels. an electric drill makes about 100 decibels of noise - that ' s pretty loud! some music players can go up to 120 decibels which is the same as a plane taking off. sounds that loud can damage your ears. 80 decibels is thought to be the safe upper limit for listening to music. people who can ' t hear music at 80 decibels might need special noise - cancelling headphones. top tips to keep ears safe - use headphones at a sensible volume. read any safety warnings that pop up on your music player. - stand away from speakers at shows and events. - if you ' re going somewhere loud like a concert wear foam ear plugs to reduce the volume. - if you are worried about your hearing or have ringing in your ears tell a parent or teacher.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45091681495902974, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7e2c96-5c70-47e4-8fbf-46f9a665b7b4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.242041"}
{"text": "many people simply do not like to drink tap water. and would rather consume water in a more palatable form like vitamin enriched water or flavored water. many sports enthusiast might insist bottled water is better. dehydration is dehydration. and it is more important to focus on drinking the proper amount of water each day. instead of debating over the virtues of plain vs designer water. researchers find most people barely drink enough water to fight off de - hydration during the summer. and once the thirst strikes you are probably already dehydrated. and did you know that the average person should drink about 8 glasses of water a day to stay fully hydrated? this might seem like a lot of water to ingest for the person who can ' t bear to consume even one glass but it is important to one ' s overall health. what happens if we don ' t consume adequate water dehydration happens when a person does not consume enough water for their body to work properly. dehydration slows down bodily functions. and the person suffering dehydration symptoms is usually very lethargic and tired. it helps to think of water as fuel that makes the body go. and without proper fuel the body simply fails to function properly. who requires more water people who exercise a lot or have a job where a lot of energy is expended require more water. also, those fighting an illness have higher water requirements. usually consuming an extra 1 or 2 glasses per day is enough to make up for this loss. but requirements vary widely. one must take into consideration the individuals age, weight, general health. other water sources plain old water out of the tap is the best water source. but many vegetables also contain a tremendous amount of water. for example, watermelons and tomatoes are actually great sources for water. these vegetables are about 90 percent water according to researchers. and beverages like milk, juice, tea, coffee, carbonated beverages are good additional water sources. still plain water is the best source because it is free of calories. how to get recommended water requirements eat water packed fresh fruit. double up on watermelon, cantaloupes, peaches. and other fresh fruit in season. carry a 16 oz bottle of water with you when you are outside especially in the summer. if you start feeling dizzy, sluggish, tired. ( signs of dehydration ) find a shady spot. and take a quick cool drink of water. drink a glass of water with each meal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4548928417185504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fe7b972-5a55-4946-ae21-6725d55a90d6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.246895"}
{"text": "you are outside especially in the summer. if you start feeling dizzy, sluggish, tired. ( signs of dehydration ) find a shady spot. and take a quick cool drink of water. drink a glass of water with each meal and between each meal to make sure you ingest adequate amounts of water daily. hydrate before, during, and after strenuous exercise. and make sure you drink adequate amounts of water to replace water lost sweating, through exertion, and heavy breathing. drink in moderation at social gatherings or substitute sparkling water. alcohol has a tendency to rob thebody of water. thus adding to dehydration. water is good for the body but it can be over done. reports have surfaced concerning athletes who overdosed on water after a strenuous workout. water overdose occurs when the kidneys are not able to get rid of large amounts of water. the body ' s electrolytes are heavily diluted resulting in low sodium levels in the blood. a condition called hyponatremia develops. this is a very rare occurrence. in conclusion, consult your family doctor for more information on adequate water requirements for the body. \" any girl can be glamorous. all you have to do is stand still and look stupid. \" hedy lamarr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4643766642215456, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fe7b972-5a55-4946-ae21-6725d55a90d6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.247623"}
{"text": "i am learning astrology and wonder [ in light of pluto ' s reclassification to dwarf planet ] \u2013 what would one do without pluto?? i don \u2019 t know what one would do without pluto, but i \u2019 d love to find out \u2013 maybe i can get a pluto - ectomy! oh, wait \u2026 i guess we all did. the short answer is that astrologers still overwhelmingly use pluto in our work, regardless of what the international astronomical union has to say about its status. of course, uranus, neptune, and pluto are relatively recent additions to astrological lore anyway. before their discoveries, astrologers assigned membership of aquarius, pisces, and scorpio to saturn, jupiter, and mars, respectively. some astrologers still observe these classifications, particularly in horary and electional work. but when you \u2019 re used to looking at things through a plutonian lens, it \u2019 s almost impossible to stop ; once you \u2019 ve opened pandora \u2019 s box, there \u2019 s no turning back. pluto \u2019 s discovery was made within eight years of the discovery of nuclear fission. quickly, violence and aggression took a leap beyond the bloody, but simple and comparatively individual experience symbolized by mars. mastering the psychological forces that compel us to violence became a collective responsibility, because the consequences of failing to do so are also shared. pluto serves as an eloquent astrological symbol for this collective process. of course, as einstein said, \u201c it is easier to denature plutonium than to denature the evil spirit of man. \u201d maybe pluto \u2019 s demotion symbolizes the collective unconscious attempting to reverse progress and move to a psychologically simpler, less threatening time. but we \u2019 ve looked into the abyss, and it \u2019 s changed us \u2026 no matter what we call pluto.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45551362592822897, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c78f8f08-289b-4d2d-b477-9f2d36133592>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.254773"}
{"text": "we believe that textbooks should teach critical thinking. | about bju press what is \u201c critical thinking \u201d? nearly everyone in educational circles uses the term \u201c critical thinking \u201d \u2014 in fact, it is so commonly used that it has become almost meaningless. just what is critical thinking \u2014 and what is it not? let \u2019 s start with what it is not. although many educators use test scores, grades, and fact - recall activities to gauge educational excellence, none of these truly measure critical - thinking skills. all education consists of two essential elements : subject matter ( \u201c what to think \u201d ) and the correct way to understand and evaluate the subject matter ( \u201c how to think \u201d ). memorization is key to the first element. critical thinking is key to the second. in short, then, critical thinking is analyzing and evaluating thinking with the goal of improving it. according to the foundation for critical thinking ( found at criticalthinking. org ), it is \u201c that mode of thinking \u2014 about any subject, content, or problem \u2014 in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully analyzing, assessing, and reconstructing it. \u201d thinking critically is thinking in order to evaluate. it means making reasoned judgments. it is using criteria to judge the quality of something. and its ultimate goal is further improvement of thinking skills. critical thinking goes hand - in - hand with creative thinking. sound creative thinking requires both the intellectual discipline to judge and evaluate and the originality and productivity to create. why should christians be concerned with thinking critically? the god of the bible is a god of reason and order. god asks us to know truth ( ps. 46 : 10 ), but he also wants us to understand truth ( luke 24 : 45 ). both knowing and understanding are key. but beyond both knowledge and understanding, is the quality of discernment ( judgment or evaluation ) that distinguishes the godly from the ungodly ( 1 cor. 2 : 14 \u2013 15 ). the role of the textbook in teaching critical thinking of course, a textbook provides the factual base for studying a subject. but its worldview, its methods of teaching, its depth of content, and its literary quality should promote critical and creative thinking that is foundationally biblical. textbook content clearly plays an important role in what the teacher teaches, but the teacher \u2019 s edition of the textbook should offer help in promoting good thinking skills. that is why teacher \u2019 s editions from bju press provide you with key questions for discussion, discovery activities that complement your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5373083894238277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bced25d-4656-43a0-813f-72c8d2fac12e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.259109"}
{"text": "the following glossary provides definitions for terms and descriptions for acronyms that are used in the aml handbook. this glossary does not supersede definitions in relevant laws or regulations. abandoned mine : an abandoned hardrock mine on or affecting public lands administered by the blm, at which exploration, development, mining, reclamation, maintenance, and inspection of facilities and equipment, and other operations ceased as of january 1, 1981 ( the effective date of the blm \u2019 s surface management regulations codified at 43 cfr subpart 3809 ) with no evidence demonstrating that the miner intends to resume mining. for many abandoned mines, no current claimant of record or viable potentially responsible party exists. abandoned mines generally include a range of mining impacts, or features that may pose a threat to water quality, public safety, and / or the environment. abandoned mine land ( aml ) program : a blm program that focuses on reclaiming hardrock abandoned mine lands on or affecting public lands administered by the blm. the primary goal of the program is to remediate and reduce actual or potential threats that pose physical safety risks and environmental degradation. the blm applies risk - based criteria and uses the watershed approach to establish project priorities. the program also works to return mine - impacted lands to productive use ( s ). applicable and relevant and appropriate requirements ( arars ) : arars are state, local, and federal standards that are directly applicable or may be considered relevant and appropriate to the circumstances on the site. arars include clean - up standards, standards of control, and other environmental protection requirements, criteria, or limitations. these standards are an inherent part of the scoping process, but will affect the long - term remediation, especially in the setting of clean - up standards and meeting other land use regulations. categorical exclusion : a category of actions ( identified in agency guidance ) that do not individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment and for which neither an ea nor an eis is required ( 40 cfr 1508. 4 ). environmental and disposal liability ( edl ) : an anticipated future outflow or other sacrifice of resources ( e. g., costs ) associated with cleanup due to past or current operations that have environmental closure requirements or a release of hazardous substances, pollutants, and contaminants on blm lands or facilities. geographic information system ( gis ) : a computer system capable of storing, analyzing, and displaying data and describing places on the earth \u2019 s surface. government", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5428742739619347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce887800-9d44-4677-90d7-308e457d152f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.267386"}
{"text": "hazardous substances, pollutants, and contaminants on blm lands or facilities. geographic information system ( gis ) : a computer system capable of storing, analyzing, and displaying data and describing places on the earth \u2019 s surface. government performance and results act ( gpra ) : the gpra ( pub. l. 103 - 62, aug. 3, 1993, 107 stat. 285 ) holds federal agencies accountable for using resources wisely and achieving program results. gpra requires agencies to develop plans for what they intend to accomplish, measure how well they are doing, make appropriate decisions based on the information they have gathered, and communicate information about their performance to congress and to the public. hardrock : this term is used here strictly in the context of the aml program and has traditionally been used by the blm and other agencies to apply to non - coal mining environments where environmental risks such as acid - mine drainage, heavy metal contamination, and threats to water quality and the environment are of concern. hardrock minerals in this context, generally include, but are not limited to gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, magnesium, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, uranium, and select other minerals where priority aml problems may occur. most hardrock minerals are locatable under the mining law of 1872. non - hardrock minerals include coal ( which is addressed by the office of surface mining and state coal reclamation programs ) and some common - variety mineral materials, such as sand and gravel. hazardous substances : cercla term identifying those substances designated pursuant to section 1321 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( a ) of title 33, or 42 usc 9602, or listed in 40 cfr 302 or 355. hazardous substance release : any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment ( including the abandonment or discarding of barrels, containers, and other closed receptacles containing any hazardous substance or pollutant or contaminant ). hazardous waste : refers to a solid waste, or combination of solid wastes, which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics may pose a substantial threat to human health and the environment. mine : an underground opening or open pit used for the purpose of extracting minerals. mines commonly include features, such as shafts, adits, pits, trenches, tunnels, waste rock dumps,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5226169680458334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce887800-9d44-4677-90d7-308e457d152f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.268744"}
{"text": "a substantial threat to human health and the environment. mine : an underground opening or open pit used for the purpose of extracting minerals. mines commonly include features, such as shafts, adits, pits, trenches, tunnels, waste rock dumps, tailings, and structures including, but not limited to, mills, buildings, head frames, hoists, and loading chutes. potentially responsible party ( prp ) : any individual or entity, including current and past owners, operators, transporters, arrangers, or generators who may be liable for clean - up costs for hazardous substances under cercla section 107 ( a ) or for injuries to natural resources on public lands from hazardous substance releases under section 311 ( f ) of the cwa and cercla section 107 ( f ). project : the investigation, cleanup of safety risks, stabilization, or reclamation of an abandoned mine land site or sites. a project may include one or more individual abandoned mines. the project area may be based on geologic, geographic, hydrologic, watershed, ownership, or other legal boundaries, or based on practical or logistical convenience, and is often contiguous. remedial action : permanent remedy taken to prevent or minimize the release of hazardous substances into the environment. long - term actions ( 5 - 8 years ) are necessary to return a site to its original conditions. removal action : short - term actions necessary to remove or mitigate a release or threat of release of hazardous substances. site : the area identified as being impacted by physical safety and / or environmental hazards. this can include any area where hazardous substances have been released or have migrated. the area size is influenced by the extent of the investigation, migration, evaluation, and past, current, and future clean - up activities. special status species : includes proposed species, listed species, and candidate species under the esa ; state - listed species ; and the blm state director - designated sensitive species ( see blm manual 6840 - special status species management strategic plan : a plan that establishes the overall direction for the blm. this plan is guided by the requirements of gpra, covers a 5 - year period, and is updated every 3 years. it is consistent with flpma and other laws affecting the public lands. total maximum daily load ( tmdl ) : pursuant to the clean water act, an estimate of the total quantity of pollutants ( from all sources : point, nonpoint, and natural ) that may be allowed into waters without exceeding applicable water quality criteria. watershed : this term", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5763658389785842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce887800-9d44-4677-90d7-308e457d152f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.270224"}
{"text": "heart of darkness topic tracking : wilderness imagery wilderness imagery 1 : marlow describes for his shipmates the wild state of nature that must have existed when the romans first visited england. wilderness imagery 2 : marlow watched the jungle from his ship, seeing pure wilderness for the first time. wilderness imagery 3 : marlow describes the wild and varied vegetation he saw on his journey, and the oppressive impression it had on him. wilderness imagery 4 : marlow had an image, at the central station, of the surrounding wilderness waiting to outlast the invasion of the company. wilderness imagery 5 : marlow imagined the forest looking back at the manager and his uncle - - the wilderness is personified. wilderness imagery 6 : the vegetation and wild natural state along the river overwhelmed marlow - - he imagined it observing him from all sides. wilderness imagery 7 : marlow looked back and could see no trace of where the ship had come from - - it was as though the jungle was closing in behind them. wilderness imagery 8 : marlow says that the wilderness had taken control of kurtz. wilderness imagery 9 : when he leaves the ship to look for kurtz, marlow ends up in the midst of the living, wild jungle he had been fearing all along. wilderness imagery 10 : kurtz, cursing the wilderness, asked marlow to close the shutters to keep him from seeing the \" curtain of trees \" around him.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4550069827755949, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:736ddc83-0ed9-44ad-8c78-936f7d82a347>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.273981"}
{"text": "both experts and upstarts claim to see unlimited potential in shared wisdom. yet seasoned mentors too often advise clever cronies to operate much like themselves, with little regard for rapidly changing horizons. mindguides invite mutual mentoring few would disagree \u2013 it \u2019 s time to shift tutoring approaches to reflect more balanced and reciprocal coaching. guidance based on mutual brainpower potential, and experience from differences, rather than on entitlement, age or seniority. in my capstone management course, lead innovation with the brain in mind, one newly coined term \u2013 mindguiding \u2013 changes the management structure of any organization. how so? mindguiding, defines a reciprocal learning - leading process, that highlights neural pathways to innovative results. it \u2019 s a new way to lead big ideas, and learn new talents at the same time. it sidesteps moodiness of a few senior players, but supports serotonin - led innovations at many levels. using 10 brainpowered tools below \u2013 mindguides set a mutual stage for clever results across diverse teams. new neuro - discoveries change the roles of mentors from sage - on - the - stage mentality into more of a mindguide to the side, who comes to teams in learning or discovery roles. just as mindguides see their role less as lecturer or talker, they also listen with their brains \u2013 in ways that open new opportunities for those they support. 1. focus on gender preferences and interests : according to researcher dr. michael phillips, a neuroradiologist at the indiana university school of medicine, indianapolis, brain scans showed that men listen to language which is located in the left brain, for instance, while women use both sides, including the right brain \u2019 s more creative capabilities. dr. robyn mcmaster points out that women or men lead better \u2013 when they focus in novel ways, on engaging others \u2019 interests. mindguides value men, value women \u2013 and facilitate both \u2013 while mentors tend replicate old boy practices to include female brainpower. suggested brainpowered tool : vary communications \u2013 seek out people who differ from you \u2013 so that novelty enters the mix in ways that teach both genders. new research about novelty \u2019 s power for mental growth shows how original ideas offer positive experiences to those who take advantage and learn from differences. 2. technology changes how brains learn and how mindguides lead : digital sound bites shift topics frequently, and allow for specific searches on multiple topics. these new learning practices also rewire brains to catch brief bits of significant information, rather", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5538399658029688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a67ac3fd-ccfb-40c3-bdeb-86282163bd8e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.285128"}
{"text": "from differences. 2. technology changes how brains learn and how mindguides lead : digital sound bites shift topics frequently, and allow for specific searches on multiple topics. these new learning practices also rewire brains to catch brief bits of significant information, rather than remain focused for long periods on any one detail. technology, however, offers challenges to mindguides not familiar with digital approaches and their impact on brainpower. suggested brainpowered tool : sketch diagrams to link abstract or boring technology ideas onto something already known or experienced. new mechanical ideas make more sense to you when mindguides hook complex concepts onto familiar or concrete experiences. links and bridges help mindguides to advance from difficult or boring digital information in ways that accommodate new innovations. 3. new digital imaging devices prove that listening changes the brain when acted upon. imaging such as pet, fmri, and magnetoencephalography ( meg ) generate interactive images to show the anatomy of the brain. they also show brain operations involved in listening. listening operates from three regions of the brain that support how we listen and how we learn to listen better by acting on what we hear. suggested brainpowered tool : brainpowered tool : apply one technical insight learned so that brainpower increases and multiple intelligences expand in the interactive mindguide active listening process. 4. mindguides identify familiar features to highlight big picture : by observing cortical activity when people hear words researchers are beginning to see how people categorize words they hear. the back half of the brain \u2019 s cortex is devoted to recognizing familiar patterns, such as a cat \u2019 s meow, a baby \u2019 s cry or a familiar business brand. suggested brainpowered tool : brainpowered tool : ask, ask, ask! question with two feet to draw out unique contributions, that become doable big picture solutions for stubborn real life problems. 5. mindguides apply what \u2019 s learned, with more focus on listening : while mentor hearing differs - is more automatic, and can be less effective. modern brain images show that when you really focus on listening, you engage areas in the prefrontal cortex. this area of your brain organizes and prioritizes what you hear, and stokes actions that as fuster ( 2003 ) points out, allows you to use what you hear to interact with the world. focus helps you to create meaning by holding what you hear in your working memory, match it up with what you already know, and predict what to do with what you hear. suggested brainpowered tool : mindguides apply what \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5705622035884181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a67ac3fd-ccfb-40c3-bdeb-86282163bd8e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.286676"}
{"text": "with the world. focus helps you to create meaning by holding what you hear in your working memory, match it up with what you already know, and predict what to do with what you hear. suggested brainpowered tool : mindguides apply what \u2019 s learned in ways that embrace differences, such as gaps between genders, or differences between an ethical and unethical worker. it may simply be distinctives between different rhythms in background music at work. mindguides capitalize on differences to discover and lead innovative directions for renewed results. 6. music or speech impacts emotions, impact moods in ways that motivate people, and can add to focus for mindguiding. great music, such as baroque stimulates the brain to listen more effectively. to ensure good attention, it \u2019 s important to offer multiple ways for people to recognize parts of what is communicated. when print dominates a culture, for instance, learning skills can begin to fade. with new social media, variety however, has escalated. new media and technologies such as ipods or even the web \u2013 have increased people \u2019 s listening capabilities, and raised its importance. suggested brainpowered tool : mindguides seek advice about ideal learning settings from diverse leaders you admire, and act on advice received. in so doing, mindguides engage the plasticity that reshapes human brains to advance in multiple ways. 7. mindguides communicate with tone that connect growth to emotions so that new insights stick. other advantages are given when interactivity is possible, so that mindguiding experiences link to people \u2019 s unique preferences. learning depends on levels of commitment and also on developing expertise and talent to communicate with tone often seen in innovative mindguides. suggested brainpowered tool : mindguides step back from heated situations, tame an amygdala, and hear heated issues through the other person \u2019 s perspective. 8. awesome rewards come from mixing in different communication approaches. researchers found that some music genres offer the same kind of pleasurable learning experiences as food, drugs or sex, for instance. the enjoyable act of engaging music \u2013 releases dopamine, a neurotransmitter connected to pleasurable rewards. the key is to create a pleasant setting for every mindguiding session. suggested brainpowered tool : mindguides laugh at themselves \u2013 yet run from cynicism, that brings cortisol. they focus more than most mentorships \u2013 on spreading serotonin chemicals. serotonin and other neurotransmitters for well being support mindguide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5878198995648518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a67ac3fd-ccfb-40c3-bdeb-86282163bd8e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.287827"}
{"text": "laugh at themselves \u2013 yet run from cynicism, that brings cortisol. they focus more than most mentorships \u2013 on spreading serotonin chemicals. serotonin and other neurotransmitters for well being support mindguides \u2019 learning and leading skills. do you see similar approaches in typical mentor programs? 9. social media offers more integrated views on mindguiding topics. for that reason, a wider and more integrated approach has altered what people come to crave in the kind of opposing views presented by radio stations such as npr in the us or cbc in canada. suggested brainpowered tool : mindguides invite personal stories to respectfully create curiosity for multiple sides of issues. mentors, in contrast, often tend to hear only what they already believe, until they apply altered dynamic neuro discoveries for mutual learning. 10. mindguiding improves the brain \u2019 s hardwiring. each time a person interacts with others and with new insights that interest, they strengthen their capabilities to interact with additional new ideas and with different approaches. suggested brainpowered tool : repeat or do one key nugget learned. lack of doing or applying, creates passivity habits operated from the brain \u2019 s basal ganglia. each time people act on what they learn, they rewire brain cell connectors and reshape mental ability. ready to reshape learning abilities stored in your brain? you \u2019 ve likely noticed that \u2013 in each brainpowered tool above, diversity and rawboned talent become mental assets for more than what mentoring views as minions \u2019 benefit. in mindguiding approaches \u2013 both sides learn in all sessions, and both sides also lead at times. how could typical mentoring practices in former teams \u2013 morph into mutually beneficial learning opportunities from mindguiding where you work? | mita window words and brainpowered tool distinctives for mindguides | | 1. question | | - possibilities as a way to aha solutions that add cognitive boosts to others. | | 2. target | | - improvements from others \u2019 perspectives, rather than critique results | | 3. expect | | - quality differences so people become capital & knowledge is shared | | 4. move | | - multiple intelligences into action as tools for team problem solving | | 5. reflect | | - with innovation celebration that engages the wider community | | 6. risk | | - building goodwill across differences to cultivate caring & curious setting | | 7. laugh | | - at self to increase serotonin & decrease cortisol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5056757586091877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a67ac3fd-ccfb-40c3-bdeb-86282163bd8e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.288919"}
{"text": "educator resources for treefrog treasure treefrog treasure is a platformer game that allows students to practice math concepts as they explore different worlds as a frog character. when certain obstacles are reached, students must properly identify a target symbol, whole number, or fraction on a number line to collect gems and complete the level. hints are provided to help students reach the correct answer when mistakes are made. the game is a great differentiation tools, as it automatically adjusts to students \u2019 performance to provide appropriate levels of mathematical complexity. for teacher resources, visit space science institute in this lesson plan which is adaptable for grades 2 - 5, students will use brainpop resources and an online math game to explore fractions and match and / or compare fractional amounts. common core state standard alignment : ccss. math. cont. 3. nf. a. 2a represent a fraction 1 / b on a number line diagram by defining the interval from 0 to 1 as the whole and partitioning it into b equal parts. recognize that each part has size 1 / b and that the endpoint of the part based at 0 locates the number 1 / b on the number line. ccss. math. cont. 3. nf. a. 2b represent a fraction a / b on a number line diagram by marking off a lengths 1 / b from 0. recognize that the resulting interval has size a / b and that its endpoint locates the number a / b on the number line.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5449344542131129, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d292be95-73b3-4b9c-81ac-6027f6c64670>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.290909"}
{"text": "children with low muscle tone often have delayed motor skills, muscle weakness, and / or coordination and balance problems. ( essentially the muscles lack stamina. the muscles don ' t have the energy to keep working at a normal level. ) children diagnosed with hypotonia can have varying degrees of severity of muscle weakness. for instance a child may seem to initially do everything just fine, but keep the same muscles working for any length of time and they will tire faster than a normal child ' s muscles. muscle tone also comprises a second feature, which is the speed of the muscles ' responses. the speed is slower in those with hypotonia. due to the slower speed of the muscle response a child with hypotonia may have trouble keeping up with similarly aged children. hypotonia can occur in every muscle, so any movement that requires muscle activity and strength is likely to be impaired. muscles are tied to every physical endeavor, from eating, to talking, our facial gestures, getting dressed, sitting, and walking. our physical therapists provide an individualized evaluation and treatment program to improve a child ' s strength and overall function. if needed, our physical therapist can work in conjunction with our occupational therapist on fine motor / upper body coordination and with our speech and language therapist on delayed speech, articulation, oral motor or any other feeding / swallowing issues that a child my have.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45950104466898284, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8dc8e62-dd95-46dd-a42e-be5a78072073>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.292485"}
{"text": "what is cancer of breasts? breast cancer is the most prevailing forms of cancer these days that is found within the american women more than anything else and it \u2019 s the third most found cancer types all over the world which is why it \u2019 s such a threat and dangerous condition for almost every female who lives on the planet. there is always a risk for a woman to induce breast cancer symptoms and outcomes readily even if there isn \u2019 t any genetic factor involved within and there are many consequences which are relatable. the rate of breast cancer is increasing with every passing day and you should know that this is a condition very serious and something that awareness must be created about. see what causes breast cancer, most important breast cancer facts explained here. breast cancer facts and risk factors breast cancer factors included which enhance and additionally increase the results and outcomes of the ailment and diet being one of them is quite helpful and useful. you must know that there are many things that you do in the regular routine which could prevent or even affect the formation of cancerous cells and cause breast cancer. breast cancer is a cancer type of the glands that are found within the female breasts known as the mammary glands. any form of lymphatic or infectious drainage could readily block and cause adverse effects of the gland causing tumor to develop. how to diagnose breast cancer? breast cancer initially develops like all kinds of cancers do. the division and multiplication of abnormal and haphazard cells causes the condition to develop in the first place which then acquires the lymphatic tissue and organs. the body starts taking care of the problem right away but there is an extent to which that mechanism might be involved and anticipated and after that everything is simply out of time and order. breast cancer when spread to different organs and lymph nodes is really serious and it is most likely that it could spread easily within minutes fractions of days. there are many things producing the cancer in the first place. genetics could play an important role because many females whose mothers, grandmothers or aunts have gone through the problem suffer through it. it could also be the result of smoking, alcoholism and exposure to radiation for a considerable time span could also be the cause. you should know that using artificial products such as deodorants of insignificant types could increase the risk of an individual getting the cancer too. breast cancer prevention methods here is a few breast cancer prevention facts explained. doctors still don \u2019 t know what causes breast cancer, however information about what increasing breast cancer health risks is available now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4686127236185813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41b92787-da4f-4c71-b19b-2ade0834bc49>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.295929"}
{"text": "surface area is a two - dimensional property of a three - dimensional figure. cones are similar to pyramids, except they have a circular base instead of a polygonal base. therefore, the surface area of a cone is equal to the sum of the circular base area and the lateral surface area, calculated by multiplying half of the circumference by the slant height. related topics include pyramid and cylinder surface area. if you want to calculate the surface area of a cone, you only need to know 2 dimensions. the first is the slant height l and the second is the radius. so what we ' re going to do, we ' re going to separate this into two pieces the first is the base which is a circle with radius r and the second is this slant height l. so if i cut, if i took a scissors and cut the cone part and i fended out it would look like a sector. well what i could do here is i could rearrange this sector into a parallelogram. so again if i cut this into really tiny pieces then i ' ll be able to organize it into a parallelogram where i would be able to calculate its area. and the way that we ' ll calculate its area, is first by saying well what are these lines that are going out? well those lines are going to be your l, your slant height and this side right here is going to be half of your circumference and half of a circumference is pi times r because the whole circumference is 2 pi r. so this down here is pi times r, so if our height l and our base is pi times r then the area of this is equal to pi times r times l. so the surface area of a cone which i ' m going to write over here is equal to the base pi r squared plus this lateral area which is found using your slant height. so that ' s going be pi times r times l, so you only need to know 2 dimensions the radius and the slant height and you can calculate the surface area of any cone.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43501138446384763, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c57b621-6116-4614-a9fc-c31bd7ee9c11>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.298933"}
{"text": "pacific ' s brawn drain is world rugby ' s gain back then... the 1961 fijian team in australia. photo : australian rugby union archives some call it modern - day blackbirding. australia stopped using pacific islanders in sugar fields 95 years ago but they are back, on the playing fields this time carrying the hopes and dreams of four of the six nations competing in this weekend ' s rugby world cup quarter - finals. one fifth of all world cup players are of pacific island background, from fiji, samoa and tonga. pacific islanders are playing for the wallabies ( seven ), all blacks ( eight ), england and wales ( one each ). the united states field seven, japan three. what caused such a brawn drain? the rise of the islanders is a happy confluence of supply and demand : in australia, the private school systems that once served as player humidicribs have let the side down with sport taking a backseat to academic success ; new zealand has been swamped by polynesian immigration and they have forced their way into national teams by talent and sheer numbers ; the globalisation of rugby has suddenly made pacific islanders bigger, stronger and faster than almost any other peoples, the men of the match. robert dewey, assistant professor of history at depauw university in indiana, has made a study of rugby in the pacific. he says the sport is segregated and played outside formal coaching structures, developing an exciting style of ' ' our own game ' ' that revitalised rugby across the world. rugby, he says, was appropriated as a ' ' national game ' ' among tongans, samoans and indigenous fijians. ' ' early rugby played an important role in expressions of village pride and masculinity, partly because so many of the traditional institutions into manhood had disappeared, ' ' he says. ' ' in more recent times, cast in the role of perpetual underdog, the successes and occasional upsets provided by island teams on the pitch went a long way to popularising rugby at home, beyond the elite groups which had initially played the game \u2026 it became the national game as well as a catalyst for regional connections. ' ' rugby was borne into the pacific by god and queen victoria. marist brothers took the game to samoa, while in fiji, colonial administrators established a ' ' native union ' ' in 1913 that continued until world war ii when local teams started to outnumber colonial sides and they ran out of grounds. in tonga, locals returning from newington college in stanmore introduced the code", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3950562312754028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92fd4459-6dbf-4c5c-817a-8111e5e39b39>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.304266"}
{"text": "colonial administrators established a ' ' native union ' ' in 1913 that continued until world war ii when local teams started to outnumber colonial sides and they ran out of grounds. in tonga, locals returning from newington college in stanmore introduced the code but acceptance was boosted when royal patronage arrived thanks to the interest of prince tugi and then his son, subsequently king taufa ' ahau tupou iv. pacific islanders proved so talented on the rugby field that there are some who believe this might be the reason they were put on earth. if african dna travelled across the atlantic to the caribbean and the us to produce the world ' s best sprinters and boxers, some football tragics believe it is not too big a stretch to believe the polynesian dna must have started out of south - east asia three millennia ago to embrace its manifest destiny - rugby. yet, the powerful nations of the pacific resisted polynesian domination, even after rugby union embraced professionalism and abandoned amateur status in 1995. professor dewey says the truth is that the island nations are too small and too poor to be treated as equals. ' ' lacking television revenues and significant sponsorship, barred from the executive decision - making, excluded from the repeated expansion of what became the super 14 competition \u2026 increasingly in debt and on the wrong end of lopsided score lines against the game ' s top teams, pacific rugby ' s administrators faced a bleak set of circumstances. ' ' he says pacific administrators were nearly unanimous in allowing players to seek their fortunes overseas, even if it meant donning wallaby or all blacks jerseys. they flooded the ranks of rugby league and even started showing up in us gridiron teams. over the years the likes of lote tuqiri, joe rokocoko, sione lauaki, sitiveni sivivatu, chris masoe, jerry collins and willie ofahengaue left their island homes. tonight, samoan - born centre manu tuilagi takes the field for england against france. his brother alesana represented samoa until they were knocked out but usually plays for leicester tigers in england. how long before an island of origin series?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4442756422634288, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92fd4459-6dbf-4c5c-817a-8111e5e39b39>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.305948"}
{"text": "elpidio quirinoarticle free pass elpidio quirino, ( born nov. 16, 1890, vigan, phil. \u2014 died feb. 28, 1956, novaliches ), political leader and second president of the independent republic of the philippines. after obtaining a law degree from the university of the philippines, near manila, in 1915, quirino practiced law until he was elected a member of the philippine house of representatives in 1919 \u2013 25 and a senator in 1925 \u2013 31. in 1934 he was a member of the philippine independence mission to washington, d. c., headed by manuel quezon, which secured the passage in congress of the tydings \u2013 mcduffie act, setting the date for philippine independence as july 4, 1946. he was also elected to the convention that drafted a constitution for the new philippine commonwealth. subsequently he served as secretary of finance and secretary of the interior in the commonwealth government. after world war ii, quirino served as secretary of state and vice president under the first president of the independent philippines, manuel roxas. when roxas died on april 15, 1948, quirino succeeded to the presidency. the following year, he was elected president for a four - year term on the liberal party ticket, defeating the nacionalista candidate. president quirino \u2019 s administration faced a serious threat in the form of the communist - led hukbalahap ( huk ) movement. though the huks originally had been an anti - japanese guerrilla army in luzon, the communists steadily gained control over the leadership, and, when quirino \u2019 s negotiations with huk commander luis taruc broke down in 1948, taruc openly declared himself a communist and called for the overthrow of the government. by 1950 the huks had gained control over a considerable portion of luzon, and quirino appointed the able ramon magsaysay as secretary of national defense to suppress the insurrection. quirino \u2019 s six years as president were marked by notable postwar reconstruction, general economic gains, and increased economic aid from the united states. basic social problems, however, particularly in the rural areas, remained unsolved ; quirino \u2019 s administration was tainted by widespread graft and corruption. the 1949 elections, which he had won, were among the most dishonest in the country \u2019 s history. magsaysay, who had been largely successful in eliminating the threat of the huk insurgents, broke with quirino on the issue of corruption, campaigning for clean elections and defeating quirino as the nacionalista candidate in the presidential", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39352661035874337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89a54512-d067-4b29-b474-e0c0018acd84>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.311192"}
{"text": "simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article. once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. course through hamburg... the southeast of the old city, the elbe divides itself into two branches, the norderelbe and the suderelbe, but these branches meet again opposite altona, just west of the old city, to form the unterelbe, which flows into the north sea some 65 miles downstream from hamburg. two other rivers flow into the elbe at hamburg \u2014 the alster from the north and the bille from the east. hydrology of elbe river the estuary proper of the elbe ( unterelbe ) extends from hamburg to cuxhaven, a distance of about 55 miles. it varies in width from one to two miles, but much of it is occupied by mud flats and sandbanks. the main channel is buoyed and dredged. at high tide the channel has a depth of some 53 feet ( 16 metres ). the south or left bank is low and marshy and the river has sandbanks ; the right bank is... what made you want to look up \" unterelbe river \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40563274291999224, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae938d36-1e2d-4ede-ac87-63c1ce6c3dec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.312818"}
{"text": "william iiiarticle free pass king of england an invitation, signed by a representative selection of james \u2019 s opponents, was dispatched on july 10 ( old style ), and on november 5 ( november 15, new style ) william and his army landed at brixham on tor bay in devon and proceeded almost unopposed to london. james fled to france, and the so - called convention parliament, summoned in january 1689, declared that james had abdicated and offered the vacant throne, with an accompanying declaration of right, to william and mary. they were proclaimed in february and crowned on april 21. the crown of scotland was offered to them in the same month. the revolution in england had been accomplished almost without bloodshed, but in scotland and ireland there was armed resistance. this collapsed in scotland in 1689, but the country remained troubled and unsettled throughout william \u2019 s reign. in 1692 alexander macdonald of glen coe and some of his clansmen were murdered in cold blood for tardiness in taking the oath of allegiance to william. william ordered an inquiry but took no further action until in 1695 the scottish parliament demanded a public investigation. he then showed culpable leniency to the offenders, merely dismissing from his secretaryship sir john dalrymple, on whom responsibility for the massacre was finally placed. in ireland war formally broke out in 1689, when james landed there with french support. but the successful defense of londonderry and of enniskillen, and william \u2019 s own victory at the battle of the boyne on july 1, 1690, ensured the reconquest of ireland and freed him to turn his attention to the european continent. here, after a series of minor attacks on the empire, louis xiv had invaded the palatinate in 1688. the dutch and the emperor concluded the treaty of vienna ( may 1689 ) and declared war on louis ; over the next 18 months william \u2019 s rare diplomatic skill brought into the alliance brandenburg, hanover, saxony, bavaria, savoy, and spain, as well as england, which became its linchpin. from 1691 william spent much time campaigning on the continent with varying degrees of success ; but by 1696 a number of factors made both sides anxious for peace, and the treaties of rijswijk were signed in 1697. the question, vital for a european balance of power, of who was to succeed the childless king charles ii of spain remained unsettled, however, and william had good cause to fear that the peace would be no more than a truce. the english parliament, on the contrary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41316859138995876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a7e0dde-9864-4d37-8512-5a0737dd39cc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.319665"}
{"text": "a european balance of power, of who was to succeed the childless king charles ii of spain remained unsettled, however, and william had good cause to fear that the peace would be no more than a truce. the english parliament, on the contrary, was convinced that it would be lasting, insisted on cutting down the size of the army, and resolutely turned its back on foreign affairs. william, in the hope of averting a new war, entered into two spanish partition treaties ( 1698 \u2013 99 ) with louis \u2014 measures that involved him in serious frictions with parliament. but when the spanish king died on nov. 1, 1700, louis, ignoring his agreements, accepted the crown of spain for his grandson and soon showed that he had not relinquished his plans for french aggrandizement. william, though hampered by english apathy, set himself to rebuilding the grand alliance and to preparing his two countries for the now inevitable conflict. in september 1701 the exiled james ii died, and louis xiv proclaimed his son king of england, contrary to his agreement in one of the rijswijk treaties, and thus roused the english to an enthusiasm for war. william did not live to see this war declared. his health had long been declining, and in march 1702 he died. his plans for a european settlement were largely carried out by the treaty of utrecht ( 1713 ). his ideal, which he had pursued doggedly for 30 years, was an international order in which no single power was able to tyrannize the rest. what made you want to look up \" william iii \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43331070218872497, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a7e0dde-9864-4d37-8512-5a0737dd39cc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.320367"}
{"text": "on the bicentennial of the war of 1812, what so proudly we hailed looks at this formative yet misunderstood period in american history through the lens of 21st century america. this provocative book asks, among other questions : what did america learn \u2014 and what did it not learn \u2014 from the experience? how did it help shape a nation? with congress divided along party lines, the u. s. government went to war without adequately preparing either the means to finance the conflict or the capabilities needed to achieve its aims. like the united states two hundred years ago, the executive branch still suffers from in - fighting. the military invades a foreign nation, expecting to be treated as liberators. the entire endeavor winds down to a seemingly inconclusive ending. sound familiar? by 2003, america was waging two wars at once, at vast expense. neither was financed by tax increases, but instead with borrowed money \u2014 much like in 1812, when the \u201c republican \u201d party \u2019 s reluctance to use the government \u2019 s taxing power led to expanded debt and inadequate funding for the war effort. in what so proudly we hailed, the contributors look at how partisan animosity in 1812 surpassed today \u2019 s rancor, teaching us the danger of hyperpartisanship as well as the less obvious tendency of the party system to adapt and realign : the federalist - republican competition that dominated early u. s. politics dissipated in the war \u2019 s aftermath. we take today \u2019 s partisan divide as a given, but in time that too is likely to pass. - pulitzer - winning historian alan taylor ( the civil war of 1812 ) examines the war \u2019 s sectional tensions and the implications for american nationalism. - historian peter j. kastor discusses how 1812 \u2013 15 affected state - federal relations. - author stephen budiansky ( perilous fight ) explores the military legacy. - pietro nivola assesses the keen partisan rivalry of the early 1800s and what it can tell us about today \u2019 s strife. - benjamin wittes and ritika singh of brookings investigate constitutional frictions, particularly regarding presidential power and civil liberties.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47389544468092915, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02f2a997-c079-4503-88e4-655f8dbcc67f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.324218"}
{"text": "how many times have you typed a wrong internet address into your web browser? it must have happened to you at least once. maybe instead of \u201c facebook \u201d you typed \u201c fcebook \u201d while rushing to access your facebook profile? you \u2019 d think that such an honest mistake doesn \u2019 t cost you anything. after all, you do no harm. but with all the cybercriminals out there looking for new opportunities to make some easy money, mistyping the name of a popular website might cost you your internet security. if you mistype the address of a website into your browser, you could end up on a malicious website. once landed, you might get tricked into downloading malicious software to your computer or handing over personal information, such as credit card details. cybercriminals set up these fake websites, hoping to \u201c capitalize \u201d on your mistakes. what is typosquatting? the fraudulent web practice mentioned above is called \u201c typosquatting \u201d. it is a form of cybersquatting, an illegal web practice also known as \u201c domain \u201d or \u201c url squatting \u201d. the us and other countries even have a law against it. in the us it \u2019 s called \u201c the anticybersquatting consumer protection act \u201d. cybersquatting basically refers to the action of registering, trafficking in, or using the name of an existing website to profit from the goodwill of a trademark that belongs to someone else. sometimes, the ill - intended third - parties behind this kind of fraud \u2013 cybersquatters \u2013 register misspelled versions of popular trademarked names that coincide with common misspellings made by web users. in such cases, if you happen to type one of those versions into your browser, you \u2019 re directed to their site ( for example : www. example. com may be used as www. exmple. com ). at this point, your internet security might be greatly compromised. this is typosquatting and has happened with popular brands like : twitter \u2013 www. twtter. com, wikipedia \u2013 www. wikapedia. com, craiglist \u2013 www. craigilist. com, apple \u2013 www. pple. com, google \u2013 www. goole. com and more. what do typosquatters want? - compete with the popular sites in question for web traffic and earn money through advertisements ; in this case, typosquatters are not putting at risk your internet security, but they are taking advantage of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49267286764804374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7dbd0837-3a3e-4fa2-9deb-ec18e31d34e9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.328225"}
{"text": "what do typosquatters want? - compete with the popular sites in question for web traffic and earn money through advertisements ; in this case, typosquatters are not putting at risk your internet security, but they are taking advantage of your good faith. their real victims are the companies whose names are used as bait. - trick you into downloading spyware or other type of malware to your computer. if you don \u2019 t have proper antivirus protection, they might breach your internet security. for example, once you get on the respective site, a pop - up window might warn you that your computer is infected and urge you to download an antivirus program they provide. if you fall for the scam, what you actually download is malware. - get hold of your personal information \u2013 usernames, passwords, credit card details, as part of a phishing scam. the site you land on might offer you fake discounts or giveways, in exchange for your personal details. - direct you to adult, dating sites, or other sites you had no intention of visiting. how to avoid typosquatting dangers : - be very careful with what you type in to your web browser. always type in the correct names of the sites you want to visit and make sure your kids do the same. you don \u2019 t want them ending up on dating sites or downloading some form of malware that can compromise your entire family \u2019 s internet security. - when you \u2019 re not sure of the correct spelling of the website name, do not type it in the browser address bar directly. use a trusted search engine instead, like google, bing and yahoo!, to get a thorough list of search results. in this case, it \u2019 s best you have an effective safe browsing tool, like the one in bullguard internet security 12, to flag out phishing, virus - infected and other types of malicious websites. - get a genuine and comprehensive internet security suite to protect you from phishing attempts, viruses, spyware and other types of malware. bullguard \u2019 s internet security software comes with a dual antivirus engine that spots known and yet unknown malware, as well as an antiphishing tool and a bunch of other cool internet security features.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4874272438227638, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7dbd0837-3a3e-4fa2-9deb-ec18e31d34e9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.329300"}
{"text": "focusing on cancer stem cells many solid tumors appear to have a small population of stem cells that are partially resistant to chemotherapy and can perpetuate themselves indefinitely. these cancer stem cells thus far have been isolated from breast and brain tumors as well as blood. the exact origin of these cancer stem cells remains to be defined. with mounting evidence to support the hypothesis that genetic alterations in tissue stem cells may represent the origins of some cancers, the time is right to more vigorously explore the properties, mechanisms, and vulnerabilities of this subset of cells. the presence of such cells, first demonstrated in acute myeloid leukemia patients, provides a different and exciting model with which to further explore cancer biology. as a result, nci is establishing a trans - nih group of scientists interested in embryogenesis and cancer stem cell biology to advance the study of the underlying mechanisms in these processes. establishing this group will facilitate the sharing of data, reagents, and animal models, and also provide a meaningful scientific interface with similar groups of extramural scientists. isolating and studying cancer stem cells should give us new insights into cancer and therapies. a defining characteristic of cancer stem cells is their ability to self - renew while giving rise to a diverse population of cells. in this respect, cancer stem cells are like embryonic stem cells, and the lessons of embryology, in which the role of stem cells are well defined, are crucial to understanding their role in carcinogenesis. the mechanisms that allow controlled growth and migration of cells during the development of complex organisms from a single cell may be the same genetically programmed signal pathways that, when left unregulated in the adult organism, allow the development of tumors. tumors are, in essence, complex \" organs \" complete with neovasculature and phenotypically altered supporting tissues. relatively little is known about the mechanisms of self - renewal, but researchers are beginning to identify potential genes and pathways involved. this could eventually lead to targets for intervening in the process, but without disrupting the behavior of normal tissue stem cells. some good news in this regard was reported last month. researchers at the dana - farber cancer institute found differences between genetic signatures associated with self - renewal in cancer stem cells and in normal blood stem cells in mice. this suggests that it may be possible to target cancer stem cells in humans. so where do cancer stem cells come from? one theory says they start out as normal stem cells until they become altered and start producing cancer cells. another says that some more mature, differentiated cells", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.518697032565508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c95cd52-65f2-4235-b732-5df4493aca7c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.341773"}
{"text": "it may be possible to target cancer stem cells in humans. so where do cancer stem cells come from? one theory says they start out as normal stem cells until they become altered and start producing cancer cells. another says that some more mature, differentiated cells may regain the ability to self - renew through genetic changes - a process of de - differentiation as they become malignant. there may be evidence for both theories. it ' s important to remember that these rare cells have only recently been discovered. to answer fundamental questions about them, we need to develop more efficient techniques for isolating the cells and maintaining them in culture, and we need to draw on our knowledge of embryogenesis. single - cell analyses will likely be needed to distinguish events present in cancer stem cells from the more differentiated cells that make up the majority of the tumor. i am excited about the formation of this group. we have seen the success of another trans - nih group in which nci plays an integral role. the trans - nih angiogenesis research program has improved the exchange of information and resources for angiogenesis researchers focused on diverse topics such as macular degeneration, cancer, and heart disease. likewise, the new group has the potential to advance the science around stem cell biology and bring us closer to new and potentially highly effective therapies in cancer and other diseases. dr. john e. niederhuber", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4800436880490112, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c95cd52-65f2-4235-b732-5df4493aca7c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.343129"}
{"text": "garden guide ' 10 : the right tools the easy bloom plant sensor shows which vegetables, fruits, herbs, flowers, trees, shrubs or houseplants will grow where, indoors or out. there are so many different types of gardening tools available. how do you know which ones you ' ll really need? for starters, you ' ll need something to dig with \u2014 shovel or a spade. a shovel is typically a scoop for mixing or moving material from one place to another. a spade is designed for digging. the blade is straighter than a shovel ' s and is made to be pushed into the soil. long - handle tools usually offer better leverage and reach and allow working from a standing position. the handle may be either straight or have a d - shaped grip. with some long - handle pruners, extensions may be available. short - handle tools are lighter, usually less expensive and more compact to store. they let you work in confined spaces or while kneeling. common short - handled tools include hand pruners and clippers, hoes, garden trowels and cultivators. using short - handle tools means spending time low to the ground. a good, firm foam pad or strap - on kneepads can help prevent aches and pains. choices range from simple pads to foldable seats. basic and not - so - basic tools - garden knives. useful for cutting twine and plant ties and opening bags and plant root balls, the safer ones have non - collapsible fixed blades. - garden rakes. a heavy rake with short, stiff tines supported by a flat or bow - shaped metal frame is useful for raking heavy materials, removing rocks and other debris and smoothing the soil for planting. - leaf rakes. a light rake with long, thin, flexible tines designed to gather leaves or other light materials. - hand pruners and shears. used for removing flowers, lightweight foliage and small branches. - hoes. for weeding and scraping the soil ' s surface, hoes include the traditional flat scraping or chopping types and the loop, scuffle and stirrup styles. - long - handled pruners and loppers. these long - handled versions of hand pruners provide greater reach and leverage, allowing for larger items to be cut. - mattocks. a heavy, flat - bladed tool designed to dig or grub in the soil on one end, with a sharp point to break up heavy or rocky soils on the other. - spading forks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.423072993008366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:359cfd37-5458-4697-afa4-a7d2b98cd2dc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.346937"}
{"text": "for larger items to be cut. - mattocks. a heavy, flat - bladed tool designed to dig or grub in the soil on one end, with a sharp point to break up heavy or rocky soils on the other. - spading forks. used to open up the ground, dig bulbs, incorporate soil amendments and turn compost, they have heavy, flat tines and often a d - shaped handle. - tillers. a power tool that breaks up large areas of compacted soil and incorporates soil amendments. - cultivators. a tool with heavy curved or bent tines or sometimes multiple spinning blades designed to open up and aerate the soil. styles with tines are also used to mix materials and effectively loosen weed roots. - the weed wrench, a manually - operated, all - steel tool designed to remove woody weeds by uprooting them. - the easy bloom plant sensor shows which vegetables, fruits, herbs, flowers, trees, shrubs or houseplants will grow where, indoors or out. storing your tools avoid clutter and damage by keeping your tools organized and dry. there ' s a tremendous selection in stores and online of storage racks, systems, tool organizers, outdoor closets and sheds. a basic, simple storage idea is to use a bucket caddy with cloth pockets that wraps around a 5 - gallon bucket. it ' s convenient for storing small tools and you can dump weeds in the bucket. another idea for keeping small tools, seeds, sunscreen and other items handy is to mount a jumbo mailbox on a post near the garden.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4532447488002949, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:359cfd37-5458-4697-afa4-a7d2b98cd2dc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.349578"}
{"text": "scientists find trick to reverse moral opinions ( cbs news ) a new study finds that a person ' s moral compass is surprisingly easy to throw off. with nothing more than a clipboard, a survey and a small patch of glue, researchers were able to get participants to not only subconsciously change their minds but even argue the opposite of their original opinions. the study, led by lars hall of sweden ' s lund university, asked 160 volunteers to fill out a quick 2 - page survey on moral principles and the morality of current events - such as the israeli - palestinian conflict. unbeknownst to the participants, a patch of glue was stuck to the back of the survey clipboard. when flipping to the second page, the top set of statements would stick to the back of the clipboard, revealing a different set of questions but leaving the responses unchanged. published in the journal plos one, the study slightly altered the hidden statements to mean the opposite of what they said originally. one example used in the study : \" large - scale governmental surveillance of e - mail and internet traffic out to be forbidden as a means to combat international crime and terrorism. \" when the hidden statements were revealed, the original had been reworded from \" forbidden \" to \" permitted. \" participants then read the statements aloud, including the ones that had been altered, and explain their opinions. researchers found that half of participants did not detect any changes to the statements, and a full 69 percent accepted at least one of the altered statements. not only were the volunteers unlikely to spot the changes, 53 percent argued in favor of the altered statements rather than their original opinions. hall and his team have studied this phenomenon previously, calling it \" choice blindness. \" \" i don ' t feel we have exposed people or fooled them, \" hall told the journal nature. \" rather this shows something otherwise very difficult to show, [ which is ] how open and flexible people can actually be. \" the study may have ramifications concerning the accuracy of self - report questionnaires. hall believes that standard surveys \" are not good at capturing the complexity of the attitudes people actually hold. \" liane young, a psychologist at boston college who was not involved in the study, called the results \" intriguing. \" \" these findings suggest that if i ' m fooled into thinking that i endorse a view, i ' ll do the work myself to come up with my own reasons, \" she told nature. \u00a9 2012 cbs interactive inc. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5394033960732448, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9e8e3fa-e293-454b-ac0d-30f1d070327c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.353495"}
{"text": "mexico scrambles to cope with egg shortage a city worker sells eggs at government subsidized prices as people line up outside the city truck in mexico city, friday, aug. 24, 2012. the mexican government is battling an egg shortage and hoarding that have caused prices to spike in a country with the highest per - capita egg consumption on earth. about 11 million chickens were slaughtered after a june outbreak of bird flu. / ap photo / alexandre meneghini ( ap ) mexico city - the mexican government is battling an egg shortage and hoarding that have caused prices to spike in a country with the highest per - capita egg consumption on earth. a summer epidemic of bird flu in the heart of mexico ' s egg industry has doubled the cost of a kilo ( 2. 2 pounds ), or about 13 eggs, to more than 40 pesos ( $ 3 ), a major blow to working - and middle - class consumers in a country that consumes more than 350 eggs per person each year. that ' s 100 more eggs per person than in the united states. egg prices have dominated the headlines here for a week, spurring mexico city ' s mayor to ship tons of cheap eggs to poor neighborhoods and the federal government to announce emergency programs to get fresh chickens to farms hit by bird flu and to restock supermarket shelves with eggs imported from the u. s. and central america. the national dismay over egg prices has revealed the unappreciated importance of a cheap, easy source of protein that ' s nearly as important to mexican kitchens as tortillas, rice and beans. added boiled to stewed chicken, raw to a fruit - juice hangover cure and in every other conceivable form to hundreds of other foods, the once - ubiquitous egg has disappeared from many street - side food stands and middle - class kitchens in recent days. \" eggs, as you know, are one of mexicans ' most important foods and make up a core part of their diet, especially in the poorest regions of the country, \" president felipe calderon said friday as he announced about $ 227 million in emergency financing and commercial measures to restore production and replace about 11 million chickens slaughtered after the june outbreak of bird flu. calderon said he was sending inspectors to stop speculation that he blamed for high egg prices, which have almost single - handedly driven up the national rate of inflation. he said that the government had already begun large - scale importation of eggs and that about 3 million hens were being sent to farms hit by the flu outbreak", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3908392621599114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b97479be-7b5b-44a9-a4b8-4d6c4535aefc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.358061"}
{"text": "strategic plan - disabilities & disparities priority : identifying and reducing disparities in key health indicators, including obesity, among children, youth and adults with disabilities. what is the problem? - obesity rates for children and adults with disabilities are 38 percent and 57 percent higher than rates for children and adults without disabilities. - adults with disabilities engage in physical activities on a regular basis approximately half as often as adults without disabilities ( 12 percent vs. 22 percent ). - disparities have been found in access to health care, with 29 percent of people with disabilities showing unmet need compared to 12 percent of people without disabilities. what do we know? the growing body of research on the link between obesity and disability indicates that, for both children and adults, those at greatest risk for obesity have mobility limitations, intellectual / learning disabilities, or both. whether obesity is the result of disability or a contributing factor to disability, children, youth and adults with disabilities are an important subgroup to address in reducing obesity in the united states. reasons for these disparities include : - lack of healthy food choices for many people with disabilities living in restrictive environments ; - difficulty with chewing or swallowing food ; - use of medications that can contribute to changes in weight and appetite ; - physical limitations that can reduce a person \u2019 s ability to exercise ; - pain and / or lack of energy ; - lack of accessible environments such as sidewalks, parks, and exercise equipment ; and - lack of resources such as money, transportation, and social support from family, friends, neighbors, and community members. what can we do? now is the time for action. evidence shows that regular physical activity and good nutrition provide improved cardiovascular and muscle fitness, enhanced mental health, and a better ability to perform tasks of daily life for people with disabilities. we need : research to build the evidence for interventions ; effective communication to inform stakeholders ; and implementation of public health programs, policies, and practices to reduce the disparity in obesity and other health indicators such as health care access. with our partners, we are integrating disability into national efforts that address obesity and other health conditions, and identifying and measuring outcomes for persons with disabilities to evaluate effectiveness and monitor change. learn more about disabilities learn more about ncbddd \u2019 s strategic plan and priorities. - centers for disease control and prevention national center on birth defects and developmental disabilities 1600 clifton road atlanta, ga 30333 tty : ( 888 ) 232 - 6348 new hours of operation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.441153869970626, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:82ec3834-b56b-4922-98d6-9583b21fa920>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.362014"}
{"text": "asthma is a lifelong disease that causes wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. it can limit a person ' s quality of life. while we don ' t know why asthma rates are rising, we do know that most people with asthma can control their symptoms and prevent asthma attacks by avoiding asthma triggers and correctly using prescribed medicines, such as inhaled corticosteroids. the number of people diagnosed with asthma grew by 4. 3 million from 2001 to 2009. from 2001 through 2009 asthma rates rose the most among black children, almost a 50 % increase. asthma was linked to 3, 447 deaths ( about 9 per day ) in 2007. asthma costs in the us grew from about $ 53 billion in 2002 to about $ 56 billion in 2007, about a 6 % increase. greater access to medical care is needed for the growing number of people with asthma. asthma is increasing every year in the us. too many people have asthma. - the number of people with asthma continues to grow. one in 12 people ( about 25 million, or 8 % of the population ) had asthma in 2009, compared with 1 in 14 ( about 20 million, or 7 % ) in 2001. - more than half ( 53 % ) of people with asthma had an asthma attack in 2008. more children ( 57 % ) than adults ( 51 % ) had an attack. - 185 children and 3, 262 adults died from asthma in 2007. - about 1 in 10 children ( 10 % ) had asthma and 1 in 12 adults ( 8 % ) had asthma in 2009. women were more likely than men and boys more likely than girls to have asthma. - about 1 in 9 ( 11 % ) non - hispanic blacks of all ages and about 1 in 6 ( 17 % ) of non - hispanic black children had asthma in 2009, the highest rate among racial / ethnic groups. - the greatest rise in asthma rates was among black children ( almost a 50 % increase ) from 2001 through 2009. asthma action plan stages green zone : doing well no cough, wheeze, chest tightness, or shortness of breath ; can do all usual activities. take prescribed longterm control medicine such as inhaled corticosteroids. yellow zone : getting worse cough, wheeze, chest tightness, or shortness of breath ; waking at night ; can do some, but not all, usual activities. add quick - relief medicine. red zone : medical alert! very short of breath ; quick - relief medicines don ' t help ; cannot do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4680395533681829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:444d36d1-9d94-4ee6-a229-05bf8f8ca759>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.368892"}
{"text": ", or shortness of breath ; waking at night ; can do some, but not all, usual activities. add quick - relief medicine. red zone : medical alert! very short of breath ; quick - relief medicines don ' t help ; cannot do usual activities ; symptoms no better after 24 hours in yellow zone. get medical help now. full action plan : http : / / www. cdc. gov / asthma / actionplan. html asthma has a high cost for individuals and the nation. - asthma cost the us about $ 3, 300 per person with asthma each year from 2002 to 2007 in medical expenses. - medical expenses associated with asthma increased from $ 48. 6 billion in 2002 to $ 50. 1 billion in 2007. about 2 in 5 ( 40 % ) uninsured people with asthma could not afford their prescription medicines and about 1 in 9 ( 11 % ) insured people with asthma could not afford their prescription medicines. - more than half ( 59 % ) of children and one - third ( 33 % ) of adults who had an asthma attack missed school or work because of asthma in 2008. on average, in 2008 children missed 4 days of school and adults missed 5 days of work because of asthma. better asthma education is needed. - people with asthma can prevent asthma attacks if they are taught to use inhaled corticosteroids and other prescribed daily long - term control medicines correctly and to avoid asthma triggers. triggers can include tobacco smoke, mold, outdoor air pollution, and colds and flu. - in 2008 less than half of people with asthma reported being taught how to avoid triggers. almost half ( 48 % ) of adults who were taught how to avoid triggers did not follow most of this advice. - doctors and patients can better manage asthma by creating a personal asthma action plan that the patient follows. asthma by age and sex us, 2001 - 2009 percentages are age - adjusted source : national center for health statistics ; 2010. asthma self - management education by age, us, 2008 source : national health interview survey, 2008, asthma supplement. adults with asthma in the us, 2009 source : behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2009 federal, state, and local health officials can : - track asthma rates and the effectiveness of control measures so continuous improvements can be made in prevention efforts. - promote influenza and pneumonia vaccination for people with asthma. - promote improvements in indoor air quality for people with asthma through measures such as smoke - free air laws and policies, healthy schools and workplaces, and improvements in outdoor air quality.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44288698425752915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:444d36d1-9d94-4ee6-a229-05bf8f8ca759>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.370180"}
{"text": ". - promote influenza and pneumonia vaccination for people with asthma. - promote improvements in indoor air quality for people with asthma through measures such as smoke - free air laws and policies, healthy schools and workplaces, and improvements in outdoor air quality. health care providers can : - determine the severity of asthma and monitor how much control the patient has over it. - make an asthma action plan for patients. use this to teach them how to use inhaled corticosteroids and other prescribed medicines correctly and how to avoid asthma triggers such as tobacco smoke, mold, pet dander, and outdoor air pollution. - prescribe inhaled corticosteroids for all patients with persistent asthma. people with asthma and parents of children with asthma can : - receive ongoing appropriate medical care. - be empowered through education to manage their asthma and asthma attacks. - avoid asthma triggers at school, work, home, and outdoors. parents of children with asthma should not smoke, or if they do, smoke only outdoors and not in their cars. - use inhaled corticosteroids and other prescribed medicines correctly. schools and school nurses can : - use student asthma action plans to guide use of inhaled corticosteroids and other prescribed asthma medicines correctly and to avoid asthma triggers. - make students ' quick - relief inhalers readily available for them to use at school as needed. - take steps to fix indoor air quality problems like mold and outdoor air quality problems such as idling school buses. employers and insurers can : - promote healthy workplaces by reducing or eliminating known asthma triggers. - promote measures that prevent asthma attacks such as eliminating co - payments for inhaled corticosteroids and other prescribed medicines. - provide reimbursement for educational sessions conducted by clinicians, health educators, and other health professionals both within and outside of the clinical setting. - provide reimbursement for long - term control medicines, education, and services to reduce asthma triggers that are often not covered by health insurers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4268915353678371, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:444d36d1-9d94-4ee6-a229-05bf8f8ca759>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.371405"}
{"text": "announcements : world stroke day \u2014 october 29, 2012 monday, october 29, is world stroke day 2012. approximately 795, 000 strokes occur annually in the united states. one of the leading causes of disability, stroke occurs among all age groups, including newborns, children, young adults, and older adults ( 1 ). one in six persons worldwide will have a stroke in his or her lifetime, and every 6 seconds someone will die from a stroke ( 2, 3 ). although stroke is a common disease, it can be prevented. in addition, with timely care and support, most stroke survivors can recover and regain their quality of life. everyone should take the following actions to reduce their likelihood of having a stroke : 1 ) know your personal risk factors, including high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, high blood cholesterol, atrial fibrillation, and a history of having a transient ischemic attack or previous stroke ; 2 ) engage in physical activity regularly ; 3 ) maintain a healthy diet high in fruits and vegetables ; 4 ) limit alcohol consumption ; 5 ) avoid cigarette smoke ( if you smoke, seek help to stop now ) ; and 6 ) learn to recognize the warning signs of a stroke, * and call 9 - 1 - 1 right away if you think someone is having a stroke. cdc addresses stroke prevention through state - based programs to prevent heart disease and stroke, through the paul coverdell national acute stroke registry, and through many partnerships. information on stroke prevention is available at http : / / www. cdc. gov / stroke, and additional information about world stroke day is available at http : / / www. worldstrokecampaign. org. - roger vl, go as, lloyd - jones dm, et al. heart disease and stroke statistics \u2013 2012 update : a report from the american heart association. circulation 2012 ; 125 : e2 - e220. - seshadri s, beiser a, kelly - hayes m. the lifetime risk of stroke : estimates from the framingham study. stroke 2006 ; 37 : 345 \u2013 50. - world health organization. the atlas of heart disease and stroke. geneva, switzerland : world health organization ; 2004. available at http : / / www. who. int / cardiovascular _ diseases / resources / atlas. accessed october 16, 2012. * sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body ; sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding ; sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes ; sudden", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42556483048845195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e346ef99-aa90-43f5-af3f-650165e0e6af>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.374939"}
{"text": "- pdf ( 392 kb ) - full text with thumbnail figures - full text with large figures - cited by in scopus ( 51 ) - request permission - transitioning from malaria control to elimination : the vital role of acts trends in parasitology, volume 29, issue 2, 1 february 2013, pages 60 - 64 heiner grueninger and kamal hamed abstractartemisinin - based combination therapies ( acts ) have been instrumental in reducing malaria burden. many countries report geographical areas with reduced levels of endemic disease. as the transition is made from malaria control to elimination, new ways of using existing treatments are being considered. in this opinion paper, the requirements for the continued success of acts, their role in this transition, and possible new ways of using these drugs in an elimination setting are discussed. acts have an important role to play in maintaining the current success of control programs, and may also drive these successes forward into the widespread elimination of malaria. abstract | full text | pdf ( 569 kb ) - combating malaria in africa trends in parasitology, volume 18, issue 5, 1 may 2002, pages 224 - 230 jean - francois trape, gilles pison, andre spiegel, catherine enel and christophe rogier abstractthe spread of antimalarial drug resistance has major consequences for malaria control in tropical africa. here, the impact of chloroquine resistance on the burden of malaria is analyzed and its implications for the roll back malaria initiative are examined. malaria mortality has increased at least twofold during the past two decades. combination therapy should be available for home treatment of young children. the potential toxicity of most antimalarials will require special surveillance programs. the main contribution to malaria control using methods to reduce the entomological inoculation rate is expected in areas with low or unstable transmission. classic vector - control methods could potentially eliminate malaria in most urban areas and such programs deserve high priority. abstract | full text | pdf ( 67 kb ) - plasmodium vivax transmission : chances for control? trends in parasitology, volume 20, issue 4, 1 april 2004, pages 192 - 198 jetsumon sattabongkot, takafumi tsuboi, gabriela e. zollner, jeeraphat sirichaisinthop and liwang cui abstractplasmodium vivax is a growing public health problem in many regions of the world as a result of re - emergence and increased transmission. this article reviews the unique biology related", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4668772366421749, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8b731e8d-f619-4652-82a4-5101cf916238>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.379482"}
{"text": "##eraphat sirichaisinthop and liwang cui abstractplasmodium vivax is a growing public health problem in many regions of the world as a result of re - emergence and increased transmission. this article reviews the unique biology related to p. vivax transmission and addresses potential problems associated with the control of this parasite, which depends on an in - depth knowledge of malaria transmission. the success of comprehensive control measures will require advanced laboratory and field research on this parasite, international awareness of the problem, and co - operation by members of the international malaria community to implement new knowledge and improve the management of transmission in each endemic area. abstract | full text | pdf ( 162 kb ) copyright \u00a9 2003 elsevier ltd all rights reserved. trends in parasitology, volume 19, issue 10, 452 - 460, 1 october 2003 mass administrations of antimalarial drugs 1 international vaccine institute, kwanak, po box 14, seoul, 151 - 600, korea 2 department of infectious and tropical diseases, london school of hygiene and tropical medicine, keppel st., london, uk, wc1e 7ht administration of antimalarial drugs to whole populations has been used as a malaria - control measure for more than 70 years. drugs have been administered either directly as a full therapeutic course of treatment or indirectly through the fortification of salt. mass drug administrations ( mdas ) were generally unsuccessful in interrupting transmission but, in some cases, had a marked effect on parasite prevalence and on the incidence of clinical malaria. mdas are likely to encourage the spread of drug - resistant parasites and so have only a limited role in malaria control. they could have a part to play in the management of epidemics and in the control of malaria in areas with a short transmission season. to reduce the risk of spreading drug resistance, mdas should use more than one drug and, preferably include a drug, such as an artemisinin, which has a gametocidal effect.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5022741229458612, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8b731e8d-f619-4652-82a4-5101cf916238>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.380299"}
{"text": "we seek the solution to the linear system of equations iterative methods, unlike direct methods, generate a sequence of approximate solutions to the system that ( hopefully ) converges to the exact solution. after k iterations, we obtain an approximation to the exact solution as : where is the residual after k iterations. as the difference between the exact and approaximate solution, we obtain the purpose of iterations is to drive this residual to zero. stationary iterative methods iterative methods that can be expressed in the simple form when neither b nor c depend upon the iteration count ( k ), the iterative method is called stationary iterative method. some of the stationary iterative methods are - jacobi method - gauss - seidel method - successive overrelaxation ( sor ) method and - symmetric successive overrelaxation ( ssor ) method the convergence of such iterative methods can be investigated using the fixed point theorem. nonstationary iterative methods when during the iterations b and c changes during the iterations, the method is called nonstationary iterative method. typically, constants b and c are computed by taking inner products of residuals or other vectors arising from the iterative method. some examples are : - conjugate gradient method ( cg ) - minres and symmlq - generalized minimal residual ( gmres ) - biconjugate gradient ( bicg ) - quasi - minimal residual ( qmr ) - conjugate gradient squared method ( cgs ) - biconjugate gradient stabilized ( bi - cgstab ) - chebyshev iteration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.562855377067493, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57f4fa4d-00c8-4756-a302-32778719e080>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.383147"}
{"text": "could the pap smear, which is already commonly used to detect cervical cancer, also be used to find endometrial and ovarian cancers? a small study suggests that may be possible in the future. scientists at johns hopkins have found that cervical fluid collected during a routine pap smear can be used to detect both types of cancers by using a genome sequencing test called the \" papgene. \" researchers administered the test on a small group of samplings, and found the procedure accurately detected all 24 endometrial cancers, or cancer of the lining of the uterus. however, they were only able to find nine of 22, or 41 %. of ovarian cancers. according to the american cancer society, only 20 % of ovarian cancers are found early. survival chances increase dramatically when cancers are caught early, before they have spread. the pap test is designed to collect cervical cells that are examined for cancer. it is the gold standard for cervical cancer screening. yet, there is no good screening method available for ovarian or endometrial cancers. because the pilot study was small, investigators say this genetic test is not ready for general practice. they emphasize larger studies still need to be conducted and the test may even have to be refined, particularly to improve finding ovarian cancers. scientists involved in the initial research are already recruiting patients for the next trial phase. but doctors are still excited, especially since the test would be easy and convenient since the pap test is already available. when cells are taken in a pap test, there is excess fluid that accumulates on the smear. those are the fluids the test would examine for the other cancers. and investigators say the procedure would eliminate a lot of \" false positive \" results that previous tests for these cancers have caused. \" the lack of false positives is a real advantage, because they often lead to anxiety and worry in the patient, \" says dr. luis diaz, the lead investigator of the study and an associate professor of oncology at johns hopkins. \" and the follow - up tests are expensive and can be invasive. we are hoping this test will take away those worries. \" results of the experiments are published in the january 9 issue of the journal science translational medicine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45560533406192727, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e126676e-ddeb-47bf-b415-e71e9e0ce506>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.387687"}
{"text": "to use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. with an accout for my. chemeurope. com you can always see everything at a glance \u2013 and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. - my watch list - my saved searches - my saved topics - my newsletter peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotes that participate in the metabolism of fatty acids and other metabolites. peroxisomes have enzymes that rid the cell of toxic peroxides. they have a single lipid bilayer membrane that separates their contents from the cytosol ( the internal fluid of the cell ) and contain membrane proteins critical for various functions, such as importing proteins into the organelles and aiding in proliferation. like lysosomes, peroxisomes are part of the secretory pathway of a cell, but they are much more dynamic and can replicate by enlarging and then dividing. peroxisomes were identified as cellular organelles by the belgian cytologist christian de duve in 1967 after they had been first described in a swedish phd thesis a decade earlier. occurrence and evolution peroxisomes are found in virtually all eukaryotic cells and stem cells. peroxisomes contain enzymes for certain oxidative reactions, like the beta - oxidation of very - long - chain fatty acids. prokaryotes lack peroxisomes. the enzymatic content of peroxisomes varies across species, but the presence of certain proteins common to many species has been used to suggest an endosymbiotic origin ; that is, peroxisomes evolved from bacteria that invaded larger cells as parasites, and very gradually evolved a symbiotic relationship. however, this view has been challenged by recent discoveries. for example, peroxisome - less mutants can restore peroxisomes upon introduction of the wild - type gene, and peroxisomes have been observed to be formed from the endoplasmic reticulum. an evolutionary analysis of the peroxisomal proteome found homologies between the peroxisomal import machinery and the erad pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum, along with a number of metabolic enzymes that were likely recruited from the mitochondria. these results indicate that the peroxisome does not have an endosymbiotic origin ; instead, it likely originates from the er, and its proteins were recruited from pools existing within the primitive eukaryote,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49839424702217006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ee9ac0a-ba8a-41fb-9afa-af1626bccbd5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.393161"}
{"text": "the mitochondria. these results indicate that the peroxisome does not have an endosymbiotic origin ; instead, it likely originates from the er, and its proteins were recruited from pools existing within the primitive eukaryote, as quoted in the science textbook biozone. peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes, such as catalase, d - amino acid oxidase, and uric acid oxidase. certain enzymes within the peroxisome, by using molecular oxygen, remove hydrogen atoms from specific organic substrates ( labeled as r ), in an oxidative reaction, producing hydrogen peroxide ( h2o2, itself toxic ) : this reaction is important in liver and kidney cells, where the peroxisomes detoxify various toxic substances that enter the blood. about 25 % of the ethanol we drink is oxidized to acetaldehyde in this way. in addition, when excess h2o2 accumulates in the cell, catalase converts it to h2o through this reaction : a major function of the peroxisome is the breakdown of fatty acid molecules, in a process called beta - oxidation. in this process, the fatty acids are broken down two carbons at a time, converted to acetyl - coa, which is then transported back to the cytosol for further use. in animal cells, beta - oxidation can also occur in the mitochondria. in yeast and plant cells, this process is exclusive for the peroxisome. the first reactions in the formation of plasmalogen in animal cells also occurs in peroxisomes. plasmalogen is the most abundant phospholipid in myelin. deficiency of plasmalogens causes profound abnormalities in the myelination of nerve cells, which is one of the reasons that many peroxisomal disorders lead to neurological disease. peroxisomes also play a role in the production of bile acids and proteins. proteins are selectively imported into peroxisomes. since the organelles contain no dna or ribosomes and thus have no means of producing proteins, all of their proteins must be imported across the membrane. it is believed that proteins do not transit through the endoplasmic reticulum to get to the peroxisome. a specific protein signal ( pts or peroxisomal targeting signal ) of three amino acids at the c - terminus of many peroxisomal proteins signals the membrane of the peroxisome to import them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49096669613157085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ee9ac0a-ba8a-41fb-9afa-af1626bccbd5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.394054"}
{"text": "get to the peroxisome. a specific protein signal ( pts or peroxisomal targeting signal ) of three amino acids at the c - terminus of many peroxisomal proteins signals the membrane of the peroxisome to import them into the organelle. other peroxisomal proteins contain a signal at the n - terminus. there are at least 32 known peroxisomal proteins, called peroxins, which participate in the process of importing proteins by means of atp hydrolysis. proteins do not have to unfold to be imported into the peroxisome. the protein receptors, the peroxins pex5 and pex7, accompany their cargoes ( containing a pts1 or a pts2, respectively ) all the way into the peroxisome where they release the cargo and then return to the cytosol - a step named recycling. overall, the import cycle is referred to as the extended shuttle mechanism. evidence now indicates that atp hydrolysis is required for the recycling of receptors to the cytosol. also, ubiquitination appears to be crucial for the export of pex5 from the peroxisome, to the cytosol. little is known about the import of pex7, although it has helper proteins that have been shown to be ubiquitinated. peroxisomal disorders are a class of condtions that lead to disorders of lipid metabolism. one well - known example is zellweger syndrome. peroxisomes matrix proteins are synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytosol and that these proteins are imported posttranslationally in pre - existing peroxisomes. this article contains material from the science primer published by the ncbi, which, as a u. s. government publication, is in the public domain. | this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article \" peroxisome \". a list of authors is available in wikipedia. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5152037701263247, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ee9ac0a-ba8a-41fb-9afa-af1626bccbd5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.394834"}
{"text": "hydrates are crystalline solid compounds formed from water and smaller molecules in hydrocarbon fluids such as methane, ethane, propane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. hydrates are a nuisance, since they can block pipelines leading to stoppage of pipeline transportation operations and hence are an important aspect of pipeline flow assurance that needs to be addressed. hydrate formation in pipeline requires three conditions to exist : 1. the right combination of temperature and pressure. hydrate formation is favored by low temperature and high pressure. 2. a hydrate former must be present. hydrate formers are the hydrocarbons mentioned as above. 3. a sufficient amount of water \u2013 not too much, not too little. certain other conditions in the pipeline enhance the formation of hydrates and are listed below : this can be either due to high velocity or agitation of the process fluid. high velocities in pipelines can occur at any sudden restrictions in the line such as a choke valve. in gas flow a large pressure drop across the choke valve causes the temperature to drop due to the joule - thomson effect which favors hydrate formation b. nucleation sites : in general terms, a nucleation site is a point where a phase transition is favored, and in this case the formation of a solid from a fluid phase. good nucleation sites for hydrate formation include an imperfection in the pipeline, a weld spot, or a pipeline fitting ( elbow, tee, valve, etc. ). silt, scale, dirt, and sand all make good nucleation sites as c. free water : free - water is not necessary for hydrate formation, but the presence of free - water certainly enhances \u201c hysys \u201d has a utility called \u201c hydrate formation utility \u201d which predicts the hydrate formation temperature of any defined stream for a given stream pressure and the hydrate formation pressure for a given stream temperature. most process engineers having access to \u201c hysys \u201d would find it convenient to use this utility to determine hydrate forming conditions. in addition to \u201c hysys \u201d an old dos based program with the name \u201c csmhyd \u201d developed by the \u201c colorado school of mines \u201d also predicts the hydrate formation pressure for a given temperature. this program is available for free download at : in addition to \" hysys \" and \" csmhyd \", i had done some of my own investigation and compilation on the subject of hydrate formation conditions in natural gas. the focus of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5242660383696505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aaec344f-8c14-4666-98da-88e242df0b27>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.399538"}
{"text": "this program is available for free download at : in addition to \" hysys \" and \" csmhyd \", i had done some of my own investigation and compilation on the subject of hydrate formation conditions in natural gas. the focus of this investigation was to find out whether there were some empirical methods to determine the \u201c hydrate formation temperature \u201d given only the natural gas pressure and the molecular weight / specific gravity of the gas. my investigation was successful considering that i found not one but several empirical methods to determine the \u201c hydrate formation temperature \u201d given only the natural gas pressure and the specific gravity or molecular weight of the gas. an important point to note is that while both \u201c hysys \u201d and \u201c csmhyd \u201d require that the gas composition be known, whereas the empirical methods i investigated do not require natural gas composition as such. just the natural gas molecular weight or the natural gas specific gravity allow the determination of the \u201c hydrate formation temperature \u201d. the end result of this detailed investigation resulted in the generation of an excel workbook where these empirical methods have been represented with example calculations. this blog entry shares the excel workbook. download the ms excel spreadsheet here any comments and observations would be welcomed from the readers and members of \u201c cheresources \u201d. references for the hydrate formation mechanism are as follows : natural gas hydrates \u2013 a guide for engineers by john carroll section 20 - gpsa engineering data book, 11th ed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5235776616173904, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aaec344f-8c14-4666-98da-88e242df0b27>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.400462"}
{"text": "in on becoming childwise, the authors urge us to parent all four general capacities of our children. the four general capacities are as follows : 1. physical. it is our duty to nurture and provide for our children \u2019 s physical growth and well - being. this includes not only basic food, clothing and shelter, but also healthy eating habits, regular exercise, good hygiene, and all other things related to their little bodies. 2. intellectual. the authors say that we are required to provide \u201c basic skills, logic, and useful knowledge. \u201d but i would extend this to say that we need to determine how our children learn best. whether our kids are educated in preschool, private school, public school or homeschool, we need to do more than simply accept the cultural norm. find the education solution that works best for the individual child ( within the context of the family situation, of course ). 3. emotional. i \u2019 m a little troubled by what the book says in regard to this capacity : \u201c parents help their children establish internal controls over both positive and negative emotions, \u201d ( p. 66 ). maybe i \u2019 m misreading it, but it sounds to me like they \u2019 re saying our children need to learn to suppress their emotions. i think parenting our children \u2019 s emotional capacity is all about accepting our children \u2019 s emotions, no matter what. if my child is physically hurt, i \u2019 m going to let him cry. or if a friend intentionally excludes my child in play, i \u2019 m going to acknowledge the sadness that it caused. it \u2019 s all about showing that emotions are a normal, acceptable part of life. parenting in this area is also about showing patience and empathy for others. this can be done through modeling this for them, teaching through direct instruction, and correcting behaviors that go against this goal. 4. moral. i wholeheartedly agree with this statement : \u201c the duty of a parent is to help his or her child internalize virtues that reflect the values of the family and society, \u201d ( p. 66 ). but ultimately, no matter how we address each area of parenting, we must find a balanced approach. there are some kids who may need more attention in one capacity than another, but we must still address all areas. to spend all of our time and effort helping the child \u2019 s intellectual growth while neglecting any moral teachings represents unhealthy, unbalanced parenting. the same holds true for focusing on moral teachings over emotional attention. the book sums it up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45891194447623257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb70910d-8085-43e8-8521-d81a42152cf5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.405070"}
{"text": "paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ( psvt ) definition : paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ( psvt ) is episodes of rapid heart rate that start in a part of the heart above the ventricles. \" paroxysmal \" means from time to time. psvt ; supraventricular tachycardia causes, incidence, and risk factors : normally, the chambers of the heart ( atria and ventricles ) contract in a coordinated manner. - the contractions are caused by an electrical signal that begins in an area of the heart called the sinoatrial node ( also called the sinus node or sa node ). - the signal moves through the upper heart chambers ( the atria ) and tells the atria to contract. - after this, the signal moves down in the heart and tells the lower chambers ( the ventricles ) to contract. the rapid heart rate from psvt may start with events that take place in many different areas above the lower heart chambers ( ventricles ). psvt can occur with digitalis toxicity and with conditions such as wolff - parkinson - white syndrome. the condition occurs most often in young people and infants. the following increase your risk for psvt : symptoms usually start and stop suddenly, and can last for a few minutes or several hours. they can include : other symptoms that can occur with this condition : signs and tests : a physical examination during a psvt episode will show a rapid heart rate. it may also show bounding pulses in the neck. the heart rate may be over 100, and even more than 250 beats per minute ( bpm ). in children, the heart rate tends to be very high. there may be signs of poor blood circulation such as light - headedness. between episodes of psvt, the heart rate is normal ( 60 to 100 bpm ). an ecg during symptoms shows psvt. an electrophysiology study ( eps ) may be needed for an accurate diagnosis and to recommend the best treatment. because psvt comes and goes, to diagnose it patients may need to wear a 24 - hour holter monitor. for longer periods of time, another tape of the rhythm recording device may be used. if you do not have symptoms or any other heart condition, psvt may not need treatment. if you have an episode of psvt, there are techniques you can try", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5335207908019007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1012c321-c036-45b3-b572-e9c144fa5b6b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.410433"}
{"text": "of time, another tape of the rhythm recording device may be used. if you do not have symptoms or any other heart condition, psvt may not need treatment. if you have an episode of psvt, there are techniques you can try on your own to interrupt the fast heartbeat. - one is called the valsalva maneuver. to do this, you hold your breath and strain, as if you were trying to have a bowel movement. - another technique you can try is to cough while sitting with your upper body bent forward. - some people find that splashing ice water on the face is helpful. you should avoid smoking, caffeine, alcohol, and illicit drugs. emergency treatment to slow the heartbeat back to normal may include : - electrical cardioversion, the use of electric shock - medicines through a vein long - term treatment for people who have repeat episodes of psvt, or who also have heart disease, may include : cardiac ablation - - a procedure used to destroy small areas in your heart that may be causing the rapid heartbeat ( currently the treatment of choice for most psvts ) - daily medications to prevent repeat episodes pacemakers to override the fast heartbeat ( on occasion may be used in children with psvt who have not responded to any other treatment ) - surgery to change the pathways in the heart that send electrical signals ( this may be recommended in some cases for people who need other heart surgery ) psvt is generally not life threatening. if other heart disorders are present, it can lead to congestive heart failure or angina. calling your health care provider : call your health care provider if : - you often have a sensation of feeling the heart beat quickly and symptoms do not end on their own in a few minutes - you have a history of psvt and an episode does not go away with the valsalva maneuver or by coughing, or other symptoms occur with the rapid heart rate - symptoms return often - new symptoms develop olgin je, zipes dp. specific arrhythmias : diagnosis and treatment. in : bonow ro, mann dl, zipes dp, libby p, eds. braunwald ' s heart disease : a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 9th ed. st. louis, mo : wb saunders ; 2011 : chap 39. zimetbaum p. cardiac arrhythmia with supraventricular origin. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4446294031471105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1012c321-c036-45b3-b572-e9c144fa5b6b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.411426"}
{"text": "wb saunders ; 2011 : chap 39. zimetbaum p. cardiac arrhythmia with supraventricular origin. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 64. | review date : 6 / 18 / 2012 | reviewed by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine ; and michael a. chen, md, phd, assistant professor of medicine, division of cardiology, harborview medical center, university of washington medical school, seattle, washington. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4984267431543897, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1012c321-c036-45b3-b572-e9c144fa5b6b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.412022"}
{"text": "| curiosity about fire is normal, but playing with fire is dangerous. whether it is the result of a curious child or the intentional setting of a fire by a troubled teen, juvenile firesetting is a serious problem that may escalate. by recognizing the problem early and taking corrective measures the risk of fire setting incidents can be greatly reduced. why do kids set fires? most children express a natural and normal curiosity about fire in their early life. their interest can be expressed in a number of appropriate ways : asking fire related questions, playing with fire related toys such as a fire engine and for older children, participating in adult supervised activities involving fire, such as lighting a bbq or fireplace. when a child \u2019 s interest and experimentation with fire are unsupervised, the potential for disaster exists. some children however, set fires deliberately. reason for this may include : peer pressure, boredom, anger, a cry for help, or a significant crisis such as a divorce or death of a family member. for these children, fire setting can become an outlet for their feeling and require intervention. - arson is the leading crime committed by kids and it is the fastest growing crime in the u. s. - over 55 % of all arrests for arson are kids & \u00bd of those are 4 - 9 years old. - fire is the leading cause of accidental death in the home for kids 5 & under ; many are the victims of fires set by an older sibling. what can parents do to prevent fire setting? supervise for safety provide appropriate and effective supervision for children. supervision requires frequent visual contact so that children \u2019 s activities can be monitored. supervision also includes previewing what children are watching on tv, dvd, and the internet. restricting access to some internet sites is recommended. remove the temptation keep matches and lighters out of reach of kids. better yet, remove all unnecessary matches and lighters from your home. most children are only involved with fire because it is available. remember, child resistant lighters are not childproof, not even for a 2 year old. teach children about fire teach young children that fire is a tool used to heat our homes and cook our food \u2013 it is not a toy! fire is not magic ; it is hot and can cause devastating consequences. teach match and lighter safety matches and lighters are tools for grown - up not toys for children. if children find matchers and lighters, young children ( under the age of seven ) should tell & show a grown - up, and children older than seven should give", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44346729054757705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e69fc0b-2267-4313-bc61-45122badeca5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.418403"}
{"text": "safety matches and lighters are tools for grown - up not toys for children. if children find matchers and lighters, young children ( under the age of seven ) should tell & show a grown - up, and children older than seven should give them to a grown - up. older children 12 and up should be taught the safe and responsible use of matches and lighters, under direct adult supervision. these children can be provided with an opportunity to light the fireplace, campfire or candles on a birthday cake. always reward or praise children for demonstrating fire safe behavior. set a good example children don \u2019 t always hear what you say, but they certainly see what you do. young children learn by exploring, experimenting and mimicking adult behavior. model fire safe behavior in your home at all times. what do you know about the myths & realities of fire? myth : it is normal for children to play with fire. fact : while curiosity about fire is common, playing with fire and setting fires is not normal and can be deadly. myth : fire setting is a phase children will outgrow. fact : it is not a phase. you must deal with it immediately or it will continue and progress. myth : if the fire is small there is no problem. fact : all fires start small. however, fires spread quickly and can easily get out of control, endangering lives and property. myth : children who start fires are pyromaniacs. fact : almost every child has some curiosity about fire. but progression from mere interest in fire to fire setting is a problem. occasionally fire setting can be a symptom of a more widespread problem. what should you do if you know a child who needs help? - keep all lighting materials out of reach \u2013 lock them up! - make sure the child is appropriately supervised. - install smoke alarms throughout your home, including in the bedrooms. - get help from hillsboro fire department. call 503 - 681 - 6166 to set up an appointment with our juvenile firesetter interventionist. we provide early intervention that evaluates, educates, and refers kids & families to services to stop firesetting behaviors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.452044601988431, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e69fc0b-2267-4313-bc61-45122badeca5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.419771"}
{"text": "using flow cytometry to compare the dynamics of photoreceptor outer segment phagocytosis in ips derived rpe cells. invest ophthalmol vis sci light entering the eye activates photoreceptor neurons that convert the stimulus into electrical impulses. these impulses are passed back through the eye and into the brain where they form the basis ofvision. the rod and cone photoreceptors are highly dependent on other retinal cell types to function properly. retinal pigment epithelium ( rpe ) cells are especially important ; these protect the photoreceptors from light - induced toxicity by consuming the tips of the photoreceptor cells that are routinely damaged by intense light exposure. rpe cells perform this essential task ( named phagocytosis ) on a daily basis. if rpe cells die or become dysfunctional, i. e. by not effectively performing phagocytosis, photoreceptors will invariably die. this phenomenon occurs in human diseases including age - related macular degeneration ( amd ), the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly. a promising potential therapy is to implant rpe generated from stem cells into the back of the eye to replaced diseased patient cells. several groups, including our own, have shown that this therapy works very well in rats with spontaneous retinal degeneration, but several technical questions remain about how well the implanted cells function compared with actual rpe cells. since phagocytosis is such a critical function we developed a unique way to test how well rpe cells can phagocytose the tips of the photoreceptor cells before implantation. we utilized a method named flow cytometry that is used to measure fluorescence in single cells. rpe cells can become fluorescent if they are \u201c fed \u201d photoreceptor outer segments that are treated with green fluorescent biomarkers. we waited several hours after feeding the cells and then measured the amount of green fluorescence they were emitting. in this study we were able to demonstrate that rpe cells we generated from stem cells chronologically phagocytosed equal numbers of photoreceptor outer segments as well as actual human rpe cells do. we also showed using flow cytometry that the stem cell derived rpe generated the correct cellular machinery required for efficient phagocytosis. we suggest, therefore, that this technique be employed in the field to determine if stem cell derived", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5297711025850609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d223571e-ac96-486d-ab35-0ba6104eacae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.423706"}
{"text": "do. we also showed using flow cytometry that the stem cell derived rpe generated the correct cellular machinery required for efficient phagocytosis. we suggest, therefore, that this technique be employed in the field to determine if stem cell derived rpe cells are ready for transplantation. the results of this study add to mounting evidence that stem cell derived rpe function as well as real rpe cells, and are realistic therapeutic options for treating amd. purpose : retinal pigment epithelium ( rpe ) autologous grafts can be readily derived from ips cells ( ips - rpe ). it is critical to stringently characterize ips - rpe using standardized and quantifiable methods to be confident that they are safe and adequate replacements for diseased rpe before utilizing them in clinical settings. one important and required function is that the ips - rpe phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments ( pos ). methods : we developed a flow cytometry - based assay to monitor binding and internalization of fitc labeled pos by arpe - 19, human fetal rpe ( hfrpe ), and two types of ips - rpe. expression and density of alphavbeta5 integrin, cd36, and mertk receptors, which are required for phagocytosis, were compared. results : trypsinization of treated rpe cells results in the release of bound pos. the number of freed pos, the percentage of cells that internalized pos, the brightness of the fitc signal from the cells, and the surface density of the phagocytosis receptors on single rpe cells was measured using flow cytometry. these assays reveal that receptor density is dynamic during differentiation and this can affect the binding and internalization dynamics of the rpe cells. highly differentiated ips - rpe phagocytose pos more efficiently than hfrpe. conclusions : caution should be exercised to not use rpe grafts until demonstrating that they are fully functional. the density of the phagocytosis receptors is dynamic and may be used as a predictor for how well the ips - rpe cells will function in vivo. the phagocytosis dynamics observed between ips - rpe and primary rpe is very encouraging and adds to mounting evidence that ips - rpe may be a viable replacement for dysfunctional or dying rpe in human patients.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48390649386553714, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d223571e-ac96-486d-ab35-0ba6104eacae>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.424841"}
{"text": "beginning with the establishment of a glass factory at jamestown in 1608, manufacturing grew slowly during the colonial era to include flour mills and, by 1715, an iron foundry. during the 19th century, the shipbuilding industry flourished, and many cotton mills, tanneries, and ironworks were built ; light industries producing a wide variety of consumer goods developed later. the strength of the commonwealth ' s diversified manufacturing sector is shown in its 10. 2 % employment increase between 1970 and 1993. during this time period, national manufacturing employment declined by 8. 3 %. richmond is a principal industrial area for tobacco processing, paper and printing, clothing, and food products ; nearby hopewell is a locus of the chemical industry. newport news, hampton, and norfolk are centers for shipbuilding and the manufacture of other transportation equipment. in the western part of the state, lynchburg is a center for electrical machinery, metals, clothing, and printing, and roanoke for food, clothing, and textiles. in the south, martinsville has a concentration of furniture and textile - manufacturing plants, and textiles are also dominant in danville. the total value of manufacturing shipments in 1997 totaled $ 87 billion, or 15th in the nation. in 1997, virginia was the headquarters for 16 fortune 500 companies. earnings of persons employed in virginia increased from $ 129 billion in 1997 to $ 138. 3 billion in 1998, an increase of 7. 2 %. the largest industries in 1998 were services, 29. 6 % of earnings ; state and local government, 10. 5 % ; and retail trade, 8. 7 %. of the industries that accounted for at least 5 % of earnings in 1998, the slowest growing from 1997 to 1998 was federal civilian government ( 7. 0 % of earnings in 1998 ), which increased 0. 4 % ; the fastest was finance, insurance, and real estate ( 7. 0 % of earnings in 1998 ), which increased 9. 9 %.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4117973494577836, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b213df4-44a4-423e-986f-9a38e39a36c8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.427162"}
{"text": "what is it? social studies, history, information technology change, ways of life - mail - order catalogues on this site - photographs of artifacts from eaton ' s catalogues ( links - teacher hints ( below ) - ask students to select an object from the list of photographs below. - by using the historical catalogue pages from this site, and with the help of the indexes, students must find out it was used, what it was used for, and what it cost. - foot warmer - shoe and harness repair kit - pair of sad iron handles and bases - meat grinder - foot - powered sewing machine - electric toaster - electric washing machine. foot warmer, ca? on a cold winter ' s night in a home heated by a a stoneware foot warmer filled with hot water would have been a welcome to a bed. foot warmers were also used in carriages and in early didn ' t have heaters. shoe and harness repair kit, ca 1900 this \" combination family cobbler / tinker & contained the tools required to perform repairs to shoes and horse in this kit were children - and adult - sized lasts, or shoe forms, a hammer, a tack hammer, a leather punch, and a variety of nails. pair of sad iron bases and handles, ca 1900 - 50 before women used electric irons to press clothes and they used sad irons. sad irons were usually sold as sets with one wooden handle and three cast iron bases. women heated two or three bases wood stove at a time. they attached the handle to one preheated base, used to iron until it cooled down, and then replaced it with a heated base from meat grinder, ca 1910 - 50 at a time when people raised their own livestock and did own butchering, many people made their own sausages and ground meats by a hand - powered meat grinder. after clamping the grinder to a table, they drop chunks of meat into the funnel - like hopper and turn the handle. an blade inside would grind up the meat and the resulting ground meat would out through the opening on the side into a sausage casing or a bowl. foot - powered sewing machine, ca 1910 - 50 eaton ' s offered its own brand of sewing machine in catalogues. this eatonia sewing machine would have been fastened to a cabinet with a foot - pedal underneath. by pumping the pedal with her foot guiding the fabric with her hands, a woman could have sewn clothing that modeled on the latest catalogue fashions. electric toaster, ca", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5431650807677857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca8153eb-758a-4c13-ba09-57ce7a052f2a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.430102"}
{"text": "last august, a 3, 000 - pound, eight - by - 22 foot - robotic platform was launched into the hudson river just north of denning \u2019 s point peninsula in beacon, n. y. on board the floating platform are state - of - the - art sensors that will provide continuous air and water monitoring including barometric pressure, wind speed and direction, water depth, temperature, salinity and flow rate. the sensors will also measure the levels of hydrogen contaminants, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll - a ( a green pigment found in algae ). the data will be transferred in real time to researchers who can track fluctuations in these measurements. the information provides a detailed record of the overall health of the river. this will alert scientists and environmentalists to escalating pollution levels or to episodic events that can be problematic, such as algae blooms, which can lead to hypoxia. hypoxia is characterized by a low concentration of oxygen that is exacerbated by increases in nutrients or a particular set of physical conditions. it is associated with fish kills among other problems. this technology, which promises to revolutionize the way bodies of water are monitored, was developed by a team of scientists and researchers headed up by james bonner \u2019 85, professor of civil & environmental engineering and director of clarkson \u2019 s center for the environment ( cce ). \u201c our goal is to eventually cover the entire 315 - mile river from mt. marcy to new york city with a network of sensors, \u201d explains bonner. \u201c the technology will allow us to create a cyber - infrastructure that stores and processes a great deal of data about the hudson river. scientists and engineers around the world will be able to access this information via the internet. \u201d bonner began the development of this real - time monitoring technology at the shoreline environmental research facility at texas a & m university where he served as founding director. while in corpus christi, bonner and fellow researchers developed sensing systems that they used to monitor the gulf of mexico. since joining the clarkson faculty in 2007, bonner ( who holds a ph. d. from clarkson ) has continued his nsf - funded research program with an eye toward transferring the technology to map and monitor the ecological health of the rivers, great lakes and the st. lawrence seaway. the hudson river monitoring project is a joint partnership between clarkson university ; the beacon institute for rivers and estuaries, a not - for - profit environmental research organization ; and ibm. last year, bonn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48396755413458054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02237b71-3d97-43b4-b615-8779adad0180>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.436197"}
{"text": ", great lakes and the st. lawrence seaway. the hudson river monitoring project is a joint partnership between clarkson university ; the beacon institute for rivers and estuaries, a not - for - profit environmental research organization ; and ibm. last year, bonner was named the beacon institute \u2019 s reon director of research and will lead the development and implementation of the river and estuary observatory network ( reon ). the hudson river project is the first step in a larger plan to develop technology - based monitoring and forecasting network for rivers and estuaries. \u201c tremendous human impact occurs in the regions where rivers and estuaries meet the \u2018 coastal margin \u2019 \u2014 coastal wetlands, bays and shorelines, \u201d explains bonner. \u201c in the united states, this region is home to 70 percent of the population and 20 of its 25 largest cities. it is also where most industry and ports are found. damage to these ecosystems comes from this increased density of anthropogenic activity associated with pollution from industry, farms and the surrounding communities. \u201d for example, hypoxia generally occurs in aquatic systems where the water is poorly mixed excluding oxygen and trapping pollutants in the \u201c hypolimion \u201d \u2014 the dense bottom layer in a stratified body of water. chemical reactions within the hypolimion and with bottom sediments depletes the benthic oxygen so aerobic organisms such as fish, oysters, clams and other bottom dwelling organisms perish. \u201c this problem is a growing national concern, for example increasing areas of the gulf of mexico ( thousands of square miles ), portions of the great lakes, embayments such corpus christi bay and other near - shore areas are experiencing hypoxia, \u201d says bonner. ibm is working with bonner and the beacon institute to develop the cyber framework that will store the data and provide assessment tools, which researchers around the world will be able to use. \u201c scientists will be able to analyze data and develop models on any environmental parameter of interest. \u201d for bonner, one of the most exciting aspects of the project is the way it will transform environmental science and engineering. \u201c the old - fashioned method of retrieving data by collecting samples at discreet locations at only a few times gives a static, incomplete and aliased view or understanding. with this technology, we \u2019 ll be able to get real - time data that reflects the constantly changing, dynamic environment of the river. the information will be far more reliable. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4840187135102242, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02237b71-3d97-43b4-b615-8779adad0180>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.439143"}
{"text": "february 24, 2013 in sustainable development embargoed until 1800 gmt on sunday 24 february by alex kirby a united nations scheme intended to guarantee everyone access to clean energy could help to keep global temperature rise below 2\u00b0c, researchers say, although it would not achieve this without sharp cuts in emissions of all the main greenhouse gases. london, 24 february \u2013 eradicating poverty by making modern energy supplies available to everyone is not only compatible with measures to slow climate change, a new study says. it is a necessary condition for it. but the authors say the scheme to provide sustainable energy worldwide will not by itself be enough to keep the global average temperature rise below the widely accepted international target level of 2\u00b0c. while the scheme can help measures to tackle climate change, it cannot achieve that by itself. the scheme, the un \u2019 s sustainable energy for all initiative ( se4all ), if it proves successful, could make a significant contribution to cutting greenhouse gas emissions, according to the analysis from the international institute for applied systems analysis ( iiasa ) and eth zurich. the study, published in nature climate change, shows that reaching the three energy - related goals of se4all would cut ghg emissions and is achievable. \u201c achievement of the three objectives would provide an important entry point into stringent climate protection \u201d, says joeri rogelj, eth zurich researcher and iiasa - affiliated scientist, who led the study. it found that the short - term goals, due to be reached by 2030, would help achieve long - term climate targets. but to ensure stringent climate objectives were reached, se4all would need to be matched by other measures, the researchers say. se4all \u2018 necessary \u2013 but not sufficient \u2019 se4all \u2019 s objectives include providing universal access to modern energy, doubling the share of renewable energy globally, and doubling the rate of improvement in energy efficiency \u2013 all by 2030. while the objectives do not explicitly address climate change, sustainable energy is accepted as vital for cutting ghg emissions : 80 % of co2 from human activities comes from the global energy system, including transport, buildings, industry, and electricity, heat, and fuel production. \u201c doing energy right will promote the millennium development goals and at the same time kick - start the transition to a lower - carbon economy \u201d, says iiasa researcher david mccollum, who also worked on the study. \u201c but the un \u2019 s objectives must be complemented by a global agreement on controlling ghg emissions. \u201d se", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5317406414148913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9682a9f9-97a1-41de-86ff-df1b7a3278bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.444920"}
{"text": "start the transition to a lower - carbon economy \u201d, says iiasa researcher david mccollum, who also worked on the study. \u201c but the un \u2019 s objectives must be complemented by a global agreement on controlling ghg emissions. \u201d se4all has global goals, but the researchers say action at regional and national levels will be essential to achieving them. iiasa \u2019 s energy programme leader keywan riahi, a co - author of the study, says : \u201c the next step for this initiative is already under way, with a large number of national plans that underpin the global objectives. \u201d they analysed the likelihood of the world limiting global warming to target levels if each or all of the se4all objectives were achieved. using a broad range of scenarios, they found that if all the objectives are met, the likelihood of keeping temperature rise below 2\u00b0c will be more than 66 %. if only the renewable energy goal is met, chances of staying below 2\u00b0c will range from 40 to 90 %, they say, while achieving just the energy efficiency goal will improve the chances to between 60 and 90 %. but the researchers warn that this result depends strongly on what future economic growth is assumed. they say the likelihood of reaching climate targets within the scenarios depend on a range of other factors, including energy demand growth, economic growth, and technological innovation. the study also found that providing universal energy access by 2030 will not hinder long - term climate goals, thanks to the marked gains in energy efficiency that will result. \u201c sustainable development and poverty eradication can go hand in hand with mitigating climate risks, \u201d says rogelj. he told the climate news network : \u201c to ensure effective climate change mitigation, a global treaty on greenhouse gases should enforce a cap on global emissions which limits emissions from all sources. \u201c with such a cap se4all can help to limit emissions from the energy sector, but other measures will have to tackle those from other sources like deforestation, or other gases, like methane from agriculture and waste, or facilitate an even quicker decarbonization of the energy sector, like carbon - capture and storage. \u201d the new work also quantified the potential costs of reaching the se4all objectives, which would amount to increasing energy investment by between 0. 1 and 0. 7 % of global gdp. the authors \u2019 estimates account for the substantial savings in energy use and reduced fossil energy investment that would result from promoting more sustainable energy technologies and lifestyles. \u2013 climate news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49479586330448955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9682a9f9-97a1-41de-86ff-df1b7a3278bf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.446041"}
{"text": "reading through demetria lucas \u2019 \u2018 not african enough for africa, \u2019 prompted a few questions for me as an african woman. what exactly does being african mean? is it a cultural thing? a color thing? why do african americans believe they would feel at home in africa despite having no tangible link to the continent? as i read through the comments it was obvious, that to a lot of african americans, africa is a vital piece of the identity puzzle. and i get it. think about it for a minute. many black americans have often identified as african first and an american later. so, it makes sense that they would expect acceptance in africa, especially since their existence in america has been difficult. african americans were not willing visitors to america. you were torn away from what you knew to help grow a foreign economy and were never compensated for your labor. even now, despite your contributions, you are not really welcome, and everyday there is another reminder that you are not the same. add to that the fact that marcus garvey \u2019 s back to africa movement made returning to the continent seem like the solution to the problems affecting blacks in the diaspora. in africa, you would never be \u2018 the other \u2019. you would be fully accepted and embraced for you were once again the majority. and while things did not go quite as planned, many african americans passed that idea down through generations. africa became a place where you would not be the other, not a minority. it became a place where nearly everyone looked like you. you would not have to be stopped because you were black, get tagged with the angry black woman stereotype because no one would notice \u2026. seeing as everyone was just as black as you. unfortunately, the reality \u2014 as lucas pointed out \u2014 is very different. skin color is not enough to make you fit in, and when selling the african dream someone forgot to tell you a couple of things. culture trumps color. the ability to speak local languages is just one aspect. honestly, even if you made the effort to learn the language, there are still the social cues and the slang that many would probably miss. unfortunately, a white african would be seen as more authenticly \u201c african \u201d than an black american in many instances, because in the space of two generations, the term \u2018 white african \u2019 has become acceptable. in my grandparents \u2019 days, if you were white, you were either a missionary or a colonizer. you were a stranger, never african. the fact that african - born whites can now claim africa as their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4347165081654696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e5e2ba0c-3e4d-4bb8-aec3-74f62cd717b2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.451971"}
{"text": "\u2018 white african \u2019 has become acceptable. in my grandparents \u2019 days, if you were white, you were either a missionary or a colonizer. you were a stranger, never african. the fact that african - born whites can now claim africa as their home is proof that culture is dynamic. in less than a hundred years, white africans are a legitimate part of the continent. so, if such a huge change has occurred in that short span of time, how could african americans \u2013 who are separated by hundreds of years of differences \u2013 think they will just immediately mesh into one of africa \u2019 s many cultures? it is almost impossible. as a child, my father had a friend \u2013 a former black panther \u2013 who moved to tanzania in the late seventies. during that time, tanzania was practicing african socialism and he was very excited to live and farm among his people. over 30 years later, he is still seen as a foreigner, even though he speaks kiswahili with great fluency and has assimilated as best as he knows how. i sympathize with wanting to know who you are, with being a child of two worlds who doesn \u2019 t quite fit into either one. i know blacks in the diaspora want a place where they can just be themselves, but sadly, africa isn \u2019 t it. here, you are american ; you have been away for five hundred years. we do not have the same experiences to bond us, the same languages to help us bridge the gap, the same memories of how things were. please come visit and walk the paths your ancestors walked. but that is all we can give you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4448759518893999, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e5e2ba0c-3e4d-4bb8-aec3-74f62cd717b2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.452709"}
{"text": "an introduction to asp. net web api microsoft recently released the asp. net mvc 4. 0 beta and along with it, the brand spanking new asp. net web api. web api is an exciting new addition to the asp. net stack that provides a new, well - designed http framework for creating rest and ajax apis ( api is microsoft \u2019 s new jargon for a service, in case you \u2019 re wondering ). although web api currently ships and installs with asp. net mvc 4, you can use web api functionality in any asp. net project, including webforms, webpages and mvc or none of the above. you can also self - host web api in your own applications. please note that this article is based on pre - release bits of asp. net web api ( pre - rc ) and the api is still changing. the samples are built against the latest snapshot of the codeplex asp. net web stack source and some of the syntax and functions might change by the time web api releases. overall concepts apply, and i \u2019 ve been told that functionality is mostly feature complete, but things are still changing as i write this. please refer to the latest code samples on github for the final syntax of the examples. what \u2019 s a web api and why do we need it? most mobile devices, like phones and tablets, run apps that use data retrieved from the web over http. the. net stack already includes a number of tools that provide the ability to create http service backends. there \u2019 s wcf rest for rest and ajax, asp. net ajax services purely for ajax and json, and you can always use plain http handlers for any sort of response but with minimal plumbing. you can also use plain mvc controller methods or even asp. net webforms pages to generate arbitrary http output. although all of these can accomplish the task of returning http responses, none of them are optimized for the repeated tasks that an http service has to deal with. if you are building sophisticated web apis on top of these solutions, you \u2019 re likely to either repeat a lot of code or write significant plumbing code yourself to handle various api requirements consistently across requests. a better http experience asp. net web api differentiates itself from these other solutions in that it was built from the ground up around the http protocol and its messaging semantics. unlike wcf rest or asp. net ajax with asmx, it \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4210622243323635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ea58fa8-b877-43a4-812d-20cc6c990fc3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.460562"}
{"text": "better http experience asp. net web api differentiates itself from these other solutions in that it was built from the ground up around the http protocol and its messaging semantics. unlike wcf rest or asp. net ajax with asmx, it \u2019 s a brand new platform rather than bolted - on technology that is supposed to work in the context of an existing framework. web api is meant to handle any kind of http input and produce output and status codes using the full spectrum of http functionality available. there \u2019 s much - improved support for content negotiation based on http accept headers, with the framework capable of detecting content that the client sends and requests and automatically serving the appropriate data format in return. many of the features favor convention over configuration, making it much easier to do the right thing without having to explicitly configure specific functionality. although previous solutions accomplished this using a variety of wcf and asp. net features, web api combines all this functionality into a single server - side http framework that intrinsically understands the http semantics and subtly drives you in the right direction for most operations. and when you need to customize or do something that isn \u2019 t automatic, there are overrides for most behaviors, and even many low - level hook points that allow you to plug - in custom functionality with relatively little effort. asp. net web api differentiates itself from existing microsoft solutions in that it was built from the ground up around the http protocol and its messaging semantics. web api also requires very little in the way of configuration so it \u2019 s very quick and unambiguous to get started. to top it all off, you can also host the web api in your own applications or services. - above all, web api makes it extremely easy to create arbitrary http endpoints in an application without the overhead of a full framework like webforms or asp. net mvc. because web api works on top of the core asp. net stack, you can plug web apis into any asp. net application. by : rick strahl rick strahl is president of west wind technologies in maui, hawaii. the company specializes in web and distributed application development and tools, with focus on windows server products,. net, visual studio, and visual foxpro. rick is the author of west wind web connection, west wind web store, and west wind html help builder. he \u2019 s also a c # mvp, a frequent contributor to magazines and books, a frequent speaker at international developer conferences, and the co -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43833385716002554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ea58fa8-b877-43a4-812d-20cc6c990fc3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.461705"}
{"text": "london - britain ' s children are being poisoned by a \" junk culture \" of processed food, computer games and over - competitive education, an influential group of authors and experts warned on tuesday. in an open letter to the daily telegraph, 110 teachers, psychologists and children ' s authors - - including the internationally acclaimed philip pullman and penelope leach, a leading childcare expert - - called on the government to act now to prevent childhood being killed off altogether. forced \" to act and dress like mini - adults \", children are becoming increasingly depressed and experiencing growing levels of behavioral and developmental problems, they said. schoolchildren in a cafeteria. britain ' s children are being poisoned by a \" junk culture \" of processed food, computer games and over - competitive education, an influential group of authors and experts warned on tuesday. reuters / file \" since children ' s brains are still developing, they cannot adjust as full - grown adults can, to the effects of ever more rapid technological and cultural change, \" the letter said. \" they need what developing human beings have always needed, including real food ( as opposed to processed \" junk \" ), real play ( as opposed to sedentary, screen - based entertainment ), first hand experience of the world they live in and regular interaction with the real - life significant adults in their lives. \" the letter was circulated by sue palmer, an ex - head teacher and author of a book entitled \" toxic childhood \", and dr richard house, a senior lecturer at the research center for therapeutic education at roehampton university in london. \" children ' s development is being drastically affected by the kind of world they are brought up in, \" palmer told the daily telegraph. \" it is shocking. \" \" a child ' s physical and psychological growth cannot be accelerated. it changes in biological time, not at electrical speed. childhood is not a race. \" the experts condemned britain ' s increasingly \" target - driven \" education system and urged the government to recognize children ' s need for more time and space to develop, demanding an urgent public debate on child - rearing in the 21st century. award - winning children ' s author michael morpurgo, who also signed the letter, said there was a \" drip, drip, drip effect \" of academic pressure and marketing which was killing childhood. \" it ' s gradually soaking like a poison into the culture, \" he told bbc radio. \" there is less room for reading, for dreaming, for music, for drama, for art, and simply for playing. \" \u00a9 reuters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3796398828827795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:594b2462-8e1f-4820-a1a7-bae70ca1895e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.464864"}
{"text": "according to a team of scientists at australia \u2019 s commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation, despite previous research finding that nanoparticles do not penetrate the skin, it remains debatable as to whether this remains true under normal conditions of using sunscreen. at a global nanomaterials safety workshop in london earlier this month, dr maxine mccall showcased her team \u2019 s progress on \u2018 dermal absorption from sunscreens containing zinc oxide particles \u2019 revealing that two special sunscreens were made especially for a human study whereby one contained nanoparticles of zinc oxide and the other larger ( non - nano ) particles to determine if there was a dependence on particle size for dermal absorption. according to dr. mccall, most in vitro studies to assess dermal penetration of nanoparticles are conducted for a period of up to 24 hours, and that the oecd wpmn is currently assessing whether a number of test guidelines, developed for chemicals, are applicable to nanomaterials. \u201c our results imply that longer study periods may need to be considered when assessing dermal penetration and absorption of nanoparticles and we are communicating this information to the oecd wpmn, \u201d the expert told cosmeticsdesign - asia. com. the human study involved the team of scientists applying sunscreen twice daily for five days as well as obtaining numerous blood and urine samples before, during, and after the period at the beach. \" the method we used to detect the traceable zinc is highly sensitive, \" explains mccall. \" the first detection of traceable zinc from zno particles in the sunscreens were found in the blood at the end of the second day at the beach and after a total of 4 sunscreen applications, levels continued to increase after sunscreen application ceased, \" she adds. the expert went on to further reveal that the blood and urine samples from the females with the sunscreen with nanoparticles had slightly higher levels of traceable zinc than those of the sunscreen with larger particles. however, dr. mccall concludes by informing this publication that the total amounts of traceable zinc detected from the sunscreens were very small when compared with amounts of natural zinc normally present in the human body. sccs view on the matter.. the ec ' s scientific committee on consumer safety recently announced it had reviewed its toxicological evidence and found no evidence that zno nanoparticles are absorbed through skin and or via the oral route. and concluded that the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles, at a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5022630073328245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca3802d7-e598-47c3-8907-ede6b06af33e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.469130"}
{"text": "plotting pre - emptive strikes as a teacher of literature i am struck by the dearth of literary, historical or philosophical works that celebrate or even sanction pre - emptive strikes. most great plots in history are scripted in moral favor of the people who have resisted invading or occupying forces. i recall leonidas, the leader of ten thousand spartans, who withstood king xerxes \u2019 hundreds of thousands of invading persians at the narrow pass at thermopylae. or i remember michelangelo \u2019 s statue of young david with his slingshot, waiting easy in his naked silence and ready to hurl a stone from his slingshot at the heavily armed giant, the braggart goliath. both of those figures, one greek and the other judaic, feature fighters central to the tradition of western civics, who are poised in potential energy, ready to fight, but awaiting the right timing. they are icons of readiness. they await with certainty the exact time for action. hamlet \u2019 s dilemma, however, is just the opposite of those two heroes. for hamlet cannot seem to find the right time to act. he vacillates indecisively, even when faced with fairly clear evidence that his uncle had murdered his father. yet he later says, at a crucial moment in his tragic plot, \" if it be now, \u2019 tis not to come ; if it be not to come, it will be now ; if it be not now, yet it will come : the readiness is all. \" the historian and civil libertarian, bernard devoto, thought the last phrase to be the \" greatest statement in english. \" later, in his most sublime tragedy, shakespeare has king lear say poignantly, \" ripeness is all. \" in shakespeare \u2019 s plays there is something of fatefulness in seeking the mature time in which to act. i recall, furthermore, the statue of the minute man, lightly armed like david, ready to withstand the first shots of the invading redcoats at concord bridge. does pre - emptive action, in itself, violate the principle of guarded readiness that symbolizes the concord statue of american liberty? do americans act out of character when we are told by our leaders that we must invade before violence is expected to be taken against us? do unto others before they do unto you? not just the timing of a violent action is the issue. not simply action, but right action, seems the stake. when you act, where you act, and above all, whether you act,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4501514645425979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:232ad8c3-1437-4a6e-af22-cbf4a9214075>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.480198"}
{"text": "? do unto others before they do unto you? not just the timing of a violent action is the issue. not simply action, but right action, seems the stake. when you act, where you act, and above all, whether you act, all seem tied up in the justice of a violent action. why do most pre - emptive strikes violate one \u2019 s moral sense? an act of pre - emption interrupts the expected sequence of events by turning the tables. it is like the unfairness of jumping in at the head of long a line of patiently waiting ticket buyers. a pre - emptive strike first depends for its legitimacy on quickly passing time, on seizing the day, the same sense of urgency as a news show that pre - empts the normal schedule in favor of breaking news. pre - emptive strikes and breaking news seem to go together. but the planners \u2019 judgment had better be extremely important if it is to violate one \u2019 s habitual sense of the normal order of things. we hate to be interrupted, especially if we have been waiting patiently for the outcome of an action. this kind of pre - emption bears on the conduct of life, one \u2019 s own as well as the conduct of our leaders. was theirs a right action or was it immoral, or was it something in between? did they manipulate evidence or did they use the preponderance of data available to them at the time? how were they inclined to act? what should we learn from the pre - emptive action taken against iraq? what are the ethics of pre - emptive strikes? what issues surround the timing, the right time, for taking action? what was the larger end or purpose, both the apparent end and the real reason only gradually revealed? how was the plan for pre - emptive strikes plotted or scripted? what were the reasons given for taking action now? what were the descriptions of the sorts of things that might happen if we were not to take action? what outcomes seemed probable, and what seemed necessary? these questions will certainly be debated in coming months and years. as a teacher i am convinced that education may be devoted to many disciplines, but above all it should prepare us to act rightly for our futures. readiness is all. one of the purposes of literature, in theory, is to enlighten a future. indeed the oldest form of interpretation was divination. one hoped to interpret the design of things. cicero said in his essay on divination, \" thus, in the beginning the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48297994260655003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:232ad8c3-1437-4a6e-af22-cbf4a9214075>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.482452"}
{"text": "literature, in theory, is to enlighten a future. indeed the oldest form of interpretation was divination. one hoped to interpret the design of things. cicero said in his essay on divination, \" thus, in the beginning the world was so made that certain signs come before certain events. \" shelley said cryptically in his \" defence of poetry \" : \" poets are the heirophants of an unapprehended inspiration ; the mirrors of the gigantic shadows which futurity casts upon the present. \" the european social philosophy called phenomenology lays out a \" horizon of expectation \" as the basis for hermeneutics, the study of interpretation as intentionality. interpretation is a projection forward, said martin heidegger. as he asserted in being and time, \" the basic tense of existentialism is the future. \" ernst bloch taught that art and literature latently exhibit what he called an \" anticipatory illumination \" ( vor - schein, \" to shine before \" ). karl popper, the philosopher who featured the social science of unexpected consequences, spoke of a \" searchlight \" metaphor for the very act of knowing. to know is to conjecture forward, to project a light in a dark direction some works of literature are specifically designed to warn against what might happen in the near future. for instance, margaret atwood \u2019 s recent sci - fi novel oryx and crake warns against bioengineering and global plagues wrought by mad scientists. in aristotle \u2019 s \" poetics \" there is a remarkable definition of literature as being a kind of hypothetical action that bears on future acts : \" the poet \u2019 s function is to describe, not the thing that has happened, but the kind of thing that might happen, for example, what is possible as being probable or necessary. \" perhaps most importantly, aristotle describes a kind of recognition that forestalls, at the last moment, a violent act about to happen that would lead to tragic consequences. his word for that kind of forestalling action that avoids a violent pitfall is anagnorisis. pre - emptive strikes assume a certain kind of interpretation of facts and events that depends upon a point of view of story telling that lays out future events as a kind of projection forward into a future that is not hypothetical but that is fixed like fate. but good writers script whole sequences of expectations that turn out to be surprises. then as possibilities are modified by actualities, the projections forward are corrected by retractions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5707626777556709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:232ad8c3-1437-4a6e-af22-cbf4a9214075>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.484015"}
{"text": "of projection forward into a future that is not hypothetical but that is fixed like fate. but good writers script whole sequences of expectations that turn out to be surprises. then as possibilities are modified by actualities, the projections forward are corrected by retractions backward. take the example of frankenstein. like atwood, mary shelley was worried about contemporary experiments in the artificial creation of life, such as those of galvani and erasmus darwin. the mad scientist, victor frankenstein, has succeeded in creating life, but in fleeing from his monster and by avoiding his own responsibility as creator, he has created a serial killer. nevertheless, having heard the monster \u2019 s moving narrative, victor agrees to construct a female companion. as he assembles the female being, he frets that the female has not been party to their social contract : that the pair of beings will leave europe and hide out in the wilds of america. he fantasizes that the female and her future progeny might not consider themselves bound to the original agreement. this question of binding future generations by a dated social contract is tom paine \u2019 s main argument in the rights of man, that future generations are not bound for eternity by their progenitors \u2019 written laws. so victor passionately dismembers the female monster. is his interpretation an anagnorisis that avoids a future threat of violence? or is it a pre - emptive violence that forestalls a peaceful future? was it an action that had come to maturity, or was it premature? mary shelley leaves the issue up in the air. was the bush team \u2019 s interpretation an act of prudence that forestalled the imminent action of saddam hussein \u2019 s use of weapons of mass destruction? or was it instead a premature violence that forestalled the gradualism of the united nations \u2019 deferential restraint? now the country is in a period of interpreting backward, of second guessing, and taking stock. it is not yet clear whether we are concluding a tragedy, where there will only be dead bodies all over the stage of events ; or whether we can imagine a reconciling comedy, where all the participants can gather in the end at some kind of reconciling feast. what we do know now and always is that any decision to act is based upon imperfect evidence. to choose is to select among alternative possibilities. were the evidence overwhelming, no choice as such would be necessary or indeed possible. the decision would be self evident. before the invasion the bush administration overwhelmed us with evidence of nuclear weapons of mass", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5817211490729001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:232ad8c3-1437-4a6e-af22-cbf4a9214075>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.485408"}
{"text": "imperfect evidence. to choose is to select among alternative possibilities. were the evidence overwhelming, no choice as such would be necessary or indeed possible. the decision would be self evident. before the invasion the bush administration overwhelmed us with evidence of nuclear weapons of mass destruction and the insidious technology of bio - warfare in the semblance of our own anthrax fears. it seemed as if we had no choice but to strike then. the weapons issues were coupled with the overwhelming prognostications of imminent attacks on american people, like those that happened on 9 / 11. all members of the administration spoke as with one voice of warning. now the retractions and extenuations are taking place, and the moral of the narrative shifts with the latest disclosures. now the script is changing. now the argument is that saddam had killed overwhelming numbers of his own people over the years. was he not an imminent killer preparing to massacre americans? if not, what right does an american president have to pre - empt the role of the united nations in handling these kinds of massive but vague perils? did the bush administration conflate technological readiness to pull the trigger with moral readiness? david stands ready to hurl his stone. the minuteman leans into action, ready to fire in a minute. but the projection of a moral choice about the future should not be confused with the technical projection of a minuteman missile. the aircraft carriers that converged in battle groups from around the global oceans, the long - range bombers re - positioned on perimeter bases, the missiles programmed, all those silent men and women, were mobilized into an enormous potential energy, all leaning into action. the confluence of energies and forces all seemed so overwhelming as inevitable movements that moral choices between alternatives were lost in the univocal argument of a world power, its finger already tightening on the trigger. did the overwhelming technological readiness make the moral reason seem self evident in the mind of the bush team? the readiness is all mobilization? in greek tragedies the voice of the chorus provides running commentary on the plot. the chorus asks questions and makes assumptions during the action that are sometimes stupid, sometimes insightful, and sometimes wrong. the chorus admits to being puzzled by the actions of their leaders. did the univocal voice of the administration script a fiction for our consumption? was the plot a piece of noble propaganda? if the script was a fiction, it was not good literature, nor was it good ethics. for though literature may warn about the possibility of a coming event,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5064684688810124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:232ad8c3-1437-4a6e-af22-cbf4a9214075>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.486560"}
{"text": "in july 2004, the cranfills gap independent school district ( cranfills gap isd ), located in hamilton county, texas, was identified as one of 54 school districts in the state meeting the criteria that initiate an appraisal standards review ( asr ) of the county appraisal district that served them. in april 2005, the comptroller ' s property tax division ( ptd ) began an appraisal standards review of the hamilton county appraisal district ( hamilton cad ). appraisal standards reviews the 78th legislature, regular session, directed the comptroller ' s office to conduct appraisal standards reviews of county appraisal districts if the comptroller ' s office finds in its annual property value study ( pvs ) that the appraisal district has one or more \" eligible \" school districts. eligible school districts are those that meet all of the following conditions : - the district ' s values are invalid in the most recent property value study ; - the district ' s values were valid in the two studies preceding the most recent study ; and - the district ' s local value is above 90 percent of the lower threshold of the margin of error. in texas, public education is paid for by a combination of state and local funds. local funding comes from local property taxes. the chief appraiser of each county appraisal district ( cad ) determines local property values, and school districts set tax rates that determine the amount of local tax revenue. appraisal districts, under most circumstances, are required by law to appraise property at or near market value. market value, in simple terms, is the price for which a property would sell under normal conditions. state funding is based on the total taxable property value within each school district as determined by the pvs. the pvs independently estimates the taxable property value in each school district to ensure that state values reflect market value, which in turn ensures that school districts have approximately the same number of dollars to spend per student, regardless of the school district ' s property wealth or lack of property wealth. school districts with less taxable property value per student receive more state dollars for each pupil than districts with more value per student. the state ' s fair distribution of school funding depends largely on the comptroller ' s taxable value findings. by conducting appraisal standards reviews, the comptroller ' s office helps school districts to understand the reason for the invalid finding so they can effectively work with the appraisal district to correct", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47957248125305674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aaeded40-db73-464b-966c-d92e0823fa88>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.494032"}
{"text": "the comptroller ' s taxable value findings. by conducting appraisal standards reviews, the comptroller ' s office helps school districts to understand the reason for the invalid finding so they can effectively work with the appraisal district to correct the problems and achieve market values. asrs identify problems and recommend changes in procedures or methods to improve appraisal accuracy. an asr examines and evaluates a county appraisal district ' s appraisal practices, including appraisal planning, appraisal procedures and methodology, and application and adherence to appraisal standards. the tax code and comptroller rules are the major criteria used to measure the appraisal district ' s performance. the evaluation of the appraisal district ' s appraisal methods are based on a comparison of local methods and procedures to those generally accepted by the mass appraisal industry in texas. the tax code dictates certain appraisal procedures or standards such as the uniform standards for professional appraisal practices ( uspap ), specifically standard 6 : mass appraisal and standard 7 : personal property. also the international association of assessing officers standards ( iaao ) standards on assessment are used as guidelines on the operation of an assessment office. the two principal focuses of the review are to determine why a school district served by the cad was deemed eligible and to make recommendations to improve appraisal practices so the school district ' s values can be determined valid in future studies. the review evaluates five broad functional areas of cad operations : information processing systems, district staffing, property mapping and discovery, appraisals and appraisal standards. the review methodology includes a self - assessment completed by the cad, staff interviews, reviews of written policies, procedures, plans, financial and management audits, and assessments of manual and automated records systems. as the result of the review process, the comptroller ' s office is issuing this report of its findings that includes recommendations for change and commendations for exemplary district appraisal practices. the appraisal district is required by law to comply with the recommendations within one year of the release of this report. if the comptroller determines that the appraisal district board of directors failed to take remedial action within one year after the issuance of the review, the comptroller shall notify the district judges serving in the county, who shall appoint a five - member board of conservators to implement the recommendations. the board of conservators shall exercise supervision and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4775467166612515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aaeded40-db73-464b-966c-d92e0823fa88>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.495085"}
{"text": "issuance of the review, the comptroller shall notify the district judges serving in the county, who shall appoint a five - member board of conservators to implement the recommendations. the board of conservators shall exercise supervision and control over the operations of the appraisal district until the comptroller determines pursuant to the annual property value study, section 403. 302, government code, that in the same year the taxable value of each school district for which the appraisal district appraises property is the local value for the school district. the appraisal district shall bear the costs related to the supervision and control of the district by the board of conservators. while the review team found several commendable practices implemented by dedicated and hardworking district employees, hamilton cad is facing a number of challenges in achieving and maintaining consistent valid findings, including : - improving the management of office operations ; - documenting procedures ; and - enhancing reappraisal tools and appraisal methods. key findings and recommendations improve the management office operations expand the detail of the budget presented to the board of directors for adoption to include the benefits for each position and a detailed list of each proposed capital expenditure. the district ' s budget lacks the detail necessary to comply with section 6. 06 of the tax code. the budget does not outline each set of benefits associated with each employee position. with 60 percent of the cad ' s budget going to salaries, it ' s important for taxing units to understand where the money is being spent and ensure the district hires sufficient staff to perform appraisal functions. develop board procedures to evaluate the chief appraiser, insert a line for the chief appraiser ' s signature on the evaluation tool and use the newly developed tool to evaluate the chief appraiser annually. the board has not historically evaluated the chief appraiser in writing. after the onsite visit by the review team, the district developed an evaluation tool to allow the board to collectively evaluate the chief appraiser. the chief appraiser had not been evaluated with this tool. setting annual expectations and evaluating the chief appraiser allows the board to communicate more effectively with the chief appraiser. the district should develop procedures to support the evaluation of the chief appraiser and begin annually assessing the chief appraiser ' s performance using the new tool. develop a comprehensive written policy and procedures manual for district operations. hamilton cad lacks well - documented policies and procedures to guide the day - to - day operations of the district", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48648919556343906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aaeded40-db73-464b-966c-d92e0823fa88>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.496172"}
{"text": "and begin annually assessing the chief appraiser ' s performance using the new tool. develop a comprehensive written policy and procedures manual for district operations. hamilton cad lacks well - documented policies and procedures to guide the day - to - day operations of the district in areas such as payroll processing, accounting, purchasing and related functions. written procedures help guarantee tasks are performed correctly and provide useful training tools for new employees. by having a written policy and procedures manual for district operations, the district ensures consistency in performing daily functions and the procedures act as an internal control mechanism. continually update and review the personnel manual against current employment law. hamilton cad ' s personnel manual is currently being updated and is ready for the board of director ' s approval. the current manual is the board ' s by - laws and lacks information on the american with disabilities act and the family medical leave act, among more recent personnel law changes. an updated personnel manual protects management and staff from arbitrary employment practices and guarantees cad employees are aware of their rights and responsibilities. enhance reappraisal tools and appraisal methods adopt and implement a detailed reappraisal plan. hamilton cad lacks a detailed reappraisal plan to ensure the execution of timely and accurate reappraisals. the cad ' s reappraisal plan does not outline staffing requirements, a detailed work plan, a budget or how the district ' s ratio studies will be used in establishing reappraisals. a detailed plan assures management is aware of the process that the district will use in conducting reappraisals, ensures resources are available for conducting reappraisals and provides a roadmap for completing the reappraisals. develop and implement effective appraisal maintenance programs based on ratio studies to identify and correct market value deviations. the 2003 pvs results indicate that hamilton cad ' s appraisal maintenance programs for at least one of its school districts did not achieve the desired result of identifying market areas whose values no longer reflect the market, so adjustments can be made. cranfills gap isd ' s 2003 pvs eligibility was primarily attributed to under valuing rural residences while other property categories were inconsistently valued, or consistently over - or under - valued. appraisal districts use ratio studies to plan appraisal maintenance programs. the ratio study results indicate those market areas in the appraisal district whose values no longer reflect the market. frequent ratio studies and the appraisal maintenance that follows enable an appraisal district to keep its values at or near", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4673576276468092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aaeded40-db73-464b-966c-d92e0823fa88>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.497626"}
{"text": "i saw some tutorial pages on the internet about how to read files using c + + but i ' m kind of confused because there isn ' t anything in code indicate where the file is from. so i think i need some explanation. it will open file in current ( working ) folder. if you want to open file which is in another folder you may write full path : ofstream ofs ( \" c : \\ \\ some _ folder \\ \\ some _ file \" ) ; there is version of the constructor ( and open ( ) function ) which takes std : : string, if you use them. what you pass is actually the file path, so you can give a full path, or a relative path. if you just specify the filename that is a relative path. relative paths are relative to the working directory of program. if you start your program by double clicking on the executable file the working directory will be the directory where the executable file is located. if you start your program from the command line the working directory will be the directory that you set using the cd command. if you start your program from an ide the working directory is often set to the project directory ( not the source directory ) but this can differ between ides.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4606401566675027, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:539cacc7-a7b0-4ae5-a649-fc47d6f41c8c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.500753"}
{"text": "use the activities putting it all together all the events prior to and during the american revolutionary war in central new york are interrelated, and these had profound effects on the people who lived there. in these activities, students will compare their lives in their community to what it would be like to live in central new york during this time. students will also explore what it was like to be at the battle of oriskany. activity 1 : where do i stand? ask each student to select one of the historical people who participated at the battle of oriskany and create a report in the character of that person about the experience. the report may be written or oral. once the student has identified what person they are portraying and explained why that character was selected, the student should answer the following questions in character : 1. what do you ( the person you are roleplaying ) believe in? what do you support? 2. what do you oppose? 3. what are your hopes and dreams? 4. what are you feeling before this battle? are you angry, sad, happy or a mixture of these? are you worried or anxious about yourself and your family? are you optimistic or pessimistic about the outcome of the battle? 5. place yourself in the battle. where are you located, in the ravine or on the hilltop? what do you see, hear, smell and feel? who do you see? what are you doing? what are your feelings? are you afraid, angry, or confused or a mixture? 6. after the battle, how do you feel? are you worried or anxious about your family? what do you see in your immediate or long - term future? has your outlook changed? have your hopes and ambitions changed? are you optimistic or pessimistic about the future? activity 2 : the lost battlefield the oriskany battlefield has been lost over time. the land is still there, however, the old military road is gone, the virgin woodland forest has been clear cut, and exact placements of everyone on the battlefield can not be reproduced. except for letter and journal entries, some written shortly after the battle and others collected long after the battle ( which sometimes are conflicting ) there is little to tell us exactly where and how the battle was fought. there is also little physical evidence available to help researchers evaluate the reliability of these accounts. students are going to be asked to recreate the battle of oriskany. they should keep a written journal or recorded oral log about the investigative and production phases of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44491071097127227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c761991-f1fc-409e-99b2-0967d23bc295>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.509282"}
{"text": "is also little physical evidence available to help researchers evaluate the reliability of these accounts. students are going to be asked to recreate the battle of oriskany. they should keep a written journal or recorded oral log about the investigative and production phases of the project. after students have completed studying the quotes in the readings, looked at maps of the area or colonial illustrations depicting military clothing and weapons, and completed additional personal research, ask them to complete one of the following activities : 1. as an historical cartographer, find the ravine and high ground, and then draw a map or series of maps of oriskany battlefield during the battle ' s different phases. 2. as an historical illustrator, sketch or paint a picture or series of pictures of the battle of oriskany. 3. as a re - enactor or documentary film - maker, create costumes, re - enact the battle, and videotape the re - enactment. edit the tape and add voice - over narration for final presentation. activity 3 : in the grip of fear ask the students to produce a written, pictorial, or video report describing a controversial issue which has divided their community. point out that community can be interpreted in many ways and may be their school, sports teams, parent groups, school board, local government, or state government as well as the nation or world. the students will have to use investigative research techniques and questioning strategies to find the answers through review of local newspapers, committee reports, and personal interviews. students may want to record their data on a chart like the one used in reading 1. ask them to identify what the controversy is, and then answer the following questions : 1. is there only one central issue that is causing the controversy, or are there several issues? 2. what was the history of the community before the controversy? are there events in the past which affect the issue ( s ) today? 3. who are the key leaders on both sides of the issue? why have they taken the stand they have taken? 4. what is the general social make - up of the followers of these leaders? where are they from? in which part of the community do they live? what is their social, political and economic standing? what are their race, ethnicity, and sex? what types of jobs do they have? where do they stand on the issue and why? after the students have completed this activity, have them ask the same questions about the mohawk valley civil war and then compare and contrast the contemporary controversy they have studied with the mohawk valley", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48515751513972133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c761991-f1fc-409e-99b2-0967d23bc295>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.511630"}
{"text": "pune has an abundance of water from the khadakwasla dam but its intra - city distribution is extremely uneven. some areas get as much as 600 litres per capita per day ( lpcd ) while others get barely 100. this results in enormous quantities of waste water and sewage and despite having an installed capacity to treat 599 million litres a day ( mld ) of sewage, its two main rivers, the mula and mutha, remain severely polluted. this was one of the main outcomes of the workshop to launch cse ' s 7th state of india environment report, excreta matters, in pune on 8th june. the meet was attended by 90 people, including the state irrigation department, representatives from the pune municipal corporation, as well as civil society representatives and concerned citizens. | ( near to far ) dr himanshu kulkarni, nitya jacob, prof madhav gadgill and naresh zurmure | the citizens report, which provides a detailed analysis of the water - sewage profile of 71 cities across india, including pune, was released by professor madhav gadgill, himself a citizen of pune and well known ecologist who has held several positions including being member of the science advisory council to the prime minister in the late 1980 ' s. the mula - mutha river water in pune had deteriorated in quality. its biological oxygen demand, an indicator of organic pollution, has risen to over 30 mg / l, more than ten times the permissible limits for bathing. reason : pune is a classic case of over consumption ; the municipal corporation is currently supplying water sufficient for the projected population in the year 2050. more water, means more sewage, beyond the quantum its sewage treatment plants can treat. as a result there is greater pollution loads discharged in to the mula - mutha, two rivers that confluence within city limits and serve to flush away pune ' s excreta. the pune municipal corporation has a waterworks capacity to treat and distribute 1292 mld. it is however currently supplying 1222 mld of water at a staggering average supply rate of 321 lpcd, more than double the standards set by the central public health and environmental engineering organisation, a technical wing of the ministry of urban development. the actuals, after leakages in the piped network, work out to 866 mld, or 228 lpcd. there is inequity in water supply in the city ; hours of water supply vary from less than 2 hours a day to round the clock water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40268913110477383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b224dae2-d4ce-4e7b-b0d5-2c44733f5bc4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.519438"}
{"text": "been in the pipeline for several years, has escalated in cost, and is being contested in the high court. cse questioned these plans stating that pune is a moderate rainfall area, although it is prone to spells of heavy rain june thru september. hence modifying flows could possibly lead to backflows and flooding in the city, interfere with ecological flows and increase flow velocity, leading to scouring of the banks downstream. this seems ambitious for a corporation that until 2010 \u2013 11, had an outstanding of rs 306. 47 crore from consumers, that it is finding difficult to collect. also water tariffs have remained static at rs 3 per kilo - litre since 2000 for domestic users, and rs 16 per kilo - litre for commercial and industrial connections. there is a 48. 37 % shortfall in collection of water charges in 2009 - 10 ( budget estimates and actual revenue ), while 60 % of total expenditure is on energy. diversion to urban conurbations and utilising more than allocated amounts is leading to conflicts in the state. \u201c since 2003, 1500 million cubic metre of water has been diverted from agricultural allocations to urban or industrial use in maharashtra. this has implications for 357, 600 hectares in the state or 3 lakh families at an average of 1 hectare land holding. this diversion is now a fait accompli, \u201d says k j joy, convenor of the forum for policy dialogue on water conflicts in india. maharashtra had published the state water policy in 2003, which controversially gave industry a higher allocation priority versus agriculture. while this has now been reversed due to widespread protests in the state, this has implications as articulated in the cse study on water quality, since it is not only important to gauge how much you use, but what also monitor the quality of used water as return flows. for more details : n itya jacob, bharat lal seth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44395798944789006, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b224dae2-d4ce-4e7b-b0d5-2c44733f5bc4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.521281"}
{"text": "wikipedia : paul the apostle paul the apostle ( greek : \u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 paulos ), original name saul of tarsus ( greek : \u03c3\u03b1\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 saulos ), was a christian missionary who took the gospel of christ to the first - century world. he is generally considered one of the most important figures of the apostolic age and one of the greatest religious leaders of all time. in the mid - 30s to the mid - 50s, he founded several churches in asia minor and europe. being a jew and a roman citizen were ideal pedigrees for his ministry to both jewish and roman audiences. a native of tarsus, the capital city in the roman province of cilicia, he wrote that he was \" a hebrew born of hebrews \", a pharisee, and one who advanced in judaism beyond many of his peers. he zealously persecuted the early followers of jesus and violently tried to destroy the newly - forming christian church. paul ' s dramatic conversion experience with the risen jesus on the road to damascus dramatically changed the course of his life. he did not know jesus during his lifetime as did the twelve apostles, but he was the first apostle whose only experience with jesus was after the resurrection and ascension. after his conversion to christ, he began to preach that jesus of nazareth is the messiah and the son of god. his leadership, influence, and legacy led to the formation of communities dominated by gentile groups that worshiped the lord, adhered to the \" judaic moral code \", but relaxed or abandoned the ritual and dietary teachings of the law of moses. he taught that these laws and rituals had either been fulfilled in the life of christ or were symbolic precursors of christ, though the exact relationship between paul the apostle and judaism is still disputed. paul taught of the life and works of jesus christ and his teaching of a new covenant, or \" new testament \", established through jesus ' death and resurrection. about half of the new testament stems from paul and the people whom he influenced. thirteen of the 27 books in the new testament have been attributed to paul, and approximately half of the acts of the apostles deals with paul \u2019 s life and works. however, only 7 of the 13 letters can be accepted as being entirely authentic. the other 6 letters are believed to have come from followers writing in his name, using material from paul ' s surviving letters and letters written by him that no longer survive. today, his epistles continue to be deeply rooted in the theology, worship, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36385725659070545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b210fdf-7a01-4b1f-8f6d-10856697825c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.541230"}
{"text": "other 6 letters are believed to have come from followers writing in his name, using material from paul ' s surviving letters and letters written by him that no longer survive. today, his epistles continue to be deeply rooted in the theology, worship, and pastoral life in the roman and protestant traditions of the west, as well as the orthodox traditions of the east. among the many other apostles and missionaries involved in the spread of the christian faith, his influence on christian thought and practice has been characterized as being as \" profound as it is pervasive \". augustine of hippo developed paul ' s idea that salvation is based on faith and not \" works of the law \". martin luther ' s interpretation of paul ' s writings heavily influenced luther ' s doctrine of sola fide. the bible does not record paul ' s death. acts of the apostles some believe that through this work, luke intended to show the roman empire that the root of christianity is within judaism so that the christians \u201c may receive the same freedom to practice their faith that the roman empire afforded the jews. \u201d those who support the view of luke \u2019 s work as political apology generally draw evidence from the facts that christians are found innocent of committing any political crime ( acts 25 : 25 ; 19 : 37 ; 19 : 40 ) and that roman officials \u2019 views towards christians are generally positive. also, luke mentions a few roman officials that believe in jesus christ ( acts 10 : 1 - 11 : 18 ; 13 : 12 ). the magistrates even apologize to paul and silas for wrongfully putting them in prison ( acts 16 : 38 - 39 ). by painting the roman - christian relations in this light, luke hopes to persuade rome that christians are not enemies of the government and should not be looked upon with suspicion or even fear. apology on behalf of rome addressed to the church : whereas the claim above suggested that luke was writing to rome, this view proposes that luke may be writing to the church in order to convince the saints of his own view that rome is not a threat to the church. this claim presupposes that early christians were suspicious of rome or feared roman authority as a threat to their faith. also, supporters of this view would characterize luke \u2019 s portrayal of the roman empire as positive because they believe luke \u201c glosses over negative aspects of the empire and presents imperial power positively. \u201d for example, when paul is before the council defending himself, paul says that he is \u201c on trial concerning the hope of the resurrection of the dead \u201d ( acts 23 : 6 ). some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4604622487029607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b210fdf-7a01-4b1f-8f6d-10856697825c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.542553"}
{"text": "negative aspects of the empire and presents imperial power positively. \u201d for example, when paul is before the council defending himself, paul says that he is \u201c on trial concerning the hope of the resurrection of the dead \u201d ( acts 23 : 6 ). some believe that this appeal \u201c thereby shows christian \u2019 s of luke \u2019 s day both that their predecessors were innocent before the state and that paul had no political quarrel with rome \u201d but rather with the jews who were accusing him. other scholars have even said that luke wrote this apology in order to support christians who were becoming allies with local roman officials. some scholars believe that the apologetic view of luke \u2019 s work is overemphasized and that it should not be regarded as a \u201c major aim of the lucan writings. \u201d while munck believes that purpose of luke \u2019 s work is not that clear - cut and sympathizes with other claims, he believes that luke \u2019 s work can function as an apology only in the sense that it \u201c presents a defense of christianity and paul \u201d and may serve to \u201c clarify the position of christianity within jewry and within the roman empire. \u201d pervo disagrees that luke \u2019 s work is an apology and even that it could possibly be addressed to rome because he believes that \u201c luke and acts speak to insiders, believers in jesus. \u201d freedman believes that luke is writing an apology but that his goal is \u201c not to defend the christian movement as such but to defend god \u2019 s ways in history. \u201d mr. k - yes, the conversion of the pharasee sal to the apostle can be found in the book of acts ( of the apostles after the assention of christ ). while incarsentated, apostle paul wrote the epistles that are for the born again christian church. acts 22 : starts his telling of his conversion, acts 28 : 17 - his trail. as a citizen he had the rights listed below, and if he was harmed by any of the guards, they would receive the same but times two. roman citizenship rights wikipedia, the free encyclopedia citizenship in ancient rome was a privileged political and legal status afforded to freeborn individuals with respect to laws, property, and governance. \u2022 the right to have a legal trial ( to appear before a proper court and to defend oneself ). \u2022 the right to appeal from the decisions of magistrates and to appeal the lower court decisions. \u2022 a roman citizen could not be tortured or whipped, nor could he receive the death penalty, unless he was found guilty of treason. \u2022 if accused of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44431936071494876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b210fdf-7a01-4b1f-8f6d-10856697825c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.543925"}
{"text": ". \u2022 the right to appeal from the decisions of magistrates and to appeal the lower court decisions. \u2022 a roman citizen could not be tortured or whipped, nor could he receive the death penalty, unless he was found guilty of treason. \u2022 if accused of treason, a roman citizen had the right to be tried in rome, and even if sentenced to death, no roman citizen could be sentenced to die on the cross. tejontech, you write, \"... typical liberal emotional defense of a position contrary to nature... \" according to theologists, that is. scientists do not find homosexual activity to be \" contrary to nature. \" at one time anything other than missionary position was labeled contrary to nature ( even though no animal, other than humans, practice it ). gurudori, you wrote, \" not only did apostle paul use his roman citizenship to have a fair trail when the jews wanted him excuted for converting to christianity and blaspheme again ot... \" is this @ # $ % actually in the christian bible? zen... again boring... typical liberal emotional defense of a position contrary to nature... and not true. yeah well i think you ' ve proven you know neither \" love \" nor \" peace \", tejontech. what i read is the vitroil of an isolated and fearful man. it ' s sad really, because you drive far more people away than you ' ll ever attract. what is prophesized in the bible can ' t be stopped, even the new world order. don ' t you think that maybe god has a backup plan for those who accepted christ as lord and savior ( not believing in the pope, tt ) called...... the hope of the return of christ! haven ' t you ever read 1 thessalonians? it ' s all about how christ returns for the born again believers, then armageddon & book of revelations happens, then christ returns with the saints to reclaim earth from satan, the god of this world, and re - establishes eden when he got from adam disobeying gods commandment not to eat the fruit of knowledge. bet you didn ' t know that! yeah, that ' s another one of those books in the nt most don ' t know of. romans 5 : 9 - much more then, being now justified by his blood, we shall be saved from the wrath through him. this gives me much comfort when knowing how that state of the world is in modern times", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4812373066862306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b210fdf-7a01-4b1f-8f6d-10856697825c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.545067"}
{"text": "most don ' t know of. romans 5 : 9 - much more then, being now justified by his blood, we shall be saved from the wrath through him. this gives me much comfort when knowing how that state of the world is in modern times. something to think about. i also thought of another great example of why we need to have the separation of church and state : not only did apostle paul use his roman citizenship to have a fair trail when the jews wanted him excuted for converting to christianity and blaspheme again ot ( he was the father to the born again christian church whereas apostles peter and james started the catholic church on the grounds of sticking to traditional pagen holidays - easter is the holiday for the goddess ester, not the final passover as it actually should be. ) you are going to love this tt.... martin luther also used his german citizenship to save his life when the catholic church summons him to rome as a jesuit priest for heresy, but he petitioned the german king for his trail to be held in a german city so he could be protected because he knew he would be assinated if he traveled to rome. remember him? he ' s the guy with the 96 thesis against the abominations within the catholic church? he left the catholic church and started the reformation church... got married to a former nun and lived another 30 years as the main biblical scholar for the king at a university in germany. remember indulgences? remember if you don ' t accept jesus we will kill you period in european history? that is why the french and american constitutions added this clause in 1780s just so that any governing church could never pull this crap again. remember the inquisition? how they used church doctrine to kill thousands of pegans to take their land, indigenous people in south and north america and other believers like wicca and keltic and such? no, you seem to like to hold a rosey colored view of catholic church history. click here to play the game \" vote for a moron! \" if you agree with tejon tech last statement on \" think they are voting in a new truth as if they could reverse god ' s creative decisions. \" click like, but if you do not agree with tt, click dislikes. if tt gets more dislikes than likes..... then he is a moron! lmao!!! i love on this list how people clicking like and dislike think they are voting in a new truth as if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44393316894130674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b210fdf-7a01-4b1f-8f6d-10856697825c>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.546102"}
{"text": "dislikes. if tt gets more dislikes than likes..... then he is a moron! lmao!!! i love on this list how people clicking like and dislike think they are voting in a new truth as if they could reverse god ' s creative decisions. that is what broadbent is attempting... he makes it up to be like he would have done if he were god, even though what he would have done is simply contrary to god ' s obvious will and purpose. you can ' t change the truth by popular vote, as colorado is now destined to see. this pastor is just one of the false prophets that will come in the last days. the californication of colorado is moving at full steam. jesus warns us against idolatry, fornication, and murder... seems like the secular agenda claims all three... unquestioned tolerance is idolatry, fornication is any sex outside marriage ( to include all gay etc. sex and this sort of adolescent sex advocated by the morning after pill ) and murder, which is what abortion is pure and simple... so guru and zen... the final judgment is going to be calling you to repentance and amendment of life big tie... as well as me for my sins. secularism isn ' t new, tt, it was how our country was originally founded with seperation of church and state, so don ' t try to re - write history. it has only been since the 1980 ' s when the evangical churches started a movement to insert christian morality into our governmental laws. so why can ' t each and every person govern themselves instead of having to follow your brand of religion? just because we don ' t want it in our governing laws doesn ' t mean we don ' t practice morality and personal spirituality in our homes. from wikepedia : seperation of church and state : thomas jefferson : in english, the exact term is an offshoot of the phrase, \" wall of separation between church and state \", as written in thomas jefferson ' s letter to the danbury baptist association in 1802. in that letter, referencing the first amendment to the united states constitution, jefferson writes : \" believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man & his god, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only, & not opinions, i contemplate with sovereign reverence that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4447516002648022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b210fdf-7a01-4b1f-8f6d-10856697825c>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.547121"}
{"text": "religion is a matter which lies solely between man & his god, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only, & not opinions, i contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole american people which declared that their legislature should ' make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, ' thus building a wall of separation between church and state. \" jefferson reflected his frequent speaking theme that the government is not to interfere with religion. the bill of rights was one of the earliest examples in the world of complete religious freedom ( adopted in 1791, only preceded by the declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen in 1789 ) but it was interpreted as establishing a separation of church and state only after the letter of jefferson ( see section united states for more details ). at the time of the passage of the bill of rights, many states acted in ways that would now be held unconstitutional, some of them with official state churches. all of the early official state churches were disestablished by 1833. milligan ' s primary goal is to advance the new world order in her own image without a god to interfere with her reign of political correct totalitarianism... it is to turn colo spgs upside down, and that sort of radical transformation will not bring peace and stability, but strive and division. zen... denver seminary? that explains why you are an advocate for the new secularism and not the christianity of the apostles. your education is faulty and doesn ' t serve you well. the religion of jesus is one where god ' s love directs and rules our hearts toward peace now and eternity ultimately. your religion of permissiveness and self affirmation is a direct path to pain now and dysfunction in the future... not something a loving god would wish for his children. god, as scripture says, has a special place for wolves in sheep ' s clothing like you. if \" milligan is a far left whack job \" then how far off the right edge of the map are you? geez tt.. some days you make pinochet look like a centrist. another 14 jobs and more young people gone. good job blue hairs. as for pico, he ' s a egotistical hack. i used to debate that guy on the gazette, and he wouldn ' t know good science from a pile of sh * t. like most of the council, he ' s a slave", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4849344131241363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b210fdf-7a01-4b1f-8f6d-10856697825c>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.548438"}
{"text": "for pico, he ' s a egotistical hack. i used to debate that guy on the gazette, and he wouldn ' t know good science from a pile of sh * t. like most of the council, he ' s a slave to ideology and blind to on the ground reality. tejontech, speaking as one with a degree in religious studies, who studied theology and ministry at denver seminary, and has worked in protestant and catholic church and para - church organizations, i can confidently and authoritatively say that you my friend are no christ follower. you ' re a pharisee. and a milk fed one at that. it ' s time to take back the church from people like you... people who have overseen the largest single decline in us church attendance in history. if jesus were to return today, i have zero doubt you ' d be first to pick up a hammer and nail. you genuinely have no idea what you do. and for that, i just feel sorry for you. grow up milk fed... before it ' s too late. good luck with all that self - righteous rage. tejontech it is truly sad to see a person so tied up in knots as you. all content \u00a9 copyright 2013, the colorado springs independent website powered by foundation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45650978488740124, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b210fdf-7a01-4b1f-8f6d-10856697825c>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.549829"}
{"text": "what is roller chains roller chain is a steel linked chain that utilizes roller bushings at each connecting link. the bushings aid the chain in riding smoothly around a sprocket and give the chain long life as well as strength. roller chain is commonly found on bicycles and farming machinery and is also a primary component in automobile transmissions and transfer cases. some high - performance types of roller chain use small rubber o - rings at each end of the bushings to aid in the retention of oil, which helps keep the chain in peak condition. there are many types of roller chain, each intended for a specific purpose. in the u. s., roller chain is sized by the american national standards institute or ansi with the most common sizes being 40, 50 and 60. the size of the chain is reflective of the pitch of the chain in eighths of an inch ( 0. 3175 centimeters ), this is denoted by the first digit, and the final digit noting the strength of the chain. while 0 represents standard chain and 1 represents lightweight chain, 5 is used to show bushed chain with no rollers. this means that a standard bicycle chain with a half - inch ( 1. 27 centimeters ) pitch would be a size 40 chain. the typical roller chain is comprised of links that are fused together by pins. the pins are driven through the ends of each link and held in place by friction. each chain is connected at the ends to form a complete circle or chain loop by a master link. the master link is a link of chain that uses a clip to hold the sides in place rather than being a friction fit. roller chain can be shortened by removing links with a chain breaking tool and lengthened by adding whole or a half links. lubrication and proper tension is critical to assure long life for any roller chain. a chain should never be run tight. there should always be a slight amount of slack in a properly adjusted chain. the school of thought is approximately 2 percent to 4 percent of the distance between the centers of the sprockets. clean, light - weight oil should be used to keep the chain properly lubricated. the various uses for roller chain include not only bicycles, but conveyors, automobile timing chains and chain saws. by attaching tiny cutting teeth to a chain, a chain saw is able to cut its way through a tree in a rapid manner. in another application, small lengths of chain are attached to a handle, allowing plumbers to grip and twist pipe sections.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4846544134834284, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c236634-e90e-4be1-99fc-110cf8239045>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.554687"}
{"text": "what a waste! picture from space reveals how new u. s. oil field is burning off enough gas to power chicago and washington - because it ' s cheaper than selling it this incredible picture from space shows how the u. s. oil industry has boomed to such an extent that a gas field now burns as brightly as a major city. the rapid increase in shale oil production means it is now often more economical to ' flare off ' unwanted gas than to sell it. as a result, one field in north dakota, the state leading the energy revolution, is now burning off enough gas to power all the homes in chicago and washington d. c. combined. scroll down for video wasting energy : this nasa satellite image shows how the gas being burned off at the bakken oil field in north dakota is almost as bright as the light emitted from major u. s. cities such as minneapolis - st paul and chicago in a recently released satellite image from nasa, the light being given off at the bakken formation, almost twice the size of wales, easily competes in intensity with that being emitted from those cities. the volume of gas going up in flames at the plant rose by around 50 per cent last year alone in a practice that is causing growing concern about the waste of resources and the impact on the environment, according to the financial times. the trend, which is being replicated in other shale regions such as texas, has made the u. s. one of the world ' s worst offenders for gas flaring after the amount it burns off has tripled in the last five years, according to world bank estimates. the boom has come after advances in a process known as fracking, where a mixture of sand, water and chemicals is pumped into rocks to open cracks in a reservoir. illuminated : the trend, which is being replicated in other shale regions such as texas, has made the u. s. one of the world ' s worst offenders for gas flaring burning : this map shows how north dakota is now speckled with gas flares after a boom in shale oil production in recent years in north dakota, 150 oil companies have flooded the region drilling up to eight new wells a day and are producing roughly 660, 000 barrels of oil. it has reduced the country ' s need for oil imports and created thousands of jobs, but the abundant supplies of gas it has unlocked have outpaced development of infrastructure needed to store and pump it to populations. more than 1, 000 wells were connected to the bakken system in 2012, for example, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4727595391418307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac506cdc-33cc-42de-b430-3bfbf4342560>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.562381"}
{"text": "created thousands of jobs, but the abundant supplies of gas it has unlocked have outpaced development of infrastructure needed to store and pump it to populations. more than 1, 000 wells were connected to the bakken system in 2012, for example, but that has not been enough to cut the proportion of the state \u2019 s gas being flared, currently at about 30 per cent. but with gas prices having dropped from their 2008 peak of more than $ 13 per million british thermal units to just $ 3. 40 because of increased production of the resource it is now uneconomic to build pipelines and storage tanks. up in flames : a ground flare burns gas at a well near ray, north dakota, where about 30 per cent of the natural gas produced is burned as waste how fracking has fuelled america ' s insatiable appetite for oil and gas with its voracious appetite for energy and a desire to be less reliant on imports, the u. s. became the first country to exploit the potential of fracking. the process - shorthand for hydraulic fracturing - involves creating little explosions underground, then injecting water and chemicals to release gas and oil trapped in cavities in shale rocks. in 1996, the u. s. produced just 0. 3trillion cubic feet of shale gas. by 2011, however, that figure had leapt to 7. 8trillion, allowing america to transform itself from an importer to a net exporter of gas. but the abundant supplies of gas have outpaced development of infrastructure around oil plants. and with gas prices having dropped from their 2008 peak of more than $ 13 per million british thermal units to just $ 3. 40 it is now uneconomic to build pipelines and storage tanks. as a result, much of the gas is burned off instead. shale gas reserves are plentiful and widespread across much of the world, but until developments in fracking it has been largely inaccessible. in china, explorable shale reserves are estimated at 86trillion cubic feet, enough to supply the nation ' s needs for two centuries liquid gold : graphic showing how u. s. oil production outrip that of saudi arabia adam brandt, a stanford academic who studies greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, told the ft : ' the situation in the shale oilfields is similar to the early days of the us oil industry. ' companies are in a race with their competitors to develop the resource, which means there is little incentive to delay production to reduce flaring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4516989028523643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac506cdc-33cc-42de-b430-3bfbf4342560>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.563755"}
{"text": "definitions for wagewe\u026ad\u0292 random house webster ' s college dictionary wagewe\u026ad\u0292 ( n. ; v. ) waged, wag \u2022 ing. ( n. ) often, wages. money that is paid or received for work or services. ref : compare living wage, minimum wage. 1 wages, recompense or return : the wages of sin is death. obs. a pledge or security. ( v. t. ) to carry on ( a battle, argument, etc. ) : to wage war. obs. to stake or wager. to pledge. ( v. i. ) obs. to contend ; struggle. origin of wage : 1275 \u2013 1325 ; me : pledge, security < af ; of guagegage1 < vl * wadium < gmc ( see wed ) wage, pay, earnings, remuneration, salary ( verb ) something that remunerates \" wages were paid by check \" ; \" he wasted his pay on drink \" ; \" they saved a quarter of all their earnings \" carry on ( wars, battles, or campaigns ) \" napoleon and hitler waged war against all of europe \" an amount of money paid to a worker for a specified quantity of work, usually expressed on an hourly basis. to wager, bet. to employ for wages ; to hire. to conduct or carry out ( a war or other contest ). to wage war origin : from wage, a northern variant of gauge, gage, from * waddi, wadja ( cognate with wedd ), from wadjo, from wadh -. akin to ve\u00feja \" to pledge \", wadi. more at wed. to pledge ; to hazard on the event of a contest ; to stake ; to bet, to lay ; to wager ; as, to wage a dollar to expose one ' s self to, as a risk ; to incur, as a danger ; to venture ; to hazard to engage in, as a contest, as if by previous gage or pledge ; to carry on, as a war to adventure, or lay out, for hire or reward ; to hire out to put upon wages ; to hire ; to employ ; to pay wages to to give security for the performance of to bind one ' s self ; to engage that which is staked or ventured ; that for which one incurs risk or danger ; prize ; gage that for which one labors ; meed ; reward ; stipulated payment for service", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5367215210726703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c6fe19c-77a7-40c1-974a-1f8dc35c1b1f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.570913"}
{"text": "for the performance of to bind one ' s self ; to engage that which is staked or ventured ; that for which one incurs risk or danger ; prize ; gage that for which one labors ; meed ; reward ; stipulated payment for service performed ; hire ; pay ; compensation ; - - at present generally used in the plural. see wages translations for wage kernerman english multilingual dictionary ( also\u02c8wages noun plural ) a regular, usually weekly rather than monthly, payment for the work that one does he spends all his wages on books ; what is his weekly wage? - salarioportuguese ( br ) - der lohngerman - \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2, ( \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 ) \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03c2greek - salario, sueldospanish - mjesecna placacroatian - laun, kaupicelandic - \u110b\u1175\u11b7\u1100\u1173\u11b7, \u1100\u1173\u11b8\u1105\u116d, - darba algalatvian - gaji, upahmalay - l\u00f8nn, gasjenorwegian - lon, avloningswedish - ; - \uff0c chinese ( trad. ) - \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0456\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430ukrainian - luong tuanvietnamese - \uff0c chinese ( simp. ) get even more translations for wage \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5514093344109348, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c6fe19c-77a7-40c1-974a-1f8dc35c1b1f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.571514"}
{"text": "harris, paul l. trusting what you ' re told how children learn from others aims and scope if children were little scientists who learn best through firsthand observations and mini - experiments, as conventional wisdom holds, how would a child discover that the earth is round \u2014 never mind conceive of heaven as a place someone might go after death? overturning both cognitive and commonplace theories about how children learn, trusting what you \u2019 re told begins by reminding us of a basic truth : most of what we know we learned from others. children recognize early on that other people are an excellent source of information. and so they ask questions. but youngsters are also remarkably discriminating as they weigh the responses they elicit. and how much they trust what they are told has a lot to do with their assessment of its source. trusting what you \u2019 re told opens a window into the moral reasoning of elementary school vegetarians, the preschooler \u2019 s ability to distinguish historical narrative from fiction, and the six - year - old \u2019 s nuanced stance toward magic : skeptical, while still open to miracles. paul harris shares striking cross - cultural findings, too, such as that children in religious communities in rural central america resemble bostonian children in being more confident about the existence of germs and oxygen than they are about souls and god. we are biologically designed to learn from one another, harris demonstrates, and this greediness for explanation marks a key difference between human beings and our primate cousins. even kanzi, a genius among bonobos, never uses his keyboard to ask for information : he only asks for treats. - 272 pages - 3 halftones, 3 line illustrations, 19 graphs - harvard university press", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.561767207900344, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42f27436-0457-4e54-b1cc-bbbff457c902>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.575496"}
{"text": "early in his career, james mcneill whistler submitted symphony in white, no. 1 : the white girl to two esteemed annual european exhibitions \u2014 the royal academy in london, england, and the paris salon in france. the painting was rejected at both. it was shown in a less notable exhibition in 1863 and received tentative reviews. while the painting \u2019 s white tones and the lily held by the woman imply purity, her morning dress and disheveled hair suggest impropriety. this ambiguity baffled the european critics and public : \u201c folk nudged each other and went almost into hysterics ; there was always a grinning group in front of [ the white girl ]. \u201d \u2014 emile zola, novelist, 1886 ; \u201c it is one of the most incomplete paintings we have ever met with. a woman, in a quaint morning dress of white, with her hair about her shoulders, stands alone, in the background of nothing in particular. \u201d \u2014 f. g. stevens, critic, june, 1862. critics tried to create a story behind the painting \u2019 s subject, interpretations. they called the model a \u201c sleepwalker, \" \" a newly deflowered bride, \" and an \" apparition. \u201d whistler left no clues as to how the painting should be read. he said, \u201c my painting simply represents a girl dressed in white standing in front of a white curtain. \u201d the real \u201c story \u201d was whistler \u2019 s manifestation of art for art \u2019 s sake \u2014 his focus on color, line and composition \u2014 not the subject matter of the painting. when the painting was shown in the united states 10 years later, the public generally reacted differently. the model was described as \u201c attractive and even fascinating \u201d with a \u201c singular and an indescribable face, full of the strangest and subtlest expression. \u201d american artists soon imitated the work, creating their own paintings in the manner of whistler \u2019 s white girl.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47187048060398185, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f815802-02d4-47a2-8ce1-4d9c75d6bdb2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.577706"}
{"text": "abstract : early diagnosis and rapid initiation of treatment remains a key strategy to control both hiv and tuberculosis ( tb ). however, hiv and tb control programs have had completely contrasting successes, especially with the development and deployment of point - of - care ( poc ) diagnostics. clinicians, researchers, and public health staff who work at the frontlines of hiv care and control have had access to an outstanding array of poc diagnostics at their disposal, including those used for screening, initial diagnosis, staging, treatment monitoring, and early infant diagnosis. the field has also advanced to consider over - the - counter, self - testing options for hiv and the use of multiplexed platforms that allow for simultaneous detection of infections associated with hiv. in sharp contrast to hiv, suboptimal and delayed diagnosis of tb has perpetuated the epidemic in many high - burden countries. although the tb diagnostics pipeline is substantially better today than it was even five years ago, absence of a simple poc test continues to be a gaping hole in the pipeline. in this review, we compare the poc diagnostics landscape and pipelines for these two important infectious diseases, and highlight gaps and unmet needs. low - cost, point - of - care ( poc ) tests have completely transformed the management of several major infectious diseases ( e. g., malaria and hiv ) ( yager et al., 2008 ), especially in resource - limited settings where healthcare infrastructure is weak, and access to quality and timely medical care is a challenge. these tests offer rapid results at the point - of - care, allowing for rapid initiation of appropriate therapy, and / or establishment of linkages to care ( peeling and mabey, 2010 ). most importantly, poc tests can be simple enough to be used at the primary care level and in remote settings with no laboratory infrastructure. poc tests are often more cost - effective for the healthcare delivery system ( peeling and mabey, 2010 ), and can potentially empower patients to self - test in the privacy of their homes and make informed decisions. the synergistic epidemics of hiv and tuberculosis ( tb ) have had a huge adverse impact on many populations, especially in high prevalence, resource - limited settings such as sub - saharan africa and asia ( lawn and churchyard, 2009 ). early diagnosis and rapid initiation of treatment remains a key strategy to control both infections. however, hiv and tb control programs have had completely contrasting successes, especially with the development and deployment of poc diagnostics ( denkinger and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49068175327834546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3b1438d-ac62-4858-b3ab-edc562d982b4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.610779"}
{"text": "churchyard, 2009 ). early diagnosis and rapid initiation of treatment remains a key strategy to control both infections. however, hiv and tb control programs have had completely contrasting successes, especially with the development and deployment of poc diagnostics ( denkinger and pai, 2011 ). indeed, there are many lessons to be learnt by comparing the poc diagnostics landscapes and pipelines for these two important infectious diseases. hiv diagnostics : current landscape and pipeline clinicians, researchers, and public health staff who work at the frontlines of hiv care and control have had access to an outstanding array of poc diagnostics at their disposal ( table 1 ), although uptake of these tests has varied across countries. poc tests for hiv include those used for screening, initial diagnosis, disease staging, treatment monitoring, and early infant diagnosis. the field has also advanced with the development of over - the - counter ( otc ) self - testing options for hiv, and multiplexed platforms that allow for simultaneous detection of infections associated with hiv, such as hepatitis b and c, and syphilis ( e. g., multiplo\u00ae, medmira inc., nova scotia, canada ). an excellent survey of the current hiv diagnostics landscape has been published recently ( murtagh, 2011 ). for initial screening and diagnosis, simple, accurate, whole - blood, finger - stick, and oral mucosal fluid - based rapid tests are widely popular and have been successfully scaled - up via voluntary counseling and testing ( vct ) programs in many countries, supported by agencies such as pepfar, unitaid, and the global fund to fight aids, tb, and malaria. dozens of inexpensive poc hiv tests are available commercially, and quality - assured kits can be procured via the world health organization ( who ) prequalification program for diagnostics ( world health organization, 2011f ). a recent evaluation of all fda - approved rapid hiv tests on finger stick specimens documented their high accuracy ( sensitivity and specificity exceed 99 % ) in controlled laboratory settings ( delaney et al., 2011 ). rapid oral mucosal fluid tests have comparable accuracy to blood tests ( pai et al., 2012 ). while the vast majority of rapid hiv tests are based on antibody detection, the most recent fourth generation immunoassays simultaneously detect hiv p24 antigen as well as antibodies to hiv - 1 and hiv - 2 in serum, plasma, and whole blood. although confirmatory testing is required for all first line screening tests, even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4832302994611683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3b1438d-ac62-4858-b3ab-edc562d982b4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.611837"}
{"text": "most recent fourth generation immunoassays simultaneously detect hiv p24 antigen as well as antibodies to hiv - 1 and hiv - 2 in serum, plasma, and whole blood. although confirmatory testing is required for all first line screening tests, even oral fluid rapid hiv tests have been found to have high accuracy in high risk populations such as sexually transmitted disease ( std ) clinic attendees, and unregistered pregnant women that present at the time of delivery ( pai et al., 2007 ; pant pai et al., 2007 ). in addition to high diagnostic accuracy, these poc tests have also been shown to have clinical impact in resource - limited settings ( pai et al., 2008 ; pai and klein, 2009 ). for example, use of a simple oral - fluid test in a labor ward was successful in reducing mother - to - child hiv transmission in a rural hospital in india ( pai et al., 2008 ; pai and klein, 2009 ). in fact, oral fluid based hiv rapid tests may be simple enough to be potentially useful for home - based hiv self - testing ( pai and klein, 2008 ), as shown in a recent study in africa ( choko et al., 2011 ). over - the - counter ( otc ) versions of oral mucosal fluid - based tests are now available ( e. g., aware oral otc, calypte biomedical corporation, portland, or, usa ). although self - testing is a promising approach to expand hiv screening programs, several issues related to self - testing are unresolved, and the ideal public health strategy that can safely and effectively offer this option is yet to be determined. with the impending fda approval of an otc oral hiv test, some of these logistical issues may get addressed, although infrastructural and logistical barriers for linking self - testers to follow - up care will require work ( pai and klein, 2008 ). for disease staging and for making decisions about anti - retroviral therapy ( art ) initiation or monitoring, there are qualitative and quantitative cd4 poc tests that are now available ( figure 1 shows the pipeline ). these are a significant advance over the traditional, expensive, laboratory - based, flow cytometry assays ( boyle et al., 2011 ; murtagh, 2011 ). efforts are also underway to develop more affordable ( and disposable ) poc tests for cd4 counts and several such technologies are expected to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47130156522288397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3b1438d-ac62-4858-b3ab-edc562d982b4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.613019"}
{"text": "cytometry assays ( boyle et al., 2011 ; murtagh, 2011 ). efforts are also underway to develop more affordable ( and disposable ) poc tests for cd4 counts and several such technologies are expected to reach the market within the next few years ( figure 2 ) ( murtagh, 2011 ). lastly, hiv diagnostics have benefited from the growing momentum towards simple, multiplexed tests that can diagnose multiple infectious diseases at the point - of - care. there are now poc options available for multiplexed detection of hiv, hepatitis b and c, and syphilis ( figure 2 ). although evidence on their test performance in real world settings is limited, they offer promise of simultaneous detection of several infections, with greater convenience for patients and providers. the convergence of fields such as nanotechnology, microfluidics, proteomics, and genomics has inspired the development of novel platforms, including poc and nucleic acid amplification tests ( naats ), which enable the detection of multiple biomarkers at the point of care. also, integration of smartphone technology with such novel platforms might lead to the development of novel testing platforms that can also use mobile telephones for delivering results quickly and efficiently. hiv diagnostics : gaps and needs a key gap has been lack of simple, affordable poc options for early infant diagnosis and for viral load determination ( murtagh, 2011 ; usdin et al., 2010 ). while conventional naats are accurate and commercially available for early infant diagnosis and viral load, they are expensive and require sophisticated laboratory infrastructure that is not available in many resource - limited settings. thus, most art programs in resource - limited settings have no access to these technologies. this leads to treatment failure, impacting quality of clinical management. viral load testing that could be conducted at the poc will reduce the need for laboratory infrastructure and lower the cost for art programs ( murtagh, 2011 ). resistance assays that are currently prohibitively expensive and run only as part of clinical studies will have tremendous potential in expediting linkages to care if offered at poc. although there are currently no poc viral load assays that are commercially available, there are several technologies in development ( figure 3 shows the pipeline ) ( murtagh, 2011 ). for epidemiological and surveillance purposes, there is a felt need for an accurate, inexpensive, and easy - to - use kit that can be used to estimate hiv incidence at the population level (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5086330744750412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3b1438d-ac62-4858-b3ab-edc562d982b4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.614093"}
{"text": "pipeline ) ( murtagh, 2011 ). for epidemiological and surveillance purposes, there is a felt need for an accurate, inexpensive, and easy - to - use kit that can be used to estimate hiv incidence at the population level ( incidence assay critical path working group, 2011 ). a recent report by the incidence assay critical path working group outlines the challenges in developing such an assay, and the work that is ongoing to overcome the challenges ( incidence assay critical path working group, 2011 ). lastly, although the hiv diagnostics portfolio is impressive, there remains a concern about inadequate uptake of good tests and insufficient scale - up in many settings. an unacceptably large proportion of hiv patients ( 50 - 70 % ) continue to be unaware of their status in developing country settings, posing a problem for timely detection of hiv infection. early detection and initiation of art hinges on knowledge of serostatus, which is the key step in bringing people to treatment and care. thus, efforts that are currently being made to link poc tests with more efficient, decentralized counseling and treatment services may have an impact. for example, research is now ongoing to combine oral fluid otc hiv tests and mobile - phone based counseling into comprehensive hiv self - testing strategies that can be used to scale - up testing in underserved areas where trained counselors may not be available, and to overcome stigma and logistical challenges associated with conventional voluntary counseling and testing approaches ( pai and klein, 2008 ). these approaches if carefully planned may leverage the growing interest in mhealth and mobile telemedicine, and further build on the phenomenal growth of mobile telephony in many developing countries and emerging economies ( estrin and sim, 2010 ). tb diagnostics : current landscape and pipeline in sharp contrast to hiv, suboptimal and delayed diagnosis of tb continues to perpetuate the epidemic in many high - burden countries, especially those with a high prevalence of hiv infection ( wallis et al., 2010 ). the need for an instrument - free, laboratory - free, poc test for tb has been articulated by many groups, including patient advocates and civil society ( batz et al., 2011 ; lemaire and casenghi, 2010 ; weyer et al., 2011 ). although the tb diagnostics pipeline is substantially better in 2011 than it was even 5 - 10 years ago, absence of a dipstick type of poc test continues to be a gaping hole in the pipeline ( figure 4 shows", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4990827064430986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3b1438d-ac62-4858-b3ab-edc562d982b4>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.616610"}
{"text": "al., 2011 ). although the tb diagnostics pipeline is substantially better in 2011 than it was even 5 - 10 years ago, absence of a dipstick type of poc test continues to be a gaping hole in the pipeline ( figure 4 shows the current pipeline ) ( world health organization, 2011b ). table 2 summarizes the diagnostic options for tb that can potentially be used at the point - of - care. sputum smear microscopy, in principle, can be done at the point - of - care in a primary care setting, provided a basic microscopy facility and a trained technician are available ( steingart et al., 2007 ). unfortunately, smear microscopy is an insensitive technique and misses nearly half of all tb cases. to compensate for this, at least two sputum smears need to be stained and read, and this makes the test difficult to implement as a genuine poc test. on the positive side, smear microscopy is inexpensive, and a trained microscopist can identify several disease conditions ( e. g., malaria, filariasis, urinary tract infections ). conventional, direct ziehl - neelsen microscopy can be optimized using led fluorescence microscopy, and by using two spot sputum smears to ensure same - day diagnosis. indeed, these approaches are now endorsed by the world health organization ( who ) ( world health organization, 2011a ; world health organization, 2011e ). the recent who endorsement of xpert mtb / rif ( cepheid inc., sunnyvale, ca, usa ), an automated, cartridge - based nucleic acid amplification test ( naat ), has greatly stimulated resurgent interest in using molecular tests for rapid diagnosis of active tb and drug - resistance ( world health organization, 2011c ). while the xpert mtb / rif assay is accurate and can potentially be used outside of a laboratory setting by a minimally trained health worker, it falls short of meeting the ideal poc requirements on two important grounds : at current prices, it is expensive and unaffordable in many settings, and it requires sophisticated equipment that cannot be deployed at the community level ( pai, 2011b ). also, the pricing of xpert mtb / rif assay in the private sector in developing countries is substantially higher than the pricing for the public sector, imposing additional barriers for scale - up. for decades, researchers and the industry had pinned their hopes on ser", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5147469799364552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3b1438d-ac62-4858-b3ab-edc562d982b4>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.618019"}
{"text": "pricing of xpert mtb / rif assay in the private sector in developing countries is substantially higher than the pricing for the public sector, imposing additional barriers for scale - up. for decades, researchers and the industry had pinned their hopes on serological antibody - detection methods for poc test development. indeed, dozens of serological rapid ( lateral flow assays ) and elisa tests got commercialized, even though no international guideline recommended their use. today, these tests are on the market in at least 17 of the 22 highest tuberculosis burden countries, and millions of patients in the private sector undergo serological testing ( grenier et al., 2012 ). unfortunately, tb serological tests are neither accurate nor cost - effective ( dowdy et al., 2011 ; steingart et al., 2011 ), prompting the who to issue a strong negative recommendation against their use ( world health organization, 2011d ). the who policy, announced on july 20, 2011, states that, since the \u201c the harms / risks [ of commercial serodiagnostic tests ] far outweigh any potential benefits ( strong recommendation ) \u2026 these tests should not be used in individuals suspected of active pulmonary or extra - pulmonary tb, irrespective of their hiv status \u201d ( world health organization, 2011d ). it is important to clarify three points regarding this who recommendation. firstly, the who policy encourages research to develop new serological tests for tb based on antigen / antibody biomarkers. the negative recommendation only applies to existing commercial tests. secondly, the who policy does not include commercially available blood - based tests ( interferon - gamma release assays ) for latent tb infection. it only applies to antibody - based ( serological ) tests for active tb. thirdly, the who policy does not call for a ban on the technology platforms used for antibody or antigen detection ( elisa or rapid immunochromatography ). they are excellent for many diseases, just not currently for tb. the failure of antibody - based approaches spurred interest in antigen - detection methods ( flores et al., 2011 ). while many candidate antigens have been evaluated, urine lipoarabinomannan ( lam ) detection assay was the first and, to date, the only antigen detection test to be commercialized, based on promising results from early studies ( boehme et al., 2005 ). unfortunately, subsequent research showed that the urine lam elisa assay had suboptimal accuracy for routine clinical use in unselect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46066279767763646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3b1438d-ac62-4858-b3ab-edc562d982b4>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.619511"}
{"text": "test to be commercialized, based on promising results from early studies ( boehme et al., 2005 ). unfortunately, subsequent research showed that the urine lam elisa assay had suboptimal accuracy for routine clinical use in unselected patients ( minion et al., 2011 ; peter et al., 2010 ). two recent studies have evaluated the determine\u00ae tb - lam ( alere inc., waltham, ma, usa ), a low - cost, poc version of the urine lam test ( figure 5 ), in hiv - infected persons in south africa ( lawn et al., 2011 ; peter et al., 2011 ). consistent with previous studies, the overall sensitivity of determine\u00ae tb - lam was low in patients with culture - confirmed tb. however, these studies showed that a combination of poc lam test and sputum smears may offer value in screening for tb among severely immune - compromised hiv - infected patients ( e. g., cd4 counts < 50 ), a subgroup of high - risk patients for whom diagnostic delays can be fatal ( lawn et al., 2011 ; peter et al., 2011 ). further research is necessary to assess the clinical impact of using this poc lam test and its role in improving case management ( denkinger and pai, 2011 ). because the determine\u00ae tb - lam test may have value only in those with low cd4 counts, the test must be evaluated as part of an algorithm which includes, ideally, hiv and cd4 testing at the point - of - care. tb diagnostics : gaps and needs tests such as xpert mtb / rif and determine\u00ae tb - lam are not the ideal poc tests that are desperately needed for tb control. but they have shown us a glimpse of what the future holds, and give us hope that an ideal poc tb test may be within reach. clearly, if we want to replicate the successes achieved in hiv diagnostics, renewed efforts must be made to develop laboratory - free, poc tests for all forms of active tb, regardless of hiv status or cd4 counts. mathematical models suggest that such poc tests can have a huge impact on tb case detection rates as well as tb incidence ( abu - raddad et al., 2009 ; dowdy et al., 2008 ; keeler et al., 2006 ). the target product profile for such an ideal tb poc test has been recently published ( table 3 ) ( batz et al., 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46176877647672715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3b1438d-ac62-4858-b3ab-edc562d982b4>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.620692"}
{"text": "al., 2009 ; dowdy et al., 2008 ; keeler et al., 2006 ). the target product profile for such an ideal tb poc test has been recently published ( table 3 ) ( batz et al., 2011 ). however, because of insufficient progress in biomarker research and because of lack of strong industry interest in tb, progress has been much slower than anticipated. in fact, efforts are being made to develop incentive prize models for successful poc tests for tb ( wilson and palriwala, 2011 ). incentive prizes are large cash rewards for achievement of specified objectives, and can be an approach to spur development of novel health technologies ( e. g., diagnostics ) for diseases of poverty and neglected diseases ( wilson and palriwala, 2011 ). while two prizes have been proposed for poc tb tests, neither has been successfully launched ( wilson and palriwala, 2011 ). while a simple, dipstick type of poc test for tb might not be ready in the near future, the landscape is looking more promising for a more decentralized, field - friendly, affordable molecular test, which can be used at the point - of - care to reduce diagnostic delays ( figure 6 ) ( niemz et al., 2011 ). these include hand - held or portable platforms, based on dna chips and / or disposable cartridges ( figure 7 ). many of the technologies under development are capable of detecting many different infectious diseases, and that makes them very attractive for scale - up. for example, a platform that can detect tb, drug - resistant tb, as well as hiv viral loads could be very helpful in a clinic setting. bridging the chasm between hiv and tb control while tb is an ancient disease, the hiv epidemic has been a problem for only 30 years. yet, a comparison of the hiv and tb diagnostics landscapes clearly suggests that research & development ( r & d ) in tb has greatly lagged behind hiv, and there may be several explanations for this big gap ( harrington, 2010 ). patients, providers, and activists have played a major role in pushing for innovations in hiv diagnosis and treatment and in lobbying for price reductions and generic products. funders, researchers, industry, and governments have responded to this pressure by supporting r & d efforts on all fronts ( drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines ). because the hiv epidemic historically began as a disease of the developed world, much of activism generated in the west helped translate the r & d into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5084197969837772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3b1438d-ac62-4858-b3ab-edc562d982b4>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.621736"}
{"text": "to this pressure by supporting r & d efforts on all fronts ( drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines ). because the hiv epidemic historically began as a disease of the developed world, much of activism generated in the west helped translate the r & d into products that ultimately benefited the developing world. private pharmaceutical industry has played a big role in developing products in part because hiv is now a chronic disease that requires lifelong management and this ensures a large market. these factors partly explain the interest of pharma and biotech industries in enhancing and expanding on the ever growing hiv diagnostics and antiretroviral drugs portfolio. in contrast, advocacy for r & d in tb has been weak, and private industry and donor interest has been low ( harrington, 2010 ). the revised global plan to stop tb 2011 - 2015 estimates that at least us $ 9. 8 billion is needed in tb r & d over the next 5 years to reach the targets of 50 % reduction in tb prevalence and mortality by 2015 ( world health organization, 2010 ). but according to analyses by treatment action group ( tag ) and stop tb partnership ( stp ), tb research globally remains grossly underfunded \u2014 the total funding gap for the next five years ( 2011 - 2015 ) is estimated at us $ 6. 4 billion ( 64 % ). a 2011 funding analysis report by tag and stp showed significant funding declines in basic science research on tb, which dropped 27 % and 29 % to $ 126. 6 million and $ 78 million, respectively ( treatment action group & stop tb partnership, 2011 ). this is worrisome because progress in the area of poc test development will require major investments in biomarker and basic research. given the flat - lined funding trends and lack of strong industry interest in tb, the attention is now shifting to brazil, russia, india, china, and south africa ( brics ) and the leadership they can provide in the context of the global economic slowdown. there is a lot of excitement over the potential of brics in the development of affordable health - care technologies ( frew et al., 2008 ). this is especially true for diseases of poverty, such as tb, that may not be of great interest to rich countries or to industry, which do not see a market to justify investments ( engel et al., 2012 ). although these countries have a large tb burden, they also have the technical resources and intellectual capital to invest in solutions and are capable of addressing the funding gap by infusing more resources into r", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4805974411084366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3b1438d-ac62-4858-b3ab-edc562d982b4>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.622820"}
{"text": "justify investments ( engel et al., 2012 ). although these countries have a large tb burden, they also have the technical resources and intellectual capital to invest in solutions and are capable of addressing the funding gap by infusing more resources into r & d for diseases such as tb ( small and pai, 2010 ). countries like china and india have a strong and growing biotechnology industry, and these countries may support the next wave of innovations in drugs, vaccines, and diagnostics ( frew et al., 2008 ). there is also potential for philanthropic initiatives from high - net - worth individuals and companies in these growing economies. a recent conference in india highlighted its potential in taking the lead on tb diagnostics innovations ( engel et al., 2012 ; pai, 2011a ). the stop tb partnership and who have set 2015 as the deadline for developing a simple poc test for tb ( world health organization, 2011b ). clearly, this goal will not be met without the greater engagement of industry, funders, governments, and researchers. most importantly, the lessons from the response to the hiv epidemic must be used to step up the intensity of advocacy efforts to demand better tools for tb care and control, and to raise the level of ambition. the battle against tb cannot be won with century - old, antiquated tools. both authors are recipients of the cihr new investigator award from the canadian institutes of health research ( cihr ), and the canadian rising stars in global health award from grand challenges canada. the authors report no conflicts of interest. abu - raddad lj, sabatelli l, achterberg jt, sugimoto jd, longini im, jr, dye c, halloran me. epidemiological benefits of more - effective tuberculosis vaccines, drugs, and diagnostics. proc natl acad sci u s a 106 ( 33 ) : 13980 - 13985, 2009. batz h - g, cooke gs, reid sd. towards lab - free tuberculosis diagnosis. pp. 1 - 36. treatment action group, stop tb partnership, imperial college london, and medecins sans frontieres, new york, new york, usa, 2011. boehme c, molokova e, minja f, geis s, loscher t, maboko l, koulchin v, hoelscher m. detection of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan with an antigen - capture elisa in unprocessed urine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.495503272728151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3b1438d-ac62-4858-b3ab-edc562d982b4>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.623899"}
{"text": "24, 2012. estrin d, sim i. health care delivery. open mhealth architecture : an engine for health care innovation. science 330 ( 6005 ) : 759 - 760, 2010. flores l, steingart k, dendukuri n, schiller i, minion j, pai m, ramsay a, henry m, laal s. antigen detection tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis : a systematic review and meta - analysis. clin vaccine immunol 18 ( 10 ) : 1616 - 1627, 2011. frew se, kettler he, singer pa. the indian and chinese health biotechnology industries : potential champions of global health? health aff ( millwood ) 27 ( 4 ) : 1029 - 1041, 2008. grenier j, pinto lm, nair d, steingart kr, dowdy dw, ramsay a, pai m. widespread use of serological tests for tuberculosis : data from 22 high - burden countries. eur resp j 39 ( 2 ) : 502 - 505, 2012. harrington m. from hiv to tuberculosis and back again : a tale of activism in 2 pandemics. clin infect dis 50 ( suppl 3 ) : s260 - s266, 2010. incidence assay critical path working group. more and better information to tackle hiv epidemics : towards improved hiv incidence assays. plos med 8 ( 6 ) : e1001045, 2011. keeler e, perkins md, small p, hanson c, reed s, cunningham j, aledort je, hillborne l, rafael me, girosi f, dye c. reducing the global burden of tuberculosis : the contribution of improved diagnostics. nature 444 ( suppl 1 ) : 49 - 57, 2006. lawn sd, churchyard g. epidemiology of hiv - associated tuberculosis. curr opin hiv aids 4 ( 4 ) : 325 - 333, 2009. lawn sd, kerkhoff ad, vogt m, wood r. screening for hiv - associated pulmonary tuberculosis prior to antiretroviral therapy : diagnostic accuracy of a low - cost, urine antigen, point - of - care assay ( determine tb - lam ag ) : a descriptive study. lancet infect dis, epub ahead of print, oct. 17, 2011. lemaire jf, casenghi m. new diagnostics for tuberculosis : fulfilling patient needs first. j int aids", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49190749408131557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3b1438d-ac62-4858-b3ab-edc562d982b4>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.626245"}
{"text": ") : a descriptive study. lancet infect dis, epub ahead of print, oct. 17, 2011. lemaire jf, casenghi m. new diagnostics for tuberculosis : fulfilling patient needs first. j int aids soc 13 : 40, 2010. minion j, leung e, talbot e, dheda k, pai m, menzies d. diagnosing tuberculosis with urine lipoarabinomannan : systematic review and meta - analysis. eur respir j 38 ( 6 ) : 1398 - 1405, 2011. murtagh m. unitaid technical report. hiv / aids diagnostic landscape. unitaid, geneva, switzerland, 2011. niemz a, ferguson tm, boyle ds. point - of - care nucleic acid testing for infectious diseases. trends biotechnol 29 ( 5 ) : 240 - 250, 2011. pai m. diagnosing tuberculosis : can india take the lead? in : plos medicine speaking of medicine. 2011a. http : / / blogs. plos. org / speakingofmedicine / 2011 / 09 / 28 / diagnosing - tuberculosis - can - india - take - the - lead /. ( accessed oct. 31, 2011. ) pai m. improving tb diagnosis : difference between knowing the path and walking the path. expert rev mol diagn 11 ( 3 ) : 241 - 244, 2011b. pai np, balram b, shivkumar s, martinez - cajas jl, claessens c, lambert g, peeling rw, joseph l. head - to - head comparison of accuracy of a rapid point - of - care hiv test with oral versus whole - blood specimens : a systematic review and meta - analysis. lancet infect dis, epub ahead of print, jan. 24, 2012. pai np, barick r, tulsky jp, shivkumar pv, cohan d, kalantri s, pai m, klein mb, chhabra s. impact of round - the - clock, rapid oral fluid hiv testing of women in labor in rural india. plos med 5 ( 5 ) : e92, 2008. pai np, klein mb. are we ready for home - based, self - testing for hiv? future hiv therapy 2 ( 6 ) : 515 - 520, 2008. pai np, klein mb. rapid testing at labor and delivery to prevent mother", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4844602376576474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3b1438d-ac62-4858-b3ab-edc562d982b4>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.627108"}
{"text": "np, klein mb. are we ready for home - based, self - testing for hiv? future hiv therapy 2 ( 6 ) : 515 - 520, 2008. pai np, klein mb. rapid testing at labor and delivery to prevent mother - to - child hiv transmission in developing settings : issues and challenges. womens health 5 ( 1 ) : 55 - 62, 2009. pai np, tulsky jp, cohan d, colford jm, jr, reingold al. rapid point - of - care hiv testing in pregnant women : a systematic review and meta - analysis. trop med int health 12 ( 2 ) : 162 - 173, 2007. pant pai n, joshi r, dogra s, taksande b, kalantri sp, pai m, narang p, tulsky jp, reingold al. evaluation of diagnostic accuracy, feasibility and client preference for rapid oral fluid - based diagnosis of hiv infection in rural india. plos one 2 ( 4 ) : e367, 2007. peeling rw, mabey d. point - of - care tests for diagnosing infections in the developing world. clin microbiol infect 16 ( 8 ) : 1062 - 1069, 2010. peter j, green c, hoelscher m, mwaba p, zumla a, dheda k. urine for the diagnosis of tuberculosis : current approaches, clinical applicability, and new developments. curr opin pulm med 16 ( 3 ) : 262 - 270, 2010. peter j, haripesad a, mottay l, kraus s, meldau r, dheda k. the clinical utility of urine lipoarabinomannan and the novel point - of - care lateral flow strip test ( determine\u00ae tb ) for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in hospitalised patients with hiv - related advanced immunosuppression. am j respir crit care med 183 : a5313, 2011. small pm, pai m. tuberculosis diagnosis \u2013 time for a game change. n engl j med 363 ( 11 ) : 1070 - 1071, 2010. steingart kr, flores ll, dendukuri n, schiller i, laal s, ramsay a, hopewell pc, pai m. commercial serological tests for the diagnosis of active pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis : an updated systematic review and meta - analysis. plos med 8 (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49622928332264965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3b1438d-ac62-4858-b3ab-edc562d982b4>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.627994"}
{"text": "cardiovascular fitness and diving, diet and exercise go a long way but watch your medications, too by laurie gowen we all do when it comes to diving : it \u2019 s why we dive. our hearts are figuratively in our diving because we enjoy our sport. but our hearts are literally in it as well. your cardiovascular health can play a formidable part in the safety of any dive you make. so, how \u2019 s your own heart health? checking the numbers when dan dive researchers look at the injury and fatality cases in our database, they glean a great deal of varied information. one of the most important facts they offer is that high blood pressure and heart disease have consistently been the most frequently reported chronic health conditions contributing to dive fatalities in the 15 years dan has formally compiled fatality statistics. in the 2004 dan report on decompression illness, diving fatalities and project dive exploration, more than 14 percent of the fatalities reported had a chronic history of high blood pressure and / or heart disease. obesity, another factor reported in 55 percent of fatalities, is connected to heart disease and hypertension, with resulting links to poor health and poor exercise tolerance. in combination with other contributing factors, poor cardiovascular health can increase the risk of a severe or fatal dive incident. lowering the odds these issues can compromise your cardiovascular health : high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, congenital heart disease, cigarette smoking and a family history of heart disease. what, then, can help improve cardiovascular health? what medications for cardiovascular disease can influence someone \u2019 s ability to dive safely? stop smoking. cigarette smoking compromises heart and lung function, and nicotine can constrict blood vessels resulting in hypertension. exercise regularly. even a moderate increase in activity will improve physical fitness and increase exercise tolerance. this, in turn, will improve stamina and endurance while diving. eat sensibly. a diet low in saturated fats and cholesterol will naturally reduce the risk of obesity and heart disease. while a family history of heart disease cannot be changed, controlling diet and increasing exercise can reduce the risk of health - related accidents and injuries. in understanding the risks, divers can make choices that positively affect their diving. with increasing age and declining cardiovascular health, americans lead the way in using medications for help controlling high blood pressure and coronary disease, and other first - world nations see a similar trend. chronic hypertension is associated with damage to the heart, kidneys and an increased risk of stroke. antihypertensive medications, however, can help reduce the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41467133138933143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b2ad2a60-c7ab-48b0-981c-bc75e64b711a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.637683"}
{"text": "pressure and coronary disease, and other first - world nations see a similar trend. chronic hypertension is associated with damage to the heart, kidneys and an increased risk of stroke. antihypertensive medications, however, can help reduce the risk of serious illness. a common question to the dan medical information line asks about the safety of diving while taking these medications. here are some of the more common medications and their possible adverse reactions for divers : commonly used to treat hypertension, beta blockers have a big drawback : they can reduce the heart \u2019 s capacity for exercise and therefore affect your exercise tolerance. in addition, if medication restricts the heart \u2019 s function during exercise, then there is an increased risk of loss of consciousness, which could prove fatal underwater. because of this effect on divers, doctors often recommend a stress test. according to dr. alfred bove ( bove and davis \u2019 diving medicine, 4th ed. ), divers who use beta blockers and who can achieve a strenuous level of exercise without severe fatigue may be cleared for diving. bove also mentions that although diving does not usually represent the maximum workload on the heart, divers taking beta blockers should avoid extreme exercise because their maximum capacity for exercise may be reduced. ace ( angiotension - converting enzyme ) inhibitors have less effect on exercise than beta blockers, so doctors prescribe them for people who exercise more often. although ace inhibitors seem to have fewer adverse effects on divers, they can produce a cough and airway swelling : both conditions can cause severe problems underwater. most people can usually tolerate a mild cough on land, but if a cough due to the drug persists, many physicians will change medications. in the presence of kidney disease, ace inhibitors should be avoided. calcium channel blockers calcium channel blockers don \u2019 t typically pose problems for divers : they relax the walls of blood vessels, reducing blood flow resistance and thus lowering blood pressure. in some cases, especially in moderate doses, a change in position from sitting or lying down to standing may cause excessively low blood pressure and a subsequent momentary dizziness. this postural blood pressure change may be a cause for concern with divers, but calcium blockers appear to have no other adverse reaction for diving. diuretics reduce the amount of excess water and salt in the body, thus lowering the blood pressure. divers seem to have very little trouble with diuretics, although in very warm environments, they may cause excessive water loss and dehydration. because dehydra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43055993821773036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b2ad2a60-c7ab-48b0-981c-bc75e64b711a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.639719"}
{"text": "amount of excess water and salt in the body, thus lowering the blood pressure. divers seem to have very little trouble with diuretics, although in very warm environments, they may cause excessive water loss and dehydration. because dehydration seems to be a contributing factor to the risk of decompression sickness, divers may want to reduce the dosage on the day of diving. before changing dosages, however, check with your doctor. antiarrhythmics are designed to help maintain a stable heart rhythm. dr. bove warns that some of the antiarrhythmics, when combined with exercise and a loss of potassium, could increase the risk of injuring the heart. although these medicines normally do not interfere with diving, the dysrhythmia, or abnormal heart rate, for which the medication is being taken may be a contraindication to diving. through consultation, a cardiologist and a dive medicine physician should evaluate anyone who has an abnormal heart rate and requires medication. a diver who has been prescribed an anticoagulant, e. g., coumadin\u00ae or warfarin\u00ae, should be warned of the potential for bleeding : excessive bleeding can occur from even a seemingly benign ear or sinus barotrauma. there is a potential risk that, if decompression illness occurs, it may then cause significant bleeding in the brain or spinal cord get in the know cardiovascular disease can contribute to dive injuries as well as fatalities. both are preventable. with increased information about cardiovascular health and fitness, divers can make better choices and increase the opportunity that every dive will be accident - and injury - free. read all you can about your medications, consult with your doctor, and when you have questions about diving and drugs, call dan. ( c ) dan - alert diver november / december 2005", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46855608420156447, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b2ad2a60-c7ab-48b0-981c-bc75e64b711a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.640726"}
{"text": "the fragile fauna of illinois caves by steven j. taylor and donald w. webb illinois has several hundred caves, many of them in nearly pristine condition. this unique and fragile environment is home to a diverse array of creatures, including organisms that are completely limited to the cave environment, species that may be found in similar habitats above ground, and the many animals that accidentally wander, fall, or are washed into caves. many cave animals are highly adapted for the unique and harsh living conditions they encounter underground. caves can be found in four distinct karst regions : in the mississippian limestone of the shawnee hills, in the salem plateau and in the lincoln hills, and in the ordovician limestone of the driftless area. these caves have been forming though the interaction of geology vegetation, and rainfall for the past 300 million years. shallow seas covered much of illinois during the mississippian period. when the seas receded, forests grew over the exposed sedimentary rocks ; and rainwater - which had become slightly acidic through interaction with carbon dioxide from both the atmosphere and the bacterial breakdown of organic material - then seeped into cracks and bedding planes. as the limestone dissolved, conduits formed. these conduits eventually developed the geologic features characteristic of karst terrain - caves, sinking streams, springs, and sinkholes. into the twilight zone caves can be divided into three ecological zones. the entrance zone is similar in light, temperature, and relative humidity to the surrounding surface habitat, and the creatures that live there resemble the animals that live in the moist shaded areas near the cave. hear we find the eastern phoebe ( sayornis phoebe ), a small gray bird whose nest is constructed on bare bedrock walls out of mosses and other debris. in the leaf litter, we find many animals of the forest floor : redbacked salamanders, harvestmen ( or daddy - longlegs ), snails, earthworms, millipedes, centipedes, beetles, ants, and springtails. cave entrances are often funnel shaped or have sheer vertical walls, and organisms and organic debris tend to concentrate at the bottom. the entrance zone also provides a highly protected environment for overwintering organisms. deeper inside the cave, in the twilight zone, there is much less light, and photosynthesizing plants are no longer able to grow. the temperature and relative humidity fluctuate here, but the environment is usually damp and cool. many animals from the entrance zone wander into the twilight zone, but most of these creatures must eventually return to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4504656724662991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df2ab0ff-bb86-415b-be4c-863c8014597f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.657551"}
{"text": "and hydrological history of some areas may divide species into isolated populations, and these populations, over time, may evolve into distinct species. during glacial periods, caves, as serve as refugia for some aquatic, soil -, and litter - inhabiting animals. these species may become \" stranded \" in caves when glaciers retreat surface conditions are not suitable for recolonization. vulnerabitliy of cave environments human disturbance affects cave ecosystems just as it affects other ecosystems. as a result of changes we make on the surface, we unknowingly alter cave environments, destroying unique and valuable organisms before we even know of their existence. the public knows very little about caves and the organisms that inhabit them. small wonder then that the importance of protecting groundwater, caves, and cave life is not fully appreciated. it is not uncommon to find sinkholes filled with trash, serving as natural garbage cans for rural waste disposal. visitors sometimes permanently damage caves with graffiti, break stalactites and stalagmites, and carelessly the very adaptations that allow troglobites to survive in the harsh cave environment make these animals more vulnerable to changes made by humans. the reduced metabolic rates that allow these animals to survive in a nutrient - poor environment also make them less competitive when organic enrichment is introduced in the form of fertilizers, livestock and agricultural waste, and human sewage. in illinois, this effect is commonly seen in stream - inhibiting amphipods ( small shrimplike animals ) and isopods ( small crustaceans related to terrestrial pillbugs or sowbugs ). these groups contain troglobites that are highly adapted to cave environments ; they also contain more opportunistic troglophilic species, which have a competitive advantage in the presence of high levels or organic waste. amphipods and isopods feed on small particles of organic debris and on decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. because they ingest large quantities of this material, they are exposed to contamination from a variety of pollutants. in illinois, samples of these animals collected in 1992 were found to contain dieldrin and breakdown products of ddt. they were also found to contain moderate levels of mercury, although mercury was not detected in any water samples from the same sites. sedimentation also threatens aquatic species. topsoil run - off from rural development and agricultural fields enters caves readily when vegetative buffers around sinkholes are too small or nonexistent. this sediment fills the spaces in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4944468444082854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df2ab0ff-bb86-415b-be4c-863c8014597f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.661188"}
{"text": "the same sites. sedimentation also threatens aquatic species. topsoil run - off from rural development and agricultural fields enters caves readily when vegetative buffers around sinkholes are too small or nonexistent. this sediment fills the spaces in gravel streambeds, eliminating the microhabitats that allow many cavedwelling species to exist. as a result, cave streams with high sediment loads ten to contain few species. sometimes, humans can ' t easily see the value of these subterranean systems, especially when their own interests conflict with the health of cave communities. such a conflict is occurring now in our most biologically and hydrologically significant karst area, the salem plateau of monroe and st. clair counties. as part of the greater st. louis metropolitan area, the salem plateau is experiencing rapid population growth. scientists can estimate the level and types of threats that this growth brings to the biological integrity of the region, but it ' s much more difficult to develop protected areas, educational programs, and new regulatory mechanisms within the existing political, social, and geographic framework. illinois caves are a high priority for conservation because cave organisms face serious threats from agriculture and increasing urbanization. also, the unique and fragile cave and environment provides a home for organisms found nowhere else in the world. it is not usually possible to include the entire drainage basin of significant caves within nature preserves or other conservation easements. to manage a cave effectively, scientists must understand the hydrology of a cave ' s subterranean conduits. this knowledge is gained by doing extensive dye tracing studies and cave mapping. both of these activities are time - and labor - intensive. already, the drainage basins of some of our largest cave systems are being compromised by agriculture and rural housing projects. educating the public - particularly politicians, farmers, and children - about land use and the impact of human activities is key to the long - term health of cave communities. we must also enact appropriate regulations for rural residential development - especially wastewater treatment - and for agricultural activities in a karst landscape. for more information on cave conservation and management, contact the national speleological society, 2813 cave avenue, huntsville, al 35810 - 4431, or steven taylor or donald webb at the center for biology, illinois natural history survey, 607 east peabody drive, champaign, il 61820. steven j. taylor is an aquatic entomologist in the center for biodiversity at the illinois natural history survey in champaign. donald w. webb is an insect systematist, also at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4677870046027408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df2ab0ff-bb86-415b-be4c-863c8014597f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.662368"}
{"text": "##7 east peabody drive, champaign, il 61820. steven j. taylor is an aquatic entomologist in the center for biodiversity at the illinois natural history survey in champaign. donald w. webb is an insect systematist, also at the center for biodiversity. a good neighbor policy in a few caves in monroe and st. clair counties, you can find a small shrimplike creature that exists nowhere else in the world. the illinois cave amphipod has made our corner of the world its home, but it may not be here long unless humans take steps to protect its environment. this unassuming cave creature has been proposed for listing as a federally endangered species. cave amphipods inhabit the bottoms of pools and riffles in large cave streams, where they creep among cobbles and under stones, feeding on decaying leaf litter and organic debris. food is scarce in this environment, and the amphipods have developed chemosensory structures that detect the odor of food sources, such as dead or injured animals. injured or dying amphipods are vulnerable to such predators as flatworms, cave salamanders, and even other amphipods. but the greatest threat these vulnerable creatures face is the deterioration of the environment. the illinois cave amphipod lives near the greater st. louis metropolitan area, a region that has been experiencing dramatic population growth for the past 10 years. continued urbanization without appropriate sewage treatment and disposal is especially threatening to the amphipods existence. other serious threats are siltation and the presence of agricultural chemicals in subterranean fortunately for the amphipod, the quality of life for people on the land above depends on water quality in streams below. because agricultural chemicals and bacteria associated with sewage have been found in well water, springs, and cave streams in this area, a concerted effort is being made to improve the water quality in this karst region. efforts to provide communities with safe drinking water could also provide a healthy cave environment and help ensure the further existence of our underground neighbor, the illinois", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44817874045840267, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df2ab0ff-bb86-415b-be4c-863c8014597f>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.664309"}
{"text": "| uploaded : | | february 26, 2009 | | updated : | | july 13, 2010 | for my next tutorial i will be showing you how to draw a cartoon beaver step by step. i love animals, and the beaver just happens to be one of my favorite wildlife animals that exist. now even though the beaver is a favorite of mine, i am actually submitting this lesson because a member who requested a beaver as a tutorial. instead of doing a drawing on a real life looking beaver, i thought it would be fun to show you how to draw a cartoon version of this wood chopping animal. there is an age old question that is asked by many kids and adults. and that question was once asked by me as well. what is this mind boggling brain tease? well, did you ever wonder if beavers eat wood? i mean if you think about it, the beavers that i was used to seeing were on t. v. and these animated beavers cooked wood, ate wood, and even used wood to make these humongous dames that they are usually associated with. about two years ago i did a little research of my own to find out if any of these myths were true, and here is what i found out. first off beavers are cousins to rats, mice, porcupines, and squirrels which means that they are a part of the rodent family. they live in ponds, rivers, lakes, streams and even marshes and they spend most of there time in the water due to the fact that they have short legs and webbed feet. because of their body build, they cannot move well on solid ground making them vulnerable to land predators. do they really eat wood? the answer to that question is yes! beavers love eating bark and leaves with their favorite tree being the aspen. they have also been known to eat birch, alder, willow, and mountain maples. to answer your other question, yes they do build dams and lodges with the left over trees that they do not consume. anyways no matter how you look at it, the beaver is a wonderfully pleasant animal that is fun to draw and color. you will learn \" how to draw a beaver \", step by step with easy to read instructions and simple to follow steps. i will be back in a while with more drawing fun so stay tuned and keep a look out for what comes out next. peace out!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4195083993030406, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:090ba437-242a-45e4-bdc4-b1b3d3ffaead>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.674752"}
{"text": "| uploaded : | | november 30, 2007 | | updated : | | november 30, 2007 | i want to submit another lesson that is military related, but this time have it be on something from the navy. i have two lessons on two different military tanks, as well as a few tutorials that teach you to draw military weapons. for this tutorial i am going to teach you \u201c how to draw an aircraft carrier step by step. \u201d one thing i like to do is draw stuff that nobody else has just to stay original and creative. i know that you guys must know that by now anyway, but i just figured i would get that out on the table just to let you know why i choose to draw the things i do. well lets get on with this learning experience shall we? first off aircraft carries are humongous warships that stay idol on the open sea. the sole purpose for these ships is to enable aircrafts to deploy using a swift command. the planes will also come back to the aircraft carrier to land and park until it ' s next mission. i guess you could say that these warships are floating airbases much like an airport. now the reason why aircraft carriers stay so far out on the sea is because it makes striking and protecting enemy planes a whole lot easier because the reach is a lot more attainable opposed to being inland. the very first aircraft carrier was placed on march 20, 1922. the vessels name was the uss langley, and the ship was the navy ' s first flight carrier. by the time july rolled around of the same year, congress allowed all unfinished battleships to be transformed or converted, into aircraft carries. the two battleships that were converted was lexington and sarstoga. did you know that the first landing area for a plane on sea was made of wood? it ' s true, in the year of 1910, a polite named eugene ely flew his plane off a strip or platform made entirely out of wood. the wooden area was built aboard the uss birmingham over the bow of the ship. pretty cool huh? by the time the attack on pearl harbor came about, the u. s. had several aircraft carriers out at sea. when the bombing happened, three vessels were untouched due to the fact that the carriers were not in the area at the time of attack. the ships that were left standing was the uss saratoga, the uss lexington, and the popular uss enterprise. i did the best i could with this tutorial on \" how to draw an aircraft carrier \". i couldn ' t find any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45558780065249505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1188ae43-8eab-43bc-969d-7f6f24008272>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.679305"}
{"text": "| news by industry | | coffee, tea, soft drink, water | | friday, july 20, 2012 | | 10 : 45 | sugary drinks \u2019 contribution to obesity, diabetes, heart disease warrants call to action from nation \u2019 s top doc, groups say washington - ( drinks media wire ) \u2013 nearly 100 national and local health, medical, and consumer organizations, several municipal public health departments, and more than 20 prominent individuals are calling on the surgeon general of the united states to issue a report on the health effects of soda and other sugary drinks. citing the importance of the 1964 landmark surgeon general \u2019 s report on tobacco use, the groups and individuals say a report on soda would appraise the health - damaging effects and alert health professionals, government officials, and consumers to the public - health impact of over - consuming sugary drinks. \u201c soda and other sugary drinks are the only food or beverage that has been directly linked to obesity, a major contributor to coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers, and a cause of psychosocial problems, \u201d the groups wrote in a letter to secretary of health and human services kathleen sebelius. \u201c yet, each year, the average american drinks about 40 gallons of sugary drinks, all with little, if any, nutritional benefit. \u201d the groups say that soda and sugary drinks have a devastating effect on the health of young people in particular. each extra soft drink consumed per day was associated with a 60 - percent increased risk of overweight in children, according to one important study. type 2 diabetes, which used to occur primarily in middle - aged and older adults, is now becoming more common among teens. though soda consumption has declined somewhat in recent years, consumption is still dangerously high, according to the letter. even almost half of two - and three - year - olds consume sugary drinks every day, according to the group. \u201c previous reports and calls to action from the surgeon general, on topics as varied as tobacco, underage drinking, and obesity, have helped galvanize policymakers at all levels of government, \u201d said center for science in the public interest executive director michael f. jacobson. \u201c unlike just about any other product in the food supply, sugar - based drinks are directly connected to obesity and diet - related disease. reducing their consumption should be one of the main pillars of the government \u2019 s prevention strategy. \u201d the call for a surgeon general \u2019 s report on soda and sugary drinks was organized by the cspi,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3904234037460309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2809d51-ba02-45c1-b37e-6a1d625eed72>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.685825"}
{"text": "eight new grants administered by nida aim to channel students ' natural fascination with their behavior and their brains into appreciation and enthusiasm for neuroscience. grantees are developing k - 12 education programs that will engage young people in learning about the brain, inspire some to pursue careers in biomedical science, and increase teacher knowledge of neuroscience. the 5 - year grants are funded by the nih blueprint for neuroscience research science education, a cooperative effort among the 16 nih institutes, centers, and offices that support neuroscience research and the science education partnership award program of the division of program coordination, planning, and strategic initiatives, office of the director, national institutes of health. dr. susanna cunningham of the university of washington, seattle, will develop two programs in the neuroscience of learning and cognition for middle school science teachers, students, parents, and community groups. teachers will have the opportunity to increase their knowledge by participating in a summer institute and online professional learning community. an online project for students will be designed to broaden their knowledge of the brain and learning processes, scientific research processes, and neuroscience careers. dr. eric chudler heads a university of washington project that will teach middle school students how chemicals in plants and herbs influence health and behavior. a supplementary educational resource kit will supply teachers with inquiry - based, hands - on science activities. students may attend a summer camp to learn more about neuroscience, mental health, neurological fitness, and careers in the biomedical sciences. dr. michael kavanaugh of the university of montana, missoula, will collaborate with the exploratorium in san francisco to create the brainzone, a neuroscience learning center. designed for k - 12 students and adults, the brainzone will feature four exhibits, a computer learning laboratory to teach neuroscience lessons, and a working laboratory with research - grade electroencephalogram ( eeg ) instrumentation and materials for the study of fruit fly neurobiology. the brainzone will open in a high - profile retail mall that tallies 7 million annual visits and will also travel to isolated, underserved, rural, and tribal schools throughout the state. dr. dina markowitz of the university of rochester in new york will develop, field test, disseminate, and evaluate hands - on activities that focus on key concepts of neuroscience for high school biology students. the activities, designed so that teachers can easily integrate them into existing curricula, will also educate students about the ways in which neuroscience research directly applies to their lives as well as about careers that require neuroscience knowledge. this project will also recruit, train", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5058136704379251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9649316c-0ce2-4c45-9980-7ef5955a1e8e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.690138"}
{"text": "the activities, designed so that teachers can easily integrate them into existing curricula, will also educate students about the ways in which neuroscience research directly applies to their lives as well as about careers that require neuroscience knowledge. this project will also recruit, train, and support a network of teacher - presenters who will lead professional development workshops for their peers throughout new york and the united states. dr. leslie miller of william marsh rice university in houston will develop a game - based web site to help high school students understand the role of clinical trials in the research process. players will assume various professional roles in clinical trial simulations, learning about scientific discovery and the testing and adoption of new treatments based on neuroscience research. dr. nancy moreno of baylor college of medicine in houston leads a group that will develop, evaluate, and disseminate an inquiry - based science and health curriculum to enhance students ' neuroscience knowledge and understanding in grades k - 5. teachers will be able to implement the curriculum, which will include elements of reading and language arts, in school or informal learning settings. major educational web sites \u2014 including bioed online ( www. bioedonline. org ) and k8 science ( www. k8science. org \u2014 will offer the curriculum, student activities and materials, and resources for teachers. dr. steven snyder of the franklin institute in philadelphia will collaborate with the university of pennsylvania to engage k - 12 students and teachers in learning about the importance of neuroscience in their world through the development of programs at the institute, a high school course, and a digital toolkit of educational materials for k - 12. the programs will help students understand how the brain interacts with the rest of the body to shape responses to the environment. the activities will emphasize personal aspects of health and behavior. dr. louisa stark of the university of utah in salt lake city will develop inquiry - based, multimedia educational applications for touch - interface devices to teach students the neurophysiology of the five senses. the applications will demonstrate how research can lead to improved treatments for sensory impairments. local, state, regional, and national workshops will prepare middle school and high school teachers to use the applications, which will be disseminated without charge via the internet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4656543538202801, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9649316c-0ce2-4c45-9980-7ef5955a1e8e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.691155"}
{"text": "doctors urge parents to lower volume controls on holiday electronics monday dec. 21, 2009 - - if you ' re giving your teenager an ipod or other music player this holiday season, consider a bonus present to help their hearing : preset the top volume level to one - half or two - thirds of the actual maximum. that ' s the advice from specialists at vanderbilt university medical center. they warn that sound over 85 decibels - - well short of the volume limit some music players carry - - can cause hearing loss. people are also at risk when they listen to music for too long. \" as parents, we can ' t hear how loud their music is when they have the earbuds in, so this is an important step, \" dr. ron eavey, chair of the medical center ' s department of otolaryngology, said in a vanderbilt news release. \" i can tell you that if you hear the music coming from their headphones, it is too loud, but an easier way to know for sure is to preset the device. this will still allow them to listen to and enjoy their music but will safeguard against ear - damaging volume levels. \" many music players can be programmed to not allow their volume to go beyond a specified level. anne marie tharpe, professor and chair of hearing and speech sciences at vanderbilt, said in the same release that hearing loss isn ' t always obvious, especially in kids. \" the symptoms can initially be subtle and include difficulty hearing when there is background noise. such losses can result in significant challenges for children in classroom settings. \" learn more about hearing loss from medlineplus. posted : december 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4602343162882584, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9ec098f-ba12-4603-bd6d-c569d111e57f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.692973"}
{"text": "april 30, 2009 dear child care provider, as the number of cases of h1n1 ( swine flu ) virus continues to increase across the country, we wanted to make sure you had important information as a child care provider about steps you might consider taking to help keep the children in your care healthy. if a child at your facility becomes ill with flu - like symptoms, please send that child home immediately and disinfect your child care environment thoroughly. the child should be tested by their local physician to determine if they have the h1n1 virus. the child should not return to the facility until they are cleared by the doctor. dismissal of students should be strongly considered in schools with a confirmed or a suspected case linked to a confirmed case by disease investigation ( epidemiology ). this determination should be made in conjunction with your regional office of pubic health medical director. if other facilities, such as schools, close because of a confirmed case of h1n1 virus you should resist taking these children into your center temporarily. accepting these children into your center only negates the reason of why the facility closed in the first place - to keep the virus from spreading to others. in addition, if parents of children at the facility travel to mexico, they should isolate themselves upon return and is up to the child care center if they will let the child return. below are additional steps provided by the centers for disease control that you should consider taking at your facility to help prevent the spread of disease, as well as share with parents. remind children and care providers to wash their hands or use alcohol - based hand cleaners, and make sure that supplies are available to prevent the spread of germs. - encourage care providers and children to use soap and water to wash hands when hands are visibly soiled, or an alcohol - based hand cleaner when soap and water are not available and hands are not visibly soiled. - encourage care providers to wash their hands to the extent possible between contacts with infants and children, such as before meals or feedings, after wiping the child ' s nose or mouth, after touching objects such as tissues or surfaces soiled with saliva or nose drainage, after diaper changes, and after assisting a child with toileting. - encourage care providers to wash the hands of infants and toddlers when the hands become soiled. - encourage children to wash hands when their hands have become soiled. teach children to wash hands for 15 - 20 seconds ( long enough for children to sing the \" happy birthday \" song twice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4503329647891625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:740e2593-632d-4120-83e9-ad9a13c62554>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.697477"}
{"text": "of infants and toddlers when the hands become soiled. - encourage children to wash hands when their hands have become soiled. teach children to wash hands for 15 - 20 seconds ( long enough for children to sing the \" happy birthday \" song twice ). - oversee the use of alcohol - based hand cleaner by children and avoid using these on the sensitive skin of infants and toddlers. - rub hands thoroughly until the alcohol has dried, when using alcohol - based hand cleaner. - keep alcohol - based hand cleaner out of the reach of children to prevent unsupervised use. - ensure that sink locations and restrooms are stocked with soap, paper towels or working hand dryers. - ensure that each child care room and diaper changing area is supplied with alcohol - based hand cleaner when sinks for washing hands are not readily accessible. alcohol - based hand cleaner is not recommended when hands are visibly soiled. keep the child care environment clean and make sure that supplies are available. - clean frequently touched surfaces, toys, and commonly shared items at least daily and when visibly soiled. - use an environmental protection agency ( epa ) - registered household disinfectant labeled for activity against bacteria and viruses, an epa - registered hospital disinfectant, or epa - registered chlorine bleach / hypochlorite solution. always follow label instructions when using any epa - registered disinfectant. if epa - registered chlorine bleach is not available and a generic ( i. e., store brand ) chlorine bleach is used, mix \u00bc cup chlorine bleach with 1 gallon of cool water. - keep disinfectants out of the reach of children. remind children and care providers to cover their noses and mouths when sneezing or coughing. - advise children and care providers to cover their noses and mouths with a tissue when sneezing or coughing, and to put their used tissue in a waste basket. - make sure that tissues are available in all nurseries, child care rooms, and common areas such as reading rooms, classrooms, and rooms where meals are provided. - encourage care providers and children to wash their hands or use an alcohol - based hand rub as soon as possible, if they have sneezed or coughed on their hands. in addition, cdc recommends that if a child, parent or care provider becomes ill and experiences any of the following warning signs, emergency medical care should be sought. in children emergency warning signs that need urgent medical attention include :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42935603293672037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:740e2593-632d-4120-83e9-ad9a13c62554>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.700055"}
{"text": "the chart said the patientis problem today was a painful spider bite. it seemed a little unlikely to me, because i donit see too many of the creepy critters in mid - january, but i agreed to take a look. what i found was a big angry red bump on the patientis lower back. it was about the size of a half - dollar and very tender. right in the center was a pustule ( the medical term for a zit ). a brief discussion with the patient revealed this had happened to his spouse a couple of weeks before. was it a spider infestation? not quite. this is the one of the commonest presentations of a different kind of critter e a microscopic one e known as community - acquired mrsa. mrsa stands for methicillin resistant staph aureus. this antibiotic - resistant bug first appeared years ago in hospitals. itis still there. unfortunately, the bug has become so common that it made the jump to the community setting. mrsa has also become so common that it is now one of the leading causes of skin and soft - tissue infections. as with its cousin, staph aureus, once exposed, a person can carry this bacteria on the skin without knowing it. however, mrsa is a bit more potent and can take advantage of minor skin injury to enter the soft tissue and cause deeper infection. sometimes, mrsa starts as a pimple and may resolve without treatment. other times it may begin as, or evolve, to become a deeper infection under the skin. the resulting red, painful, hard bump is frequently mistaken for a spider bite. left unattended, the infection may abscess, forming a pocket of pus ( also known as a boil ). sometimes, pus will spontaneously drain. not uncommonly, it becomes necessary for the doctor to drain the abscess using a scalpel blade ( after injecting a local anaesthetic to numb it ). the earlier mrsa skin and tissue infections are diagnosed, the better. i have seen abscesses become quite large and deep. these are more difficult to treat and take longer to heal. even though mrsa is resistant to some antibiotics, thankfully, mrsa infections can still be treated with other types of antibiotics when needed. for small abscesses, sometimes scalpel drainage is all that is needed. people with weakened immune systems may be more susceptible to recurrent mrsa infection. this includes people on immune suppressing drugs,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45592363117962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c41f3b5f-b312-49ad-8c58-5035159c911f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.703777"}
{"text": "there are many types of biomass \u2014 organic matter such as plants, residue from agriculture and forestry, and the organic component of municipal and industrial wastes \u2014 that can now be used to produce fuels, chemicals, and power. wood has been used to provide heat for thousands of years. this flexibility has resulted in increased use of biomass technologies. according to the energy information administration, 53 % of all renewable energy consumed in the united states was biomass - based in biomass technologies break down organic matter to release stored energy from the sun. biofuels are liquid or gaseous fuels produced from biomass. most biofuels are used for transportation, but some are used as fuels to produce electricity. the expanded use of biofuels offers an array of benefits for our energy security, economic growth, and environment. current biofuels research focuses on new forms of biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel, and on biofuels conversion processes. ethanol \u2014 an alcohol \u2014 is made primarily from the starch in corn grain. it is most commonly used as an additive to petroleum - based fuels to reduce toxic air emissions and increase octane. today, roughly half of the gasoline sold in the united states includes 5 % - 10 % ethanol. biodiesel use is relatively small, but its benefits to air quality are biodiesel is produced through a process that combines organically - derived oils with alcohol ( ethanol or methanol ) in the presence of a catalyst to form ethyl or methyl ester. the biomass - derived ethyl or methyl esters can be blended with conventional diesel fuel or used as a neat fuel ( 100 % biodiesel ). biomass resources include any plant - derived organic matter that is available on a renewable basis. these materials are commonly referred to biomass feedstocks include dedicated energy crops, agricultural crops, forestry residues, aquatic crops, biomass processing residues, municipal waste, and animal waste. dedicated energy crops herbaceous energy crops are perennials that are harvested annually after taking 2 to 3 years to reach full productivity. these include such grasses as switchgrass, miscanthus ( also known as elephant grass or e - grass ), bamboo, sweet sorghum, tall fescue, kochia, wheatgrass, and others. short - rotation woody crops are fast - growing hardwood trees that are harvested within 5 to 8 years of planting. these include hybrid poplar, hybrid willow, silver maple, eastern cottonwood, green ash, black walnut, sweetgum, and sycamore. agricultural crops include currently available commodity products", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4901666436575954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43454431-e724-4640-b136-09b9e018b7c6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.710837"}
{"text": "hardwood trees that are harvested within 5 to 8 years of planting. these include hybrid poplar, hybrid willow, silver maple, eastern cottonwood, green ash, black walnut, sweetgum, and sycamore. agricultural crops include currently available commodity products such as cornstarch and corn oil, soybean oil and meal, wheat starch, and vegetable oils. they generally yield sugars, oils, and extractives, although they can also be used to produce plastics as well as other chemicals and agriculture crop residues agriculture crop residues include biomass materials, primarily stalks and leaves, that are not harvested or removed from fields in commercial use. examples include corn stover ( stalks, leaves, husks, and cobs ), wheat straw, and rice straw. with approximately 80 million acres of corn planted annually, corn stover is expected to become a major feedstock for biopower forestry residues include biomass not harvested or removed from logging sites in commercial hardwood and softwood stands as well as material resulting from forest management operations such as pre - commercial thinning and removal of dead and dying trees. there are a variety of aquatic biomass resources, such as algae, giant kelp, other seaweed, and marine microflora. biomass processing residues biomass processing yields byproducts and waste streams that are collectively called residues and have significant energy potential. residues are simple to use because they have already been collected. for example, the processing of wood for products or pulp produces unused sawdust, bark, branches, and leaves / needles. residential, commercial, and institutional post - consumer waste contains a significant proportion of plant - derived organic material that constitute a renewable energy resource. waste paper, cardboard, wood waste, and yard waste are examples of biomass resources in municipal waste. farms and animal - processing operations create animal wastes that constitute a complex source of organic materials with environmental consequences. these wastes can be used to make many products, including some biomass feedstocks, such as municipal waste, are found throughout the united states. others, such as energy crops, are concentrated in the eastern half of the country. as technologies develop to more efficiently process complex feedstocks, the biomass resource base will expand. collecting gas from landfills landfills can be a source of energy. organic waste produces a gas called methane as it decomposes, or rots. methane is the same energy - rich gas that is in natural gas, the fuel sold by natural gas utility companies. it is colorless and odorless. natural gas utilities add an odorant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49371770772843765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43454431-e724-4640-b136-09b9e018b7c6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.712347"}
{"text": "solar could be answer to rising energy bills research by leading free solar installer a shade greener shows that solar could be the answer to rising energy bills. recent research shows that energy prices have double from 1990 to 2011 leaving consumers struggling to pay their energy bills. according to official figures from the department of energy and climate change the average cost of a domestic electricity bill is now \u00a3533 and consumers are paying an average of 13. 55 pence per kilowatt hour for their energy. the official decc energy trends publication shows the real cost that consumers paid for their electricity during 2011. a typical solar electric system has been shown to cut a households electric bill by 37 % reducing the average uk bill by \u00a3197 based on 2011 decc figures. the current availability of free solar, the drop in solar costs over the last 2 years and the governments upcoming green deal means that consumers have a range of options to use solar pv at home. energy costs are predicted to rise significantly over the next 25 years with a typical household electricity bill breaking the \u00a31, 000 mark before then. stewart davies, director of a shade greener urged, \" energy bills are only going to get more expensive and we need to be helping households that spend a large proportion of their household income on energy. solar can help insulate those families against these inevitable price rises. \" stewart continued to demonstrate ; \" according to our figures a typical household could save nearly \u00a35, 000 * on their energy bills over a typical 25 year solar pv system lifetime based on 2011 figures provided by decc. our customers are currently saving a combined 1. 7 million pounds a year on their electricity bills. \" * the nearly \u00a35, 000 figure is calculated by multiplying the annual \u00a3197 saving over 25 years, the agreement time of asg ' s free systems. it does not however take into account future energy price rises or inflation which would greatly increase this figure. it is the lowest income households that are getting hit hardest by rising domestic energy costs. it is only due schemes such as the forthcoming green deal and privately funded free solar that are allowing lower income households to be able to benefit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4477549806042242, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0f45ebc-41ff-4c1d-9bea-a8a6599e8211>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.715427"}
{"text": "in the september issue of electrical contractor, there was an industry watch story titled \u201c efficiency from the wall to the pc, \u201d about an organization that is campaigning for more efficient power \u201c cords. \u201d there was a reference to a quote indicating only 50 percent of the power that leaves the outlet reaches the pc because energy \u201c leaks \u201d out of inefficient power cords. however, a typical pc line cord has 0. 3 ohms of resistance. if the computer consumes 720w, that is 6a on 120v circuit. the power loss in the cord is 6a ^ 2 * 0. 3 ohm = 7. 8w. relative to the computer itself, that is approximately a 1 percent loss of power delivered from the outlet, a 99 percent efficiency rating. a few readers wrote to us about the inaccurate terminology. it should have read power \u201c supplies, \u201d and, of course, energy does not literally \u201c leak \u201d out of the power cord. it is lost within the inefficient components, such as the computer \u2019 s power supply. as with most power quality issues, ohm \u2019 s and kirchoff \u2019 s laws still apply here. these rules are how we calculate the voltage and current through an electrical distribution system or an electronic circuit. next, we need another similar equation, where power = voltage \u00d7 current ( though not necessarily a simple math multiplication in most cases with today \u2019 s systems ). finally, the formula for efficiency is useful power output divided by the total electrical power consumed. in electrical engineering terms used by the utility companies, this definition equates to the parameter called \u201c power factor \u201d ( pf ). many people today use the term \u201c true power factor, \u201d which is the watts ( w ) divided by the volt - amperes ( va ). this agrees with the definition above. the w is the power used by the load. it is divided by the va, which is the power delivered by the utility company, to obtain the pf. of course, having a term called \u201c true power factor \u201d implies there is another term called \u201c false power factor, \u201d which isn \u2019 t correct ; the opposite term is \u201c displacement power factor \u201d ( dpf ), which is the cosine of the angle between the voltage and current. in the old days prior to harmonic distorted and unbalanced systems, pf and dpf would be equal \u2014 but not anymore. however, that is a discussion for another day. the web site from which the misworded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5449679807884995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb32ccd7-b026-46be-b64c-5990d36676f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.721547"}
{"text": "voltage and current. in the old days prior to harmonic distorted and unbalanced systems, pf and dpf would be equal \u2014 but not anymore. however, that is a discussion for another day. the web site from which the misworded quotes originated explains the inefficiency of the individual voltage regulators on other boards within the computer, as well as the load of the heating, ventilating and air conditioning ( hvac ) systems to remove the heat from the building, and so on, further reducing the efficiency. since most hvacs today use adjustable speed drives to be more efficient, the efficiency of the heat removal depends on the load that is directly impacted by the ambient temperature and emitted temperature from the loads, among other factors. the article on the web site references an electric power research institute study on the efficiency of power supplies themselves. efficiency of just a computer \u2019 s power supply depends on a number of factors, including the percentage of full - rated power that is being drawn from power supply, operating temperature, input ac voltage level and so on. what this graph doesn \u2019 t tell is, at lower loading, the current harmonic distortion goes up. so the real efficiency would have to account for the increased losses in the power transformers due to harmonic currents. of course, the lower load means less power itself is being consumed, hence less carbon, energy and, therefore, money. you can see that determining the true efficiency of a computer needs accounting for many variables that can make the answer vary quite significantly. so, i advise anyone to take any claims of money savings through efficiency with a grain of salt. what i really think is important is not the efficiency, but the effectiveness of the power supplied. efficiency should not be confused with effectiveness : a system that wastes most of its input power but produces exactly what it is meant to is effective but not efficient. the term efficiency only makes sense in reference to the desired effect. examples include the incandescent light bulb \u2014 2 percent efficiency at emitting light ; electronic amplifier \u2014 50 percent efficiency to speakers ; and electric kettle \u2014 90 percent efficiency in boiling water. in a computer, the efficiency is significantly affected by the microprocessor. this has been brought to the forefront with amd \u2019 s introduction of its newly minted quad - core processor, which is code - named barcelona. according to infoworld, \u201c the chip delivers more than twice the combined integer and floating - point performance of its two - core predecessor at the same thermal envelope \u2026. that, to me, is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5637079818891495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb32ccd7-b026-46be-b64c-5990d36676f7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.722950"}
{"text": "as the electoral turmoil faded into the background, ukraine marked two important anniversaries last week. the first was eight years since the orange revolution of 2004. the second was eight decades since the holodomor. holodomor literally means death by hunger. in 1932 and 1933, a vast famine in soviet ukraine killed three to seven million people, according to estimates. while people starved, the grain was shut away in barns for export. many historians agree that the famine was man - made ; some say it was genocide. yet the holodomor is not widely known about outside ukraine. in the 1930s, it was hushed up by many western correspondents in return for access to the kremlin. among them was walter duranty of the new york times, who received the pulitzer prize for his reporting from the ussr. ( there have been calls to revoke his pulitzer posthumously, so far unsuccessful ). one of the exceptions was welsh journalist gareth jones whose reporting of the ukrainian famine had him banned from the ussr. he was later killed in mysterious circumstances at the age of only 29. meanwhile, the cover - up has left \u201c profound consequences for ukraine, which remains poorly understood in the west, \u201d says rory finnin, a lecturer in ukrainian studies at cambridge university, where mr jones had been a student. viktor yushchenko, the former president of ukraine, did a lot to raise awareness about the holodomor. kyiv now houses a stirring candle - shaped memorial and holodomor museum. but the leader of the 2004 orange revolution has fallen from grace. in the october elections, mr yushchenko \u2019 s party, our ukraine, got just 1 % of the vote, losing all its 72 seats in parliament. on the anniversary of the orange revolution last week only a small crowd gathered on the legendary independence square. someone had brought along a portrait of yulia tymoshenko, the heroine of the orange revolution who remains behind bars. another woman held a single orange. the tragedy of 1932 - 1933 has become politicised. in his view of the holodomor, the current president, viktor yanukovych, has differed from his predecessor. for the third year now, the commemorations took place without state support. even so, on november 23rd events went ahead in cities across ukraine. people could taste the dishes made out of tree bark that were eaten during the famine. other symbolic actions evoked the \u201c uncelebrated weddings \u201d, the \u201c unrealised talents \u201d and the \u201c meetings that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3981185522384035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a49271ab-60ab-4472-a088-f91d9e7978d0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.726331"}
{"text": "one of the more difficult and uncomfortable types of pain comes from nerve pain ( called neuropathic pain or neuropathies ). whether the pain comes from diabetes, shingles, fibromyalgia, chemotherapy, or a host of other causes, this searing, burning, electric shock kind of pain can leave you miserable. unfortunately, most physicians are still not trained in treating nerve pain, and give anti - inflammatory medications like motrin ( which are not effective ) or narcotics, which are modestly effective. the good news is that nerve pain is very treatable. many studies have shown that using nutritional support with lipoic acid 300 mg 2x day, acetyl l - carnitine 500 - 1, 500 mg 2x day, inositol ( 500 - 1, 000 mg a day ), and vitamins b6 ( 50 - 100 mg a day ) and b12 ( 500 - 5, 000 mcg a day \u2014 both b vitamins and inositol are in the energy revitalization system vitamin powder ) can actually help heal the nerves and decrease or eliminate the pain. nerves take time to heal, so natural remedies need to be taken for 3 - 12 months. in the interim, holistic pharmacies can make powerful creams combining multiple medications effective against nerve pain ( available by prescription from itc pharmacy 303 - 663 - 4224 ). these are rubbed over the painful areas, and can be very effective after 1 - 2 weeks of use. being rubbed on the skin though, the total dose to the rest of your body is very low, making it largely side effect free! other medications can also be very effective. just because doctors are not trained in pain management does not mean you have to be in pain. want to make your nerve pain go away? you can! what is nerve pain? the term \" neuropathic pain, \" or nerve pain, refers to a wide range of problems that cause diseases of, or injury to, the nervous system. it is a category of pain syndromes and not a single problem. neuropathic pain can come from malfunction of nerves or the brain associated with illness ( e. g., diabetes, low thyroid, etc. ), infections ( e. g., shingles ), pinched nerves, nutritional deficiencies ( e. g., vitamin b6 and b12 ), injury ( e. g., stroke, tumors, spinal cord injury, and multiple sclerosis ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4526832492985133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21cc75c5-1019-4c73-bad1-f36183b77718>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.761893"}
{"text": ". g., shingles ), pinched nerves, nutritional deficiencies ( e. g., vitamin b6 and b12 ), injury ( e. g., stroke, tumors, spinal cord injury, and multiple sclerosis ), and medication / treatment side effects ( e. g., radiation and chemotherapy, aids drugs, flagyl\u00ae ). it is estimated that 50 to 80 percent of diabetics will develop some nerve injury with 30 to 40 percent of these having painful diabetic neuropathy unless preventive measures are taken such as nutritional support. neuropathic pain affects approximately 0. 6 to 1. 5 percent of the us population and 25 to 40 percent of cancer patients. 1 this represents over two million americans. neuropathies are characterized by pain that is burning, shooting ( often to distant areas ), or stabbing. it also has an \" electric \" quality about it. \" tingling or numbness \" ( paresthesias ) and increased sensitivity with normal touch being painful ( allodynia ) are also commonly seen. ongoing pain is often continually present regardless of what the patient does or does not do. in some cases, pain comes in sudden attacks without any apparent trigger. diagnosis is made predominantly by history and physical examination, as testing often offers little benefit clinically unless the testing is looking for a treatable cause. as with other pain problems, neuropathies are both expensive and poorly treated. in one study of 55, 686 patients with neuropathic pain, health care charges were three - fold higher than they were in the overall population ( $ 17, 355 vs. $ 5, 715 per year, respectively ). use of relatively ineffective therapies such as nsaids ( e. g. motrin\u00ae ) and opioids was widespread, while relatively few received anti - epileptic drugs, tricyclic anti - depressants, or any of the many other medications that are often much more effective in relieving neuropathic pain. 2 in the presence of nerve pain, it is especially important to look for treatable causes. lab testing should include : 1. a blood count ( cbc ) and an inflammation / sedimentation rate ( esr ). 2. thyroid testing with a free t4 and tsh. 3. vitamin b12 level. 4. screening for diabetes with a morning fasting blood sugar and a glycosylated hemoglobin ( hgba1c ). the medical history should be assessed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49543035679078967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21cc75c5-1019-4c73-bad1-f36183b77718>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.763899"}
{"text": "free t4 and tsh. 3. vitamin b12 level. 4. screening for diabetes with a morning fasting blood sugar and a glycosylated hemoglobin ( hgba1c ). the medical history should be assessed for excess alcohol use, vitamin deficiencies, hereditary factors, or treatment with medications that can cause nerve injury. a neurological examination may also give an indication of the cause. nerve pain is often associated with a process called pain central sensitization. the nerves and brain are like wires that carry information. when they become over - stimulated with chronic pain, it may make the whole system over - excitable. in these situations normal touch and other usually comfortable contact can be painful. this is called allodynia. medications that stimulate the \" calming ( gaba ) receptors \" in the brain, such as a number of anti - seizure medications ( see below ), can help settle the system and decrease pain. postherpetic neuralgia ( phn ) postherpetic neuralgia follows a rash called herpes zoster. often called shingles, it is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox. the first time you get chickenpox, the virus remains in your nerve endings even after the chickenpox is gone. this usually causes no problems. if the virus re - activates in one of the nerve endings, however, it causes a rash all along the distribution of the nerve. the rash of herpes zoster is characterized by being painful and being in a line totally on one side of the body. if it extends past the midline of your body, the rash is probably coming from something else. if the pain persists after the rash is gone, continuing for weeks to years ( over one year in half of elderly patients ), it is called postherpetic neuralgia ( phn ). the pain tends to be burning, electric, or deep and aching. phn affects between 500, 000 and 1 million americans \u2014 most of which are elderly. it can severely disrupt one ' s life, but fortunately can now be effectively treated in most cases. 3 painful diabetic neuropathy ( pdn ) this is the most common cause of neuropathy in u. s. alterations in sensation are common, and the feet, which are most often affected, may feel both numb and painful at the same time. there are many factors contributing to nerve injury in diabetes, including decreased circulation, accumulation of toxic byproducts,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4908181886302908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21cc75c5-1019-4c73-bad1-f36183b77718>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.771699"}
{"text": "alterations in sensation are common, and the feet, which are most often affected, may feel both numb and painful at the same time. there are many factors contributing to nerve injury in diabetes, including decreased circulation, accumulation of toxic byproducts, damage from elevated sugars, and nutritional deficiencies. there are also changes in nmda and opiate receptors. 3 research has shown that many people who are labeled as having diabetic neuropathy actually experience neuropathic pain caused by vitamin b6 or b12 deficiency. in addition, the nutrients inositol has been shown to improve nerve function. the nutrients lipoic acid and acetyl l - carnitine have also been shown to be very helpful for diabetic nerve pain, but it can take 3 - 12 months to begin nerve healing. so give them time to work. neuropathic pain can also be caused by deficiencies of vitamins b12, b1, b6, d, e and zinc ( all are present in the energy revitalization system ). a number of studies have shown that different kinds of nerve pain can improve by supplementation with high dose b vitamins. excess vitamin b6 ( over 500 mg a day for years ), however, can also cause neuropathy. vitamin d 2, 000 units a day was also shown to decrease diabetic neuropathy pain by 47 % after 3 months. in patients with long - standing shingles pain, one study showed that taking 1, 600 units of vitamin e ( use the natural form ) daily before a meal for 6 months was markedly helpful in eliminating the pain. 4 another study showed that taking lower doses for less than 6 months was not effective. 5 hormonal deficiencies, especially an under - active thyroid, can also cause neuropathic as well as muscular pain. a therapeutic trial of thyroid hormone is reasonable for anybody who has the symptoms of low thyroid including fatigue, cold intolerance, achiness, having low body temperatures, or unexplained inappropriate weight gain. a pinched nerve can cause nerve pain in many places in the body. two of the more common ones are low back pain from sciatica and pains in the hand and sometimes wrist from carpal tunnel syndrome. sciatica usually goes away without surgery by using intravenous colchicine ( see chapter 14 of pain free 1 - 2 - 3 ), and carpal tunnel syndrome usually resolves after 6 to 12 weeks with vitamin b6 ( 250 mg a day )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4889689175480687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21cc75c5-1019-4c73-bad1-f36183b77718>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.775233"}
{"text": "usually goes away without surgery by using intravenous colchicine ( see chapter 14 of pain free 1 - 2 - 3 ), and carpal tunnel syndrome usually resolves after 6 to 12 weeks with vitamin b6 ( 250 mg a day ), thyroid hormone, and wrist splints ( see chapter 19 ). reflex sympathetic dystrophy ( crps ) this usually manifests as horribly severe pain in one hand or foot but can certainly spread elsewhere. see the end of this chapter in the pain free 1 - 2 - 3 book for a detailed discussion on effective treatment. how can i make the neuropathic pain go away? neuropathic pain occurs biochemically, making it a very fluid system that can often be quickly modified, resulting in pain relief. many different chemicals ( neurotransmitters ) in your body may be involved in your pain, and therefore it is worth trying different types of medications to see which ones work best in your case. for many, treating the nutritional and thyroid deficiencies and eliminating the muscle spasms, which are compressing your nerves, may be enough to eliminate your pain. others may need to take medications to suppress the pain while we look for ways to eliminate the underlying cause. the best way to tell which chemicals are involved in your nerve pain is to simply try different medications ( individually and, if needed, in combination ) to see what eases your pain. basically, it is like trying on different shoes to see what fits best. the good news is that we have a large assortment of \" shoes \" that you can try on and that are likely to help you. it is, of course, critical to begin by eliminating the underlying causes of neuropathy and giving the nerves what they need to heal. this includes the nutritional support we ' ve discussed. in addition, the involvement of free radicals in nerve excitation was found in 1995, supporting the use of antioxidants in nerve pain. 8 since that time, the antioxidant lipoic acid ( 300 mg 2 times a day ) has been shown to be helpful in diabetic neuropathy and should be tried in other neuropathies as well. you will be amazed at how much benefit you may get over time simply from optimizing nutritional support. in addition, if you are tired, cold intolerant, experience achiness, have low body temperatures, or have weight gain i think it is reasonable to consider a therapeutic trial of natural thyroid hormone regardless of your blood levels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4479694183803945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21cc75c5-1019-4c73-bad1-f36183b77718>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.778486"}
{"text": "likely to be helpful if the pain is localized to a moderately - sized area. even in a large area, however, patches can be used on the most uncomfortable spots. the main downside of the patches is that they are expensive. if you have prescription insurance, however, they will usually be covered. 2. neurontin\u00ae and other seizure medications. newer anti - seizure medications, and some of the older ones, can also be very helpful for neuropathic pain. neurontin has been shown to be helpful for both shingles and diabetes pain. 9 - 11 common side effects include sedation, dizziness, and sometimes mild swelling in the ankles when first starting therapy. these side effects can often be avoided by starting with a low dose and raising the dose slowly. a common total dose for neurotonin is 600 mg, 3 to 4 times a day. 3. tricyclic anti - depressants. these include medications such as elavil\u00ae, tofranil\u00ae, nortriptyline or doxepin. 4. topical gels. a wonderful new addition to the treatment of pain in general, and especially nerve pain, is the use of prescription topical gels. new gels have been developed that markedly increase the absorption of medications through the skin. by using a low dose of many different medications in the cream, one can get a powerful effect locally with minimal side effects. it is best to have a knowledgeable compounding pharmacist ( e. g., itc pharmacy 303 - 663 - 4224 ) guide you and your physician in the prescribing of these creams and gels. to explore an example of how to treat with these creams combined with nutritional support, let ' s use the example of diabetic neuropathy. one must, of course, begin with proper control of the elevated blood sugars. nutritional support with high levels of vitamin b12, b6, and inositol are also important in diabetic nerve pain as are many other nutrients, such as vitamins c and e, magnesium, antioxidants and bioflavonoids ( all in the energy revitalization system ). in addition, lipoic acid 300 mg 2 times a day has been shown to be helpful for diabetic neuropathy. a compounded gel containing ( as one of many possible mixes ) ketamine 10 percent, neurontin\u00ae 6 percent, clonidine 0. 2 percent, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43972044671302457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21cc75c5-1019-4c73-bad1-f36183b77718>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.782323"}
{"text": "day has been shown to be helpful for diabetic neuropathy. a compounded gel containing ( as one of many possible mixes ) ketamine 10 percent, neurontin\u00ae 6 percent, clonidine 0. 2 percent, and nifedipine should be added to painful areas ( apply 1 g 3 times a day as needed ). the nutritional support can actually make the pain go away over time, while the cream / gel can add symptomatic relief. other medications discussed in this chapter can then be added as needed to assist in the neuropathic pain. 5. anti - depressants such as effexor or cymbalta. 6. ultram ( tramadol\u00ae ). this is an interesting medication that works on many areas of pain and in many different types of pain. it has been shown to be effective for nerve pain in a placebo - controlled study after four weeks. 20 7. topamax ( topiramate\u00ae ). 8. lamictal ( lamotrigine\u00ae ). 9. lyrica ( pregabalin ) or gabitril ( tiagabine\u00ae ). 11. trileptal\u00ae ( oxcarbazepine ). 14. narcotics. narcotics are only modestly helpful but are considered an accepted treatment for neuropathic pain. 15. benadryl\u00ae ( diphenhydramine ). sometimes we get help from unexpected places. studies have shown in both humans and animals that antihistamines can help pain \u2014 in spite of our not knowing why this works. it has even been found to be helpful in patients who failed treatment with heavy narcotics. it is recommended that you start with 25 mg every 6 to 8 hours and adjust the dose to the optimum effect. 29a most people find that long term the nutritional and topical therapies will eliminate or at least give marked relief from their nerve pain. for immediate control, 1 - 2 medications by mouth are usually enough, but i give this long list ( and more treatments are discussed in my book ) so that you know that you have options and can get pain free. to find a physician who knows how to treat pain, see the american academy of pain management website. used with permission from dr jacob teitelbaum ' s free newsletters - available at www. vitality101. com learn more from dr. teitelbaum ' s books :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40174173559840887, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21cc75c5-1019-4c73-bad1-f36183b77718>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.793877"}
{"text": "please note that mommsen uses the auc chronology ( ab urbe condita ), i. e. from the founding of the city of rome. you can use this reference table to have the b. c. dates from : the history of rome, by theodor mommsen translated with the sanction of the author by william purdie dickson tarentum taken by hannibal the year 542 was more unfavourable for the romans in consequence of fresh political and military errors, of which hannibal did not fail to take advantage. the connections which hannibal maintained in the towns of magna graecia had led to no serious result ; save that the hostages from tarentum and thurii, who were kept at rome, were induced by his emissaries to make a foolhardy attempt at escape, in which they were speedily recaptured by the roman posts. but the injudicious spirit of revenge displayed by the romans was of more service to hannibal than his intrigues ; the execution of all the hostages who had sought to escape deprived them of a valuable pledge, and the exasperated greeks thenceforth meditated how they might open their gates to hannibal. tarentum was actually occupied by the carthaginians in consequence of an understanding with the citizens and of the negligence of the roman commandant ; with difficulty the roman garrison maintained itself in the citadel. the example of tarentum was followed by heraclea, thurii, and metapontum, from which town the garrison had to be withdrawn in order to save the tarentine acropolis. these successes so greatly increased the risk of a macedonian landing, that rome felt herself compelled to direct renewed attention and renewed exertions to the greek war, which had been almost totally neglected ; and fortunately the capture of syracuse and the favourable state of the spanish war enabled her to do so. do you see any typos or other mistakes? please let us know and correct them reference address : http : / / www. ellopos. net / elpenor / rome / 3 - 06 - war - hannibal - cannae - zama. asp? pg = 54", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4355712414774644, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c85f4e6-d3c8-420d-84c9-b89ad80d69e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.812791"}
{"text": "located in downtown san salvador, this architectural marvel from the nineteenth century has witnessed some of the most important events in the political history of el salvador. the first national palace was built from 1866 to 1870 but a fire wiped - out the structures on december 1889 ; years later the government of pedro jose escalon ( 1903 ) conducted a public contest for the design and construction of the new palace. the winner of the contest was jose emilio alcaine, engineer and master builder pascasio gonzalez erazo. considered the first building of the republic, it was also called \u201c the coffee palace \u201c, because a legislative decree taxed coffee exports to pay for the construction. 1 columbus per 1 quintal ( 100 kilograms ) was charged, in total 50 thousand colones were collected. the main portal is composed of six towering columns that are accompanied by the statues of christopher columbus and queen isabel the catholic, donated by king alfonso xiii in 1924. the palace has an eclectic style, with ionic, corinthian and roman columns and elements. this beautiful building retains most of its original materials like glassware from belgium, marble from italy and wood from el salvador. over the years this building was abandoned, but in 1980 it was declared a national monument, which prompted restoration work to rescue this historic treasure. the national palace was opened to the public in 2008. nowadays you can visit 101 rooms ( out of 105 rooms ) that make - up this masterpiece and look at the colorful floors and walls made out of stamped sheets brought from belgium. - red room : this room served to hold social and political events. here are you will see 14 medallions that represent the 14 departments that make up el salvador. there are also portraits of presidents general fernando figueroa, francisco morazan, francisco menendez, rafael campos, captain gerardo barrios and manuel enrique araujo, who after his assassination in 1913, was mourned in this room. - pink room : this is where the supreme court met until 1974 and guards the original salvadoran coat of arms. - yellow room : this room served as the president \u2019 s office until 1930, important meetings and negotiations took place in this room. - blue room : perhaps the most important of the rooms as it currently holds the original 28 desks and chairs where the congressmen sat to discuss el salvador \u2019 s legislative matters. - the jaguar hall ; has impressive murals depicting indigenous culture themes. among the many corridors there is a permanent exhibition of photographs which displays the evolution of the building from 1889 onwards. inside the palace there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38377408065391727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:16a46350-d911-4631-9978-f57b2d4185a9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.823396"}
{"text": "magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) is a test that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to make pictures of organs and structures inside the body. in many cases mri gives different information about structures in the body than can be seen with an x - ray, ultrasound, or computed tomography ( ct ) scan. mri also may show problems that cannot be seen with other imaging methods. for an mri test, the area of the body being studied is placed inside a special machine that contains a strong magnet. pictures from an mri scan are digital images that can be saved and stored on a computer for more study. the images also can be reviewed remotely, such as in a clinic or an operating room. in some cases, contrast material may be used during the mri scan to show certain structures more clearly. why it is done magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) is done for many reasons. it is used to find problems such as tumors, bleeding, injury, blood vessel diseases, or infection. mri also may be done to provide more information about a problem seen on an x - ray, ultrasound scan, or ct scan. contrast material may be used during mri to show abnormal tissue more clearly. an mri scan can be done for the : how to prepare before your mri test, tell your doctor and the mri technologist if you : you may need to arrange for someone to drive you home after the test, if you are given a medicine ( sedative ) to help you relax. for an mri of the abdomen or pelvis, you may be asked to not eat or drink for several hours before the test. you may need to sign a consent form that says you understand the risks of an mri and agree to have the test done. talk to your doctor about any concerns you have regarding the need for the test, its risks, how it will be done, or what the results will mean. to help you understand the importance of this test, fill out the medical test information form ( what is a pdf document? ). how it is done a magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) test is usually done by an mri technologist. the pictures are usually interpreted by a radiologist. but some other types of doctors can also interpret an mri scan. you will need to remove all metal objects ( such as hearing aids, dentures, jewelry, watches, and hairpins ) from your body because these objects may be attracted to the powerful magnet used for the test. you will need to take off all or most of your clothes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.57176285871291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f30a731-3566-4958-a617-c1d4d728fdb0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.878649"}
{"text": "metal objects ( such as hearing aids, dentures, jewelry, watches, and hairpins ) from your body because these objects may be attracted to the powerful magnet used for the test. you will need to take off all or most of your clothes, depending on which area is examined ( you may be allowed to keep on your underwear if it is not in the way ). you will be given a gown to use during the test. if you are allowed to keep some of your clothes on, you should empty your pockets of any coins and cards ( such as credit cards or atm cards ) with scanner strips on them because the mri magnet may erase the information on the cards. during the test you usually lie on your back on a table that is part of the mri scanner. your head, chest, and arms may be held with straps to help you remain still. the table will slide into the space that contains the magnet. a device called a coil may be placed over or wrapped around the area to be scanned. a special belt strap may be used to sense your breathing or heartbeat. this triggers the machine to take the scan at the right time. some people feel nervous ( claustrophobic ) inside the mri magnet. if this keeps you from lying still, you can be given a medicine ( sedative ) to help you relax. some mri machines ( called open mri ) are now made so that the magnet does not enclose your entire body. open mri machines may be helpful if you are claustrophobic, but they are not available everywhere. the pictures from an open mri may not be as good as those from a standard mri machine. see pictures of a standard mri machine and an open mri machine. inside the scanner you will hear a fan and feel air moving. you may also hear tapping or snapping noises as the mri scans are taken. you may be given earplugs or headphones with music to reduce the noise. it is very important to hold completely still while the scan is being done. you may be asked to hold your breath for short periods of time. during the test, you may be alone in the scanner room. but the technologist will watch you through a window. you will be able to talk with the technologist through a two - way intercom. if contrast material is needed, the technologist will put it in an intravenous ( iv ) line in your arm. the material may be given over 1 to 2 minutes. then more mri scans are done. an mri test usually takes 30 to 60", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5208249698329163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f30a731-3566-4958-a617-c1d4d728fdb0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.880882"}
{"text": "contrast material is needed, the technologist will put it in an intravenous ( iv ) line in your arm. the material may be given over 1 to 2 minutes. then more mri scans are done. an mri test usually takes 30 to 60 minutes but can take as long as 2 hours. how it feels you will not have pain from the magnetic field or radio waves used for the mri test. the table you lie on may feel hard and the room may be cool. you may be tired or sore from lying in one position for a long time. if a contrast material is used, you may feel some coolness and flushing as it is put into your iv. in rare cases, you may feel : there are no known harmful effects from the strong magnetic field used for mri. but the magnet is very powerful. the magnet may affect pacemakers, artificial limbs, and other medical devices that contain iron. the magnet will stop a watch that is close to the magnet. any loose metal object has the risk of causing damage or injury if it gets pulled toward the strong magnet. metal parts in the eyes can damage the retina. if you may have metal fragments in the eye, an x - ray of the eyes may be done before the mri. if metal is found, the mri will not be done. iron pigments in tattoos or tattooed eyeliner can cause skin or eye irritation. an mri can cause a burn with some medication patches. be sure to tell your health professional if you are wearing a patch. there is a slight risk of an allergic reaction if contrast material is used during the mri. but most reactions are mild and can be treated using medicine. there also is a slight risk of an infection at the iv site. a magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) is a test that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to make pictures of organs and structures inside the body. the radiologist may discuss initial results of the mri with you right after the test. complete results are usually ready for your doctor in 1 to 2 days. an mri can sometimes find a problem in a tissue or organ even when the size and shape of the tissue or organ looks normal. what affects the test reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include : many modern medical devices that do not use electronics \u2014 such as heart valves, stents, or clips \u2014 can be safely placed in most mri machines. but some newer mri machines have stronger magnets. the safety of mri scans with these stronger mri magnet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5109251843218403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f30a731-3566-4958-a617-c1d4d728fdb0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.887900"}
{"text": "blood transfusions for sickle cell disease during a blood transfusion, a person ( the recipient ) receives healthy blood from another person ( the donor ). the donated blood is carefully screened for diseases before it is used. before receiving a blood transfusion, the recipient ' s blood is analyzed closely ( using blood type ) to make sure the donor blood is a close match to the recipient ' s. blood is transfused into an arm vein slowly over 1 to 4 hours ( except in an emergency when blood is transfused more quickly ). blood transfusions can : what to expect after treatment following a blood transfusion, doctors keep a close watch on the person for any negative reactions. hospital staff will also check for iron buildup in the body ( iron overload ). this can develop when a person gets many transfusions. why it is done a blood transfusion lowers the amount of hemoglobin s red blood cells in the body. when there are fewer sickled hemoglobin s cells in the bloodstream, they are less likely to build up and block blood vessels. blood transfusion also increases the number of normal red blood cells in the body, increasing the supply of oxygen to the body. some sudden complications of sickle cell disease cause the body ' s red blood cell count to drop to life - threatening levels ( severe anemia ). when severe, these conditions ( including splenic sequestration, acute chest syndrome, and aplastic crisis ) can be fatal if not treated with blood transfusions. chronic severe anemia from kidney failure may need treatment with periodic blood transfusions. after having general anesthesia and surgery, people with sickle cell disease are at risk for sickling - related problems and acute chest syndrome. blood transfusions before surgery can prevent or treat these complications. red blood cell sickling - related complications ( vaso - occlusion ) blood transfusions can treat acute chest syndrome and leg ulcers. frequent blood transfusions may help prevent strokes in children who already had a stroke or are at high risk for a first stroke. how well it works blood transfusion is an effective and proven treatment for some severe complications of sickle cell disease. 1 blood transfusions reduce the risk of some complications of sickle cell disease and improve symptoms of severe anemia. a person receiving many blood transfusions will gradually collect too much iron in the body ( iron overload ). very high levels of iron can lead to hemochromatosis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4442423754566449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3da17f20-7f3b-458c-b77c-81db920d54e7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.906330"}
{"text": "complications of sickle cell disease and improve symptoms of severe anemia. a person receiving many blood transfusions will gradually collect too much iron in the body ( iron overload ). very high levels of iron can lead to hemochromatosis, which can be fatal if untreated. after 10 to 20 blood transfusions, iron chelation treatment can help rid the body of excess iron. a person receiving repeat blood transfusions may develop antibodies to the donor blood. this is called alloimmunization. alloimmunization makes repeated transfusions more difficult. it occurs in about 1 out of 4 people who have sickle cell disease and who get frequent transfusions. 2 a transfusion reaction can result from mismatched blood type. and it may occur immediately or days later ( 5 to 20 days after transfusion ). an acute transfusion reaction ranges from mild ( fever, chills, and rash ) to severe ( shock, severe anemia, painful event, and death ). what to think about if you have repeated blood transfusions, you ' ll have routine testing for iron buildup in your body. though blood transfusions are an effective treatment for sickle cell disease complications, they are only used selectively. the risks of hemochromatosis and alloimmunization from repeat transfusions makes this procedure more suitable for severe and high - risk conditions. doctors and researchers continue to weigh the benefits against the risks of preventive blood transfusions. repeat blood transfusion treatment for 3 to 5 years can reduce the number of repeat strokes in children who have sickle cell disease. it helps prevent a second stroke in most children. but some children who get repeat transfusions will still have a second stroke. emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. find out what women really need. most popular topics pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48938115160055684, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3da17f20-7f3b-458c-b77c-81db920d54e7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.909234"}
{"text": "who is affected by raynaud ' s phenomenon who is affected by raynaud ' s phenomenon? about 10 % of people are affected by one of two kinds of raynaud ' s phenomenon : 1 - primary raynaud ' s ( sometimes called raynaud ' s disease ) has no known cause. it is more common than the secondary form of raynaud ' s. it occurs most often in women. - secondary raynaud ' s ( sometimes called raynaud ' s syndrome ) usually causes more severe symptoms and may develop as the result of other diseases, such as lupus, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, or atherosclerosis. other causes of secondary raynaud ' s include taking certain medicines, using vibrating power tools for several years, smoking, or having frostbite. klippel jh ( 2008 ). raynaud phenomenon. in k wolff et al., eds., fitzpatrick ' s dermatology in general medicine, 7th ed., vol. 2, pp. 1643 \u2013 1648. new york : mcgraw - hill. | primary medical reviewer | | anne c. poinier, md - internal medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | stanford m. shoor, md - rheumatology | | last revised | | june 30, 2010 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4779370364076832, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f66ef4a9-8636-4db8-b9b9-2cf3aae256bd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.912705"}
{"text": "most women have a vaginal yeast infection at some time. candida albicans is a common type of fungus. it is often found in small amounts in the vagina, mouth, digestive tract, and on the skin. usually it does not cause disease or symptoms. candida and the many other germs that normally live in the vagina keep each other in balance. however, sometimes the number of candida albicans increases, leading to a yeast infection. this can happen if you are : taking antibiotics used to treat other types of infections. antibiotics change the normal balance between germs in the vagina by decreasing the number of protective bacteria. a pelvic examination will be done. it may show swelling and redness of the skin of the vulva, in the vagina, and on the cervix. the health care provider may find dry, white spots on the vaginal wall. there may be cracks in the skin of the vulva. sometimes, a culture is taken when the infection does not improve with treatment or comes back many times. your health care provider may order other tests to rule out other causes of your symptoms. medications to treat vaginal yeast infections are available in either creams or suppositories. most can be bought without a prescription. treating yourself at home is probably okay if : your symptoms are mild and you do not have pelvic pain or a fever this is not your first yeast infection and you have not had many yeast infections in the past you are not pregnant you are not worried about other sexually transmitted diseases from recent sexual contact medications you can buy yourself to treat a vaginal yeast infection are : read the packages carefully and use them as directed. do not stop using these medications early because your symptoms are better. you will need to take the medicine for 3 - 7 - days, depending on which medicine you buy. if you do not get get repeated infections, a 1 - day medicine might work for you. you doctor can also prescribe a medicine called fluconazole. this medicine is a pill that you only take once. if your symptoms are more severe or you have repeat vaginal yeast infections, you may need : medicine for up to 14 days clotrimazole vaginal suppository or fluconazole pill every week to prevent new infections to help prevent and treat vaginal discharge : keep your genital area clean and dry. avoid soap and rinse with water only. sitting in a warm, but not hot, bath", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43287575374981857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f469268-92c9-4fb1-8ac1-c851ed44f4f5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.934889"}
{"text": "promising practice : india \u2019 s civil law, protection of women from domestic violence act, includes dowry - related harassment as a form of domestic violence ( section 3 ( b ) ). it is important dowry - related violence and deaths be prohibited under criminal laws, as well. ( see harmful practices against women in india : an examination of selected legislative responses, p. 10. ) the protection of women from domestic violence act ( 2005 ) of india defines domestic violence as follows : 3. definition of domestic violence. - for the purposes of this act, any act, omission or commission or conduct of the respondent shall constitute domestic violence in case it - ( a ) harms or injures or endangers the health, safety, life, limb or well - being, whether mental or physical, of the aggrieved person or tends to do so and includes causing physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse and economic abuse ; or ( b ) harasses, harms, injures or endangers the aggrieved person with a view to coerce her or any other person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any dowry or other property or valuable security ; or ( c ) has the effect of threatening the aggrieved person or any person related to her by any conduct mentioned in clause ( a ) or clause ( b ) ; or ( d ) otherwise injures or causes harm, whether physical or mental, to the aggrieved person. explanation i. - for the purposes of this section, - ( i ) \" physical abuse \" means any act or conduct which is of such a nature as to cause bodily pain, harm, or danger to life, limb, or health or impair the health or development of the aggrieved person and includes assault, criminal intimidation and criminal force ; ( ii ) \" sexual abuse \" includes any conduct of a sexual nature that abuses, humiliates, degrades or otherwise violates the dignity of woman ; ( iii ) \" verbal and emotional abuse \" includes - ( a ) insults, ridicule, humiliation, name calling and insults or ridicule specially with regard to not having a child or a male child ; and ( b ) repeated threats to cause physical pain to any person in whom the aggrieved person is interested. ( iv ) \" economic abuse \" includes - ( a ) deprivation of all or any economic or financial resources to which the aggrieved person is entitled under any law or custom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48744564390162926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:035e8cd8-9cd8-429b-a9cd-9acaf5613915>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.951200"}
{"text": "to any person in whom the aggrieved person is interested. ( iv ) \" economic abuse \" includes - ( a ) deprivation of all or any economic or financial resources to which the aggrieved person is entitled under any law or custom whether payable under an order of a court or otherwise or which the aggrieved person requires out of necessity including, but not limited to, household necessities for the aggrieved person and her children, if any, stridhan, property, jointly or separately owned by the aggrieved person, payment of rental related to the shared household and maintenance ; ( b ) disposal of household effects, any alienation of assets whether movable or immovable, valuables, shares, securities, bonds and the like or other property in which the aggrieved person has an interest or is entitled to use by virtue of the domestic relationship or which may be reasonably required by the aggrieved person or her children or her stridhan or any other property jointly or separately held by the aggrieved person ; and ( c ) prohibition or restriction to continued access to resources or facilities which the aggrieved person is entitled to use or enjoy by virtue of the domestic relationship including access to the shared household. explanation ii. - for the purpose of determining whether any act, omission, commission or conduct of the respondent constitutes \" domestic violence \" under this section, the overall facts and circumstances of the case shall be taken into consideration. chapter ii, 3 4. ( 1 ) a single act may amount to domestic violence. ( 2 ) a number of acts that form a pattern of behaviour may amount to domestic violence even though some or all of the acts when viewed in isolation may appear minor or trivial. part ii 4 ( see : the combating of domestic violence act ( 2003 ) of namibia ( hereinafter law of namibia ) part i 2 ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) ) defining dowry - related violence and dowry \u201c any property or valuable security given or agreed to be given either directly or indirectly - ( a ) by one party to a marriage to the other party to the marriage ; or ( b ) by the parents of either party to a marriage or by any other person, to either party to the marriage or to any other person ; at or before [ or any time after the marriage ] [ in connection with the marriage of the said parties, but does not include ] dower or mahr in the case of persons to whom the muslim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47488989657263775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:035e8cd8-9cd8-429b-a9cd-9acaf5613915>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.954050"}
{"text": "click on a thumbnail to see the full - size image the story of why engine oil becomes engine sludge in engines that have failed prematurely, the oil has very often been transformed into a high viscosity deposit of brown or black goo, commonly referred to as \" sludge. \" by don fedak fresh engine oil is a clear, free - flowing liquid blend of base stock and additives that contains no fuel, water, coolant, dirt, or other when regular engine oil changes are neglected, normally free - flowing lubricating oil breaks down, becomes contaminated, ceases to flow, and is transformed into a thick soup of waste products. that \u2019 s when serious engine damage is imminent. why does engine oil break down, combine with contaminants, and form sludge deposits? chemistry teaches that engine oil is unstable and decomposes in the presence of oxygen at high temperature. the process, called oxidation, occurs naturally after exposure to normal operating conditions for extended periods of time and is accelerated by exposure to severe operating conditions or to excessively high temperatures. alternatively, accelerated oxidation may be triggered by a combination of any or all of these factors. during oxidation, the chemical bonds that define the oil molecules are broken, and some of the reaction products accumulate and interact to form a highly viscous complex mixture of solids, liquids, and gases that contain a variety of solid carbon - based dirt and metallic particles, as well as liquid coolant, fuel, oil and water droplets. but what can we possibly learn from a sludged engine? consider our reliable 40 - year - old 10 - hp shop compressor that has delivered zillions of cubic feet of pressurized air daily from its ambient temperature shelter. while the electric motor and the v - belts have been replaced twice, the only other routine service this air - cooled v4 compressor has received, other than having the condensed water drained from the tank, is an occasional oil change. when the used, unfiltered hd - 30 oil is drained from its crankcase it shows no evidence of contamination or oxidation and looks like fresh oil. a typical internal combustion engine is just an air compressor in which fuel is mixed with compressed air and then burned. the combustion process generates heat and a variety of reaction products, some of which enter the crankcase as blow - by and contaminate the oil, e. g., fuel, soot, water and other normal reactants, products and byproducts. even though the oil temperature is high enough to boil off and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5207315874320064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d92487c-32df-4591-8f28-161322fa95b6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.978902"}
{"text": "the crankcase as blow - by and contaminate the oil, e. g., fuel, soot, water and other normal reactants, products and byproducts. even though the oil temperature is high enough to boil off and extract all the water and other volatile contaminants via the pcv system, this crankcase broth will inevitably change into a deposit that does not drain when the oil is changed. air - cooled gas or diesel engines are just air compressors in which the engine oil is subject to oxidation because they are exposed to higher temperatures and contamination by combustion products. if the engine is liquid - cooled, the engine oil may also become contaminated with coolant. lesson # 1 : sludge deposits in internal combustion engines can indicate either stop - and - go driving, lack of proper maintenance, too low or too high an oil temperature or oil contamination. sludge formation is not a new problem. in fact, sludge deposits limited the durability of early internal combustion engines. over the years, oil base stocks were improved, detergent oil additives were developed to keep microscopic sludge - forming solid particles in suspension, anti - oxidation additives were developed to slow the formation of these sludge deposit precursors, and engine oil filters were fitted to remove suspended solid particles from the oil stream and slow the formation of flow restricting sludge deposits on internal surfaces. changes in engine oil formulation and treatment accelerated with the introduction of \" permanent \" glycol - based coolant, another oil contaminant that may accelerate sludge formation. with the recent increased popularity of wet - sleeved engines, as well as the introduction of alternative but incompatible coolants, we are seeing more engine bearing failures. lesson # 2 : sludge deposits may be due to inferior oil, deterioration of the oil additives or contamination by coolant. when \" detergent oils \" first appeared, everyone \u2019 s engine repair business increased. tired, worn out engines, full of sludge deposits because they had always been serviced with non - detergent oils, were ill advisedly transfused with detergent oil, which promptly attacked the sludge deposits. engine bearing surfaces were flooded with oil containing a high concentration of newly suspended sludge particles. and during the phase - in of detergent engine oils, a number of chemical elixirs for \" engine oil desludging \" appeared. with current engines, we often encounter similar failures when engines are accidentally overfilled and loosen normally benign engine deposits. unless you \u2019 re", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5386178396021414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d92487c-32df-4591-8f28-161322fa95b6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.982448"}
{"text": "detergent engine oils, a number of chemical elixirs for \" engine oil desludging \" appeared. with current engines, we often encounter similar failures when engines are accidentally overfilled and loosen normally benign engine deposits. unless you \u2019 re very young or your principal residence is a cave, none of this should be news. lesson # 3 : absence of sludge deposits may indicate the crankcase has been \" flushed, \" especially if fresh oil contains an excessive concentration of solids. some years ago we sold some oil, a filter and a pan gasket for a 366 truck engine to a customer who initially was asked to do a routine oil change. he eventually had to remove the oil pan because the engine oil had thickened and would not flow out of the drain hole. once he removed the pan bolts, the oil pan, very heavy because it was full of thick black goo, fell to the floor. the bozo who had previously contracted to \" service \" this fleet vehicle had repeatedly neglected to drain the old oil when he changed the filter and topped up the level of the used oil. exposed to heat for an extended period of time, the old oil eventually oxidized and transformed into a black mass resembling thick molasses or le brea tar pits \u2019 crude. lesson # 4 : always be suspicious of maintenance information. today, we see a lot of sludged engines because of two different factors, the trend to ever - higher engine oil temperatures ( oil coolers help ) and the tendency to neglect or postpone routine maintenance, especially in the case of leased vehicles. when a yuppy bmw owner volunteered that his \" service engine \" light was designed to indicate when he should add some engine oil, i suggested that he might want to change it to read : \" too late. \" engine noises and low oil pressure are obvious indications of inadequate engine bearing lubrication. so, when oil sludge is also found, overextended drain intervals, elevated oil temperatures and / or contamination should be considered as the most likely causes. but there are always exceptions. experienced custom engine builders understand that all sludge deposits are not necessarily due to abuse and neglect. when we find a lot of sludge in an engine, we always try to pinpoint the cause ( s ), do what we can to avoid a repeat occurrence and advise the customer or the installer how to minimize engine sludge formation. today, as in earlier times, new and remanufactured engine durability is directly related to the recognition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49609071878824673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d92487c-32df-4591-8f28-161322fa95b6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:04.987780"}
{"text": "do you want to travel to mars? design houses or create computer software? do you want to discover a cure to cancer or protect rivers and oceans from pollution? if you do, be sure to take lots of math in school. many challenging and rewarding careers - not just engineering - demand a strong background in math. classes like algebra, geometry, and trigonometry may be difficult, but they will open the doors to many exciting opportunities in your future. of course, you can catch up on your math when you get to college, but like a language it is much easier to really learn it when you are young, and you \u2019 ll have a hard time catching up in college without taking extra years if you don \u2019 t at least have the basics. since you have to take most math class in a particular order, it ' s also important to start early so that you are prepared to take the right classes when you need them. besides the inherent beauty in mathematics there are lots of other reasons to take as much math as you can, even if you don \u2019 t want to be an engineer. for one, math can actually make you smarter! it \u2019 s like endurance training for your brain. learning to think critically and focus on a problem is important for any career. you may also want to take math so you can make and save more money. on average, people who understand math have higher paying careers. that may not always be the case, but you \u2019 ll certainly increase your odds by understanding as much as you can. and when all your friends are losing their last dime on the latest crazy scheme that doesn \u2019 t make mathematical sense, you might actually have the forethought to sit back and crunch the numbers before jumping in. having a solid background in math is very much like understanding a very useful and universal language. it is important to start early to be completely fluent, and you \u2019 ll be able to communicate difficult concepts with a few simple equations. people in many other countries know the importance of math and work very hard to master it from an early age. considering the increasing globalization of the economy, you shouldn \u2019 t be surprised that you will be competing with many of those hard - working students for jobs by the time you get out of college. and speaking of college, you may want to consider taking extra math just to help make sure you get into the right college. a compelling essay will go a long way on your college entrance applications, but so will a solid background in mathematics. and once you get to college,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46428949000043745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23ab9796-15c2-47b6-bf2d-2d9ead7e551d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.010488"}
{"text": "you may want to consider taking extra math just to help make sure you get into the right college. a compelling essay will go a long way on your college entrance applications, but so will a solid background in mathematics. and once you get to college, you won \u2019 t have to take loads of remedial math courses just to catch up. and finally, you should take math because you \u2019 re cool! you won \u2019 t need to explain away why you don \u2019 t do numbers for the rest of your life. you \u2019 ll be able to help your kids with their math homework, and you will be the one people turn to when they need some creative problem - solving. so now that you know all the great reasons to study math in high school, here are some math classes that you will want to take : algebra is extremely useful for solving problems. algebra uses basic arithmetic rules to describe and group things and to discover the value of something unknown ( usually represented by a letter in an equation ). algebra is the foundation for many other math subjects. geometry is the study of the properties of and relationships between points, lines, angles, and surfaces. geometry uses logic and mathematical laws to describe the physical world and will give you several other important problem solving tools. in trigonometry, you study triangles and trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, and tangent. trigonometry has real world applications dealing with everything from radio waves and electricity to telescopes and ship navigation. with calculus, you combine everything you ' ve learned about math and take the next step. calculus uses special symbols and logic to do difficult calculations, like determining the orbit of a space vehicle, or predicting the time it takes a car to stop on a wet road. calculus is a very powerful tool for solving complex problems. what about you? so do you have a favorite math class? can you think of other great reasons for taking math? tell us in the comments below.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4756768646277315, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23ab9796-15c2-47b6-bf2d-2d9ead7e551d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.046884"}
{"text": "the hebrew bible is the cornerstone of the jewish people. virtually all jewish creativity refers to this fundamental text, and it has also left its imprint on christianity and islam. the exhibition at the shrine of the book complex represents a journey through time, which, adopting a scholarly - historical approach, traces the evolution of the book of books. the upper galleries take the visitor from the oldest extant biblical manuscripts, which were discovered in the judean desert, through the story of the sectarians living at qumran, who attempted to translate the biblical ideals embodied in these texts into a way of life. the lower galleries tell the remarkable tale of the aleppo codex \u2013 the most accurate manuscript of the masoretic text and the closest to the text of the printed hebrew bibles used today. generations of scribes and scholars dedicated themselves to copying the bible, passing on the traditions related to its reading and cantillation, and interpreting its meaning. those who cherished it did anything in their power to protect it from harm, at times even enduring martyrdom for its sake. though the motivation for this esteem, which continues until the present day, may take different forms \u2013 belief in the divine origins of the biblical text, admiration for the profundity of its ideas, or acknowledgement of its historical cultural importance \u2013 one thing remains clear : as long as people continue to inquire about the nature of life and the world in which we live, the bible will continue to inspire creativity, comfort the troubled, and provide hope for individuals wherever they may be. the shrine of the book was built as a repository for the first seven scrolls discovered at qumran in 1947. this symbolic building, a kind of sanctuary intended to express profound spiritual meaning, is considered an international landmark of modern architecture. designed by american jewish architects armand p. bartos and frederic j. kiesler, it was dedicated in an impressive ceremony on april 20, 1965. its location next to official institutions of the state of israel \u2013 the knesset ( israeli parliament ), key government offices, and the jewish national and university library \u2013 attests to the degree of national importance that has been accorded the ancient texts and the building that preserves them. the white dome symbolizes the lids of the jars in which the first scrolls were found ; the contrast between the white dome and the black wall alongside it alludes to the tension evident in the scrolls between the spiritual world of the \u201c sons of light \u201d ( as the judean desert sectarians called themselves ) and the \u201c sons of darkness \u201d ( the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46942878552910394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:15911d5f-87f6-4a41-a1e0-ea77b813ca59>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.186448"}
{"text": "here, now, are two great whales, laying their heads together ; let us join them, and lay together our own. of the grand order of folio leviathans, the sperm whale and the right whale are by far the most noteworthy. they are the only whales regularly hunted by man. to the nantucketer, they present the two extremes of all the known varieties of the whale. as the external difference between them is mainly observable in their heads ; and as a head of each is this moment hanging from the pequod ' s side ; and as we may freely go from one to the other, by merely stepping across the deck : - - where, i should like to know, will you obtain a better chance to study practical cetology than here? in the first place, you are struck by the general contrast between these heads. both are massive enough in all conscience ; but there is a certain mathematical symmetry in the sperm whale ' s which the right whale ' s sadly lacks. there is more character in the sperm whale ' s head. as you behold it, you involuntarily yield the immense superiority to him, in point of pervading dignity. in the present instance, too, this dignity is heightened by the pepper and salt colour of his head at the summit, giving token of advanced age and large experience. in short, he is what the fishermen technically call a \" grey - headed whale. \" let us now note what is least dissimilar in these heads - - namely, the two most important organs, the eye and the ear. far back on the side of the head, and low down, near the angle of either whale ' s jaw, if you narrowly search, you will at last see a lashless eye, which you would fancy to be a young colt ' s eye ; so out of all proportion is it to the magnitude of the head. now, from this peculiar sideway position of the whale ' s eyes, it is plain that he can never see an object which is exactly ahead, no more than he can one exactly astern. in a word, the position of the whale ' s eyes corresponds to that of a man ' s ears ; and you may fancy, for yourself, how it would fare with you, did you sideways survey objects through your ears. you would find that you could only command some thirty degrees of vision in advance of the straight side - line of sight ; and about thirty more behind it. if your bitterest foe were walking straight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5134972565433804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:408df88d-58e3-458d-a3d7-eee9e91273ae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.302094"}
{"text": "you, did you sideways survey objects through your ears. you would find that you could only command some thirty degrees of vision in advance of the straight side - line of sight ; and about thirty more behind it. if your bitterest foe were walking straight towards you, with dagger uplifted in broad day, you would not be able to see him, any more than if he were stealing upon you from behind. in a word, you would have two backs, so to speak ; but, at the same time, also, two fronts ( side fronts ) : for what is it that makes the front of a man - - what, indeed, but his eyes? moreover, while in most other animals that i can now think of, the eyes are so planted as imperceptibly to blend their visual power, so as to produce one picture and not two to the brain ; the peculiar position of the whale ' s eyes, effectually divided as they are by many cubic feet of solid head, which towers between them like a great mountain separating two lakes in valleys ; this, of course, must wholly separate the impressions which each independent organ imparts. the whale, therefore, must see one distinct picture on this side, and another distinct picture on that side ; while all between must be profound darkness and nothingness to him. man may, in effect, be said to look out on the world from a sentry - box with two joined sashes for his window. but with the whale, these two sashes are separately inserted, making two distinct windows, but sadly impairing the view. this peculiarity of the whale ' s eyes is a thing always to be borne in mind in the fishery ; and to be remembered by the reader in some subsequent scenes. a curious and most puzzling question might be started concerning this visual matter as touching the leviathan. but i must be content with a hint. so long as a man ' s eyes are open in the light, the act of seeing is involuntary ; that is, he cannot then help mechanically seeing whatever objects are before him. nevertheless, any one ' s experience will teach him, that though he can take in an undiscriminating sweep of things at one glance, it is quite impossible for him, attentively, and completely, to examine any two things - - however large or however small - - at one and the same instant of time ; never mind if they lie side by side and touch each other. but if you now come to separate these two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5827811156914703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:408df88d-58e3-458d-a3d7-eee9e91273ae>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.308540"}
{"text": "should see the world through so small an eye, and hear the thunder through an ear which is smaller than a hare ' s? but if his eyes were broad as the lens of herschel ' s great telescope ; and his ears capacious as the porches of cathedrals ; would that make him any longer of sight, or sharper of hearing? not at all. - - why then do you try to \" enlarge \" your mind? subtilize it. let us now with whatever levers and steam - engines we have at hand, cant over the sperm whale ' s head, that it may lie bottom up ; then, ascending by a ladder to the summit, have a peep down the mouth ; and were it not that the body is now completely separated from it, with a lantern we might descend into the great kentucky mammoth cave of his stomach. but let us hold on here by this tooth, and look about us where we are. what a really beautiful and chaste - looking mouth! from floor to ceiling, lined, or rather papered with a glistening white membrane, glossy as bridal satins. but come out now, and look at this portentous lower jaw, which seems like the long narrow lid of an immense snuff - box, with the hinge at one end, instead of one side. if you pry it up, so as to get it overhead, and expose its rows of teeth, it seems a terrific portcullis ; and such, alas! it proves to many a poor wight in the fishery, upon whom these spikes fall with impaling force. but far more terrible is it to behold, when fathoms down in the sea, you see some sulky whale, floating there suspended, with his prodigious jaw, some fifteen feet long, hanging straight down at right - angles with his body, for all the world like a ship ' s jib - boom. this whale is not dead ; he is only dispirited ; out of sorts, perhaps ; hypochondriac ; and so supine, that the hinges of his jaw have relaxed, leaving him there in that ungainly sort of plight, a reproach to all his tribe, who must, no doubt, imprecate lock - jaws upon him. in most cases this lower jaw - - being easily unhinged by a practised artist - - is disengaged and hoisted on deck for the purpose of extracting the ivory teeth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49591071264058845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:408df88d-58e3-458d-a3d7-eee9e91273ae>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.312446"}
{"text": ", no doubt, imprecate lock - jaws upon him. in most cases this lower jaw - - being easily unhinged by a practised artist - - is disengaged and hoisted on deck for the purpose of extracting the ivory teeth, and furnishing a supply of that hard white whalebone with which the fishermen fashion all sorts of curious articles, including canes, umbrella - stocks, and handles to riding - whips. with a long, weary hoist the jaw is dragged on board, as if it were an anchor ; and when the proper time comes - - some few days after the other work - - queequeg, daggoo, and tashtego, being all accomplished dentists, are set to drawing teeth. with a keen cutting - spade, queequeg lances the gums ; then the jaw is lashed down to ringbolts, and a tackle being rigged from aloft, they drag out these teeth, as michigan oxen drag stumps of old oaks out of wild wood lands. there are generally forty - two teeth in all ; in old whales, much worn down, but undecayed ; nor filled after our artificial fashion. the jaw is afterwards sawn into slabs, and piled away like joists for building houses. - according to melville, what is the meaning in life and what does he tell us about man ' s ability to understand that meaning? just some... - identify melville ' s intent and discuss important ideas in moby dick. - why does ishmael alone survive at the end of melville ' s moby dick? - how do you imitate melville ' s method of description? i am writing an essay to describe something using melville ' s method. - in herman melville ' s novel moby - dick, how are ishmael ' s views about religion affected by his friendship with... test your knowledge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4893642146846786, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:408df88d-58e3-458d-a3d7-eee9e91273ae>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.314012"}
{"text": "hurricane joan ' s passage westward across nicaragua is a story of extremes. joan built up strength as it moved across the caribbean sea until it came ashore at the town of bluefields on nicaragua ' s atlantic coast. the hurricane threw everything it had at bluefields and corn island. now there is nothing left of either community. the material damage left in the hurricane ' s wake is more than that left by the 1972 earthquake, more than that wrought by somoza ' s bombing of the cities during the 1979 insurrection, more than that inflicted by seven years of contra war. and nicaraguans, who have almost nothing, are giving everything they can. while it is an exaggeration to say nicaraguans have given the shirts off their backs, it may not be exaggerated to say that many nicaraguans have each given their only spare shirt. the tuesday after the weekend disaster young men from the disabled veterans organization arrived at a red cross post with 17 pairs of church. two children showed up at a church in the poor neighborhood of ciudad sandino with a tiny bundle of clothes and a donation of some 30 cents. women in the managua barrio of adolfo reyes cooked food for the refugees packed into their churches, the few buildings there that could be trusted to withstand the storm. at red cross headquarters in managua volunteers sorted mountains of donated goods. at one end of the room bags of second - hand clothes rose like the nearby volcanic cone of momotombo. in the center was momotombito, the volcano \u2019 s smaller island neighbor, a hill of well - used shoes. these were not the fine cast - offs nor the unsaleable new lines that are given to relief agencies in the developed world, but the scuffed and down - at - heel shoes of the poor being passed on to someone in even greater need. in contrast to the speed of nicaraguans ' response, support from many western nations has been slow in coming, especially given the scale of the disaster. the international relief is neither sufficient nor has it been dispatched quickly enough, said the chairman of the national emergency committee, social welfare minister reynaldo tefel. preliminary official figures give 116 dead from the hurricane, 110 missing and 178 seriously injured. but without the comprehensive civil defense effort that evacuated almost 325, 000 people, these tolls could have been much higher. some 187, 000 people were left homeless. perhaps even more significant, in its long - term impact on the nicaraguan people, is the damage to the economy. agricultural production has been crippled in many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3863265702654277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c627f7a-ebe0-426f-8670-8893d07243c9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.371716"}
{"text": ", these tolls could have been much higher. some 187, 000 people were left homeless. perhaps even more significant, in its long - term impact on the nicaraguan people, is the damage to the economy. agricultural production has been crippled in many regions, including direct damage to crops and infrastructure. agricultural vice minister salvador mayorga estimates a loss of 1989 exports equaling 20 - 25 % of last year ' s total. fishing boats, roads, bridges and warehouses were destroyed across a wide sweep of the country. years of development work were wiped out in a weekend. while there \u2019 s no good moment to be struck by a hurricane, for nicaragua joan ' s timing was particularly devastating. nicaragua is a poor country made poorer by seven years of the us - sponsored contra war and over three years of an economic embargo by the united states. it does not have the resources to rebuild and, with the embargo and us pressures on the world bank and the imf, it has virtually no access to many sources of international funds. acting without such assistance, nicaragua was in the midst of a painful economic restructuring process when the hurricane hit. the most positive sign of economic change had been the mid - year resurgence in agricultural production ; there were big increases in the area planted in basic grains, meat exports had risen and there were high hopes for the important coffee crop. these positive features have now been flooded, crushed or blown away. the double tragedy is that this has happened to nicaragua. in nicaragua, since the revolution, people have hoped and worked for more than just relief from poverty. this disaster has struck a country where the government is actively committed to finding ways in which its poor majority can work constructively to cease being helpless victims of poverty or disaster. the government ' s development goals mesh closely with those of many international aid and development agencies and the government has struggled to meet those goals despite the costs imposed on it by the contra war. over the last year, nicaragua has redoubled its ongoing efforts to reach a dignified peace, a prelude to reconstruction. but now, after the hurricane, nicaragua must fight just to survive. can it? yes. the commitment exists, within the government and among the nicaraguan people. but reconstruction after war and tempest will require a special kind of international aid effort. there is no feast here for the international media, were they inclined to report it. the more heartrending signs of abject poverty don \u2019 t exist to draw sympathy and checks from an international viewing audience. here what are most at risk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3550675170948703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c627f7a-ebe0-426f-8670-8893d07243c9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.373801"}
{"text": "effort. there is no feast here for the international media, were they inclined to report it. the more heartrending signs of abject poverty don \u2019 t exist to draw sympathy and checks from an international viewing audience. here what are most at risk are a model for third - world development and hope for change. these are abstract concepts, hard to capture on film but very real in the lives of nicaraguans, in the rural cooperatives and schools and health centers. a new rescue mission is needed, not mass media but mass action, drawing on the reservoir of inspiration that the nicaraguan revolution has generated around the world in more than a decade of struggle. the build - up and the big blowjoan was an unusual hurricane. it moved west across the southern caribbean sea instead of going north or northwest the way hurricanes normally do. as a consequence, few ever menace nicaragua. joan was the first to do so since hurricane fifi in 1974 and tropical storm irene three years earlier. on october 18, nicaraguan meteorologists issued a national alert that joan had grown to hurricane strength and was heading straight for the atlantic coast. the following day, the government declared a national emergency, giving them effective control over information relating to the hurricane, and activated the national emergency committee. then joan stalled for a day, a mixed blessing. it probably increased the strength of the hurricane but also gave nicaraguans an extra day to prepare. prepare they did. the army, the ministry of the interior ( which mobilized 2, 000 people in managua alone the night of the hurricane ), the red cross, state workers, fsln activists and members of the country ' s mass organizations, such as trade unions and neighborhood committees, were quickly mobilized, carrying out the brunt of preparatory work and actual evacuations. their work saved hundreds, perhaps thousands of lives. sandinista comandantes and civil defense advisers were dispatched to bluefields and towns in the likely path of the hurricane. in bluefields, a three - day supply of food, medicine and other emergency items was collected and stored as safely from damage as possible. more than 1, 300 tons of medicine and food were distributed nationwide in the two days before the hurricane hit. on october 21, the country ' s emergency broadcast system went into effect. the special programming, heard across the radio dial, broadcast constant weather updates and warned people that the storm was likely to hit with an intensity never before seen in nicaragua. people living in low - lying areas were urged to evacuate, and advised of the location of refugee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44542072159937046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c627f7a-ebe0-426f-8670-8893d07243c9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.376215"}
{"text": "programming, heard across the radio dial, broadcast constant weather updates and warned people that the storm was likely to hit with an intensity never before seen in nicaragua. people living in low - lying areas were urged to evacuate, and advised of the location of refugee centers being set up across the country. nearly 325, 000 people were evacuated across the country ( close to one in ten of all nicaraguans ), including over 100, 000 in and around managua, and some 60, 000 from the southern atlantic coast. as of october 28, almost a week later, 60, 000 people nationwide were still in temporary refugee shelters. many people had been reluctant to move to the shelters, some taken in by assertions broadcast on contra radio stations that the hurricane threat was exaggerated or a hoax, others fearing their few belongings could be stolen if their houses were left unattended. those who made eleventh - hour decisions to take refuge in local centers were assisted by the emergency crews who continued to work through most of the hurricane, even at great personal risk. the air force evacuated 11, 000 people at the last minute, in the teeth of the advancing storm. the radio linkup was the heart and soul of the civil defense effort. it broadcast crucial information and helped to maintain calm, especially after saturday night fell with most of the country without electricity and the storm heading towards managua. hurricanes often take their time. joan spun furiously with winds of more than 150 miles per hour but advanced across nicaragua at only 5 to 12 miles per hour. corn island was hit with joan ' s first winds on friday afternoon and it was not until early sunday morning that the storm rumbled off into the pacific ocean. the radio network tracked it all the way. it broadcast comandante william ramirez based in bluefields speaking with president ortega by radio at about 1 : 30 saturday morning as the storm ' s full force struck the town. then even radio contact was lost. as bluefields took a battering the band played on \u2014 reggae, calypso and soca from the atlantic coast, normally joyful music that, in the circumstances, sounded like a dirge. on saturday night, radio brought listeners the impassioned pleas of daniel ortega urging people to stay in their houses or, if they were in danger, to go to the nearest refuge. he stressed that people could replace their belongings but that nicaragua could not replace its people. then, just before midnight, comandante omar cabezas, popular head of the national organization of neighborhood committees and author of a best - selling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42165021834130256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c627f7a-ebe0-426f-8670-8893d07243c9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.377576"}
{"text": "nearest refuge. he stressed that people could replace their belongings but that nicaragua could not replace its people. then, just before midnight, comandante omar cabezas, popular head of the national organization of neighborhood committees and author of a best - selling book on his life as a sandinista guerrilla, was the author of an inspired moment. he asked everyone listening \u2014 christians, church leaders, all nicaraguans and foreigners who reside in nicaragua \u2014 to pray \" for our brothers and sisters on the atlantic coast... and for nicaragua. \u201d \u201c when ' el muchacho ' did that we were very touched.... it made us feel calm and not so alone, \u201d said concepcion martinez, a cook from the villa cuba libre neighborhood in managua. president ortega and his brother, defense minister humberto ortega, traveled through the most vulnerable of managua \u2019 s barrios on saturday evening ( the president had flown to bluefields the day before and would go again the day after ). the fact that the president ( whom people referred to as \u201c danielito \u201d as they spoke with him that night ) had visited was helpful in convincing some people to leave who were otherwise inclined to pooh - pooh the danger. eighty thousand in managua were temporarily evacuated as hundreds of rescue workers transported people to the shelters, distributed food, and in more than one case, made human chains to rescue people from certain drowning as drainage ditches turned into raging rivers in a matter of minutes with the torrential rains. the aftermathby sunday morning heavy rains on the pacific coast were all that remained of the hurricane. the devastation left behind was only revealed on a region - by - region basis over the following days. there was a little good news : managua had been spared the worst of the storm and the national death toll had clearly been kept down by the massive civil defense effort. from there on the new got worse. corn island was leveled by the 150 - mph winds and all of its 7, 50 residents lost their homes. on saturday morning, a radio - telephone conversation between president ortega and ray hooker, a coast fsln delegate to the national assembly who was stationed on corn island, was the first time most nicaraguans realized the true ferocity of the hurricane. \" the situation is very difficult, \" reported hooker. \" there is not a single house with its roof on the island. promar, the only seafood processing plant, was destroyed, as were the schools and the only clinic. all the churches and the stores were also destroyed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39977480739836857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c627f7a-ebe0-426f-8670-8893d07243c9>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.378897"}
{"text": ", \" reported hooker. \" there is not a single house with its roof on the island. promar, the only seafood processing plant, was destroyed, as were the schools and the only clinic. all the churches and the stores were also destroyed. \" ninety - five percent of the fruit and non - fruit trees were downed by the intensity of the winds. the hurricane lashed us for 14 hours, from three in the afternoon yesterday until five o ' clock this morning. there are still intense rains, the population needs medicines, and we have only one doctor.... i lived through the 72 earthquake in managua and this was much worse. \" in bluefields there was a similar tally of wreckage : 90 % of houses destroyed ; schools and government offices 90 % destroyed ; the hospital, post office, communications, electric plant and major fishing company facilities all damaged or destroyed. bluefields had disappeared ; its 43, 000 residents were homeless. it was a hard idea to get across. when resident moises hernandez told a reporter, \u201c all of bluefields is destroyed, \u201d he was asked, \u201c which barrios? \u201d \u201c everything, everything, everything, \u201d came the reply. the field of destruction was so expansive it defied even the widest angled lens. no buildings were undamaged ; some, like the bluefields public library, the old standard fruit warehouse and hundreds of homes, were simply gone \u2014 melded into the public domain of timbers and twisted sheets of corrugated zinc roofing that lay several feet deep everywhere. to the horror of those who took refuge inside seemingly strong churches and government buildings, not even cement withstood the 12 - hour battering. when nails could hold no longer, the zinc popped off like buttons, then the acoustical ceiling panels were sucked out and the wooden roof frame flew off. if there were no concrete girders, the unsupported walls undulated visibly and finally collapsed. one woman, who escaped her house only moments before it collapsed and then struggled through the wind, rain, and flying debris to a refuge only to have part of it cave in, gave birth at some point in the endless night. the red cross, charged with distributing government and other provisions, immediately designated posts in each of the barrios and quickly developed a census of most of the remaining families, which changed daily. by the week ' s end, people were receiving 15 - day supplies from the government ' s stock of rice, beans, soap and sugar, cuban donations of condensed milk, oil, and canned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40975890832567563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c627f7a-ebe0-426f-8670-8893d07243c9>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.380261"}
{"text": "of most of the remaining families, which changed daily. by the week ' s end, people were receiving 15 - day supplies from the government ' s stock of rice, beans, soap and sugar, cuban donations of condensed milk, oil, and canned tuna and juices. others were at the ministry of health post, which was giving typhoid shots. the traditional hostility of older creoles toward the government had been fanned by contra radio reports that the army was stealing food, and some blamed the cuban milk rather than the fouled water for the children ' s diarrhea. but president ortega \u2019 s visits right before and after the storm touched many. at el rama the rivers rose 46 feet and stayed high for days. when they receded, much of the town had been destroyed. two days after the water level had dropped, mayor samuel mejia told a group of visiting aid agency representatives that 25, 000 people had been seriously affected in the town and surrounding area. about 5, 000 homes and food for 10, 000 families for 6 months are needed. the dock, the transfer point for goods going by road and river from managua to bluefields, has disappeared. the school has lost its roof, the special school and the high school are destroyed, the bank and the warehouses are gone. around mejla the houses of the town were in disarray : some without roofs, others with walls missing, some leaning, others fallen, some lifted and dropped in the middle of the road, others reduced to a small wet woodpile. mud was everywhere. the town was monochromatic brown. a once two - story building rose from the chaos. the tidemark covered the first floor but above this was the wind ' s work. on the upper story only two walls remained, providing a splash of blue to the encompassing brown. a woman in a ripped green nylon skirt and gray blouse too big for her, clutching her small bag of possessions, said she had refused to leave, and been badly knocked about by the hurricane. she showed bruises on her thigh but kept repeating that the worst was a tree branch that came through the house and hit her on the chest. she seemed in shock. a man, working to salvage something from the ruins of his house, said : \" the army, the mint [ ministry of the interior ] and the red cross, they are the ones who did the most here. that has to be acknowledged, they have to be thanked. \u201d extensive areas of region v were either flooded or affected by high", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38929694813479854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c627f7a-ebe0-426f-8670-8893d07243c9>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.384124"}
{"text": "army, the mint [ ministry of the interior ] and the red cross, they are the ones who did the most here. that has to be acknowledged, they have to be thanked. \u201d extensive areas of region v were either flooded or affected by high winds. whole towns, including acoyapa, santo domingo, villa sandino and la gateada, were virtually wiped out. eighty percent of the region \u2019 s houses lost their roofs, 90 % of the bean and corn crop was lost and 100, 000 acres of forest were destroyed. two regions lying out of the direct path of the hurricane were particularly badly hit by flooding. damages sustained in coffee \u2014 rich region vi ( jinotega - matagalpa ), threaten the country \u2019 s already weakened economy. forty - eight lives were lost, 10 bridges ( including one of lost, 10 bridges ( including one of the country \u2019 s most strategic ) washed out, and 365 miles of roadway was rendered unusable. the loss of roads and bridges may make it impossible to harvest much of the region \u2019 s essential coffee crop, now prematurely ripening. in region iv, in the hills west of the town of rivas there was especially heavy flooding. some 34, 000 acres of crops were destroyed and 23 people were killed. \u201c the river betrayed us, \u201d said one peasant. health and education infrastructure, already stretched to the limit, was also affected. nationally 339 schools have been destroyed, 110 in the southern region of the atlantic coast, and 190 health centers and 18 local health posts were damaged. the relief effortrelief efforts were underway even before the hurricane arrived, with aid solicited through advance brief aid solicited through advance briefing for members of the diplomatic corps and representatives of international aid organizations. it was the cubans who got their goods to nicaragua first and kept them coming. by saturday afternoon, before joan had reached managua, the first planeload of cuban supplies was being unloaded at bluefields. twenty - three planeloads later, cuban aid is still arriving. others have joined in. the swedish government has donated $ 3 million, the west germans ( government and churches ), $ 2 million. the soviets have promised 11, 000 tons of rice and a boatload of supplies from the soviet red cross and planeloads of aid are expected or have arrived from a host of other countries, including argentina, belgium, canada, czechoslovakia, east germany, the european economic community, france, great britain, italy, panama, spain, switzerland and uruguay. the number", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3592380001990174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c627f7a-ebe0-426f-8670-8893d07243c9>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.385207"}
{"text": "for natural disasters in the third world. in nicaragua, relief efforts began immediately with collections in the cities on the pacific plain for money, clothes and other goods. as managua taxi driver walter herrera described it : \" i ' m no sandinista but since the revolution, with the autonomy thing, the people, well, we ' re equal, they are our people, they ' re like us, we ' re all part of the same country. the two coasts used to be two countries. it ' s now our responsibility to help them. \" this spirit was at large in nicaraguan society. christian base communities in managua took responsibility for feeding and caring for many refugees. they collected food and clothing and organized children ' s gamed in the refugee centers. all of the sandinista delegates to the national assembly donated 30 % of their pay for october and their monthly subsidy of rice, beans and sugar. various groups of workers donated a day ' s pay. managua ' s rival baseball teams, the boors and the dantos, played a game to raise funds for the coast, while students at the central american university put on a benefit concert. overall responsibility for distribution of money and supplies rests with the national emergency committee, formed in 1982 to deal with that year ' s severe flooding. the committee is made up of representatives from international agencies in nicaragua, including the un, unicef, the international red cross, the pan american health organization and unhcr ; international ngos such as care and oxfam ; national ngos, including caritas, the protestant development agency cepad, the nicaraguan red cross, international aid coordinator facs, the unan and upoli universities, the lions club, catholic development agency juan xxiii, and the cst and atc unions ; and state institutions, such as the ministry of social welfare, civil defense, the sandinista police, the foreign cooperation ministry and the ministry of health. cepad representative milton arguello noted that the purpose of the committee is \" to coordinate the aid, to know what resources are available, which organizations can respond to which particular need. but each organization continues to do its own work. things are coordinated, but not centrally controlled. \u201d he stressed that the committee is \" very pluralistic, the government has invited everyone to participate. \" this committee is worlds away from its namesake set up after an earthquake destroyed the center of managua in 1972. \" a national emergency committee, set up under president somoza ' s control and run by the national guard,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4211794087149149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c627f7a-ebe0-426f-8670-8893d07243c9>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.387480"}
{"text": "everyone to participate. \" this committee is worlds away from its namesake set up after an earthquake destroyed the center of managua in 1972. \" a national emergency committee, set up under president somoza ' s control and run by the national guard, institutionalized the misappropriation of emergency relief. realizing that relief supplies were being siphoned off and sold by the national guard, oxfam ' s field director talked mrs. somoza into giving permission to bypass the official distribution system. this meant waiting in the aircraft control tower for the right plane to be spotted, then careering onto the tarmac to get the trucks loaded before the national guard arrived on the scene. \" * * from d. melrose, nicaragua : \u201c the threat of a good example, \u201d oxfam public affairs unit, oxfam, oxford, uk 1985, pp. 6 - 7 this time oxfam defends the government. in response to suggestions in the us that the sandinistas cannot be trusted, james dawson, oxfam \u2019 s director for overseas development, said, \" we have worked with the government and would have no problem delivering aid through that channel. \" non - meteorological attacksnational emergencies present a challenge to any government opposition ; it is hard to oppose government efforts to save lives, and organize relief and reconstruction. often more is to be gained by pitching in and helping ; the relief work of el salvador ' s fmln rebels after the 1986 earthquake is an example. but the reagan administration, the contras and some members of the internal opposition chose to actively obstruct relief efforts. shortly after joan ' s passage, the voice of america broadcast reports suggesting the \" international community \" doubted that aid money would be spent wisely. similar views, all without supporting evidence, have been widely aired by la prensa and contra radio stations beaming into nicaragua. as the first news came in, of the destruction in the atlantic coast, president ortega bridled at a us state department warning to his government not to commit human rights abuses during the state of emergency. \" to speak this way with authority they must stop committing abuses like those they have committed over the last eight years against the nicaraguan people. \" this brought another salvo from washington. richard weldon, president of operation california, a group organizing material aid to nicaraguan victims of the hurricane, told the los angeles times that the us government was deliberately hindering private aid efforts. \" the air force frequently transports, for free, assistance collected by charitable organizations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4788201433698273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c627f7a-ebe0-426f-8670-8893d07243c9>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.388675"}
{"text": "president of operation california, a group organizing material aid to nicaraguan victims of the hurricane, told the los angeles times that the us government was deliberately hindering private aid efforts. \" the air force frequently transports, for free, assistance collected by charitable organizations in catastrophes, \u201d weldon said, but \u201c this time they told us the political instructions were : \u2018 no aid. \u2019 \u201d white house spokesman marlin fitzwater expressed fear that ortega \u2019 s government would use aid funds against the contras. the contras, for their part, ambushed a red cross ambulance taking a sick child from nueva guinea to juigalpa at about 1 am on saturday, october 22, just before the hurricane hit ; the driver and two passengers were wounded. it was the second ambulance attack in three days. the day before the hurricane hit bluefields, la prensa, in an editorial titled \u201c the militarization of the hurricane, \u201d countered the widespread calls for volunteer efforts in work - places and barrios, arguing that the civil defense efforts had been taken over by the \u201c frigid, bureaucratic, inefficient state military hq, which always arrives late and does things badly. \u201d three days later, the paper did an about - face : \u201c this is not the hour to be political, but to help the victims. \u201d it called for the establishment of a national commission made up of representatives from the government, the catholic church, opposition parties and cosep, the opposition business council. cosep, which stopped participating in the national emergency committee long before the hurricane, said it would not offer help unless asked officially. president ortega then reiterated that anyone who wished to participate could join the committee, including those business people who \u201c are truly ready to contribute to this emergency situation. \u201d indeed many sectors of nicaraguan society, including those opposed to the revolution, have joined forces with the government and contributed substantially to the relief drive, most notably the red cross, but also school children and explorers, the lions ' club, catholic and protestant churches. bishops barni and schlaefer, as well as cardinal obando, issued a call for their parishioners to aid ^ in relief work and reconstruction. meanwhile, contra attacks continue. the hurricane itself has wiped out many old contra targets such as bridges, schools and health centers, but now there are relief convoys and the important coffee harvest to disrupt. on the morning of october 29, in their worst attack since the signing of the sapoa peace accords on march 23, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3910308012725498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c627f7a-ebe0-426f-8670-8893d07243c9>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.389902"}
{"text": "targets such as bridges, schools and health centers, but now there are relief convoys and the important coffee harvest to disrupt. on the morning of october 29, in their worst attack since the signing of the sapoa peace accords on march 23, the contras killed nine civilians traveling in a passenger bus near san juan del rio coco. the same day, they ambushed a military truck delivering food to hurricane victims in la esperanza, killing a soldier and wounding two young civilians. the honduran army stepped up attacks on the nicaraguan border, even attacking border posts the night the hurricane hit. on october 28, president ortega had issued a warning, based on intercepted radio reports, of the imminent incursion of 3, 000 newly outfitted contras into nicaragua, taking advantage of the disaster caused by the hurricane. reconstructionbeyond the immediate problems of having to feed, clothe and shelter almost 200, 000 homeless lies the need to rebuild. some of this work has already begun, even though a full assessment of the damage to the country ' s economic resources has still to be completed. enough is known to realize nicaragua ' s situation, in both the short and long term, is very grave. recovery depends on getting people back into production as quickly as possible. the two immediate priorities are getting the coffee out and getting the next planting of basic grains in. coffee exports bring in half the country ' s export earnings. but much of the coffee crop is grown in the central highlands where roads and bridges have been destroyed. the first job is to repair these so the crop can be brought out. the second task is to organize coffee - picking brigades from the cities and other parts of the country. to restore basic grain production in region v, the agricultural ministry plans to put together a simple package of seeds, tools and kitchen utensils for peasants so they can start sowing for the next harvest. the united nations ' food and agriculture organization will assist with 40 tons of beans for seed. the government can also be expected to provide abundant credit for farmers in regions v and vi. this will add to the inflationary impact of the hurricane but is needed to get fanners back into production quickly. both these priorities might delay housing replacement. dionisio marenco, head of the fsln ' s information department, has said that people on the atlantic coast may have to wait for a new house simply because without road repairs there will not be much of a coffee harvest, and without a coffee harvest there will never be replacement housing. president ortega expressed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.394080005233721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c627f7a-ebe0-426f-8670-8893d07243c9>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.390878"}
{"text": "s information department, has said that people on the atlantic coast may have to wait for a new house simply because without road repairs there will not be much of a coffee harvest, and without a coffee harvest there will never be replacement housing. president ortega expressed particular concern about the impact of the hurricane on nicaragua ' s ecological balance, given the devastation wrought on tropical forests, which may be lost forever. he issued a call for ecological experts and representatives of european parties concerned with the environment, such as the west german greens, to come evaluate the situation and offer plans for recovery. the government plans to continue using army trucks and air force helicopters and planes for relief work, although an upsurge in contra attacks may severely limit the availability of equipment and men. there are other restrictions on any rebuilding program for the atlantic coast. access is especially difficult. the road to rama has been damaged, the wharf at rama has been destroyed as have been many of the river boats, and if one could get to bluefields \u2014 where the wharf has also been damaged \u2014 there. are no warehouses to store goods. the major link is bluefields \u2019 small airstrip, but nicaragua has few planes with which to deliver supplies. consideration is being given to establishing a sea or air bridge between bluefields and puerto lim6n in costa rica. but where does the job begin in bluefields? there is neither electricity nor enough water. electrical generators and well - drilling gear are needed as are tents, food and storage facilities. the lack of basic facilities rules out the possibility of bringing outside teams in to mount a large - scale construction effort. on a larger scale there is the thorny question of the impact the hurricane has on this year \u2019 s economic reform packages. it could cause a reversal in the direction of the reforms, perhaps at considerable political cost to the government. the changes were intended to increase exports and agricultural production and to reduce the government \u2019 s deficit. the hurricane has damaged production and puts pressure on the government to increase its spending. it is possible, if production of basic grains falls drastically and the shortfall is not made up with donations, that nicaragua will have to retreat from its trend towards free market policies and return to rationing basic food supplies. other goals of the economic reforms may also have to be reversed. this would not just be economic fine - tuning. the harsh austerity measures of 1988 had been threatening for many years but had been delayed as long as possible to give the government the chance to consolidate its position, especially to take control of the contra war.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4159389597796409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c627f7a-ebe0-426f-8670-8893d07243c9>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.393269"}
{"text": "not just be economic fine - tuning. the harsh austerity measures of 1988 had been threatening for many years but had been delayed as long as possible to give the government the chance to consolidate its position, especially to take control of the contra war. to make the economic changes carried out this year, the government has had to mortgage some of its political popularity. the urban poor have been hit especially hard. if it now had to reverse direction, having inflicted the economic pain without much of the gain, the political cost would be greater. why this is an international disasterthe success of nicaragua \u2019 s civil defense effort in limiting the death toll presents it own problems. crudely speaking, there aren \u2019 t enough deaths to turn this into a gripping international disaster story. for many aid and development agencies, hurricane joan is just another natural disaster in a busy year for disasters \u2014 and, at that, not a particularly newsworthy one. and without a surge of international public sympathy, big relief funds are hard to gather. for nicaragua, joan is obviously not \" just another disaster. \u201d and in several very important ways, this is not just another disaster for the rest of the world. the hurricane represents an enormous challenge for the nicaraguan revolution. at best, it will be overcome with the mix of commitment, principle and pragmatism that has become a sandinista trademark. at worst, the damage done by hurricane joan, coming on top of the war and the us embargo, threatens to do long - term damage to the revolution. this is a turning point. the nicaraguan people will take up the challenge but international aid agencies and solidarity groups also have essential contributions to make. the hurricane ' s effects go far beyond nicaragua. the survival * of the nicaraguan revolution is at stake, and the nicaraguan revolution occupies a special place on the world stage. although battered and bruised it is still struggling to develop a mixed economy, maintain political pluralism and to have, if not full independence, at least a diversified dependence on the larger and richer nations. nicaragua is not the \" good example \" it promised to be or may still become. it has been too undermined by the enormous cost of the war for that. but it remains an important symbol of the much wider struggle of small countries to take control of their own destiny. nicaragua is particularly significant to aid agencies because its government is committed to the interests of the majority. aid agencies and solidarity groups find themselves in the all too rare situation of working with, rather than against or apart from, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45382913572830486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c627f7a-ebe0-426f-8670-8893d07243c9>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.395122"}
{"text": "control of their own destiny. nicaragua is particularly significant to aid agencies because its government is committed to the interests of the majority. aid agencies and solidarity groups find themselves in the all too rare situation of working with, rather than against or apart from, a government. a survey of the experience of western development agencies in nicaragua makes the point : \" for many development agencies, the important difference in nicaragua today is that there is a considerable degree of coherence between their own development policy and that of the nicaraguan government. for both, the task of development includes meeting the basic needs of the poor majority of the population \u2014 in health, education, housing, and food production. \" * aid agencies have been able to work with nicaragua ' s committed, not corrupted civil service in a relationship with the government quite different from the paternalistic relationships of the past. * aid that counts \u2014 the western contribution to development and survival in nicaragua, by solon barraclough, ariane van buren, alicia gariazzo, anjali sundaram and peter utting ; transnational institute ( holland ) and coordinadora regional de investigaciones economicas y sociales, pp. 98 - 101. hurricane joan puts at risk the ability of the nicaraguan revolution to carry out the dream of a better life for its people. a government with humane and equitable development policies has been threatened by seven years of war, trade and credit embargoes, and the flight of its professionals brought on by economic decline. without an outpouring of aid not only for relief but for development, the hurricane may be the burden that tips the balance. it destroys people \u2019 s lives and productive capacity, reverses the few economic advances made this year, puts an unbearable strain on family and government finances and threatens to rob people of hope. and if the nicaraguan people are robbed of hope, then we are all robbed of hope. that is why this big disaster in such small country will have an impact reaching far beyond its borders. juana, la huracana we have to pick up the pieces of everything that was destroyed. because this people was born to overcome hardship not to be overcome by it. \u2014 refrain of luis enrique mejia godoy \u2019 s hurricane song, written hours after the storm.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43584482322268636, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c627f7a-ebe0-426f-8670-8893d07243c9>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.396142"}
{"text": "studies suggest that only 31 % of europe is thought to have a water supply that is either plentiful or sufficient to meet demands until 2015, and water stress indexes show a number of countries with traditionally wet climates such as belgium and bulgaria, under significant water stress. therefore, there is both a desire and a need to reduce the consumption of water over much of europe. for industry, often economics determine the viability of water recycling, which does not necessarily fall under the standards currently being set for the major water reuse schemes. while the additional annual recycling capacity in western europe is set to increase by 10 %, much of the global market is focussed on major reuse facilities based on the municipal sector. within the industrial sector there are opportunities to achieve major changes in the water cycle which can have a significant impact on total water consumption. the impact on regional water consumption by industries efforts can be massive, as industry accounts for 50 % of the water consumption in western europe. when benchmarked data across industry sectors is analysed, we find that industries ranging from paper mills, dairy, beverage, ceramic and electronics have opportunities to reduce their water consumption by around 50 %. but what are the mechanisms that drive actions in the industry water cycle, and how great can the impact be? this paper explores industrial water costs across europe, and the drivers leading to reduced water consumption. as operators of water and wastewater facilities for many industrial customers across europe, ondeo industrial solutions examine the raw water costs and the viability of recycle schemes. economics is not the only driver towards the reduction in water consumption on industrial sites. there are political and legislative drivers that can often override the economics such as the european ppc ( pollution prevention and control ) directive that can often lead to a programme of water consumption reductions. water science and technology : water supply is published as an adjunct to water science and technology, in 6 issues per year, covering new developments in water supply. papers are selected by a rigorous peer review procedure and the journal publi \u00bb read more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5352200611506711, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41724091-cd04-47e6-8629-7a92e8345dbb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.400881"}
{"text": "a diverse fauna is also found in this relatively high rainfall region. however, the region around perth is heavily developed and much of this region has already been cleared. while there are several large protected areas in the region, continued development, habitat fragmentation, dieback disease, and inappropriate fire regimes are serious threats. location and general description south of perth down to cape naturaliste, the swan coastal plain forms a low - lying belt 25 kilometers ( km ) to 30 km wide, bordered to the east by the darling scarp and the precambrian yilgarn block. the swan coastal plain is covered by shoreline and associated dune deposits from the pleistocene and holocene that overlie paleozoic and neogene deposits of the perth basin. the plain also includes large microtidal estuarine systems, such as the swan - canning estuary and a number of lakes cut off from the sea by barrier dunes. the swan coastal plain is transected by rivers flowing west from the darling plateau, and interspersed by wetlands. progressing inland from the coast, coastal dunes with scrub - heath communities give way to woodlands. kwongan ( an aboriginal term for heath - like vegetation ), eucalypt, and banksia low woodlands occur on the soils of the coastal dunes. generally, kwongan scrub heath grows on sandy plains and swales and on lateritic upland soils while mallee eucalyptus woodland grows on duplex soils of upper valley slopes. open heath favors drier areas, while a better water table allows the development of eucalypt shrubs. scrub - heath species include banksia attenuata and b. menziesii with casuarina spp. and e. todtiana. christmas trees ( nuytsia floribunda ) become locally dominant in drier areas. shrubs are present, largely in wetter areas, with acacia, adenanthos, banksia, casuarina, dryandra, grevillea, and hakea species found here. eucalypt woodlands can be found on the sandy loams, loams, and heavy loams on lower slopes and valley floors. tall tuart ( eucalyptus gomphocephala ) forests grow at the southern end of the swan coastal plain. tuart usually occurs in monospecific stands, but can also be found with e. decipiens and / or e. cornuta. in the south, pure stands grow with peppermint ( agonis flexuosa ), while in the north, peppermint is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4318645889620151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b57bc446-febe-400c-96c2-9695c0eff6c2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.417809"}
{"text": "garden island. in western australia the tammar wallaby lives among bushes of gastrolobium bilobum, a fire - dependent, nitrogen - fixing legume that allows the growth of grasses, which are rare in the southwestern forested regions. tammar wallabies feed on these grasses. rottnest island lies 18 kilometers ( km ) offshore of perth and harbors a stable population of quokkas ( setonix brachyurus vu ), probably because there are no foxes. heathland and wildflower habitats contain a rich avifauna, especially among the honey - eaters. other birds found in this ecoregion include the western thornbill ( acanthiza inornata ), and the short - billed black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus latirostris en ) which inhabits sandplain woodlands and mallee, and the long - billed black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus baudinii ) which is found in open eucalypt woodland and farmland. seasonal wetlands ( dry in the summer and wet in winter ) are the most diverse habitat on the swan coastal plain, and 16 out of 30 major floristic communities occur in wetlands. coastal and near - coastal areas the next richest, containing 7 major communities. the junction between the swan coastal plain and the darling scarp is biologically diverse with relatively fertile soils, granite outcrops, and unusual clay - based ephemeral swamps. these swamps provide habitat for the critically endangered western swamp tortoise ( pseudemydura umbrina ) which is found only in this ecoregion and may be australia ' s rarest reptile. it appears to be restricted to shallow, ephemeral swamps over the clay soils of the swan river valley. the region around perth is known for a diverse herpetofauna, including 16 frogs, two freshwater turtles, 51 lizards, and 24 snakes. nearly 80 percent of the swan coastal plain has been cleared. sandplain heathlands near perth have almost entirely been converted as the urban center expands. urban expansion reaches as far east as the darling scarp and has spread in a north - south direction as well. a number of swan coastal plain woodland communities are listed as endangered under the commonwealth environment protection and biodiversity conservation act : marri ( eucalyptus calophylla ) \u2013 kingia ( kingia australis ) woodlands on heavy soils, marri ( eucalyptus calophylla ) \u2013 grass tree ( xant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4358743587763205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b57bc446-febe-400c-96c2-9695c0eff6c2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.420238"}
{"text": "endangered under the commonwealth environment protection and biodiversity conservation act : marri ( eucalyptus calophylla ) \u2013 kingia ( kingia australis ) woodlands on heavy soils, marri ( eucalyptus calophylla ) \u2013 grass tree ( xanthorrhoea preissii ) woodlands, and shrublands, shrublands, and woodlands of the eastern swan coastal plain, shrublands and woodlands on muchea limestone of the swan coastal plain, and shrublands and woodlands on perth to gingin ironstone. protected areas in this ecoregion include the hills forest conservation area which comprises five national parks ( john forrest, gooseberry hill, greenmount, kalamunda, and lesmurdie falls ) and the mount dale conservation park. this ecoregion has a lower percentage of land in protected areas than the jarrah - karri forest and shrublands and southwest australia woodlands ecoregions. types and severity of threats continuing urban expansion and human use are severe threats. proteaceae are susceptible to dieback disease caused by phytophthora spp, and its spread through the wildflower heathlands is a serious concern. too frequent fires may significantly alter plant species distributions. fires poses a different threat on the coastal plain than they do in forests ; on the coastal plain they are commonly the agent for woodland invasion by weeds. justification of ecoregion delineation this ecoregion occupies the swan coastal plain, bounded by the ocean to the west and by the yilgarn block to the east. it has the same boundary as the ' swan coastal plain ' interim biogeographic region of australia ( ibra ). additional information on this ecoregion - for a shorter summary of this entry, see the wwf wildworld profile of this ecoregion. - to see the species that live in this ecoregion, including images and threat levels, see the wwf wildfinder description of this ecoregion. - world wildlife fund homepage - beadle, n. c. w. 1981. the vegetation of australia. cambridge university press, cambridge, united kingdom. isbn : 0521241952 - beard, j. s. 1995. south - west botanical province. pages 484 \u2013 489 in s. d. davis, v. h. heywood and a. c. hamilton. editors. centres of plant diversity. volume 2. asia, australasia, and the pacific. wwf / iucn, iucn publications unit, cambridge, uk. isbn : 2831701988 - cogger, h., e. cameron, r.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3972921148623163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b57bc446-febe-400c-96c2-9695c0eff6c2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.421204"}
{"text": "of plant diversity. volume 2. asia, australasia, and the pacific. wwf / iucn, iucn publications unit, cambridge, uk. isbn : 2831701988 - cogger, h., e. cameron, r. sadlier, and p. eggler. 1993. the action plan for australian reptiles. australian nature conservation agency. sydney, australia. - environment australia. 2001. land management : firewood, woodlands. department of the environment and water resources. viewed on october 10, 2001. - hilton - taylor, c. 2000. the iucn 2000 red list of threatened species. iucn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, united kingdom. isbn : 2831705657 - hopper, s. d., m. s. harvey, j. a. chappill, a. r. main, and b. y. main. 1996. the western australian biota as gondwanan heritage \u2013 a review. pages 1 - 46 in s. d. hopper, j. a. chappill, m. s. harvey, and a. s. george, editors. gondwanan heritage : past, present, and future of the western australian biota. surrey beatty & sons, chipping norton, australia. isbn : 0949324663 - johnson, b. and c. thomson. 1996. mammals of the south - west. department of conservation and land management, como, western australia, australia. - thackway, r. and i. d. cresswell. editors. 1995. an interim biogeographic regionalisation for australia : a framework for setting priorities in the national reserves system cooperative program. australian nature conservation agency, canberra. - wardell - johnson, g. and p. horwitz. 1996. conserving biodiversity and the recognition of heterogeneity in ancient landscapes : a case study from south - western australia. forest ecology and management 85 : 219 \u2013 238. - wisheu, i. c., m. l. rosenzweig, l. olsvig - whittaker, and a. shmida. 2000. what makes nutrient - poor mediterranean heathlands so rich in plant diversity? evolutionary ecology research 2 : 935 \u2013 955. - white, m. e. 1994. after the greening : the browning of australia. kangaroo press, kenthurst, new south wales, australia. isbn : 086417585x - yates, c. j.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46021610535629154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b57bc446-febe-400c-96c2-9695c0eff6c2>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.422087"}
{"text": "an earthquake is a sudden vibration or trembling in the earth. more than 150, 000 tremors strong enough to be felt by humans occur each year worldwide ( see chance of an earthquake ). earthquake motion is caused by the quick release of stored potential energy into the kinetic energy of motion. most earthquakes are produced along faults, tectonic plate boundary zones, or along the mid - oceanic ridges ( figures 1 and 2 ). figure 1 : distribution of earthquake epicenters from 1975 to 1995. depth of the earthquake focus is indicated by color. deep earthquakes occur in areas where oceanic crust is being actively subducted. about 90 % of all earthquakes occur at a depth between 0 and 100 kilometers. ( source : u. s. geologic survey, national earthquake information center ) figure 2 : distribution of earthquakes with a magnitude less than 5. 0 relative to the various tectonic plates found on the earth ' s surface. each tectonic plate has been given a unique color. this illustration indicates that the majority of small earthquakes occur along plate boundaries. ( source : physicalgeography. net ) at these areas, large masses of rock that are moving past each other can become locked due to friction. friction is overcome when the accumulating stress has enough force to cause a sudden slippage of the rock masses. the magnitude of the shock wave released into the surrounding rocks is controlled by the quantity of stress built up because of friction, the distance the rock moved when the slippage occurred, and ability of the rock to transmit the energy contained in the seismic waves. the san francisco earthquake of 1906 involved a six meter horizontal displacement of bedrock. sometime after the main shock wave, aftershocks can occur because of the continued release of frictional stress. most aftershocks are smaller than the main earthquake, but they can still cause considerable damage to already weakened natural and human - constructed features. earthquakes that occur under or near bodies of water can give rise to tsunamis, which in cases like the december 26, 2004 sumatra - andaman island earthquake reult in far greater distruction and loss of life that the initial earthquake. earthquakes are a form of wave energy that is transferred through bedrock. motion is transmitted from the point of sudden energy release, the earthquake focus ( hypocenter ), as spherical seismic waves that travel in all directions outward ( figure 3 ). the point on the earth ' s surface directly above the focus is termed the epicenter. two different types of seismic waves have been described by geologists : body waves and surface waves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6076978006339101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99446ec0-7d83-4817-851c-637593492317>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.443752"}
{"text": "spherical seismic waves that travel in all directions outward ( figure 3 ). the point on the earth ' s surface directly above the focus is termed the epicenter. two different types of seismic waves have been described by geologists : body waves and surface waves. body waves are seismic waves that travel through the lithosphere. two kinds of body waves exist : p - waves and s - waves. both of these waves produce a sharp jolt or shaking. p - waves or primary waves are formed by the alternate expansion and contraction of bedrock and cause the volume of the material they travel through to change. they travel at a speed of about 5 to 7 kilometers per second through the lithosphere and about 8 kilometers per second in the asthenosphere. the speed of sound is about 0. 30 kilometers per second. p - waves also have the ability to travel through solid, liquid, and gaseous materials. when some p - waves move from the ground to the lower atmosphere, the sound wave that is produced can sometimes be heard by humans and animals. figure 3 : movement of body waves away from the focus of the earthquake. the epicenter is the location on the surface directly above the earthquake ' s focus. ( source : physicalgeography. net ) s - waves or secondary waves are a second type of body wave. these waves are slower than p - waves and can only move through solid materials. s - waves are produced by shear stresses and move the materials they pass through in a perpendicular ( up and down or side to side ) direction. surface waves travel at or near the earth ' s surface. these waves produce a rolling or swaying motion causing the earth ' s surface to behave like waves on the ocean. the velocity of these waves is slower than body waves. despite their slow speed, these waves are particularly destructive to human construction because they cause considerable ground movement. earthquake magnitude and energy | table 1 : relationship between richter scale magnitude and energy released. | | 2. 0 | | 1. 3 x 108 | | smallest earthquake detectable by people. | | 5. 0 | | 2. 8 x 1012 | | energy released by the hiroshima atomic bomb. | | 6. 0 - 6. 9 | | 7. 6 x 1013 to 1. 5 x 1015 | | about 120 shallow earthquakes of this magnitude occur each year on the earth. | 6. 7 | | 7. 7 x 1014 | | northridge, california earthquake january 17, 1994. | | 7. 0 | | 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5259443460099917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99446ec0-7d83-4817-851c-637593492317>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.444839"}
{"text": "1015 | | about 120 shallow earthquakes of this magnitude occur each year on the earth. | 6. 7 | | 7. 7 x 1014 | | northridge, california earthquake january 17, 1994. | | 7. 0 | | 2. 1 x 1015 | | major earthquake threshold. haiti earthquake of january 12, 2010 resulted in an estmated 222, 570 deaths | | 7. 4 | | 7. 9 x 1015 | | turkey earthquake august 17, 1999. more than 12, 000 people killed. | | 7. 6 | | 1. 5 x 1016 | | deadliest earthquake in the last 100 years. tangshan, china, july 28, 1976. approximately 255, 000 people perished. | | 8. 3 | | 1. 6 x 1017 | | san francisco earthquake of april 18, 1906. | | 9. 0 | | japan earthquake march 11, 2011 | | 9. 1 | | 4. 3 x 1018 | | december 26, 2004 sumatra earthquake which triggered a tsunami and resulted in 227, 898 deaths spread across fourteen countries | | 9. 5 | | 8. 3 x 1018 | | most powerful earthquake recorded in the last 100 years. southern chile on may 22, 1960. claimed 3, 000 lives. | the strength of an earthquake can be measured by a device called a seismograph. when an earthquake occurs this device converts the wave energy into a standard unit of measurement like the richter scale. in the richter scale, units of measurement are referred to as magnitudes. the richter scale is logarithmic. thus, each unit increase in magnitude represents 10 times more energy released. table 1 describes the relationship between richter scale magnitude and energy released. the following equation can be used to approximate the amount of energy released from an earthquake in joules when richter magnitude ( m ) is known : energy in joules = 1. 74 x 10 ( 5 + 1. 44 * m ) figures 4 and 5 describe the spatial distribution of small and large earthquakes respectively. these maps indicate that large earthquakes have distributions that are quite different from small events. many large earthquakes occur some distance away from a plate boundary. some geologists believe that these powerful earthquakes may be occurring along ancient faults that are buried deep in the continental crust. recent seismic studies in the central united states have discovered one such fault located thousands of meters below the lower mississippi valley. some large earthquakes occur at particular locations along the plate boundaries. scientists believe that these areas represent zones along adjacent plates that have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48143453567334715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99446ec0-7d83-4817-851c-637593492317>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.445887"}
{"text": "continental crust. recent seismic studies in the central united states have discovered one such fault located thousands of meters below the lower mississippi valley. some large earthquakes occur at particular locations along the plate boundaries. scientists believe that these areas represent zones along adjacent plates that have greater frictional resistance and stress. figure 4 : distribution of earthquakes with a magnitude less than 5 on the richter scale. ( image source : physicalgeography. net ) figure 5 : distribution of earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 7 on the richter scale. ( image source : physicalgeography. net ) the richter scale magnitude, while the most known, is one of several measures of the magnitude of an earthquake. the most commonly used are : - local magnitude ( ml ), commonly referred to as \" richter magnitude ; \" - surface - wave magnitude ( ms ) ; - body - wave magnitude ( mb ) ; and - moment magnitude ( mw ). scales 1 to 3 have limited range and applicability and do not satisfactorily measure the size of the largest earthquakes. the moment magnitude ( mw ) scale, based on the concept of seismic moment, is uniformly applicable to all sizes of earthquakes but is more difficult to compute than the other types. all magnitude scales should yield approximately the same value for any given earthquake. the severity of an earthquake can be expressed in terms of both intensity and magnitude. however, the two terms are quite different, and they are often confused. intensity is based on the observed effects of ground shaking on people, buildings, and natural features. it varies from place to place within the disturbed region depending on the location of the observer with respect to the earthquake epicenter while magnitude is related to the amount of seismic energy released at the hypocenter of the earthquake. although numerous intensity scales have been developed over the last several hundred years to evaluate the effects of earthquakes, the one currently used in the united states is the modified mercalli ( mm ) intensity scale. the lower numbers of the intensity scale generally deal with the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. the higher numbers of the scale are based on observed structural damage. structural engineers usually contribute information for assigning intensity values of vlll or above. the following is an abbreviated description of the 12 levels of modified mercalli intensity. i. not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions. ii. felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. delicately suspended objects may swing. iii. felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.536699407588429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99446ec0-7d83-4817-851c-637593492317>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.447033"}
{"text": "not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions. ii. felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. delicately suspended objects may swing. iii. felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. standing motor cars may rock slightly. vibration similar to the passing of a truck. duration estimated. iv. felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. at night, some awakened. dishes, windows, doors disturbed ; walls make cracking sound. sensation like heavy truck striking building. standing motor cars rocked noticeably. v. felt by nearly everyone ; many awakened. some dishes, windows broken. unstable objects overturned. pendulum clocks may stop. vl. felt by all, many frightened. some heavy furniture moved ; a few instances of fallen plaster. damage slight. vll. damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction ; slight to moderate in well - built ordinary structures ; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures ; some chimneys broken. vlll. damage slight in specially designed structures ; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. damage great in poorly built structures. fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. heavy furniture overturned. ix. damage considerable in specially designed structures ; well - designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. buildings shifted off foundations. x. some well - built wooden structures destroyed ; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. rails bent. xl. few, if any ( masonry ) structures remain standing. bridges destroyed. rails bent greatly. xll. damage total. lines of sight and level are distorted. objects thrown into the air. earthquake damage and destruction earthquakes are a considerable hazard to humans. earthquakes can cause destruction by structurally damaging buildings and dwellings, fires, tsunamis, and mass wasting ( see figures 6 to 10 ). earthquakes can also take human lives. the amount of damage and loss of life depends on a number of factors. some of the more important factors are : - time of day. higher losses of life tend to occur on weekdays between the hours of 9 : 00 am to 4 : 00 pm. during this time interval many people are in large buildings because of work or school. large structures are often less safe than smaller homes in an earthquake. - magnitude of the earthquake and duration of the event. - distance form the earthquake ' s focus. the strength of the shock waves diminish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5478202108606193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99446ec0-7d83-4817-851c-637593492317>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.450557"}
{"text": "large buildings because of work or school. large structures are often less safe than smaller homes in an earthquake. - magnitude of the earthquake and duration of the event. - distance form the earthquake ' s focus. the strength of the shock waves diminish with distance from the focus. - geology of the area affected and soil type. some rock types transmit seismic wave energy more readily. buildings on solid bedrock tend to receive less damage. unconsolidated rock and sediments have a tendency to increase the amplitude and duration of the seismic waves increasing the potential for damage. some soil types when saturated become liquefied ( figure 6 ). - type of building construction. some building materials and designs are more susceptible to earthquake damage ( figure 7 ). - population density. more people often means greater chance of injury and death. the greatest loss of life because of an earthquake this century occurred in tangshan, china in 1976 when an estimated 250, 000 people died. in 1556, a large earthquake in the shanxi province of china was estimated to have caused the death of about 1, 000, 000 people. a common problem associated with earthquakes in urban areas is fire ( figure 8 ). shaking and ground displacement often causes the severing of electrical and gas lines leading to the development of many localized fires. response to this problem is usually not effective because shock waves also rupture pipes carrying water. in the san francisco earthquake of 1906, almost 90 % of the damage to buildings was caused by fire. in mountainous regions, earthquake - provoked landslides can cause many deaths and severe damage to built structures ( figure 9 ). the town of yungay, peru was buried by a debris flow that was triggered by an earthquake that occurred on may 31, 1970. this disaster engulfed the town in seconds with mud, rock, ice, and water and took the lives of about 20, 000 people. another consequence of earthquakes is the generation of tsunamis ( figure 10 ). tsunamis, or tidal waves, form when an earthquake triggers a sudden movement of the seafloor. this movement creates a wave in the water body which radiates outward in concentric shells. on the open ocean, these waves are usually no higher than one to three meters in height and travel at speed of about 750 kilometers per hour. tsunamis become dangerous when they approach land. frictional interaction of the waves with the ocean floor, as they near shore, causes the waves to slow down and collide into each other. this amalgamation of waves then produces a super wave", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48788770346091925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99446ec0-7d83-4817-851c-637593492317>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.452132"}
{"text": "per hour. tsunamis become dangerous when they approach land. frictional interaction of the waves with the ocean floor, as they near shore, causes the waves to slow down and collide into each other. this amalgamation of waves then produces a super wave that can be as tall as 65 meters in height. the us geological survey estimate that at least 1, 783 deaths worldwide resulted from earthquake activity in 2009. in 2010, the number rose to 226, 729 as the result of 222, 570 people killed by the jauary 12, 2010 earthquake in haiti. the deadliest earthquake of 2009 was a magnitude 7. 5 event that killed approximately 1, 117 people in southern sumatra, indonesia on sept. 30, according to the u. s. geological survey ( usgs ) and confirmed by the united nations office for coordination of humanitarian affairs ( ocha ). however, the number of earthquake - related fatalities in 2009 was far less than the 2008 count of over 88, 000. the high number of fatalities in 2008 was primarily due to the devastating magnitude 7. 9 earthquake that occurred in sichuan, china on may 12. although unrelated, the sept. 30 indonesian earthquake occurred a day after the year \u2019 s strongest earthquake, a magnitude 8. 1 on sept. 29 in the samoa islands region. tsunamis generated by that earthquake killed 192 people in american samoa, samoa and tonga. a magnitude 6. 3 earthquake hit the medieval city of l \u2019 aquila in central italy on april 6, killing 295 people. overall, earthquakes took the lives of people in 15 countries on four continents during 2009, including afghanistan, bhutan, china, costa rica, greece, indonesia, italy, kazakhstan, honduras, japan, malawi, samoa, south africa and tonga, as well as the u. s. territory of american samoa. earthquakes injured people in 11 additional countries, including the mainland united states, where a magnitude 4. 4 earthquake on may 2 injured one person in the los angeles area. the biggest 2009 earthquake in the 50 united states was in the aleutian islands of alaska. the magnitude 6. 5 earthquake occurred in the fox islands on oct. 13. it was felt at the towns of akutan and unalaska, but caused no casualties or damage. the greatest earthquake for the year in the contiguous united states was a magnitude 5. 2 event on october 2 in the owens valley southeast of lone pine, california. because of the sparse population in the epicentral area, this quake caused no damage although it was felt as far away as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45090670061823784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99446ec0-7d83-4817-851c-637593492317>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.453105"}
{"text": "the contiguous united states was a magnitude 5. 2 event on october 2 in the owens valley southeast of lone pine, california. because of the sparse population in the epicentral area, this quake caused no damage although it was felt as far away as merced and los angeles, california and las vegas, nevada. a magnitude 9. 1 sumatra - andaman island earthquake and subsequent tsunami on december 26, 2004 killed 227, 898 people, which is the fourth largest casualty toll for earthquakes and the largest toll for a tsunami in recorded history. as a consequence of that earthquake, the usgs has significantly improved its earthquake notification and response capabilities. improvements include the addition of nine real - time seismic stations across the caribbean basin, a seismic and tsunami prone region near the u. s. southern border, implementation of a 24x7 earthquake operations center at the usgs national earthquake information center ( neic ), and development of innovative tools for rapid evaluation of population exposure and damage to potentially damaging earthquakes. the usgs estimates that several million earthquakes occur throughout the world each year, although most go undetected because they hit remote areas or have very small magnitudes. the usgs neic publishes the locations for about 40 earthquakes per day, or about 14, 500 annually, using a publication threshold of magnitude 4. 5 or greater worldwide or 2. 5 or greater within the united states. on average, only 18 of these earthquakes occur at a magnitude of 7. 0 or higher each year. in the 2009 year, 17 earthquakes reached a magnitude of 7. 0 or higher, with a single one topping a magnitude of 8. 0. these statistics for large magnitude earthquakes are higher than those of 2008, which experienced only 12 earthquakes over magnitude 7. 0 and none over 8. 0. factors such as the size of an earthquake, the location and depth of the earthquake relative to population centers, and fragility of buildings, utilities and roads all influence how earthquakes will affect nearby communities. table 2. notable earthquakes and their estimated magnitude | january 23, 1556 | | | august 17, 1668 | | | november 1, 1755 | | | december 16, 1857 | | | october 27, 1891 | | | june 15, 1896 | | | april 18, 1906 | | 3, 000 | | 7. 8 | | august 17, 1906 | | | december 28, 1908 | | | december 16, 1920 | | | september 1, 1923 | | | may 22, 1927 | | | january 13, 1934 | | | december 26", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4521002554322304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99446ec0-7d83-4817-851c-637593492317>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.454090"}
{"text": "| 7. 8 | | august 17, 1906 | | | december 28, 1908 | | | december 16, 1920 | | | september 1, 1923 | | | may 22, 1927 | | | january 13, 1934 | | | december 26, 1939 | | | february 29, 1960 | | | may 22, 1960 | | | march 28, 1964 | | prince william sound, ak | may 31, 1970 | | | july 27, 1976 | | | september 19, 1985 | | | december 7, 1988 | | | august 17, 1999 | | | january 26, 2001 | | | december 26, 2003 | | | december 26, 2004 | | off west coast northern sumatra | october 8, 2005 | | | may 26, 2006 | | | may 12, 2008 | | eastern sichuan, china | january 12, 2010 | | near port - au - prince, haiti | march 11, 2011 | | pacific ocean, east of oshika peninsula, japan * fatalities in the 1976 tangshan, china earthquake were estimated as high as 655, 000. source : preferred magnitudes of selected significant earthquakes, usgs, 2010 ( with additions on two most recent major earthquakes in haiti and japan. the following links provide some more information about earthquakes. - american geophysical union ( agu ) - animation of p, s & surface waves - animations of seismology fundamentals - association of american state geologists ( aasg ) - association of bay area governments ( abag ) - california geological survey ( cgs ) - california office of emergency services ( oes ) - california seismic safety commission - center for earthquake research & information ( ceri ) - central united states earthquake consortium ( cusec ) - consortium of universities for research in earthquake engineering ( curee ) - cosmos virtual data center - crew - cascadia region earthquake workgroup - earthquake engineering research institute ( eeri ) - earthquake information for 2009, usgs - earthquake information for 2010, usgs - earthquake monitoring - earthquakes - online university - earthquakes by bruce a. bolt online companion - earthquakes cause over 1700 deaths in 2009, usgs - earth science education activities - european - mediterranean seismological centre - fema - federal emergency management agency - finite - source rupture model database - global earthquake explorer - gsa - geological society of america - incorporated research institutes for seismology ( iris ) - international association of seismology and physics of the earth ' s interior ( iaspei ) - international seismological centre ( is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43102127941654533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99446ec0-7d83-4817-851c-637593492317>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.455003"}
{"text": "global earthquake explorer - gsa - geological society of america - incorporated research institutes for seismology ( iris ) - international association of seismology and physics of the earth ' s interior ( iaspei ) - international seismological centre ( isc ) - john lahr ' s earthquake website - mcconnell, d., d. steer, c. knight, k. owens, and l. park. 2010. the good earth. 2nd edition. mcgraw - hill, dubuque, iowa. - mid - america earthquake center - multi - disciplinary center for earthquake engineering research ( mceer ) - national geophysical data center ( ngdc ) - noaa - national information centre of earthquake engineering ( nicee ) - national science foundation ( nsf ) - natural hazards center - northern california earthquake data center - observatories and research facilities for european seismology ( orfeus ) - plummer, c., d. carlson, and l. hammersle. 2010. physical geology. 13th edition. mcgraw - hill, dubuque, iowa. - project ida - quake - catcher network - saint louis university earthquake center - seattle fault earthquake scenario - seismographs : keeping track of earthquakes - seismological society of america ( ssa ) - seismo - surfing the internet for earthquake data - smithsonian global volcanism program - sopac ( scripps orbit and permanent array center ) - southern california earthquake center ( scec ) - tarbuck, e. j., f. k. lutgens, and d. tasa. 2009. earth science. 12th edition. prentice hall, upper saddle river, new jersey. - tectonics observatory - tracing earthquakes : seismology in the classroom - upseis seismology questions answered - usgs earthquake hazards program, u. s. geological survey - western states seismic policy council ( wsspc ) - world data center system - world organization of volcano observatories - world seismic safety initiative ( wssi )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4668137491460615, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99446ec0-7d83-4817-851c-637593492317>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.455775"}
{"text": "westchester, ill. \u2013 a childhood sleep - related breathing disorder ( srbd ) is known to have negative consequences on cognitive development, behavior, quality of life and utilization of health care resources. however, a research abstract that will be presented monday at sleep 2007, the 21st annual meeting of the associated professional sleep societies ( apss ), finds that breastfeeding may provide long - term protection against the incidence or severity of a childhood srbd. the study, conducted by hawley e. montgomery - downs, phd, of west virginia university, focused on the parents of those children who underwent overnight polysomnography, who filled out a brief survey about whether the child had been breast, formula or both breast and formula fed as an infant. there were 197 surveys completed. the average age of the children at the time of polysomnography was 6. 7 years. fifty - two percent of them were formula fed, 10 percent breast fed and 38 percent both breast and formula fed as infants. it was discovered that children who were breast fed for at least two months as infants had lower rates and less severe measures of an srbd, and that breast feeding beyond two months provided additional benefits for reduced disorder severity. \" prevention of a childhood sleep - related breathing disorder is critically important because the approximately three percent of children who are unable to breathe well while sleeping suffer from frequent sleep interruption and intermittent hypoxia that negatively impacts their cardiovascular function, cognitive development, behavior, quality of life, and utilization of healthcare resources, \" said dr montgomery - downs. \" the benefits of breast feeding in our study may be due to the protection against early viral infection that breast feeding provides, or they may be due to the healthful jaw formation that is a result of breast feeding. investigation of these mechanisms will be the topics of future work. the current findings support another benefit of infant breast feeding. \" an srbd may be a problem in more than 10 percent of children. it occurs when the airway is partially blocked during sleep. the most common example is snoring. the most severe form of an srbd is obstructive sleep apnea. it occurs in about one percent to two percent of children. parents who suspect that their child might be suffering from an srbd, or another sleep disorder, are encouraged to consult with their child ' s pediatrician, who will refer them to a sleep specialist. the annual sleep meeting brings together an international body of 5, 000 leading researchers and clinicians in the field of sleep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48925632616950554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1be6475-9a98-4362-a1d0-aba86c712f35>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.459700"}
{"text": "jamaican sprinter usain bolt ' s record - setting performances have unleashed a wave of interest in the ultimate limits to human running speed. a new study published in the journal of applied physiology offers intriguing insights into the biology and perhaps even the future of human running speed. the newly published evidence identifies the critical variable imposing the biological limit to running speed, and offers an enticing view of how the biological limits might be pushed back beyond the nearly 28 miles per hour speeds achieved by bolt to speeds of perhaps 35 or even 40 miles per hour. the new paper, \" the biological limits to running speed are imposed from the ground up, \" was authored by peter weyand of southern methodist university ; rosalind sandell and danille prime, both formerly of rice university ; and matthew bundle of the university of wyoming. \" the prevailing view that speed is limited by the force with which the limbs can strike the running surface is an eminently reasonable one, \" said weyand, associate professor of applied physiology and biomechanics at smu in dallas. \" if one considers that elite sprinters can apply peak forces of 800 to 1, 000 pounds with a single limb during each sprinting step, it ' s easy to believe that runners are probably operating at or near the force limits of their muscles and limbs, \" he said. \" however, our new data clearly show that this is not the case. despite how large the running forces can be, we found that the limbs are capable of applying much greater ground forces than those present during top - speed forward running. \" in contrast to a force limit, what the researchers found was that the critical biological limit is imposed by time - \u2013 specifically, the very brief periods of time available to apply force to the ground while sprinting. in elite sprinters, foot - ground contact times are less than one - tenth of one second, and peak ground forces occur within less than one - twentieth of one second of the first instant of foot - ground contact. the researchers took advantage of several experimental tools to arrive at the new conclusions. they used a high - speed treadmill capable of attaining speeds greater than 40 miles per hour and of acquiring precise measurements of the forces applied to the surface with each footfall. they also had subjects ' perform at high speeds in different gaits. in addition to completing traditional top - speed forward running tests, subjects hopped on one leg and ran backward to their fastest possible speeds on the treadmill. the unconventional tests were strategically selected to test the prevailing beliefs about mechanical factors that limit human", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5168635997593963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f82eb1f3-8151-440f-805f-fe0f77c884ce>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.466958"}
{"text": "gaits. in addition to completing traditional top - speed forward running tests, subjects hopped on one leg and ran backward to their fastest possible speeds on the treadmill. the unconventional tests were strategically selected to test the prevailing beliefs about mechanical factors that limit human running speeds \u2013 - specifically, the idea that the speed limit is imposed by how forcefully a runner ' s limbs can strike the ground. however, the researchers found that the ground forces applied while hopping on one leg at top speed exceeded those applied during top - speed forward running by 30 percent or more, and that the forces generated by the active muscles within the limb were roughly 1. 5 to 2 times greater in the one - legged hopping gait. the time limit conclusion was supported by the agreement of the minimum foot - ground contact times observed during top - speed backward and forward running. although top backward vs. forward speeds were substantially slower, as expected, the minimum periods of foot - ground contact at top backward and forward speeds were essentially identical. according to matthew bundle, an assistant professor of biomechanics at the university of wyoming, \" the very close agreement in the briefest periods of foot - ground contact at top speed in these two very different gaits points to a biological limit on how quickly the active muscle fibers can generate the forces necessary to get the runner back up off the ground during each step. \" the researchers said the new work shows that running speed limits are set by the contractile speed limits of the muscle fibers themselves, with fiber contractile speeds setting the limit on how quickly the runner ' s limb can apply force to the running surface. \" our simple projections indicate that muscle contractile speeds that would allow for maximal or near - maximal forces would permit running speeds of 35 to 40 miles per hour and conceivably faster, \" bundle said. peter weyand is an associate professor of applied physiology and biomechanics in smu ' s annette caldwell simmons school of education & human development. matthew bundle is an assistant professor of biomechanics in the college of health sciences at the university of wyoming. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4961228905139693, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f82eb1f3-8151-440f-805f-fe0f77c884ce>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.468348"}
{"text": "investigate your indoor air quality you worry about smog and outdoor air pollutants, but do you give indoor air quality a second thought? in the air we breathe outdoors, we know that smog and other pollutants are a big cause for concern. but don ' t assume that the air quality inside your home is perfectly safe. a number of chemicals found in the home can pollute the air, making indoor air quality testing essential for a healthy home. the clues : signs of indoor air quality problems how do you know if you should be concerned about your indoor air quality? look for these common warning signs that may indicate you have indoor air pollutants : - you feel sick at home and better when you \u2019 re away. - you \u2019 ve noticed problems, even just extra dirt, around heating or cooling units. - air doesn \u2019 t seem to be circulating properly in the house. - you spot mold in your home. - your indoor air is humid, resulting in condensation. - there \u2019 s been damage to a chimney or flue. - your home \u2019 s construction is too tight. - you \u2019 ve noticed changes in your health after renovating or remodeling. - the air in your home always smells old or stuffy. - there \u2019 s an odor in the air that you can ' t get rid of. if you suspect you have an issue with indoor air quality, you can perform tests to see if specific air pollutants are infiltrating your home and possibly affecting your health. improve the air quality in your home year - round with these seasonal tasks. the culprits : potential air pollutants before you test your indoor air quality, you need to know what you ' re looking for. here are some of the most common indoor air pollutants that could be contaminating your home : - lead and lead dust - household chemicals - dust and molds - pet hair and dander - rodents and cockroaches the sources : where indoor air pollutants originate there are many ways that air pollutants can contaminate the air inside your home. most often, chemicals or materials inside the home emit gases or particulates. poor ventilation and circulation don ' t allow contaminants to flow out of the home ; very humid homes and climates are also a breeding ground for contaminants. here are some sources of indoor air pollutants that can impair your indoor air quality, particularly when ventilation isn \u2019 t good : - household", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48227113621060114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f9851d1-7d27-41d0-a08c-2b13c4516c7f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.476207"}
{"text": "out of the home ; very humid homes and climates are also a breeding ground for contaminants. here are some sources of indoor air pollutants that can impair your indoor air quality, particularly when ventilation isn \u2019 t good : - household chemicals, solvents, and cleaning products - malfunctioning space heaters - poorly vented furnaces or stoves - outdoor air pollution that gets in - pesticide use - wood, kerosene, oil, gas, and coal burned for heat - insulation made with asbestos - carpets, furniture, and rugs that have been treated with chemicals or have become wet - tobacco products and smoke having a hard time kicking the smoking habit? get help here. the results : indoor air quality and your health indoor air pollutants can affect your entire family ' s health, by contributing to the development of asthma and other respiratory illnesses. in addition, chronic respiratory diseases, cancer, and heart disease can result from long - term exposure to indoor air pollutants. to improve your indoor air quality, consider installing an air cleaning system to remove air pollutants from your home. there are a number of different air cleaning systems and devices that will remove solid and gaseous contaminants from the air. it ' s also important to make sure that your home is well - ventilated. a poorly ventilated home can trap air pollutants inside. good ventilation also reduces humidity levels and can help prevent the growth of mold and mildew in your home. if you think your home is making you sick, you just might be right. take steps quickly to solve the problem by identifying and then getting rid of indoor air pollutants. taking action will help you breathe easier.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4754437930168841, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f9851d1-7d27-41d0-a08c-2b13c4516c7f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.478217"}
{"text": "samuel d. evans west central experiment station university of minnesota now emeritus professor at morris, minnesota john f. moncrief department of soil, water, and climate university of minnesota gyles w. randall southern experiment station university of minnesota william e. lueschen department of agronomy and plant genetics university of minnesota formerly head of the southwest experiment station at lamberton copyright \u00a9 2002 regents of the university of minnesota. all rights reserved. management of crop residues with reduced tillage is the most cost - effective method of controlling sediment losses and reducing farming impacts on water quality. crop residues can also help reduce wind erosion and can enhance snow entrapment. one of the primary water quality concerns for the minnesota river and its tributaries is sediment, which contributes increased phosphorus ( p ) to the system. this increased p stimulates algae growth, which is followed by an increased biological oxygen demand when the algae die and decompose. this can deplete dissolved oxygen levels, resulting in game fish stress or kill. in addition to affecting sediment loss, tillage influences many interacting physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils that can have major impacts on crop production. these properties include temperature, moisture, aeration, bulk density, structure, nutrient distribution, organic matter levels, and microbial populations. various crops respond to these changes differently. the range of these changes can be amplified by extremes in tillage reduction associated with some residue management alternatives. small grain is insensitive to temperature changes but may respond to changes in the seed furrow environment and to differing weed species present. small grain is a prominent part of the agriculture in the upper minnesota river basin. following is a discussion of residue management tillage system effects on small grain production. on soils classified highly erodible land ( hel ) the general requirement is 30 percent residue cover after planting. on non - hel soils the steepness and length of the slopes will indicate the potential for significant erosion. a second soil factor that must be considered is internal drainage. poorly drained soils warm up more slowly than well - drained soils, so may require more tillage. tile drainage may improve this situation, but in some cases this may not be enough to insure consistent success with little or no tillage. a third factor is soil fertility level. having a high level of fertility is necessary if reduced tillage systems are to perform well. low fertility conditions offer too many obstacles and generally limit yields in reduced tillage systems. it is important to effectively control sediment at high soil test p levels. research has shown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5013951748958843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec885fa-39bf-4fcd-a3a6-8efe53f12b88>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.494703"}
{"text": "high level of fertility is necessary if reduced tillage systems are to perform well. low fertility conditions offer too many obstacles and generally limit yields in reduced tillage systems. it is important to effectively control sediment at high soil test p levels. research has shown that this can be done effectively with crop residues in conjunction with other conservation techniques. the amount of residue present in a field depends on the crop rotation and the level of production. corn generates more residue than small grains or soybeans ; thus it is easier to maintain higher residue levels with a variety of tillage systems. the durability of the residue is also crop dependent. soybean residue is classified as \" fragile, \" or in other words is easily destroyed. corn and small grain residues, on the other hand, are classified as \" non - fragile. \" spring wheat and soybeans appear to be a viable crop rotation in a no - till system for minnesota conditions. other crops that fit well in a small grain rotation are sunflowers, sugar beets, and field beans. maintaining a sufficient residue cover may be a problem following these crops. soybean yields after small grain have generally not been affected by tillage. with more intensive tillage systems, crop sequence becomes less important. in summary, both the crops in the rotation and the sequence of the crops are important in tillage management. tillage for small grain production requires the management of residue to allow for effective stand establishment. planting when surface crop residues are relatively dry and are cut more easily with coulters is advisable. experience has shown that planting in the direction of stubble orientation reduces the effectiveness of coulters and disk openers. small grain residue pushed into the seed furrow by coulters \" cradles \" the seed and often results in stand loss and delayed emergence. this is primarily because of slower absorption of soil water due to poor seed - to - soil contact and allelopathic inhibition. small grains are not as temperature sensitive as corn, so residue effects are mainly due to in - furrow seed - soil contact or phytotoxicity. do not surface - apply urea sources of nitrogen ( n ) without incorporation unless air temperatures are cool or rain is imminent. urea left on the surface in proximity to residue has a high potential of volatilization losses. with residue management tillage systems, less n is released from soil organic matter due to less physical disturbance. in addition, soil organic matter may increase under some reduced tillage systems, and this will act as a sink for nitrogen.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4950491692915293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec885fa-39bf-4fcd-a3a6-8efe53f12b88>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.495814"}
{"text": "duty drill that can cut through the residue, place seed in contact with the soil without incorporating residue, and firm the soil over the seed. selecting a drill with fertilizer capability is also important. various factors including soil characteristics, crop rotation, residue management, disease problems, seeding equipment, and management ability must be considered when selecting a residue management system including small grains. in rotations with moderate amounts of residue, many systems will work on a variety of soils. with higher residue levels, the importance of proper residue management and heavy duty reduced tillage drills will ensure proper seed - to - soil contact without significant residue in contact with the seed. in the upper minnesota river basin, higher levels of residue may contribute to increased soil moisture and subsequent yield increases in dry years. crop rotation is a major factor in minimizing the disease problems in small grains. the results of studies in douglas, norman, and becker counties are shown in table 1. in these studies tillage plots were split, with winter and spring wheat planted into barley stubble. on average, spring wheat yields following barley were not affected by tillage. only in one site year ( 1986 in becker county ) did tillage significantly affect spring wheat yields. a bindweed problem at this site was the likely cause. at most sites an increase in foxtail ( pigeon weed ) was associated with chisel and no - till systems. results of some recent studies near the headwaters of the pomme de terre river in ottertail county are shown in table 2. tillage affected spring wheat yields at only one site year out of five ( in 1994 ). the yield reduction in 1994 was linked in part to stand reduction with the no - till system. the drill used had a single disk opener. at the other site years spring wheat yields following soybeans were not affected by tillage. the paraplow is a unique type of subsoiler which leaves surface residue minimally disturbed. even though soils were very dense in the fall of 1993, subsoiling that fall reduced spring wheat yields the next year. paraplowing reduced stand compared to a chisel plowing system. on average there was a 4 bu / acre yield reduction with the no - till system compared to the chisel plow - based system. in a continuous wheat study on a barnes loam near morris ( table 3 ) there were no significant effects of tillage on yield in the three years measured. sometimes protein content can be used as an indicator of reduced n availability. for this reason it is presented in table", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47050840256022364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec885fa-39bf-4fcd-a3a6-8efe53f12b88>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.499630"}
{"text": "study on a barnes loam near morris ( table 3 ) there were no significant effects of tillage on yield in the three years measured. sometimes protein content can be used as an indicator of reduced n availability. for this reason it is presented in table 2 and table 3. protein contents appeared to be more affected by environment than by tillage system. protein differences between tillage systems were very small. traditionally there has been very little winter wheat grown in minnesota. this is primarily due to the harshness of the winters. in some years lower prices ( vs. spring wheat ) and the lack of a suitable crop sequence may also be a factor. in most years, with a clean - tillage system there will be substantial winter kill. this limits varietal selection to only the most winter hardy. in some instances this is at the expense of intrinsic yield potential, protein content, and disease resistance. the studies in table 1 illustrate the potential for winter wheat production when stubble is managed for snow catch in an effort to insulate the soil. north dakota research has shown that if 4 inches of snow are caught by stubble, winter wheat is protected to - 30\u00b0 f. in the three - year study at three locations, winter wheat yields were slightly higher than spring wheat and there was little effect of tillage. disease management is more important with winter wheat, however. data from six trials in northwestern minnesota where barley was grown after soybeans with spring - applied urea showed no difference in yield or protein due to tillage ( table 4 ). success of reduced tillage approaches to small grain production have been higher when preceded by a low residue crop such as soybeans. spring wheat and barley following soybeans have generally not been affected with most alternative tillage approaches. a no - till system resulted in more variability in yields ( higher or lower than a moldboard plowing system ). no - tillage sometimes posed challenges in stand establishment, n management, and weed control. by catching snow with barley stubble, no - tillage systems allow winter wheat to be grown in minnesota with less \" overwintering \" risk. winter and spring wheat resulted in comparable yields, although performance was more variable for winter wheat. this provides an opportunity for growers to reduce their labor during peak labor demand periods ( spring and fall ). it also allows for more flexibility to accommodate variations in weather. tillage passes with different implements can be used very effectively to create various levels of residue remaining on the soil surface. four tillage systems shown below are categorized in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4964391487202943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec885fa-39bf-4fcd-a3a6-8efe53f12b88>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.501073"}
{"text": "spring and fall ). it also allows for more flexibility to accommodate variations in weather. tillage passes with different implements can be used very effectively to create various levels of residue remaining on the soil surface. four tillage systems shown below are categorized in the following tables 5 - 8 according to the residue management / yield performance indicators also shown below : moldboard plow : fall moldboard plowing followed by one or two secondary spring tillage operations before seeding. chisel plow : fall chisel plowing plus secondary spring tillage before seeding. special attention should be paid to use of proper shaped / width shovels and implement speed in order to maintain proper residue cover. spring disk / field cultivator : one or two passes in the spring prior to seeding. no - till : all seedbed preparation is performed by the drill. inadequate residue to minimize erosion ( less than 30 percent of soil surface covered after planting ). where erosion is not a concern, fall moldboard plowing may be the best practice. recommended with good management. no yield penalty is expected if the farmer observes all relevant recommended management practices for high - residue systems. excellent management required. slight yield penalty is possible, even if all recommended management practices are observed. above average crop management will be needed to ensure good performance. reduced yield potential. the potential exists for substantially reduced yields, especially on poorly drained soils in wet years. a number of tables have been developed which estimate residue management / yield performance of various crop rotations involving corn, soybeans, and / or small grains. continuous corn and corn - soybean sequences are discussed in other publications. in those publications the minnesota river basin was divided into high annual rainfall ( > 28 inches ) and low rainfall ( < 28 inches ) areas. this north - south line is approximately halfway between highways 71 and 15. since most small grain is grown in the low rainfall segment of the minnesota river basin, indices were developed only for that section of the basin. in each crop sequence, separate indices were developed for glacial till ( deposited in place by melting glacier, poorly sorted ) and lacustrine ( deposited in glacial lakes, well - sorted ) soils. moldboard plow : this systems generally results in high yields but leaves inadequate surface residue to minimize soil erosion. for this reason it should not be used except on level soils where erosion is not a concern, to alleviate surface soil compaction, to incorporate p and k fertilizer, or to incorporate manure. chisel plow : this tillage system generally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4651380527507361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec885fa-39bf-4fcd-a3a6-8efe53f12b88>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.502569"}
{"text": "this reason it should not be used except on level soils where erosion is not a concern, to alleviate surface soil compaction, to incorporate p and k fertilizer, or to incorporate manure. chisel plow : this tillage system generally results in high yields but care must be taken to insure adequate surface residue cover. in most cases straight chisel shanks should be used to achieve 30 percent residue cover. for small grain following soybeans this system will result in less than 30 percent cover, so it is not recommended. spring disk / field cultivator : on glacial till soils this tillage system will result in good yields and will leave adequate residue if the implement is properly set. on lacustrine soils this system will probably result in some yield loss due to delayed planing for small grain following soybean. it will also require a high level of management on other crop sequences with higher residue production. no - till : on glacial till soils this system will work well for small grain following soybeans or soybeans following small grains. for corn following small grain or small grain following small grain, some yield loss would probably result. on the lacustrine soils the no - till system will likely result in yield loss ( even with good management ) for small grain following soybean or soybean following small grain due to delayed planting. for the other crop sequences substantial yield loss would occur. to order other publications in this series, contact your minnesota county extension office, or outside of minnesota, contact the extension store at ( 612 ) 625 - 8173. titles in this series include : this set of publications was the result of a joint effort between minnesota extension service, minnesota agricultural experiment station, and minnesota pollution control agency. this information was first presented february of 1995 at the sediment control solutions conferences in mankato and montevideo, minnesota. in accordance with the americans with disabilities act, this material is available in alternative formats upon request. please contact your university of minnesota extension office or the extension store at ( 800 ) 876 - 8636.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4342207681661552, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec885fa-39bf-4fcd-a3a6-8efe53f12b88>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.505170"}
{"text": "introductionfox, carnivorous mammal of the dog family, found throughout most of the northern hemisphere. it has a pointed face, short legs, long, thick fur, and a tail about one half to two thirds as long as the head and body, depending on the species. solitary most of the year, foxes do not live in dens except in the breeding season ; they sleep concealed in grasses or thickets, their tails curled around them for warmth. during the breeding season a fox pair establishes a den, often in a ground burrow made by another animal, in which the young are raised ; the male hunts for the family. the young are on their own after about five months ; the adults probably find new mates each season. foxes feed on insects, earthworms, small birds and mammals, eggs, carrion, and vegetable matter, especially fruits. unlike other members of the dog family, which run down their prey, foxes usually hunt by stalking and pouncing. they are known for their raids on poultry but are nonetheless very beneficial to farmers as destroyers of rodents. foxes are occasionally preyed upon by larger carnivores, such as wolves and bobcats, as well as by humans and their dogs ; birds of prey may capture the young. despite extensive killing of foxes, most species continue to flourish. in europe this is due in part to the regulatory laws passed for the benefit of hunters. mounted foxhunting, with dogs, became popular in the 14th cent. and was later introduced into the americas ; special hunting dogs, called foxhounds, have been bred for this sport. great britain banned foxhunting in which the hounds kill the fox in 2005. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. see more encyclopedia articles on : vertebrate zoology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5166202181650156, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b06f1991-fec6-49bf-b55b-75db6d59f18d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.508509"}
{"text": "zugspitze ( tsok\u02c8shpit\u02c8s\u0259 ) [ key ], mountain, 9, 721 ft ( 2, 963 m ) high, in the bavarian alps and on the german \u2013 austrian border ; highest peak of germany. a cog - and - pinion railroad connects the popular resort of garmisch - partenkirchen, at its foot, with the summit. zugspitze is home to a meteorlogical observatory. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on zugspitze from fact monster : - germany - information on germany \u2014 geography, history, politics, government, economy, population statistics, culture, religion, languages, largest cities, as well as a map and the national flag. - garmisch - partenkirchen - garmisch - partenkirchen garmisch - partenkirchen, town ( 1994 pop. 27, 000 ), bavaria, s germany, in the... - bavaria : land - land a region of rich, softly rolling hills, it is drained by several rivers ( notably the main,... - germany : land and people - land and people germany as a whole can be divided into three major geographic regions : the... - encyclopedia : central european physical geography - encyclopeadia articles concerning central european physical geography.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49910689318080537, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b21cf075-f408-441d-a638-54f0a78667bd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.512764"}
{"text": "stream quality assessment program a stream is a combination of all of its physical, chemical and biological characteristics. human activities shape and alter many of these characteristics. the health of our rivers and streams is closely linked to their surrounding watersheds. ecologists measure the extent to which human activities affect watershed health by gathering and recording information on physical conditions, water quality and living communities in streams and in the surrounding environment. the long - term stream monitoring program meets the requirements of state and federal regulations and supports the board of supervisors ' environmental improvement program by providing an ongoing evaluation of the streams. the program maintains a substantial database, which over time will be used to determine the overall rate of change or trends in the conditions of our waterways. based on biological data collected at 39 randomly selected locations ( see map of monitoring site locations ) throughout fairfax county in 2012, approximately 75. 0 percent of fairfax county ' s streams are in fair to very poor condition. this indicates that many of our streams are significantly impaired and lack biological diversity. the stream quality index ( sqi ) is based on annual data collected on resident populations of benthic macroinvertebrates ( animals without a backbone that live on the bottom of a stream, river, lake and are visible to the naked eye ). as benthic macroinvertebrates are good indicators of water quality, the sqi is used to evaluate long - term trends in the overall health of streams. each of the 39 randomly selected locations is placed in one of five rating categories ( excellent, good, fair, poor or very poor ) based on the diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates found in that stream segment. an index value ranging from one to five, with a higher number indicating better stream quality, is calculated for the year based on the percent of sampling locations that fall into each rating category. results from 2004 through 2012 can be found in the table below. the 2012 sqi shows a decrease in overall stream quality from 2011. over the past nine years of sampling, a very small increase in the overall index has emerged. as more data are reported annually, trends can be identified with greater certainty. | sampling year | | percent very poor | | percent poor | | percent fair | | percent good | | percent excellent | | stream quality index | stream and watershed health are evaluated using a variety of indicators such as water quality parameters, bacteria levels, resident invertebrate and fish communities and habitat conditions. the results of the yearly monitoring events are compiled into annual reports and are used to support other environmental initiatives. additional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.518515181041878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e29e18ee-096b-42e7-993d-d30c11f70992>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.519392"}
{"text": "1836 territorial census, 1838, 1840, 1850, 1852, 1860. - church records, 1855 - 1917. text in german. this church was also known as the german methodist church. contains records for the churches of flint creek, temmytown / tamytown, bluffs, pleasant grove, union, bethel, sperry, kline. includes marriages ; baptisms ; membership lists ; burials, 1856, 1865 - 1916 ; meeting minutes ; finances ; conference reports. - record book, 1866 - 1903 contains baptisms, burials, marriages, membership lists, and sermons. dr. mcclintock was pastor to churches at mt. pleasant, 1866 - 1870 ; burlington, 1871 - 1896 ; and sioux city, 1896 - 1903. the des moines courthouse is located in the town of burlington. - history of des moines county, iowa index, 105 bios online. - portrait and biographical album of des moines county, iowa index, 519 bios online. - biographical review of des moines county, iowa index, 8 bios online. - history of des moines county, iowa index, 8 bios online. - david rumsey map collection is a large online collection of rare, old, antique historical atlases, globes, maps, charts plus other cartographic treasures. - 1904 des moines county iowa atlas - the hawkeye - the mediapolis news - newspaperarchive. com ( $ ) has historical newspapers online including burlington newspapers dating back to the mid 1800 ' s that covered local news on des moines county residents. this database is free at some libraries. for more information about the history of newspapers in des moines county see the burlington library genealogy site. birth records kept by the district court, 1880 - 1904 ; 1906 - 1934, have been microfilmed and are available at the state historical society in des moines, polk county, iowa and 1880 - 1931 at the family history library in salt lake city. some early marriages of des moines county 1837 to 1850 have been transcribed and published. des moines county marriage records, from 1880 - 1904 ; 1906 - 1935 have been microfilmed and can be found at the state historical society in des moines, polk county iowa. index to marriage records, 1921 - 1977 ; marriage records, 1835 - 1930 at the family history library in salt lake city. deaths records are held by the district court, 1835 - 1930, have been microfilmed and are available at the state historical society in des moines, polk county iowa and 1880 - 1921 at the family history library in salt lake city. societies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3958526480012582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a4c2e5a-76a4-412c-b95e-4f2e2ce364fb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.528987"}
{"text": "city. deaths records are held by the district court, 1835 - 1930, have been microfilmed and are available at the state historical society in des moines, polk county iowa and 1880 - 1921 at the family history library in salt lake city. societies and libraries - state historical society of iowa address : 600 east locust des moines ia 50319 - des moines county genealogical society p. o. box 493 burlington, ia 52601 internet : des moines county genealogical society - burlington public library 210 court street burlington, ia 52601 - 1647 internet : burlington iowa public library genealogy sources for more information about societies in iowa see the iowa societies page. family history centers - des moines county, iowa biographies project - family history library catalog - genealogy trails genealogy group - genealogy helps at the burlington library - des moines county, iowa genealogy and family history ( linkpendium ) - des moines county genealogy ( iowa genealogy ) - \u2191 the handybook for genealogists : united states of america, 10th ed. ( draper, ut : everton publishers, 2002 ). - \u2191 st. paul ' s methodist episcopal church ( burlington, iowa ) ( main, author ), german methodist church ( burlington, iowa ) church records, 1855 - 1917 us / can film 956373 - \u2191 mcclintock, john c. record book, 1866 - 1903. fhl us / can film 956371 item 4 - \u2191 chicago : western hist. co., 1879. - \u2191 chicago : acme publishing, 1888. - \u2191 hobart pub. co., 1905. - \u2191 ed. by augustine m. antrobus. 2 vols. chicago : s. j. clarke pub. co., 1915. new to the research wiki? in the familysearch research wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others. learn more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38357729855356815, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a4c2e5a-76a4-412c-b95e-4f2e2ce364fb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.529745"}
{"text": "the demise of the middle class : early 1970 ' s an historic turning point by tony allison, december 8, 2008 as the credit crisis deepens and morphs into uncharted waters, a little perspective is necessary on what it is costing, in both dollars and human terms. you may have seen the mind - numbing comparisons with other massive government expenditures of the past. these statistics were inflation - adjusted, courtesy of jim bianco of bianco research. the credit crisis, with $ 4. 6 trillion committed ( and perhaps just getting started ) already has cost roughly one trillion dollars more than world war ii ( $ 3. 6 trillion ). the marshall plan to rebuild europe after the war cost a mere $ 115 billion. the louisiana purchase was a ridiculous bargain at $ 217 billion ( $ 15 billion originally ). it appears that the piper has finally arrived to be paid for the unlimited debt creation since 1971 and the middle - class is already tapped out. keepers of the american dream the american middle - class, the hard - working keepers of the american dream, has been in distress for 35 years, slowly losing ground and purchasing power. the current credit crisis may prove to be the greatest challenge to the middle - class way of life. adding astronomical debt to existing debt will not solve our problems. the first chart below, median household income since 1945, is the one the public sees in the media. it shows household income marching ever upward, a symbol of unbridled american prosperity. the truth is that inflation has made prosperity, especially for middle - class americans, far more elusive. desperation and necessity the struggles of the american middle - class since 1970 become very clear when looking at the next two charts. their buying power has plunged when you factor in the massive loss of buying power of the us dollar. over this 35 + year period, both spouses were forced into the workplace to keep the family afloat. it also explains the massive growth in consumer debt and lack of personal savings. the middle - class was not necessarily acting irresponsibly. it was acting out of desperation and necessity. clearly many in the middle - class ( and elsewhere ) have added debt too recklessly. but prices have inexorably grown faster, year after year, than the growth of real middle - class income. in addition fixed costs for the american family ( mortgage costs, insurance, child care, health care, etc. ) are much higher as a percentage of income than they were 35 years ago. sources : census bureau. gov the financial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40038959812279673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96e081fe-c804-4a01-804b-b14f76407f46>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.544246"}
{"text": "- class income. in addition fixed costs for the american family ( mortgage costs, insurance, child care, health care, etc. ) are much higher as a percentage of income than they were 35 years ago. sources : census bureau. gov the financial help center. com median income devastated by inflation divided by the cpi ( which has been understated for decades ) the \u201c adjusted \u201d median household income has barely grown at all since 1973. when measured in terms of ounces of gold instead of dollars, median income has plunged. this chart shows median income peaked in 1970, when it would buy 240 ounces of gold. the devastating inflation of the 1970 \u2019 s sent real median income down to its low in 1980, where it could only buy 29 ounces of gold. one can see the current direction of \u201c real \u201d median income since 2001, and we haven \u2019 t even felt the eventual inflationary effects of the credit crisis. as we stand today, the median household income can buy approximately 65 ounces of gold, one of the lower levels since 1945. home equity on the decline one key source to fill the gap of falling wage growth was home equity. quite simply, americans have been slowly transferring ownership of their homes to the banking system over the last 50 + years. these figures would look much worse if the roughly 1 / 3 of homes owned \u201c free and clear \u201d ( mostly by seniors ) were removed from the data, but you can see the trend is toward less equity and more debt. this is not a sign of a prospering middle - class. historic turning point the availability of easy credit the last two decades was a key mechanism to keep the middle - class above water. now the easy and available credit is going away, and with it much of the quality of life of the middle - class. the early 1970 \u2019 s was clearly an historic turning point for millions of americans. with the 1971 severing of the gold - backed dollar by the nixon administration, the fate of the middle class was sealed. unlimited fiat money creation led to unlimited debt and a rapidly depreciating dollar. middle - class \u201c real \u201d wage growth would never again keep up with \u201c real \u201d inflation, especially in key areas such as health care and college tuition, which have greatly exceeded the stated rate of inflation. do you think the strapped middle - class family feels better when hearing that inflation is \u201c only \u201d 4 %, instead of 11. 6 %, as measured prior to 1983? not likely. understated inflation does not help remove the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3992848517950432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96e081fe-c804-4a01-804b-b14f76407f46>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.545791"}
{"text": "of inflation. do you think the strapped middle - class family feels better when hearing that inflation is \u201c only \u201d 4 %, instead of 11. 6 %, as measured prior to 1983? not likely. understated inflation does not help remove the sting of declining purchasing power. it just adds to the confusion and desperation. the pain is still real, even as trust in government continues to decline. with the current world - wide deleveraging, inflation rates are coming down, for the short to medium term. with trillions upon trillions of government debt soon to flood the financial system, inflation will not be gone for long. inflation or deflation - middle class loses be it a hyperinflationary or deflationary scenario in the coming years, the middle - class will suffer. either from a massive loss of buying power ( hyperinflation ) or explosive debt burdens ( deflation ). eventually, foreign creditors will likely bolt the dollar for something with more enduring value ; i. e. gold. it would be a good idea, whether you are middle class or not, to prepare by accumulating some gold while it is still relatively cheap and somewhat available. the us dollar has been the global monetary standard since the bretton woods agreement in 1944. unfortunately, the dollar has not been a good store of value since nixon severed the dollar \u2019 s link to gold in 1971. the federal reserve has always functioned as the lender of last resort, and is now becoming the \u201c spender of last resort. \u201d unprecedented debasing of the us currency could be on our horizon. pawns in a chess game while fulfilling its classic role as the backbone of the american economy, the middle - class also is the unwitting pawn in the complex chess game of global finance and government excess. the problem with being a pawn is that one has no control of the game, or its outcome. historically, the middle - class is always the group to feel the greatest pain and reap the fewest rewards from the machinations of wall street and washington. the period dead ahead will be no exception. the extraordinary debt levels will only make matters worse. the middle - class has been under growing pressure for over 30 years, as its purchasing power has been steadily under attack. things will very likely get worse before we see any light. the middle - class must retrench even further. but it must also search for a store of value as its dollars buy less and less. it is my belief that once the severe de - lever", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46972596081020523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96e081fe-c804-4a01-804b-b14f76407f46>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.547076"}
{"text": "very likely get worse before we see any light. the middle - class must retrench even further. but it must also search for a store of value as its dollars buy less and less. it is my belief that once the severe de - leveraging is finished, the commodity sector, particularly gold, will serve as that life raft. the struggling middle - class, and everyone else for that matter, will need something to stay afloat if the uss dollar slowly sinks in the murky seas of the global currency markets. the way forward historically, one great quality of america is resilience. it is my sincere hope that out of this crisis will emerge a more rational way forward. i believe the best way forward for our country would be a system of honest money ; a new currency backed by gold that would enforce discipline on government spending and allow families to plan and save for their futures. and it might just provide our children and generations unborn their own shot at the american dream. we owe them that much. the stock markets shot higher for a second straight session monday as investors bet that president - elect barack obama ' s plans to increase infrastructure spending will help lift the economy back to health. the major market indexes jumped more than 3 percent, and the dow jones industrials ' nearly 300 point advance gave the blue chips their highest close in a month. the dow jones industrial average rose 298. 76, or 3. 46 percent, to 8, 934. 18, its highest close since it finished at 9, 139. 27 on nov. 5th. the standard & poor ' s 500 index advanced 33. 63, or 3. 84 percent, to 909. 70 ; and the nasdaq composite index jumped 62. 43, or 4. 14 percent, to 1, 571. 74. it was the ninth advance in 11 sessions for the dow and the s & p 500. oil futures surged 7 % monday, buoyed by expectations that the opec oil cartel may deliver a substantial cut in production as well as by u. s. president - elect barack obama ' s pledge of massive new infrastructure investment to revive the economy. crude oil for january delivery surged $ 2. 90, or 7. 1 %, to end at $ 43. 71 a barrel on the new york mercantile exchange. earlier, the contract hit an intraday high of $ 44. 70 a barrel. gold and other metals futures rallied monday, getting a boost from soaring oil prices, weakness in the u. s. dollar and president - elect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4420356639806165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96e081fe-c804-4a01-804b-b14f76407f46>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.550792"}
{"text": "gainesville, fla. \u2014 joint research between florida museum of natural history and chinese scientists to discover and interpret the world \u2019 s earliest known flowering fossil is the subject of a pbs nova documentary, \u201c first flower, \u201d which debuts at 8 p. m. april 17. the origin of flowers is one of botany \u2019 s deepest mysteries, and in the nova documentary, florida musuem paleobotanist david dilcher guides viewers through segments of the amazing story of the evolution of flowers. \u201c there \u2019 s no doubt about it, flowers are all about sex, \u201d said dilcher, a graduate research professor and paleobotany curator at the florida museum and a member of the national academy of sciences. the search for the world \u2019 s first flower drew dilcher to a remote chinese lake where colleague sun ge of jilin university in changchun, china, discovered a 125 million - year - old fossil that scientists believe is the earliest known flower. although the fossil lacked the aesthetic petals associated with modern flowers, dilcher recognized the plant stalk had seeds enclosed within carpels, which are female reproductive structures found in flowers. this led him to conclude the fossil was in fact an early form of a flower. the fossil was named archaefructus liaoningensis, which means \u201c ancient fruit from liaoning province of northeast china. \u201d flower production demands an amazing amount of a plant \u2019 s precious energy, which leads some scientists to question why and how the world \u2019 s first flowers evolved. angiosperms, or flowering plants that have male pollen and female ovaries, are thought to have made their first appearance on earth roughly 130 million years ago. today, they dominate the plant world. today, bees, moths, hummingbirds and other insects facilitate plant reproduction by spreading pollen, but this is the culmination of a complex relationship that evolved over millions of years and that scientists are still decoding. \u201c flowering plants were the first advertisers in the world, \u201d dilcher said. \u201c they put out beautiful colors, colorful patterns, they put out fragrances. and they gave a reward such as nectar or pollen for any insect that would come and visit them. \u201d flowers go to elaborate lengths to advertise their sexual organs, the female parts and the male parts, dilcher said. \u201c if they could attract these mobile pollinators to visit, crawl around, and feed in flowers, pick up pollen on their legs, pick up pollen on their bodies, \u201d dilcher said, \u201c and then fly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4624678551406498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:908c4167-7d89-45c1-b438-4a4462827361>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.555235"}
{"text": "parts, dilcher said. \u201c if they could attract these mobile pollinators to visit, crawl around, and feed in flowers, pick up pollen on their legs, pick up pollen on their bodies, \u201d dilcher said, \u201c and then fly to another flower some distance away, and repeat this process, they could effectively transfer their male genetic material some distance away to another flower. \u201d pamela and doug soltis, florida museum researchers who study plant and flower dna to better understand evolutionary origins, also are interviewed in \u201c first flower. \u201d the soltis \u2019 work addresses evolutionary origins of flowers and flowering plants, plant speciation and the conservation genetics of endangered plant species in florida. doug soltis also is chair of uf \u2019 s department of botany. the journal science featured sun \u2019 s and dilcher \u2019 s fossil flower research on its cover in 1998 and 2002. sun is a geologist and director of the paleontology and stratigraphy lab at jilin university. dilcher holds professorial appointments and teaches at jilin university and nanjing university in china, in addition to teaching at the university of florida. writer : delene beeland media contact : paul ramey, email @ example. com source : david dilcher ( 352 ) 392 - 1721 ext. 460 source : sun ge ( 352 ) 392 - 1721 ext. 460 ; until april 12", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43642580071094467, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:908c4167-7d89-45c1-b438-4a4462827361>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.555815"}
{"text": "wool rugs have what is called a particular \" hand \" or texture that reflects the level of ' scratchiness ' found in the finished product. the manner of grooming and shearing and resulting processing of the fiber can vary widely amongst carpet producers. further complications regarding the wide range in texture is the fact that it varies considerably across the body of an individual sheep, as well as differences related to and based on the actual sex of the sheep. add in nutritional factors, age and the general health of the sheep, and you have yet another class of variables to mix into the fold. wool rugs, such as in many oriental designs, incorporate a process in which the individual weavers harvest a longer wool fiber bearing a greater overall density, sometimes twice the size of other wool fiber, thus giving rise to a very different finished wool area rug. the resulting product, whether oriental or not, retained a luster often missing from modern designs which typically utilize inappropriate or inferior wool fiber and then apply cheap but boldly hued synthetic colors to the weaving process. modern machine woven techniques lack the subtlety in coloring and texture as well as even the element of human error and irregularity uniquely found and favored in antique productions found in such places as persia or india. wool rug research into synthetic dyeing processes intensified in the 19th century as european producers sought to re - create and reproduce the complexity, design and detail of the nomadic oriental weaver. this led to a literal mass production so that european and american consumers could participate in the home furnishings phenomenon. coloring properties were expanded to accept color treatments based on fuchsin dyes, with colors ranging from fuchsin - magenta to basic red to basic violet to acid violet and red violet. oriental or contemporary design elements could now use these fuchsin dyes to achieve an initially startling effect. one drawback though, however, was that these same fuchsin dyes were highly light sensitive, and accordingly would rapidly fade or gray with exposure to normal levels of diffused sunlight. even during the first quarter of the 20th century this process was still being utilized. the result was that these chemically unstable fuchsin dyes guaranteed an underlying flow of repeat buyers who would eventually discard their now graying and dull flooring after only a short number of years of use, and purchase a new one. meanwhile, the antique market, which is based solely on organically produced vegetable dyes, continues to provid buyers with far greater wear and coloring vibrancy. \u00a9 2011 floorbiz, inc. all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.537946740319464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d00de8e8-5b1a-4dc7-9e73-11dcd14dd958>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.559786"}
{"text": "9. 0 sleepwatch \u00ae ( actigraphy ) measure of sleep on workdays and non - workdays it was hypothesized that deployment of a combination of four fatigue management technologies would result in increased sleep time ( actigraph determined ) under both canadian hours - of - service ( study phase 1 ) and u. s. hours - of - service ( study phase 2 ). however, analyses of actigraphy data for sleep episodes in the no feedback versus feedback conditions revealed no statistically significant differences in sleep duration in either the canada study phase or the u. s. study phase ( see \" prior sleep \" variable in tables 13 and 24 ). \" prior sleep \" was defined by all the sleep time found in each 24 - hour period ( from noon to noon, across consecutive days in the 2 - week period for each condition ) using an actigraphic software program called \" action 4 \" ( developed by ambulatory monitoring, inc., ardsley, ny ), as well as software that could recognize and eliminate from consideration periods of time when the actigraph was not on the wrist of a driver. although the overall comparisons of actigraphically - defined 24 - hour cumulative sleep time ( prior sleep ) were not different between the feedback and no feedback conditions, it was clear that the u. s. study phase drivers had an average of 50 minutes less sleep per day than their canadian counterparts during the no feedback condition, and 39 minutes less sleep per day than their canadian counterparts during the feedback condition ( compare \" prior sleep \" in tables 13 and 24 ). the reduced daily sleep times in the u. s. drivers were consistent with the differences between study phases in the predominant time - of - day for driving - canada drivers had approximately 75 % of their driving in daylight ( and therefore, slept mostly in the nighttime ), while u. s. drivers had approximately 90 % of their driving at night ( and therefore slept more in the daytime ). it has long been established that sleep duration is reduced when people work nights, owing to circadian biological forces and environmental factors, which alone or together can truncate daytime sleep durations. analyses were performed to determine whether the actigraphically - defined sleep duration differences of 50 minutes ( no feedback difference between canada and u. s. ) and 39 minutes ( feedback difference between canada and u. s. ) were statistically significantly different from each other. in addition, sleep durations would likely be affected by workdays and non - workdays", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5122671613659372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87e7e0b3-d1a6-4b14-a690-53562e6c7232>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.569124"}
{"text": "canada and u. s. ) and 39 minutes ( feedback difference between canada and u. s. ) were statistically significantly different from each other. in addition, sleep durations would likely be affected by workdays and non - workdays, especially in the night driving u. s. subjects, such that non - workdays would likely involve significantly more sleep than workdays. as a result of these considerations, a series of analyses were conducted comparing actigraph - defined sleep obtained by canada drivers and u. s. drivers on workdays and non - workdays, during the no feedback 2 - week period and the feedback 2 - week period. these analyses yielded important new insights into the impact of fmt feedback on drivers ' sleep durations. tables 49 through 58, and tables 7 through 9, display the results these analyses. 9. 1 sleep durations on workdays and non - workdays tables 51, 52, 53, and 54 reveal that drivers slept significantly more on non - workdays than on workdays. during the no feedback 2 - week period of the canada study phase, drivers averaged 7 hours and 17 minutes sleep per 24 hour period on non - workdays compared to 6 hours and 15 minutes on workdays ( p = 0. 023 ), a mean difference of 1 hours and 2 minutes ( table 51 ). similarly, during the feedback 2 - week period of the canada study phase, drivers averaged 7 hours and 31 minutes of sleep per 24 hours on non - workdays compared to 6 hours and 14 minutes on workdays ( p = 0. 0005 ), a mean difference of 1 hour and 17 minutes ( table 53 ). comparable results were obtained in the u. s. study phase. during the no feedback 2 - week period of study phase 2, the u. s. drivers averaged 6 hours and 32 minutes of sleep per 24 hours on non - workdays compared to 5 hours and 14 minutes on workdays ( p = 0. 018 ), a mean difference of 1 hour and 18 minutes ( table 52 ). similarly, during the feedback period, u. s. drivers averaged 7 hours and 32 minutes sleep compared to 5 hours and 1 minute on workdays ( p = 0. 0004 ), a mean difference of 2 hours and 31 minutes ( table 54 ). these are relatively large differences in 24 - hour sleep durations, suggesting that drivers developed sleep debts across the workweek. figure 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4898616189677046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87e7e0b3-d1a6-4b14-a690-53562e6c7232>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.571097"}
{"text": "the ilc promises extraordinary power in the study of the terascale. the annihilation of an electron and its antiparticle, the positron, allows the understanding of collisions to an unparalleled level of detail and precision. as others have comprehensively documented, the ilc view of the terascale, complementary to the lhc ' s perspective, makes the ilc an essential tool for unraveling new phenomena discovered at these extreme energies. it makes the ilc the top priority at fermilab for a future global facility. a superconducting ilc cavity credit : fermilab visual media services the ilc ' s opportunities for discovery have motivated the global particle physics community to come together in an effort to design the accelerator and its experimental program. the completion of the reference design report in early 2007 and the structuring of a collaborative worldwide r & d program represent successful community efforts. fermilab has contributed strongly to this effort : the design of the accelerator ; the development of superconducting radio - frequency, or scrf, technology in the u. s. ; the design of the physics and experimental program ; the site studies necessary for hosting the ilc at or near fermilab ; and the establishment of a test - beam facility for the development of ilc detectors. the ilc and related scrf efforts at fermilab make up by far the laboratory ' s largest future program. in the next phase of the ilc effort, fermilab ' s aim is to be a leader in the global engineering design and in the development of the scrf technology, steps necessary to reach a decision early in the next decade to build the ilc. fermilab is building the required infrastructure and test facilities and is coordinating the national efforts in the development of scrf technology, in collaboration with national and international partners in europe, asia and the u. s. to these efforts fermilab brings strong engineering capability, accelerator physics expertise and technology development skills. innovative detectors will be key to exploiting the ilc physics opportunities. in general, an improvement in resolution of both tracking and calorimetric detectors over the present state - of - the - art detectors will allow experimenters to distinguish the signals of new physics from backgrounds much more efficiently. fermilab has a strong instrumentation development effort in collaboration with laboratories and universities across the world. just as important for the global ilc effort, fermilab has developed and will operate a flexible high - energy test beam to provide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6003666045234979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7f61ddd-9532-4c4e-be42-c9da7e694d04>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.577775"}
{"text": "much more efficiently. fermilab has a strong instrumentation development effort in collaboration with laboratories and universities across the world. just as important for the global ilc effort, fermilab has developed and will operate a flexible high - energy test beam to provide a variety of particles and energies for testing detector technologies. a simulation of the decay of a z + higgs to four jets in an ilc detector credit : norman graf fermilab ' s goal is to host the ilc. geographically and geologically, the site is nearly optimal and could house the central facilities of the ilc, such as damping rings and experimental halls. two important aspects of fermilab ' s activities over the next three years are the study of the site and the design of conventional facilities necessary for the engineering design and working with the neighboring communities on issues associated with hosting the ilc in the region. fermilab has vigorously collaborated with local residents over the last two years, first with the community task force and currently with the ilc citizens ' task force and the envoy program. these activities will strengthen over the next three years of engineering design. finally, fermilab is strengthening its engineering capabilities as the laboratory moves toward the design of global accelerators. unlike the case of the detector community, which is accustomed to building detectors collaboratively across continents, much less collaboration has taken place in the development of global accelerators. the ilc is breaking new ground in this regard, and it is important that fermilab have the strongest engineering capabilities and systems in place in order to lead in the integration of components produced around the world into a functioning accelerator. the ilc is key to the future of u. s. particle physics and to fermilab ' s future.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5076359585672489, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7f61ddd-9532-4c4e-be42-c9da7e694d04>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.580342"}
{"text": "some food and nutrition messages are being heard by american consumers, with survey data from the international food information council foundation \u2019 s ( ific ) indicating that 70 and 63 % of consumers trying to consume less sugar and hfcs, respectively. data from ific \u2019 s annual survey, published in the journal of the academy of nutrition and dietetics, also indicated that awareness of trans - fats increased between 2006 and 2010, from 81 to 90 %, while omega - 3 awareness has stayed constant at around 74 %. on the flip side, no increase in efforts to consume more omega - 3s has been observed in the 1, 000 - plus consumers participating in the survey. \u201c having five years of consumer research offers invaluable insights on how the communication of dietary guidance impacts consumers, \u201d said marianne smith edge, ms, rd, ld, fada, senior vice president, nutrition & food safety at the ific foundation and co - author of the article. \u201c and, we have not stopped at five years. the ific foundation remains committed to continuing to field this survey to gain and share insights on consumers \u2019 knowledge and behaviors. further, this helps focus consumer communication efforts on areas where they are needed most. \u201d calories and weight gain however, many health and nutrition messages are not being heard, with the survey also revealing that a staggering 70 % of consumers could not correctly identify that \u201c calories in general are what causes weight gain \u201d. the ific survey also revealed that \u201c americans consistently reported that they actively used food and beverage packaging label information when deciding whether to purchase or consume food and beverages \u201d. the top source was the nutrition facts panel ( 68 % in 2010 ), followed by expiration date ( 66 % in 2010 ). interestingly, brand names are increasingly being used to influence purchases, with 50 % of consumers saying this influenced their purchase and consumption habits in 2010, up from 38 % in 2006. \u201c during the 5 years of the survey, there has been an explosion in access to technology and information, including food, nutrition, and health counsel, yet this has not appeared to facilitate greater consumer understanding or action, \u201d wrote the authors. \u201c these data raise the question of whether traditional nutrition communications may have contributed to consumer confusion and perhaps, the lack of motivation expressed by many americans. \u201d \u201c some nutrition and health messages are indeed being heard and americans desire to engage in healthful behaviors. imparting knowledge and direction through education may foster short - term action or interest, but current approaches have not facilitated established", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4511542913070823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8d33d17-020a-4cbc-b8d5-8ee218c3f2cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.588947"}
{"text": "webmd medical news laura j. martin, md oct. 31, 2011 - - it ' s no surprise that many sodas have a lot of sugar. what may be more surprising is that many fruit drinks, often billed as healthier alternatives, are often loaded with close to the same amount of sugar and calories. that is one of the findings of a new report from yale university. the report, being presented today at the american public health association annual meeting in washington, d. c., also finds that many beverage companies are marketing their drinks to kids and teens despite a promise to stop. the american beverage association, an industry trade group, takes issue with the new findings. it says the beverage companies have taken many positive steps to protect children ' s health, including advertising only certain types of drinks on programming to children 12 and under. researchers from yale university ' s rudd center for food policy and obesity looked at the contents of close to 600 drinks made by 14 companies. they included sugary sodas, energy and sports drinks, fruit drinks, flavored waters, and iced teas as well as diet energy drinks and diet children ' s fruit drinks. they found that an 8 - ounce serving of a full - calorie, non - diet fruit drink has on average 110 calories and 7 teaspoons of sugar. this is equal to the amount that is found in an 8 - ounce serving of sugary soda or energy drink. \" the companies have pledged not to advertise to children or if they do, it will just be for certain better - for - you products, \" says study researcher jennifer harris, phd. she is director of marketing initiatives at the yale rudd center for food policy and obesity. unfortunately, their idea of \" better - for - you \" drinks is water, sugar, and a tiny amount of juice, she says. \" many fruit and energy drinks have as much added sugar and calories as sugary sodas, \" harris says. some of these drinks have as much sugar as an 8 - year - old should consume in a day, she says. full - calorie iced teas, sports drinks, and flavored waters typically contain 3 to 5 teaspoons of sugar per 8 - ounce serving, the report states. the stakes are high, harris says. drinking just one 8 - ounce sugar - sweetened drink everyday increases a child ' s odds for becoming obese by 60 %. sugary drinks are the no. 1 source of added sugar in our diets and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4085670354078752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f09c753f-19f3-4334-b7c8-5e87647b379e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.597142"}
{"text": "are high, harris says. drinking just one 8 - ounce sugar - sweetened drink everyday increases a child ' s odds for becoming obese by 60 %. sugary drinks are the no. 1 source of added sugar in our diets and the no. 1 source of calories for teens, the report states. \" parents believe that drinks like capri sun, sunny d, gatorade, and vitamin water are healthy choices for their kids, but they are not, \" harris says. \" we were surprised by how little juice there was in children ' s fruit drinks. and a lot of diet drinks have artificial sweeteners. but unless you know the chemical name, you wouldn ' t realize it, \" she says. harris says that the only appropriate drinks for children are water, low - fat milk, and 100 % fruit juices. nutritionist dana greene, rd, agrees. \" don ' t be fooled by healthy - looking labels, \" she says. \" read the fine print and if you can ' t pronounce it, you probably don ' t need or want it in your child ' s body. \" the researchers also analyzed advertising on television, the internet, social media sites, and mobile apps. many beverage companies got behind the children ' s food and beverage advertising initiative in november 2006. the initiative is designed to shift the mix of foods advertised to children under 12 to encourage healthier choices. the report says that many - - although not all - - of these companies are not making good on their promises. the exposure of children and teens to tv ads hawking unhealthy sugary soda doubled from 2008 to 2010, the study shows. the companies also seem to be increasingly targeting african - american and hispanic youth, the new report suggests. in fact, african - american children and teens saw as much as 90 % more ads than the white children and teens. the study also shows that energy drinks are marketed to children and teens even though the american academy of pediatrics explicitly states these beverages are not appropriate for them. many beverage companies are also reaching kids and teens where they live - - namely social media sites including facebook, twitter, and youtube, the study shows. twenty - one sugary drink brands had youtube channels in 2010. susan k. neely, american beverage association president and ceo, says in a written statement that there has been a \" dramatic change \" in food and beverage advertising during children ' s programming. \" the people at our member companies - - many of whom are parents themselves - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38892922656262796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f09c753f-19f3-4334-b7c8-5e87647b379e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.600246"}
{"text": ", american beverage association president and ceo, says in a written statement that there has been a \" dramatic change \" in food and beverage advertising during children ' s programming. \" the people at our member companies - - many of whom are parents themselves - - are delivering on their commitment to advertise only water, juice and milk on programming for children under 12. \" what ' s more, the beverage industry has also removed full - calorie soft drinks from schools in favor of lower - calorie, smaller portion drinks, she says. \" this report is another attack by known critics in an ongoing attempt to single out one product as the cause of obesity when both common sense and widely accepted science have shown that the reality is far more complicated, \" says neely. still, scott kahan, md, an obesity expert at johns hopkins university in baltimore, says he is concerned about these trends. \" decades of social science research show that marketing affects all of our preferences and choice, but kids are sitting ducks for advertisers, \" he says. \" putting a character like shrek on food makes it taste better to kids. \" in recent years, there has been a shift from focusing on preventing infections in children to concern about chronic diseases such as diabetes that are nutrition - related. \" we wouldn ' t let our kids be attacked by ads for germ - infected products that would make them sick, but this study shows we are allowing them to be attacked by marketers of unhealthy foods that will make them sick, \" kahan says. he says that voluntary pledges by industry may not be enough. \" there needs to be serious discussion about what the rules should be and who needs to play be them. \" sources : scott kahan, md, johns hopkins university, baltimore. jennifer harris, director of marketing initiatives, yale rudd center for food policy and obesity. american public health association, oct. 29 - nov. 2, 2011, washington, d. c. dana greene, rd, nutritionist, boston. statement, american beverage association statement, oct. 29, 2011. here are the most recent story comments. view all the views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of fox16 - breaking news and weather to plan your day for little rock and central arkansas the health news section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. see additional information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4124265851903539, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f09c753f-19f3-4334-b7c8-5e87647b379e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.601898"}
{"text": "leapfrog tag - the latest in teaching children to read leapfrog make reading interactive with the use of a tag pen to help read the book and play games. your child can hold the pen and touch a symbol on the page to read the story to them by the characters in the book, with a signalling sound to tell them when to turn the page. alternatively they can touch another symbol to have just that page read to them. to aid understanding and memory there are games within the story asking kids to find favourite characters or demonstrate their understanding by pointing to parts of the picture when asked a question. the stories are cute and the characters are colourful and fun. in the ozzie and mack story i tested, the tale is followed by a series of learning games. there is an alphabet page when pounces the letters and gives examples of words starting with the individual letters. in ozzie ' s rhyme time band the kids can point to ryhming words which are read out loud to them. the game that goes with this page asks kids to find words as they are read to them. tree house telephone shows children how adding the letter ' e ' to words changes them - for example, not to note. river roundup explains more complicated words like a mini dictionary. on each of the game pages there are 3 levels - children work their way through each level. because the tag stores what your children have played so far, they can only move up a level once they have mastered the previous one. the tag system comes with a cd which loads a program connecting your tag pen to programs on the leapfrog website. here you can dowload stories and receive rewards for using the tag reading system. i ' m not sure what the rewards are - as clearly i didn ' t play long enough with my tag to earn any!!! i started off unsure about the tag reading system - as i ' m very much one for natural parenting and i ' d prefer to play these games with the kids myself rather than relying on technology. however, as i played with the leapfrog tag i could see how useful it could be for busy families. these days not everyone has enough time to teach kids to read, or maybe can ' t think up enough entertaining games to play with the kids to help them. i also know that some kids are very reluctant to be shown what to do by an adult, but are quite happy to sit by themselves learning from this type of technology. i wasn ' t enamoured by the internet part of the product", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4933710652031022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4899d19b-aff0-42c9-8040-09a80a2b5ff4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.613435"}
{"text": "them. i also know that some kids are very reluctant to be shown what to do by an adult, but are quite happy to sit by themselves learning from this type of technology. i wasn ' t enamoured by the internet part of the product and was concerned about entering personal data into yet another website - even though i was assured this was intended to help construct an age appropriate learning plan. i thought the product was good enough on its own not to need the rewards element on the website. it ' s just a personal opinion, but i really don ' t think we need to use the internet for everything - including learning how to read. on balance, my concerns are purely personal and for what it is setting out to do, the leap frog does succeed. it ' s easy for children to understand and very easy to use. the stories are well laid out and beautifully illustrated. the games are well thought through for the intended age range of 4 - 8 years old - though you could start kids on these books earlier than that. i like the fact that there are levels of games to play and so the book continues to be useful as the child reading progresses. the leapfrog tag system can be bought at amazon for \u00a333. 99 and includes your first tag book. there are more tag books available from \u00a311. 10 on amazon and include some favourite characters such as spongbob square pants, cat in the hat and kung fu panda. a selection is here at amazon : | add to del. icio. us | | digg this review |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4319145050321792, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4899d19b-aff0-42c9-8040-09a80a2b5ff4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.614181"}
{"text": "juridical procedures relating to the anabaptists juridical procedures relating to the anabaptists ( legal action against the anabaptists ; german, rechtsprechung ). legal action against anabaptists developed in a natural way out of the juridical practice concerning heretics in general. in the 12th century when ecclesiastical defection or nonconformity led to the rise of albigensian and waldensian sectarianism, the roman church undertook stern measures of repression. pope gregory ix, 1227 - 1241, creator of the first compilation of canonical law, established the inquisition, and emperor frederick ii, 1220 - 1250, in his sicilian law code put the temporal arm of imperial law at the disposal of the church in all cases against heretics. in the 15th century, when the old roman law was assimilated into the german law, the civil code of the holy roman empire renewed the old laws of the emperors gratian, valentinian ii, and theodosius i ( all of a. d. 380 ) concerning the exclusive right and authority of the catholic church, and that of the emperors honorius and theodosius ii ( a. d. 413 ) concerning the capital crime of rebaptism, punishable with death ( corpus juris civilis i, 1 and vi, 2 ). in criminal law, trials by torture ( to obtain confessions incriminating to the accused ) had been in use for various crimes against general security ever since the 13th century. in the trials of anabaptists in particular the questionnaire set up before cross - examination was easily manipulated in such a way that it would influence the outcome of the trial. the first anabaptist to die thus as a \" heretic \" on catholic soil was eberli bolt, executed in the canton of schwyz on 29 may 1525, the first on reformed soil was felix manz at zurich on 5 january 1527, and the first on lutheran soil were two men and four women at reinhardsbrunn on 18 january 1530 ( see also gotha for names ). in the course of the persecution of the anabaptists a double change is evident on the part of the government, due to a considerable extent to the peasants ' war ; the charge shifted more and more from heresy to sedition ; and on the part of the reformers the sentencing of heresy grew more bitter to the extent that in heresy they were no longer attacking a hostile", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4289147784090238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20ef304b-430a-4a50-9268-ac5e647393ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.638833"}
{"text": "to a considerable extent to the peasants ' war ; the charge shifted more and more from heresy to sedition ; and on the part of the reformers the sentencing of heresy grew more bitter to the extent that in heresy they were no longer attacking a hostile church, but defending their own. - - ec 2. jurisdictional practices of ferdinand i in all of austria, bavaria, and the territories of the swabian league. ferdinand i, archduke of austria, king of bohemia and hungary, and later also emperor of the holy roman empire, \" the prince of darkness \" as jakob hutter called him in his epistle of 1535, the \" tyrant and enemy of divine truth who has had many of ours innocently and mercilessly murdered, \" was a staunch fighter for the undisturbed integrity of the catholic church, with the mandate of 20 august 1527, he ushered in a systematic persecution in his domain by publishing a list of heretical doctrines, adherence to which would lead to capital punishment ( see mandates ). the anabaptists were charged with only two obnoxious articles : rejection of infant baptism and abuse of the sacrament of the altar. in the ordinance of 26 february 1528, to the austrian government he complained about laxity in the proceedings against anabaptists ( see austria ). but very soon he transformed these heresy - proceedings into extraordinary proceedings against \" rebels. \" south german influence on ferdinand ' s mandates is very probable. bavaria had already proclaimed martial law ( standrecht ) against anabaptists. \" the ducal secretary pernoder testified that no proper court session was held for the prisoners but that the sentence was simply read to them, whereupon they were led to execution \" ( wiswedel, ii, 55 ). the swabian league with its practice of martial law shows again the governmental ideas regarding those who deviated from the old church. many were sentenced to death without recourse to any juridical process, e. g., eitelhans langenmantel. on 7 march 1528, the swabian league issued a mandate against the anabaptists which expressly said that \" it can easily be estimated even by a simple christian with little understanding \" to what an extent anabaptism will lead to \" new revolts and rebellions, \" unless torture is undertaken and earnest punishment ( klupfel, ii, 319 ). the specter of the peasants ' war ( 1525 ) was constantly in ferdinand ' s mind.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4416685063629769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20ef304b-430a-4a50-9268-ac5e647393ec>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.640126"}
{"text": "will lead to \" new revolts and rebellions, \" unless torture is undertaken and earnest punishment ( klupfel, ii, 319 ). the specter of the peasants ' war ( 1525 ) was constantly in ferdinand ' s mind. like other princes of the time he too saw in anabaptism a real threat to governmental authority. to be sure, this was not the only reason for his ruthless persecution of the anabaptists ; another was the presumed christological heresies. blasphemous words against \" the mother of god, \" for instance, were to be punished \" in body, life, and property according to the occasion and the degree of guilt. \" anyone who administered holy communion without having been consecrated as a priest was to be punished with \" fire, sword, or water according to the judgment of the judges \" ( nicoladoni, 259 ). ferdinand argued that since seditious acts would surely ensue from heretical teachings ( considered even more serious than a criminal act ), extraordinary procedures should be pursued in all such cases, disregarding general legal practices. ferdinand ' s policy concerning anabaptists had, no doubt, also a significant influence upon the ill - famed mandate against anabaptism of the diet of speyer, passed 22 april 1529. on the basis of this mandate anabaptists were to be condemned to death by fire and sword, \" without previous inquisition by spiritual judges. \" as it is generally known, the reformers ( luther, melanchthon ) gave their consent to this basic mandate. the motivating force behind ferdinand was no doubt his confessor, the court preacher johann faber, who also played an important role at the diet of speyer. it was he who one year earlier cross - examined balthasar hubmaier and otherwise engaged in literary activities against the anabaptists. luther ' s views on heretics and their punishment have been thoroughly investigated by sohm, kohler, wappler, paulus, and more recently by john oyer ( see bibliography ). until about 1524, luther definitely rejected the idea of governmental intervention in matters of faith. in his letter \" to the christian nobility of the german nation \" ( 1520 ) he states that heretics should be conquered \" with scripture not with fire, as the forefathers did. if it were an art to overcome heretics with fire, then the executioners would be the most learned doctors on earth. \" he urged lenience toward", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47376360114472504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20ef304b-430a-4a50-9268-ac5e647393ec>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.641142"}
{"text": "heretics should be conquered \" with scripture not with fire, as the forefathers did. if it were an art to overcome heretics with fire, then the executioners would be the most learned doctors on earth. \" he urged lenience toward the zwickau prophets, and did not even want them to be imprisoned ( luther ' s correspondence, ed. de wette, letter of 17 january 1522, ii, 135 ). in his book von weltlicher obrigkeit ( 1522 ) he sharply opposed government interference in spiritual matters. also in a letter to his prince of saxony he admonished that the office of the word should not be resisted. \" just let them preach confidently and vigorously what they can and against whom they will, for... there must be sects \" ( luther ' s letters, ibid., 21 august 1524 (? ), ii, 547 ). in 1525, however, a change took place in luther ' s opinion. in a letter dated 4 march 1525, to spengler, the city clerk of nurnberg, concerning the \" three ungodly painters \" ( against whom the city council was conducting a trial ) the concept of \" blasphemy \" occurs for the first time. for this particular offense it was necessary for the temporal powers to step in automatically. as to punishment, luther does not express himself yet. in the years 1526 - 1528, the concept of \" sedition \" takes the more prominent place. this idea had been drilled into the national consciousness during the peasants ' war, mainly by the weight of lutheran publicity. now, on 9 february 1526 luther declared to the prince elector that in order to prevent sedition and a mob spirit, \" there shall be one kind of preaching only at one place \" ( luther ' s letters, ibid., ill, 88 ff. ). the word \" sedition \" was also utilized in connection with the newly established lutheran church inspections ( the electoral instructions for the inspectors of 16 june 1527, use this term expressly. sehling, i, 142 ff. ). hence, anyone who did not agree with the lutheran church on a point of doctrine, was subject to the temporal authorities also on the suspicion of sedition. it should be emphasized, however, that with the by far greatest number of anabaptists there was no evidence of seditious tendencies whatever to justify the intervention of the government, even though great divergencies existed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4425055244303002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20ef304b-430a-4a50-9268-ac5e647393ec>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.642826"}
{"text": "the suspicion of sedition. it should be emphasized, however, that with the by far greatest number of anabaptists there was no evidence of seditious tendencies whatever to justify the intervention of the government, even though great divergencies existed in points of doctrine. the task of church organization, however, made it imperative now to find a justification for proceedings against all those who showed any anti - lutheran mind. since, as was generally assumed, the suspicion of sedition was not a sufficient ground for proceeding against deviators, it became necessary to find a new weapon. that was the concept of \" blasphemy, \" used by luther for the first time in the above - mentioned letter to spengler of 1525. apparently melanchthon was the first to draw the logical conclusions from this situation and demanded of the government that it punish false teachings. the occasion for this was given first by the exceedingly embarrassing results of the church inspections in saxony which seemed to indicate a threat to the very existence of the new church ( corp. reform. ; opera melanchthoni, i, col. 941 ). it was also melanchthon who became instrumental in the formulation of the official \" opinion \" of the theological faculty of the university of wittenberg concerning the legal aspects of the punishment of deviations in all matters of church discipline. here the idea of blasphemy is clearly stated as the main argument for the death penalty. according to the study by meissner, the wittenberg theologians seemed to have arrived at this idea of blasphemy as the most serious criminal fault by all opponents by pointing to the concept of \" ingratitude to the gospel \" ( luther ' s letter of 22 november 1526, loc. cit. ill, 135 ) as well as by reference to the electoral instructions of 16 june 1527 ( richter, i, 78 ). in a letter of 15 february 1530, melanchthon promoted the idea that blasphemous articles of faith, even if they have nothing to do with sedition, must be punished with the sword. by this procedure an extraordinarily effective legal device was now found for the persecution of all \" heretics \" and at the same time for the defense of the new church. luther bestowed his sanction upon this device in his exposition of the 82d psalm. the background of it is as follows : around 1530, a new party had arisen in nurnberg which advocated toleration and liberty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47494682893423723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20ef304b-430a-4a50-9268-ac5e647393ec>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.643951"}
{"text": "of the new church. luther bestowed his sanction upon this device in his exposition of the 82d psalm. the background of it is as follows : around 1530, a new party had arisen in nurnberg which advocated toleration and liberty of conscience in matters of religion. thereupon, on 17 march 1530, spengler wrote to veit dietrich at wittenberg asking him to persuade luther \u2014 then just working on an exposition of psalm deus sedet in synagoga \u2014 to put into this new booklet a condemnation of the new party and its philosophy, all the more as this party defended its stand by reference to the \" booklet by doctor luther addressed to the elector of saxony, against the fanatical thomas muntzer. \" veit dietrich then looked luther up and expounded to him the principles of the prevailing criminal law of the time. luther then developed these ideas further in his exposition of the 82d psalm ( hausdorff ). in this exposition luther stressed first of all the high dignity of all authorities ( or magistrates ), which at one place he calls outright \" gods. \" seditious heretics are to be \" punished straightway and without compunction. \" but likewise also those who teach only contrary to a published article of faith should be punished as open blasphemers who \" are not to be tolerated. \" against them he recommended quick justice, on the basis of leviticus 24 : 16 and also the church fathers, who had no more patience with false doctrines than moses. that luther ' s exposition of the 82d psalm was actually considered as a declaration of principles to guide legal practices can be proved by numerous references ( see meissner ). the courts of saxony only too willingly concurred with the suggestions and opinions of the wittenberg theologians. \" they followed the opposite course from ferdinand ' s juridical practice, namely, turning from the persecution of sedition to a secular trial of heretics \" ( meissner ). one might also mention the imperial cities of germany, which followed in general also the direction of the wittenberg theologians in their administration of justice in all cases of anabaptism. johann brenz of wurttemberg for many years had defended toleration as a matter of principle. in his booklet, ob eine weltliche obrigkeit mit gottlichem und billigem recht moge die wiedertaufer durch feuer und schwert vom heben zum tod", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46327193501017594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20ef304b-430a-4a50-9268-ac5e647393ec>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.644950"}
{"text": ". in his booklet, ob eine weltliche obrigkeit mit gottlichem und billigem recht moge die wiedertaufer durch feuer und schwert vom heben zum tode richten lassen ( 1528 ), he taught that mere heresy not associated with revolt should be fought only with the spiritual sword, the word of god, inasmuch as it does not belong to the concern of the temporal powers. furthermore this booklet proved that the accusation against the anabaptists was definitely unjustified. through this booklet brenz ' influence on the juridical practice in wurttemberg and elsewhere was quite beneficent : there were at least no death sentences in wurttemberg. but later on, unfortunately, brenz drifted into the current of luther and melanchthon. in 1557, he became a signatory of the declaration of several theologians entitled prozess wie es soil gehalten werden mit den wiedertaufern, durch etliche gelehrt so zu worms versammelt gewesen, gestellt ( see bedenken ). this gloomy document deals in patricular with juridical questions concerning the proper course of trials of \" heretics. \" the heads and seducers were to be put to death as blasphemers, for god had clearly commanded secular authorities to punish blasphemy. for that reason it had been right to punish servetus [ the anti - trinitarian, 1553 ]. the concept of blasphemy, as developed by luther and melanchthon, is interpreted as formal only ( as meissner has shown ), i. e., it does not define particular non - orthodox teachings but in general means simply opposition as such ; i. e., rebellion against the new church. it should, however, be mentioned that in the stuttgart copy of this document ( here called \" bendenken, etc. \" ) the passage about servetus ' execution as well as another passage advocating death penalty for heresy is crossed out. gustav bossert, jr., assumes that either the duke of wurttemberg or brenz deleted these passages, and concludes accordingly that both the duke and the wurttemberg theologians agreed basically with brenz ' earlier stand opposing the shedding of blood ( blatter, 25 ). these two reformers of strasbourg were entirely dependent on wittenberg. in a document called reformationsprogramm (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4572463231360857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20ef304b-430a-4a50-9268-ac5e647393ec>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.645947"}
{"text": "and the wurttemberg theologians agreed basically with brenz ' earlier stand opposing the shedding of blood ( blatter, 25 ). these two reformers of strasbourg were entirely dependent on wittenberg. in a document called reformationsprogramm ( program for the reformation ) of 1535 sent in the name of the strasbourg clergy to the count palatine rupprecht, the establishment of a formal inquisition, ruthless intervention of the government in family life with respect to the baptism of children, and the sharpest measures against all foes or deprecators of the gospel are demanded ( original copy of this document in the state library in munich ). bucer believed that the government had the right to introduce christianity among its subjects and to eradicate any false worship. \" unorthodox teachers are to be punished by body and life. \"... \" the power of the government over the conscience of its subjects is most harshly represented by bucer \" ( hagen ). like luther also zwingli went dirough a certain change in his ideas concerning the punishment of heretics. in the earlier period of his reformatory activities he was possessed by the same optimism as luther that the pure gospel would renew everything and turn it to the good. but when in 1525 anabaptism appeared in zurich and tried to establish congregations on a new testament pattern, he lost more and more the feeling that the norm of the gospel and the new \" christian state \" do not absolutely coincide. he began teaching the identity of christianity and civil order, and committed to the \" christian \" government of zurich not only the supervision of general morality but also the care for the particular discipline of the new reformed church. he is said to have recommended the beheading of anabaptists \" on the strength of imperial law, \" as balthasar hubmaier claimed ( ein gesprach balthasar hubmors von dem kindertauff, 1526 ). the swiss authorities only too willingly acted upon his advice and opinion in all anabaptist trials. calvin at first intended to have the spiritual office exclusively take charge of church discipline without any participation by the state. but soon developments in geneva likewise went far beyond this initial program ; the state police now also began to become involved in matters of church discipline. \" we have sharpened the sword that they may accomplish their blood work \" ( corp. ref., opera calvini, viii, 477 ). he expected from the state unconditional subjugation of all heretics and devi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45203748266270427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20ef304b-430a-4a50-9268-ac5e647393ec>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.646970"}
{"text": "church discipline. \" we have sharpened the sword that they may accomplish their blood work \" ( corp. ref., opera calvini, viii, 477 ). he expected from the state unconditional subjugation of all heretics and deviators. the execution of michel servetus in 1553 is a clear illustration of calvin ' s enormous inluence upon the temporal authorities of geneva. see also punishment of anabaptists bossert, g. jr. \" aus der nebenkirchlichen religiosen bewegung der reformationszeit in wurttemberg. \" blatter fur wurttembergische kirchengeschichte 28 ( 1929 ) : 1 - 41. corpus reformatorum, opera calvini corpus reformatorum, opera melanchthoni. de wette, wilhelm martin leberecht, ed. martin luther, briefe, sendschreiben und bedenken. berlin, 1826 - 1827 : ii - iii. hagen, carl. deutschlands literarische und religiose verhaltnisse im reformationszeitalter. frankfurt, 1886. hausdorff, urban gottlieb. lebensbeschreibung eines christlichen politici lazari spengler ' s. nurnberg, 1741. hege, christian and christian neff. mennonitisches lexikon. 4 vols. frankfurt & weierhof : hege ; karlsruhe ; schneider, 1913 - 1967 : iii, 433 - 439. hermelink, heinrich. der toleranzgedanke im reformationszeitalter. 1908. klupfel, k. urkunden zur geschichte des schwabischen bundes 1488 - 1533. stuttgart, 1853 : part 2. kohler, walter. reformation und ketzerprozess. tubingen and leipzig, 1901. kreider, robert. \" the anabaptists and the civil authorities of strasbourg, 1525 - 1555. \" church history 24 ( 1955 ) : 99 - 118. meissner, erich. \" die rechtsprechung uber die wiedertaufer und die antitauferische publizistik. \" ph. d. dissertation, gottingen, 1921. this dissertation forms the basis for the material in the present article. nicoladoni, a. johannes bunderlin von linz und die oberosterreichischen taufergemeinden", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46866165076672195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20ef304b-430a-4a50-9268-ac5e647393ec>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.647995"}
{"text": "\" ph. d. dissertation, gottingen, 1921. this dissertation forms the basis for the material in the present article. nicoladoni, a. johannes bunderlin von linz und die oberosterreichischen taufergemeinden in den jahren 1525 - 1531. berlin, 1893. oyer, john. \" the writings of luther against the anabaptists. \" mennonite quarterly review 27 ( april 1953 ). oyer, john. \" the writings of melanchthon against the anabaptists. \" mennonite quarterly review 26 ( october 1952 ). paulus, nikolaus. protestantismus und tolerant im sechzehnten jahrhundert. freiburg i. br., 1911. richter, a. l. die evangelischen kirchenordnungen des 16. jahrhunderts, 1, 2. weimar, 1846. schraepler, horst. \" die rechtliche behandlung der taufer in wurttemberg, hessen, baden, kurpfalz und der deutschen schweiz in den jahren 1525 - 1618. \" tubingen doctoral dissertation, 1956. sehling, emil, ed. die evangelischen kirchenordnungen des 16. jahrhunderts i, part i. leipzig, 1902. wappler, paul. inquisition und ketzerprozesse in zwickau zur reformationszeit. leipzig, 1908. wiswedel, wilhelm. bilder and fuhrergestalten aus dem taufertum. 3 v. kassel : j. g. oncken verlag, 1928 - 1952. adapted by permission of herald press, harrisonburg, virginia, and waterloo, ontario, from mennonite encyclopedia, vol. 3, pp. 129 - 132. all rights reserved. for information on ordering the encyclopedia visit the herald press website. \u00a91996 - 2013 by the global anabaptist mennonite encyclopedia online. all rights reserved. to cite this page : mla style : crous, ernst and wilhelm wiswedel. \" juridical procedures relating to the anabaptists. \" global anabaptist mennonite encyclopedia online. 1957. web. 23 may 2013. http : / / www. gameo. org / encyclopedia / contents / j864. html. apa style : crous, ernst and wilhelm wiswedel. ( 1957 ). jurid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.503882023942998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20ef304b-430a-4a50-9268-ac5e647393ec>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.652029"}
{"text": "water and air in the soil are important for good plant growth. good drainage and a porous surface helps water penetrate the soil into the root zone. water and organic materials in the soil together interact in such a way as to benefit the roses. as organic matter decomposes in the soil, it gives off carbon dioxide which replaces some of the oxygen in the soil. thus, soil air contains less oxygen and more carbon dioxide, but carbon dioxide is dissolved by water in the soil to form a weak acid. - sunday, 05 may 2013 22 : 38 - by ed zasadzinski, past president of ne ohio rose society - sunday, 05 may 2013 13 : 14 - by kathy van mullekom daily press ( newport news, va. ) ( mct ) any azaleas flowering in your yard this spring are probably asian in origin _ not american species that offer different sights and pleasing scents. \" azaleas native to the united states are colorful and well adapted to our challenging climate, \" says les parks, curator of herbaceous plants at norfolk botanical garden in southeastern virginia. - sunday, 05 may 2013 13 : 13 - by angie hicks ( mct ) the garbage disposal is often one of the most - used appliances in the kitchen. it ' s also the most abused. \" foreign objects in the disposal is the most common issue, \" said kevin harner of kevin harner appliance services co. in enola, pa. \" i ' ve seen everything run the gamut from paper clips and bottle caps, to nails and screws in there. - sunday, 05 may 2013 13 : 12 - by norman winter mcclatchy - tribune news service ( mct ) mixed floral hanging containers have become the rage across the country, and thanks to the coconut liner it is easy to jump on the basket bandwagon. it wasn ' t long ago that you only saw such beautiful displays when visiting mild - climate tourist areas, and now everyone can either buy them already made or be like monet, and create a piece of floral art. - sunday, 17 march 2013 09 : 43 - by mary beth breckenridge akron beacon journal ( mct ) you probably hate reading about bedbugs. believe me, i ' m not too crazy about having to write about them. but bedbugs are an increasingly vexing problem.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43461926734245016, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d9d2da7-7cb6-4361-8b9f-7f060a747dc6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.656106"}
{"text": "hob - search results articles about hob we are all looking for ways to increase production without sacrificing quality. one of the most cost - effective ways is by improving the substrate material of your hob. solid carbide hobs are widely used in many applications throughout the world. lmt - fette was the first to demonstrate the use of solid carbide hobs in 1993 on modern high - speed carbide ( hsc ) hobbing machines. since then the process of dry hobbing has been continuously improving through research and product testing. dry hobbing is proving to be successful in the gear cutting industry as sales for dry hobbing machines have steadily been rising along with the dramatic increase in sales of solid carbide hobs. today it is common practice when climb hobbing to keep the direction of the hob thread the same as that of the helical gear. the same generalization holds true for the mass production of gears for automobiles. it is the authors ' opinion, however, that conventional hobbing with a reverse - handed hob is more effective for the high - speed manufacture of comparatively small module gears for automobiles. the authors have proven both experimentally and theoretically that reverse - handed conventional hobbing, using a multi - thread hob with a smaller diameter is very effective for lengthening the life of the hob and for increasing cutting efficiency at high speeds. the hobbing process the hobbing process involves a hob which is threaded with a lead and is rotated in conjunction with the gear blank at a ratio dependent upon the number of teeth to be cut. a single thread hob cutting a 40 - tooth gear will make 40 revolutions for each revolution of the gear. the cutting action in hobbing is continuous, and the teeth are formed in one passage of the hob through the blank. see fig. 1 for a drawing of a typical hob with some common nomenclature. the method of cutting teeth on a cylindrical gear by the hobbing process has been in existence since the late 1800s. advances have been made over the years in both the machines and the cutting tools used in the process. this paper will examine hob tool life and the many variables that affect it. the paper will cover the state - of - the - art cutting tool materials and coatings, hob tool design characteristics, process speeds and feeds, hob shifting strategies, wear characteristics, etc. the paper will also discuss the use of a common denominator method for evaluating hob tool life in terms of meters (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4953740898418495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ff9a9c-786f-4217-bc1a-87d11f3cdfd1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.769149"}
{"text": "and coatings, hob tool design characteristics, process speeds and feeds, hob shifting strategies, wear characteristics, etc. the paper will also discuss the use of a common denominator method for evaluating hob tool life in terms of meters ( or inches ) per hob tooth as an alternative to tool life expressed in parts per sharpening. there are great advantages in dry hobbing, not only for friendliness toward the environment, but also for increasing productivity and for decreasing manufacturing cost. dry hobbing, however, often causes failures in hob cutting edges or problems with the surface quality of gear tooth flanks. these difficulties are not present when hobbing with cutting oil. pinching and crushing of generated chips between the hob cutting edge and the work gear tooth flank is considered a major cause of those problems. gear hobbing is a generating process. the term generating refers to the fact that the gear tooth form cut is not the conjugate form of the cutting tool, the hob. during hobbing both the hob and the workpiece rotate in a continuous rotational relationship. during this rotation, the hob is typically fed axially with all the teeth being gradually formed as the tool traverses the work face ( see fig. 1a ). this is part ii of a two - part series on the basics of gear hobbing. part i discussed selection of the correct type of hobbing operation, the design features of hobs and hob accuracy. this part will cover sharpening errors and finish hob design considerations. the first part of this article, which ran in the september / october 1994 issue, explained the fundamentals of gear hobbing and some of the latest techniques, including methods of hob performance analysis and new tool configurations, being used to solve specific application problems. in this issue, the author continues his exploration of hobbing by describing the effects of progress on requirements in accuracy, as well as the latest in materials, coating and dry hobbing. we make a lot of single - start worm and worm gear sets, and it always seems as though we ' re buying another special hob. we also do a lot of spur gear cutting, and the spur gear hobs and the worm gear hobs look alike, so we wonder why we cannot use the standard hobs for cutting worm gears too. can we do this? two questions on hobbing cover the various types of hobs and their unusual names, as well as the importance of hob swivel angle. today ' s high technology hobs are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5328623104161564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ff9a9c-786f-4217-bc1a-87d11f3cdfd1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.772710"}
{"text": "prolong tool life \u2014 is shown by means of gear finish hobbing. typical profile angle deviations that occur with increasing tool wear are discussed. finally, an approach is presented here to attain improved profile accuracy over the whole tool life of the finishing hob. chicago - results of recent studies on residual stress in gear hobbing, hobbing without lubricants and heat treating were reported by representatives of infac ( instrumented factory for gears ) at an industry briefing in march of this year. can a gear profile generated by the hobbing method be an ideal involute? in strictly theoretical terms - no, but in practicality - yes. a gear profile generated by the hobbing method is an approximation of the involute curve. let ' s review a classic example of an approximation. many people in the gear industry have heard of skiving, a process wherein solid carbide or inserted carbide blade hobs with 15 - 60 degrees of negative rake are used to recut gears to 62 rc. the topic of this article is the use of neutral ( zero ) rake solid carbide hobs to remove heat treat distortion, achieving accuracies of agma 8 to agma 14, din 10 - 5 and improving surface finish on gears from 8 dp - 96 dp (. 3 module -. 26 m. ). in addition to the face milling system, the face hobbing process has been developed and widely employed by the gear industry. however, the mechanism of the face hobbing process is not well known. with reference to the machining of an involute spur or helical gear by the hobbing process, this paper suggests a new criterion for selecting the position of the hob axis relative to the gear axis. the gear hobbing process is a generating type of production operation. for this reason, the form of the hob tooth is always different from the form of the tooth that it produces. several innovations have been introduced to the gear manufacturing industry in recent years. in the case of gear hobbing \u2014 the dry cutting technology and the ability to do it with powder - metallurgical hss \u2014 might be two of the most impressive ones. and the technology is still moving forward. the aim of this article is to present recent developments in the field of gear hobbing in conjunction with the latest improvements regarding tool materials, process technology and process integration. the art of gear hobbing has advanced dramatically since the development and introduction of unique machine and tool features such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5247532188048402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ff9a9c-786f-4217-bc1a-87d11f3cdfd1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.778432"}
{"text": "is to present recent developments in the field of gear hobbing in conjunction with the latest improvements regarding tool materials, process technology and process integration. the art of gear hobbing has advanced dramatically since the development and introduction of unique machine and tool features such as no backlash, super rigidity, automatic loading of cutting tools, cnc controls, additional machine power and improved cutter materials and coatings. it is essential to utilize all these features to run the machine economically. to meet the future goals of higher productivity and lower production costs, the cutting speeds and feeds in modern gear hobbing applications have to increase further. in several cases, coated carbide tools have replaced the commonly used high speed steel ( hss ) tools. today, as part of filling a typical gear hobbing or shaping machine order, engineers are required to perform an spc acceptance test. this spc test, while it is contractually necessary for machine acceptance, is not a machine acceptance test. it is a process capability test. it is an acceptance of the machine, cutting tool, workholding fixture, and workpiece as integrated on the cutting machine, using a gear measuring machine, with its work arbor and evaluation software, to measure the acceptance elements of the workpiece. in the past gear manufacturers have had to rely on hob manufacturers ' inspection of individual elements of a hob, such as lead, involute, spacing, and runout. these did not always guarantee correct gears, as contained elements may cause a hob to produce gears beyond tolerance limits. fig. 1 shows the effects of positive and negative rake on finished gear teeth. incorrect positive rake ( a ) increase the depth and decreases the pressure angle on the hob tooth. the resulting gear tooth is thick at the top and thin at the bottom. incorrect negative rake ( b ) decreases the depth and increases the pressure angle. this results in a cutting drag and makes the gear tooth thin at the top and thick at the bottom. question : when cutting worm gears with multiple lead stock hobs we find the surface is \" ridged \". what can be done to eliminate this appearance or is to unavoidable? this article examines the dry hobbing capabilities of two cutting tool materials \u2014 powder metallurgical high - speed steel ( pm - hss ) and cemented carbide. cutting trials were carried out to analyze applicable cutting parameters and possible tool lives as well as the process reliability. to consider the influences of the machinability of different workpiece materials, a case hardening", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5194844056814172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ff9a9c-786f-4217-bc1a-87d11f3cdfd1>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.781081"}
{"text": "hss ) and cemented carbide. cutting trials were carried out to analyze applicable cutting parameters and possible tool lives as well as the process reliability. to consider the influences of the machinability of different workpiece materials, a case hardening steel and a tempered steel were examined. for environmental and economic reasons, the use of coolant in machining processes is increasingly being questioned. rising coolant prices and disposal costs, as well as strains on workers and the environment, have fueled the debate. the use of coolant has given rise to a highly technical system for handling coolant in the machine ( cooling, filtering ) and protecting the environment ( filter, oil - mist collector ). in this area the latest cutting materials - used with or without coolant - have great potential for making the metal - removal process more economical. the natural progression to completely dry machining has decisive advantages for hobbing. hobbing is one of the most fundamental processes in gear manufacturing. its productivity and versatility make hobbing the gear manufacturing method of choice for a majority of spur and helical gears. in today \u2019 s manufacturing environment, shorter and more efficient product development has become the norm. it is therefore important to consider every detail of the development process, with a particular emphasis on design. for green machining of gears, the most productive and important process is hobbing. in order to analyze process design for this paper, a manufacturing simulation was developed capable of calculating chip geometries and process forces based on different models. as an important tool for manufacturing technology engineers, an economic feasibility analysis is implemented as well. the aim of this paper is to show how an efficient process design \u2014 as well as an efficient process \u2014 can be designed. it takes confidence to be the first to invest in new manufacturing technology. but the payback can be significant. that has been the experience at the ford motor company ' s transmission & chassis division plant at indianapolis, in, which boasts the world ' s first production application of dry hobbing. the objective, according to dr. - ing. hansjorg geiser, head of development and design for gear machines at liebherr, was to develop and design a combined turning and hobbing machine in which turning, drilling and hobbing work could be carried out in the same clamping arrangement as the hobbing of the gearings and the subsequent chamfering and deburring processes. prior to the introduction of titanium nitride to the cutting tool industry in the early 1980s, there was very little", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.560406252644751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ff9a9c-786f-4217-bc1a-87d11f3cdfd1>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.785190"}
{"text": "the same clamping arrangement as the hobbing of the gearings and the subsequent chamfering and deburring processes. prior to the introduction of titanium nitride to the cutting tool industry in the early 1980s, there was very little progress in the general application of hobbing in the gear cutting industry. the productivity gains realized with this new type of coating initiated a very active time of advancement in the gear manufacturing process. gear gashing is a gear machining process, very much like gear milling, utilizing the principle of cutting one or more tooth ( or tooth space ) at a time. the term \" gashing \" today applies to the roughing, or roughing and finishing, of coarse diametral pitch gears and sprockets. manufacturing these large coarse gears by conventional methods of rough and finish hobbing can lead to very long machining cycles and uneconomical machine utilization. the following is a general overview of some of the different factors that lead to the specific design. and the selection of the correct tool for a given hobbing application. load - carrying capacity of gears, especially the surface durability, is influenced by their tooth surface roughness in addition to their tooth profiles and tooth traces. precision gears play a vital role in today ' s economy. through their application, automobile transmissions are more compact and efficient, ships sail faster, and diesel locomotives haul more freight. today great emphasis is being placed upon the reduction of noise in all gear applications and, to be quiet, gears must be accurate. as we approach the problem of hard gear processing, it is well to take a look at the reason for discussing it at this time. in our present economic atmosphere throughout the world, more and more emphasis is being placed upon efficiency which is dictated by higher energy costs. our company manufactures a range of hardened and ground gears. we are looking into using skiving as part of our finishing process on gears in the 4 - 12 module range made form 17 crnimo6 material and hardened to between 58 and 62 rc. can you tell us more about this process? hobbing is probably the most popular gear manufacturing process. its inherent accuracy and productivity makes it a logical choice for a wide range of sizes. some results of evaluation by this method in the automotive industry. the newer profile - shifted ( long and short addendum ) gears are often used as small size reduction gears for automobiles or motorcycles. the authors have investigated the damage to each cutting edge when small size mass - produced gears with shifted profiles are used at high speeds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5224682410632694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ff9a9c-786f-4217-bc1a-87d11f3cdfd1>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.792917"}
{"text": "profile - shifted ( long and short addendum ) gears are often used as small size reduction gears for automobiles or motorcycles. the authors have investigated the damage to each cutting edge when small size mass - produced gears with shifted profiles are used at high speeds. nc and cnc metal cutting machines are among the most popular machine tools in the business today, there is also a strong trend toward using flexible machining centers and flexible manufacturing systems. the same trend is apparent in gear cutting. currently the trend toward cnc tools has increased, and sophisticated controls and peripheral equipment for gear cutting machines are now available ; however, the investment in a cnc gear machine has to be justified on the basis of economic facts as well as technical advantages. the seemingly simple process of placing a uniform chamfer on the face ends of spur and helical gears, at least for the aerospace industry, has never been a satisfactory or cost effective process. i would like to comment on david arnesen ' s article, \" dry hobbing saves automaker money, improves gear quality, \" in the nov / dec, 1996 issue. q & a with liebherr ' s dr. alois mundt. new tool from lmt - fette provides combination of operations. flute index flute index or spacing is defined as the variation from the desired angle between adjacent or nonadjacent tooth faces measured in a plane of rotation. agma defines and provides tolerance for adjacent and nonadjacent flute spacing errors. in addition, din and iso standards provide tolerances for individual flute variation ( fig. 1 ). this article describes a method of obtaining gear tooth profiles from the geometry of the rack ( or hob ) that is used to generate the gear. this method works for arbitrary rack geometries, including the case when only a numerical description of the rack is available. examples of a simple rack, rack with protuberances and a hob with root chamfer are described. the application of this technique to the generation of boundary element meshes for gear tooth strength calculation and the generation of finite element models for the frictional contact analysis of gear pairs is also described. investment in advanced new manufacturing technologies is helping to reinvent production processes for bevel gear cutters and coarse - pitch hobs at gleason - delivering significant benefits downstream to customers seeking shorter deliveries, longer tool life and better results. the cutting tool is basic to gear manufacturing. whether it ' s a hob, broach, shaper cutter or edm wire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5263291057627216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ff9a9c-786f-4217-bc1a-87d11f3cdfd1>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.795295"}
{"text": "analysis to their own situations by the formidabilty of the mathematical calculations. i am making the following small suggestion concerning the evaluation of the constant terms. a brief introduction to the subject of thin film coatings and their application to gear hobs and shaper cutters is followed by a detailed description of the chemical vapor deposition process and the physical vapor deposition process. advantages and disadvantages of each of these processes is discussed. emphasis is placed upon : application engineering of coated gear tools based on laboratory and field test results. recommendations are suggested for tool design improvements and optimization of gear cutting operations using coated tools. productivity improvements potentially available by properly utilizing coated tools are considered in terms of both tool cost and machining cost. new material technology allows for more efficient and flexible hobbing. in this paper a new method for the introduction of optimal modifications into gear tooth surfaces \u2014 based on the optimal corrections of the profile and diameter of the head cutter, and optimal variation of machine tool settings for pinion and gear finishing \u2014 is presented. the goal of these tooth modifications is the achievement of a more favorable load distribution and reduced transmission error. the method is applied to face milled and face hobbed hypoid gears. bevel gear manufacturers live in one of two camps : the face hobbing / lapping camp, and the face milling / grinding camp. the quality of the finished gear is influenced by the very first machining operations of the blank. since the gear tooth geometry is generated on a continuously rotating blank in hobbing or shaping, it is important that the timed relationship between the cutter and workpiece is correct. if this relationship is disturbed by eccentricities of the blank to its operating centerline, the generated gear teeth will not be of the correct geometry. during the blanking operations, the gear ' s centerline and locating surfaces are established and must be maintained as the same through the following operations that generate the gear teeth. indexable carbide insert ( ici ) cutting tools continue to play a pivotal role in gear manufacturing. by offering higher cutting speeds, reduced cycle times, enhanced coatings, custom configurations and a diverse range of sizes and capabilities, ici tools have proven invaluable for finishing and pre - grind applications. they continue to expand their unique capabilities and worth in the cutting tool market. nowadays, finish hobbing ( which means that there is no post - hobbing gear finishing operation ) is capable of producing higher quality gears and is growing in popularity. this article is part four of an eight - part series on the tribol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5480543605184803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ff9a9c-786f-4217-bc1a-87d11f3cdfd1>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.803002"}
{"text": "market. nowadays, finish hobbing ( which means that there is no post - hobbing gear finishing operation ) is capable of producing higher quality gears and is growing in popularity. this article is part four of an eight - part series on the tribology aspects of angular gear drives. each article will be presented first and exclusively by gear technology, but the entire series will be included in dr. stadtfeld \u2019 s upcoming book on the subject, which is scheduled for release in 2011. fred young, ceo of forest city gear, talks about sophisticated gear manufacturing methods and how they can help solve common gear - related problems. sandvik presents the latest in gear milling technologies. indexable carbide insert cutting tools for gears are nothing new. but big gears have recently become a very big business. the result is that there ' s been a renewed interest in carbide insert cutting tools. question : do machines exist that are capable of cutting bevel gear teeth on a gear of the following specifications : 14 teeth, 1 \" circular pitch, 14. 5 degrees pressure angle, 4 degrees pitch cone angle, 27. 5 \" cone distance, and an 2. 5 \" face width? the complete product news section from the may 2009 issue of gear technology. question : i have just become involved with the inspection of gears in a production operation and wonder why the procedure specifies that four involute checks must be made on each side of the tooth of the gear being produced, where one tooth is checked and charted in each quadrant of the gear. why is this done? these particular gears are checked in the pre - shaved, finish - shaved, and the after - heat - treat condition, so a lot of profile checking must be done. among the various types of gearing systems available to the gear application engineer is the versatile and unique worm and worm gear set. in the simpler form of a cylindrical worm meshing at 90 degree axis angle with an enveloping worm gear, it is widely used and has become a traditional form of gearing. ( see fig. 1 ) this is evidenced by the large number of gear shops specializing in or supplying such gear sets in unassembled form or as complete gear boxes. special designs as well as standardized ratio sets covering wide ratio ranges and center distanced are available with many as stock catalog products. helical gears can drive either nonparallel or parallel shafts. when these gears are used with nonparallel shafts, the contact is a point, and the design and manufacturing requirements are less critical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4906829691072554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ff9a9c-786f-4217-bc1a-87d11f3cdfd1>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.805606"}
{"text": "available with many as stock catalog products. helical gears can drive either nonparallel or parallel shafts. when these gears are used with nonparallel shafts, the contact is a point, and the design and manufacturing requirements are less critical than for gears driving parallel shafts. the forming of gear teeth has traditionally been a time - consuming heavy stock removal operation in which close tooth size, shape, runout and spacing accuracy are required. this is true whether the teeth are finished by a second forming operation or a shaving operation. in order to increase the load carrying capacity of hardened gears, the distortion of gear teeth caused by quenching must be removed by precision cutting ( skiving ) and / or grinding. in the case of large gears with large modules, skiving by a carbide hob is more economical than grinding when the highest accuracy is not required. high - speed machining using carbide has been used for some decades for milling and turning operations. the intermittent character of the gear cutting process has delayed the use of carbide tools in gear manufacturing. carbide was found at first to be too brittle for interrupted cutting actions. in the meantime, however, a number of different carbide grades were developed. the first successful studies in carbide hobbing of cylindrical gears were completed during the mid - 80s, but still did not lead to a breakthrough in the use of carbide cutting tools for gear production. since the carbide was quite expensive and the tool life was too short, a tin - coated, high - speed steel hob was more economical than an uncoated carbide hob. bodine electric co. of chicago, il., has a 97 - year history of fine - and medium - pitch gear manufacturing. like anywhere else, traditions, old systems, and structures can be beneficial, but they can also become paradigms and obstacles to further improvements. we were producing a high quality product, but our goal was to become more cost effective. carbide hobbing is seen as a technological innovation capable of enabling a dramatic, rather than an incremental, enhancement to productivity and cost savings. recent trends in gear cutting technology have left process engineers searching for direction about which combination of cutting tool material, coating, and process technology will afford the best quality at the lowest total cost. applying the new technologies can have associated risks that may override the potential cost savings. the many interrelated variables to be considered and evaluated tend to cloud the issue and make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5313862629371171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ff9a9c-786f-4217-bc1a-87d11f3cdfd1>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.810581"}
{"text": ", and process technology will afford the best quality at the lowest total cost. applying the new technologies can have associated risks that may override the potential cost savings. the many interrelated variables to be considered and evaluated tend to cloud the issue and make hobbing process development more difficult. increased productivity in roughing operations for gear cutting depends mainly on lower production costs in the hobbing process. in addition, certain gears can be manufactured by shaping, which also needs to be taken into account in the search for a more cost - effective form of production. traditionally, profile and lead inspections have been indispensable portions of a standard inspection of an involute gear. this also holds true for the worm of a worm gear drive ( ref. 1 ). but the inspection of the profile and the lead is rarely performed on a worm wheel. one of the main reasons is our inability to make good definitions of these two elements ( profile and lead ) for the worm wheel. several researchers have proposed methods for profile and lead inspections of a worm wheel using cnc machines or regular involute and lead inspections of a worm wheel using cnc machines or regular involute measuring machines. hu and pennell measured a worm wheel ' s profile in an \" involute \" section and the lead on the \" pitch \" cylinder ( ref. 2 ). this method is applicable to a convolute helicoid worm drive with a crossing angle of 90 degrees because the wheel profile in one of the offset axial planes is rectilinear. this straight profile generates an involute on the generated worm wheel. unfortunately, because of the hob oversize, the crossing angle between the hob and the worm wheel always deviates from 90 degrees by the swivel angle. thus, this method can be implemented only approximately by ignoring the swivel angle. another shortcoming of this method is that there is only one profile and one lead on each flank. if the scanned points deviated from this curve, it produced unreal profile deviation. octrue discussed profile inspection using a profile checking machine ( ref. 3 ). conical involute gears, also known as beveloid gears, are generalized involute gears that have the two flanks of the same tooth characterized by different base cylinder radii and different base helix angles. in the past, the blades of universal face hobbing cutters had to be resharpened on three faces. those three faces formed the active part of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5233704634516717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ff9a9c-786f-4217-bc1a-87d11f3cdfd1>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.812998"}
{"text": "the same tooth characterized by different base cylinder radii and different base helix angles. in the past, the blades of universal face hobbing cutters had to be resharpened on three faces. those three faces formed the active part of the blade. in face hobbing, the effective cutting direction changes dramatically with respect to the shank of the blade. depending on the individual ratio, it was found that optimal conditions for the chip removal action ( side rake, side relief and hook angle ) could just be established by adjusting all major parameters independently. this, in turn, results automatically in the need for the grinding or resharpening of the front face and the two relief surfaces in order to control side rake, hook angle and the relief and the relief angles of the cutting and clearance side. quality gear manufacturing depends on controlled tolerances and geometry. as a result, ferritic nitrocarburizing has become the heat treat process of choice for many gear manufacturers. the primary reasons for this are : 1. the process is performed at low temperatures, i. e. less than critical. 2. the quench methods increase fatigue strength by up to 125 % without distorting. ferritic nitrocarburizing is used in place of carburizing with conventional and induction hardening. 3. it establishes gradient base hardnesses, i. e. eliminates eggshell on tin, tiain, crc, etc. in addition, the process can also be applied to hobs, broaches, drills, and other cutting tools. in 1961 i presented a paper, \" calculating conjugate helical forms, \" at the semi - annual meeting of the american gear manufacturers association ( agma ). since that time, thousands of hobs, shaper cutters and other meshing parts have been designed on the basis of the equations presented in that paper. this article presents the math of that paper without the formality of its development and goes on to discuss its practical application. this article summarizes the development of an improved titanium nitride ( tin ) recoating process, which has, when compared to conventional recoat methods, demonstrated tool life increases of up to three times in performance testing of hobs and shaper cutters. this new coating process, called super tin, surpasses the performance of standard tin recoating for machining gear components. super tin incorporates stripping, surface preparation, smooth coating techniques and polishing before and after recoating. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5092029426496973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ff9a9c-786f-4217-bc1a-87d11f3cdfd1>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.822106"}
{"text": ", to auctions and into farmers ' back yards. the traditional way of controlling the quality of hypoid gears ' tooth flank form is to check the tooth flank contact patterns. but it is not easy to exactly judge the tooth flank form quality by the contact pattern. in recent years, it has become possible to accurately measure the tooth flank form of hypoid gears by the point - to - point measuring method and the scanning measuring method. but the uses of measured data of the tooth flank form for hypoid gears have not yet been well developed in comparison with cylindrical involute gears. in this paper, the tooth flank form measurement of generated face - milled gears, face - hobbed gears and formulate / generated gears are reported. the authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of scanning and point - to - point measuring of 3 - d tooth flank forms of hypoid gears and introduce some examples of uses of measured data for high - quality production and performance prediction. the dictionary of american biography describes him as \" one of the founders of the gear - cutting industry in the united state. \" he built the first hobbing machine for cutting spur gears. he founded the companies that are now boston gear and philadelphia gear corp. imagine the $ 10 bill with the face of edwin r. fellows on it and on the back, a picture of his invention : the gear shaping machine. or the $ 5 bill with george b. grant and a picture of the first hobbing machine, which he built. when parts you manufacture pass through numerous processes such as deep hole drilling, machining, hobbing and grinding, a cmm is essential when your customers require 100 percent in - process and final inspection. there are several methods available for improving the quality of spur and helical gears following the standard roughing operations of hobbing or shaping. rotary gear shaving and roll - finishing are done in the green or soft state prior to heat treating. a treasure trove of gear and power components for aspiring engineers and dedicated hobbyists. dollhouses may be toys for children, but an old - time working miniature machine shop is the ultimate toy for a self - proclaimed hobby machinist like greg bierck. one of the major problems of plastic gear design is the knowledge of their running temperature. of special interest is the bulk temperature of the tooth to predict the fatigue life, and the peak temperature on the surface of the tooth to avert surface failure. this paper presents the results of an experimental method that uses an infrared radiometer to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5338400646986985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ff9a9c-786f-4217-bc1a-87d11f3cdfd1>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.828765"}
{"text": "temperature. of special interest is the bulk temperature of the tooth to predict the fatigue life, and the peak temperature on the surface of the tooth to avert surface failure. this paper presents the results of an experimental method that uses an infrared radiometer to measure the temperature variation along the profile of a plastic gear tooth in operation. measurements are made on 5. 08, 3. 17, 2. 54, 2. 12 mm module hob cut gears made from nylon 6 - 6, acetal and uhmwpe ( ultra high molecular weight polyethylene ). all the tests are made on a four square testing rig with thermoplastic / steel gear pairs where the plastic gear is the driver. maximum temperature prediction curves obtained through statistical analysis of the results are presented and compared to data available from literature. two major processes used for cutting gears, hobbing and shaping. this article describes advanced machine design and cutter materials for gear shaping. a universal gear is one generated by a common rack on a cylindrical, conical, or planar surface, and whose teeth can be oriented parallel or skewed, centered, or offset, with respect to its axes. mating gear axes can be parallel or crossed, non - intersecting or intersecting, skewed or parallel, and can have any angular orientation ( see fig. 1 ) the taper gear is a universal gear. it provides unique geometric properties and a range of applications unmatched by any other motion transmission element. ( see fig. 2 ) the taper gear can be produced by any rack - type tool generator or hobbing machine which has a means of tilting the cutter or work axis and / or coordinating simultaneous traverse and infeed motions. traditional methods of manufacturing precision gears usually employ either hobbing or shaper cutting. both of these processes rely upon generating the conjugate tooth form by moving the work - piece in a precise relation to the tool. recently, attention has been given to forming gear teeth in a single step. advantages to such a process include reduced production time, material savings, and improved performance characteristics. drawbacks include complicated tool designs, non - uniformity of gears produced throughout the life of the tooling, and lengthy development times. after shaping or hobbing, the tooth flanks must be either chamfered or duburred. here it is paramount that the secondary burr produced will not be formed into the flank, but to the face of the gear, because during hardening, the secondary burr will straighten up and, due to its extreme hardness, will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5633318374313805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ff9a9c-786f-4217-bc1a-87d11f3cdfd1>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.830589"}
{"text": "or duburred. here it is paramount that the secondary burr produced will not be formed into the flank, but to the face of the gear, because during hardening, the secondary burr will straighten up and, due to its extreme hardness, will lead to excessive tool wear. grinding is a technique of finish - machining, utilizing an abrasive wheel. the rotating abrasive wheel, which id generally of special shape or form, when made to bear against a cylindrical shaped workpiece, under a set of specific geometrical relationships, will produce a precision spur or helical gear. in most instances the workpiece will already have gear teeth cut on it by a primary process, such as hobbing or shaping. there are essentially two techniques for grinding gears : form and generation. the basic principles of these techniques, with their advantages and disadvantages, are presented in this section. why brushes? in this age of hi - tech, robots, automatic machines, machining cells, etc., is there a niche somewhere for power brushes? let me answer by asking another question. what tool does the gear manufacturer have in his arsenal that allows him to deburr green gears, hardened gears, hobbed gears, ground gears and shaved gears? what tool allows him to deburr powder metal gears - green and sintered - brass gears, bronze gears, stainless gears made of exotic materials such as inconel, waspaloy, or hastaloy, and fiber and plastic gears? how about spur gears, helical gears, sprockets, both internal and external splines, clutch teeth and pump gears? hobs, broaches, shaper cutters, shaver cutters, milling cutters, and bevel cutters used in the manufacture of gears are commonly made of high speed steel. these specialized gear cutting tools often require properties, such as toughness or manufacturability, that are difficult to achieve with carbide, despite the developments in carbide cutting tools for end mills, milling cutters, and tool inserts. news items about hob 1 bourn and koch hobbing machine offers single setup options ( may 3, 2012 ) the bourn and koch 100 h horizontal hobbing machine can hob splines and geared shafts up to 100 mm in diameter. mount tools in... read news 2 koepfer ' s heavy duty hobbing machine offers extended part size capacity ( june 6, 2007 ) the heavy - duty model 300 from koepfer america provides", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4583358905552015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ff9a9c-786f-4217-bc1a-87d11f3cdfd1>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.837894"}
{"text": "shafts up to 100 mm in diameter. mount tools in... read news 2 koepfer ' s heavy duty hobbing machine offers extended part size capacity ( june 6, 2007 ) the heavy - duty model 300 from koepfer america provides for a bigger part diameter, coarser diametral pitch, and bigger hob capacity than... read news 3 koepfer america launches large capacity cnc hob sharpening machine ( august 7, 2007 ) koepfer america developed the new kfs250 cnc hob sharpening machine, which is based on its kfs100 series. the kfs250 series h... read news 4 gleason debuts opti - cut tools for gashing, shaping and hobbing ( november 9, 2007 ) a new family of cutting tools was recently introduced by the gleason corporation for the gashing, shaping and hobbing of gears. this new... read news 5 koepfers versatile mz 130 provides same - setup gear hobbing and worm milling ( january 10, 2007 ) koepfers mz130 hobbing and worm milling cnc machine from monnier + zahner was designed with versatility and ease of use in mind.... read news 6 new clamping devices for tool and hob manufacturing from toolink ( february 9, 2005 ) the k? nigdorn hydraulic expansion mandrels from toolink enginering manually clamp hobs located between centers on the machine. the system... read news 7 new hob sharpening machine from doimak ( january 28, 2005 ) the af - 75 is a new grinding machine designed for sharpening hobs. among the various features of this model are high accuracy and an op... read news 8 new face drivers for gear hobbing from logansport ( february 2, 2005 ) the fdnc face drivers from logansport matsumoto are designed for gear hobbing operations. according to the companys press releas... read news 9 dtr offers hobs for cutting wind turbine and heavy industrial gears ( january 21, 2010 ) dtr corporation recently announced its full line of high - performance, large coarse pitch hobs for cutting wind turbine and heavy industri... read news 10 gleason introduces newest hobbing machine ( february 15, 2006 ) the new genesis 130h cnc vertical hobbing machine features a design that optimizes dry machining, reduces floor space and improves cycle...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42922448555753934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ff9a9c-786f-4217-bc1a-87d11f3cdfd1>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.840605"}
{"text": ".. read news 10 gleason introduces newest hobbing machine ( february 15, 2006 ) the new genesis 130h cnc vertical hobbing machine features a design that optimizes dry machining, reduces floor space and improves cycle... read news 11 cutting tool sharpener handles large diameter hobs ( february 11, 2010 ) in response to market demand for a machine capable of sharpening large, heavy hobs, j. schneeberger has developed the corvus c500 coarse... read news 12 gleason introduces titan 1200h hobbing machine ( december 29, 2011 ) gleason has introduced the titan 1200h hobbing machine, the first of a new series of titan hobbers designed for larger cylindrical gears... read news 13 exsys tool provides roughing / gear hobbing on single machine ( august 16, 2011 ) a special compact gear hobber system from exsys tool, inc. allows shops to generate splines, spur or helical gears in one operation. the... read news 14 mag acquiring samputensili gear hobbing line ( october 11, 2010 ) mag, a manufacturing technology company, has acquired the gear hobbing and chamfering / deburring product line of samputensili gmbh in chem... read news 15 new gear hobbing center from koepfer emag ( february 24, 2005 ) the vsc 250 / 400 duo wf from emag koepfer allows complete soft machining of gears on a single machine. according to the companys... read news 16 h 400 cnc hobs small or large batches ( may 9, 2012 ) run small lots or mass produce straight and helical gears ; crowned and tapered gears ; worm gears ; chain sprockets and toothed belt discs ;... read news 17 zoller offers inspection for hob cutters ( january 14, 2013 ) gear cutting is a challenging task. only perfect and re - sharpened tools can guarantee correct workpieces, short setup times and low downt... read news 18 speedcore allows for more efficient and flexible hobbing ( october 21, 2011 ) in today ' s gear manufacturing environment, flexibility and efficiency are key factors in modern machine tool technology. productivity... read news 19 lmt - fette opens illinois hob facility ( april 23, 2006 ) lmt - fette established a new precision manufacturing facility in libertyville, il. the first phase of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43232390079886607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ff9a9c-786f-4217-bc1a-87d11f3cdfd1>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.843767"}
{"text": "in modern machine tool technology. productivity... read news 19 lmt - fette opens illinois hob facility ( april 23, 2006 ) lmt - fette established a new precision manufacturing facility in libertyville, il. the first phase of the new plant will handle product... read news 20 ingersoll introduces 2 - start insert hob ( february 10, 2011 ) ingersoll recently introduced a 2 - start indexable carbide insert hob, which nearly doubles productivity for machining gears with large nu... read news 21 gleason invests in coarse pitch hob production cell ( august 2, 2011 ) in response to unprecedented global demand for large cylindrical gears, gleason cutting tools corporation has invested in an advanced coa... read news 22 gleason installs 10 meter capacity gear hobber in china ( april 2, 2013 ) gleason corporation recently announced the successful installation of a p 8000 / 10000 gear hobber at changzhou tianshan heavy industry mac... read news 23 luren introduces hob sharpening machine ( january 7, 2011 ) luren precision co., ltd. recently introduced the cnc hob sharpening machine lhg - 3040. this machine is built with a rigid structure for ma... read news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43624884255095586, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60ff9a9c-786f-4217-bc1a-87d11f3cdfd1>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.844861"}
{"text": "an independent republic of armenia was proclaimed at the end of the 1914 - 1918 war but it lasted only until the beginning of the 1920s when the bolsheviks incorporated it into the soviet union. armenia ' s return to independence in 1991 was overshadowed by the conflict over nagorno - karabakh, the predominantly armenian - populated region in azerbaijan ( see current conflicts section ). full - scale war broke out the same year as ethnic armenians in karabakh fought for independence, supported by troops and resources from armenia proper. a ceasefire in place since 1994 has failed to deliver any lasting solution. russia, france and the us co - chair the osce ' s minsk group, which has been attempting to broker an end to the dispute for over a decade. in 1997, the group tabled settlement proposals seen as a starting point for negotiations by azerbaijan and armenia but not by the de facto authorities in nagorno - karabakh itself. when the then - armenian - president levon ter - petrosyan tried to encourage nagorno - karabakh to enter into talks he was forced to resign amid cries of betrayal. azerbaiijan declared illegitimate a referendum held in the region in december 2006. armenia ' s president serzh sarkisian and azerbaijan ' s ilham aliyev agreed in november 2008 to intensify their efforts to find a political settlement to the dispute over nagorno - karabakh. they claimed to have made significant progress at talks in prague in may 2009 on the sidelines of the eu ' s eastern partnership summit. this overview is based on the bbc online country profile for armenia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4082235303741317, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74189cbe-fd6d-4891-9872-ea41fb50a8b1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.954517"}
{"text": "daniel roper and the panama pacific line declared curran and the strikers mutineers. the line even took out national advertising attacking curran. when the ship docked, federal bureau of investigation agents met the ship and began an investigation into the \" mutiny. \" curran and other top strike leaders were fined two day ' s pay, fired and blacklisted. perkins was able to keep the strikers from being prosecuted for mutiny, however. seaman all along the east coast struck to protest the treatment of the california ' s crew. curran became a leader of the 10 - week strike, eventually forming a supportive association known as the seamen ' s defense committee. formation of nmu the s. s. california strike was only part of a worldwide wave of unrest among american seamen. a series of port and shipboard strikes broke out in 1936 and 1937 in the atlantic and gulf of mexico. in october 1936, curran called a second strike, in part to improve working conditions and in part to embarrass the isu. the four - month strike idled 50, 000 seamen and 300 ships. curran, believing it was time to abandon the conservation international seamen ' s union, began to sign up members for a new, rival union. the level of organizing was so intense that hundreds of ships delayed their sailing time as seamen listened to organizers and signed union cards. in may 1937, curran and other leaders of his nascent movement formed the national maritime union. the seamen ' s defense committee reconstituted itself as a union. it held its first convention in july, and 30, 000 seamen switched their membership from the isu to the nmu. curran was elected president of the new organization. elected secretary - treasurer of the union was jamaican - born ferdinand smith. thus, from its inception nmu was racially integrated. within six years, nearly all racial discrimination was eliminated in hiring, wages, living accommodations and work assignments. a hallmark of the new union was the formation of hiring halls in each port. the hiring halls ensured a steady supply of experienced seamen for passenger and cargo ships, and reduced the corruption which plagued the hiring of able seamen. the hiring halls also worked to combat racial discrimination and promote racial harmony among maritime workers. within a year, the nmu had more than 50, 000 members, and most american shippers were under contract. stripped of most of its membership, the isu became almost moribund. in july 1937, curran and other seamen ' s union leaders were invited by john l. lewis to come to washington, d. c.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.380245592213932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:184c6115-f1eb-4d1a-b242-63b87ad06c1e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.996298"}
{"text": "american shippers were under contract. stripped of most of its membership, the isu became almost moribund. in july 1937, curran and other seamen ' s union leaders were invited by john l. lewis to come to washington, d. c., to form a major organizing drive among ship and port workers. the unions comprising the cio had been ejected by the american federation of labor ( afl ) in november 1936, and now lewis wanted to launch a maritime union. his goal was to create, out of the 300, 000 maritime industry ' s workers, a union as large and influential as the steel workers organizing committee. although lewis favored harry bridges, president of the pacific coast district of the international longshoremen ' s association, to lead the new maritime industrial union, the other union leaders balked. curran agreed to affiliate with the cio, but refused to let bridges or anyone else take over his union. his views were reflected among those of the other union leaders, and the cio ' s maritime industrial union never got off the ground. during the next 36 years, joseph curran worked to make american merchant seamen the best - paid maritime workers in the world. nmu established a 40 - hour work week, overtime, paid vacations, pension and health benefits, tuition reimbursement, and standards for shipboard food and living quarters. curran even built a union - run school to retrain union members, and won large employer donations through collective bargaining to build the school. curran was a vociferous advocate of maritime workers ' rights. when joseph p. kennedy advocated legislation to outlaw maritime strikes and make arbitration of labor disputes compulsory, curran called him a \" union wrecker \". when kennedy was under consideration as executive director of the united seamen ' s service ( an association which assists, feeds and houses american merchant seamen overseas ), curran successfully opposed the multi - millionaire ' s candidacy. curran put such pressure on kennedy that on february 18, 1938, kennedy resigned as chair of the united states maritime commission. curran was also a strong supporter of far - left - wing causes. in august 1940, he urged unions in the new york city area to support an \" emergency peace mobilization \" opposing u. s. entry into the war in europe. in 1940, curran was elected a vice president of the cio. when the cio and afl merged in 1955, he was appointed a vice president of the merged organization as well. greater new york industrial union curran was also elected president of the greater new york industrial union. the greater", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38648920356021854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:184c6115-f1eb-4d1a-b242-63b87ad06c1e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:05.997749"}
{"text": "vice president of the cio. when the cio and afl merged in 1955, he was appointed a vice president of the merged organization as well. greater new york industrial union curran was also elected president of the greater new york industrial union. the greater new york industrial union ( gnyiu ) was organized by the cio in 1940 as a central labor body for new york city. cio - affiliated local unions in new york city and the nearby vicinity were its primary members. at the organization ' s founding convention on july 24, 1940, curran was elected president of gnyiu. saul kills, a member of the american newspaper guild, was elected its secretary - treasurer. the organization had 250 local union affiliates, representing more than 500, 000 workers. by 1948, however, there were serious concerns about communist infiltration of the gnyiu. the united states house of representatives appointed a special investigative subcommittee to look into the matter. several cio unions were investigated, including the united electrical, radio and machine workers of america, the teachers union of the city of new york, the united public workers of america and the department store employees union. cio president philip murray appointed a three - member board in october 1940 to forestall the house investigation. the board members reported to murray that curran, kills and the gnyiu executive board had been advocating pro - communist policies. the gnyiu was on the verge of supporting henry a. wallace in an independent bid for president as well. the national cio executive board revoked the charter of the gnyiu in november 1940. curran denied that he was a communist before both the cio executive board and the joint commerce committee of the u. s. congress. curran became increasingly anti - communist thereafter. in 1946, he pulled the nmu out of a committee for maritime unity which was led by harry bridges. after world war ii, he purged thousands of members and elected leaders he suspected of harboring communist sympathies. curran served on a number of other committees, boards and positions with other organizations. for many years, he was chair of the afl - cio ' s maritime committee. he was also co - chair of the labor - management maritime committee, a body established by afl - cio maritime unions and u. s. shipping companies to discuss and resolve labor issues. curran was also vice chairman of the seafarer ' s section of the international transportworkers federation, an international confederation of maritime unions. curran was also vice president of the united seamen ' s service.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37584607722578506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:184c6115-f1eb-4d1a-b242-63b87ad06c1e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.001728"}
{"text": "shipping companies to discuss and resolve labor issues. curran was also vice chairman of the seafarer ' s section of the international transportworkers federation, an international confederation of maritime unions. curran was also vice president of the united seamen ' s service. retirement and death curran suffered a heart attack in 1953 which left him somewhat less physically able than before. over the next few years, he gradually cut back his workload, and stopped visiting local unions and attending most union meetings. in the mid - 1960s, he turned over most of the union ' s daily business to secretary - treasurer shannon j. wall. by the mid - 1960s, curran was being criticized for ignoring his members ' needs and concerns. his $ 85, 000 - a - year salary was one of the highest in the american labor movement even though his union was small and shedding members. he enjoyed an unlimited expense account, and traveled by chartered jet and private limousine. he cajoled the union ' s executive board into building a massive, art deco headquarters in manhattan, and had the edifice named after himself. in 1966, with the surreptitious help of nmu staffers, union member james b. morrissey challenged the results of curran ' s 1966 re - election as fraudulent. the department of labor agreed, but a re - run election did not change the outcome. in 1973, shortly after curran won re - election for a thirteenth term as union president, morrissey sued curran and charged him with misappropriating union funds. in a precedent - setting ruling in morrissey and ibrahim v. curran, 650 f. 2d 1267 ( 1981 ), the u. s. court of appeals for the second circuit established a broad right for union members to sue union officers for improper financial practices. morrissey ' s barrage of lawsuits against curran led curran to retire suddenly on march 5, 1973. long - time secretary - treasurer shannon j. wall succeeded him as president. curran retired to boca raton, florida. he died there of cancer on august 14, 1981. curran married retta toble, a former cruise ship waitress, in 1939. the couple had a son, joseph paul curran, jr. retta curran died in 1963. in 1965, curran married florence stetler", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3958572010384914, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:184c6115-f1eb-4d1a-b242-63b87ad06c1e>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.004631"}
{"text": "the jordan river, which cuts through israel and jordan, largely reflects the scarcity of water in the region. the above picture shows a rare flooding event in the jordan river in the winter of 2003 at the baptist site ( well - known in christianity ). just several months later, during the summer of 2003, the river was dry again, as shown below at a site close to abdalla bridge. courtesy of avner vengosh. data collected from more than 6, 000 selected sampling points reveal that more than 10 percent of the water resources in the mediterranean basin have boron levels exceeding 1 milligram per liter, the new e. u. drinking water standard. we found that the highest values of boron are in areas associated with geothermal activity, such as in tuscany, italy, and chalkidiki, greece. in addition, we discovered high boron levels in the groundwater basins in the central part of cyprus and in the southern coastal aquifer that is shared between israel and the gaza strip. in order to delineate the origin of boron and salinity in these groundwater basins, we investigated the chemical and isotopic compositions of the boron - contaminated groundwater. boron has two stable isotopes that are distributed unevenly among different geological materials and natural water resources. because different sources of water pollution have unique isotopic fingerprints, we were able to use the boron isotopes to identify clearly the source of the water contamination. for example, the boron isotopic ratios in seawater, wastewater and rocks vary significantly. thus, when groundwater is contaminated, the imprinted isotopic signature of these different sources is preserved, serving as a tracer for delineating their origin. similarly, the application of other isotopes such as oxygen, hydrogen and strontium provide a clue to the origin of the polluted water. by integrating these chemical tools, we discovered that the boron contamination in the mediterranean groundwater basins is derived primarily from natural processes. in the cornia basin in tuscany, we found that boron leaching from sediments into local groundwater is associated with seawater intrusion, reflecting a complex history of boron uptake and release by clay minerals. in western chalkidiki, the mixing of groundwater with underlying thermal water rich in boron caused the boron contamination. in cyprus, water - rock interaction is the main mechanism for the boron enrichment in the water. in the southern coastal aquifer of israel and the gaza strip, we discovered that boron pollution is associated with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5175002622076867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb28ddb3-6e99-4dff-ae2f-3d7aafbe077c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.026230"}
{"text": "caused the boron contamination. in cyprus, water - rock interaction is the main mechanism for the boron enrichment in the water. in the southern coastal aquifer of israel and the gaza strip, we discovered that boron pollution is associated with the migration of saline groundwater from israel into the gaza strip. the chemical and isotopic compositions of the groundwater in these studies clearly indicate that the boron problem in the mediterranean water resources, on the whole, is derived from natural ( geogenic ) sources rather than anthropogenic ones. our results have several implications for the management of national and transboundary groundwater resources in the mediterranean basin and for the remediation of boron. perhaps most importantly, we are challenging the conventional perception that the boron contamination in these countries is a source of human pollution. for years, companies added boron to detergents because it is an excellent bleaching agent thus resulting in the formation of boron - rich sewage. moreover, similar to other inorganic ions, boron is not removed during standard sewage treatment processes and even treated wastewater typically has high boron concentrations. thus, as a precautionary measure, environmental regulators in both cyprus and israel have chosen a particular strategy to reduce boron contamination : mandating regulations that restrict the amount of boron that can be added to detergents. although the reduction in boron in treated sewage may prove to be beneficial for agriculture because there will be less boron contamination in the irrigation water, these regulations will have negligible effects for improving drinking water. for a country that soon will join the european union, such as cyprus, it will only be able meet its obligation to abide by e. u. standards for drinking water by pursuing an alternative strategy that calls for technological intervention to remove boron. to date, israel has yet to adopt an official drinking water standard for boron, despite the new proposals for desalination calling for 0. 5 milligrams per liter boron in desalinated water. thus, israel already faces a similar challenge to cyprus. in short, because boron contamination in all our investigated cases comes from natural geochemical background pollution and hence cannot be prevented, the only way to address the boron problem is through treatment of the drinking water. at present in italy and israel, water authorities mix the boron - rich water with high - quality water to reduce the level of boron in the water supplied for both drinking and agricultural purposes. however, the longevity of dilution as a solution is limited,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5137757937664716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb28ddb3-6e99-4dff-ae2f-3d7aafbe077c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.028953"}
{"text": "in italy and israel, water authorities mix the boron - rich water with high - quality water to reduce the level of boron in the water supplied for both drinking and agricultural purposes. however, the longevity of dilution as a solution is limited, primarily due to the diminishing amount of high - quality water that is available. as a result, our research has focused on the creation of alternative water resources, through the application of technological solutions such as improved desalination and the introduction of new techniques for boron removal from the water. reverse osmosis desalination has tremendous potential for a supply of new water for the 21st century, especially in areas of the world where water is scarce or the quality is inadequate. its widespread application, however, is hampered by the fact that reverse osmosis desalination does not remove boron sufficiently ( only 60 percent ). as a result, desalination of seawater does not reduce the boron level below the new standard for drinking water in the european union ( and will be also problematic for the non - european mediterranean countries adopting a similar drinking water standard for boron ). therefore, additional removal techniques must be introduced in order to bring boron levels down to drinking standards. different partners in the boremed project have developed several independent methodologies for removing boron from water. in cyprus, boremed partners have utilized boron - specific resins combined with a small - scale reverse osmosis to reduce the amount of boron in the groundwater for local users. in israel, boremed partners have succeeded in removing boron by optimization of reverse osmosis processes such as multi - step desalination. other partners from the netherlands have established a new method of boron removal through co - precipitation with hydroxides. in addition, a joint israeli - turkish team invented a new technique for boron removal through reacting seawater with fly ash and coal materials. this method is particularly useful in mediterranean countries such as turkey, where fly ash is abundant and cheap. each of the new different methodologies has its own benefits and costs. ultimately, the e. u. countries that face a boron problem will have to adopt one of these new technologies in order to be in compliance with the new drinking water standard for boron. through an integration of geochemistry, hydrogeology, numerical modeling and policy analysis, we also have devised a potential management solution to the water crisis in the gaza strip. the local aquifer underlying the gaza strip is perhaps one of the most stressed resources", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5449284643348682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb28ddb3-6e99-4dff-ae2f-3d7aafbe077c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.030502"}
{"text": "integration of geochemistry, hydrogeology, numerical modeling and policy analysis, we also have devised a potential management solution to the water crisis in the gaza strip. the local aquifer underlying the gaza strip is perhaps one of the most stressed resources in the mediterranean basin in terms of water quantity and quality : chloride concentrations reach 1, 500 milligrams per liter ( six times the e. u. standard ) ; nitrate concentrations reach 400 milligrams per liter ( eight times the e. u. standard ) ; and boron concentrations reach 3. 5 milligrams per liter ( more than three times the e. u. standard ). over the past five decades, the amount of water pumped from the gaza aquifer has far exceeded the natural water replenishment. as the water level has declined, the water quality has become unsuitable for human consumption, owing to the high levels of salinity, boron and nitrate pollution. nevertheless, more than 1 million people depend entirely upon this aquifer for drinking and irrigation water. the boremed project has mapped boron distribution in groundwater from the southern mediterranean coastal aquifer and the gaza strip. the different colors represent boron concentration in milligrams per liter. in most parts of the aquifer and the gaza strip, the boron concentration exceeds the drinking standard of 1 milligram per liter for the european union. courtesy of avner vengosh. our chemical and isotopic data show that most of the salinity phenomenon in the gaza strip is derived from flow of natural saline groundwater from israel towards the gaza strip. as a result, the southern coastal aquifer does not resemble a classic upstream - downstream dispute over a transboundary aquifer : israels upstream pumping of the saline groundwater can potentially reduce the salinization rates of groundwater in the gaza strip rather than cause downstream harm. numerical simulation of different pumping scenarios confirms our hypothesis that increasing pumping along the gaza strip border combined with desalination and supply to the gaza strip, as well as moderate reduction of pumping within the gaza strip, would improve the water quality of groundwater there. moreover, our finding that the salinity problem in the gaza strip is partially natural de - politicizes the water issue and offers a practical solution for the water crisis in the gaza strip that has win - win benefits for both the palestinian territory and israel. clearing the way the promulgation of a new drinking water standard for boron in the european union has forced both e. u", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5146444956353304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb28ddb3-6e99-4dff-ae2f-3d7aafbe077c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.033316"}
{"text": "practical solution for the water crisis in the gaza strip that has win - win benefits for both the palestinian territory and israel. clearing the way the promulgation of a new drinking water standard for boron in the european union has forced both e. u. member and non - member states to address boron contamination in drinking water even before a strong causal link has been found between boron contamination and health effects. yet, while new technologies now exist for boron removal, the adoption of this new drinking water standard is complicated by the fact that each country faces different institutional constraints. in italy, the boron problem is a local problem rather than a national one, and as a result, the end - user in conjunction with the regional water authority is responsible for developing its own program for boron removal. in contrast, in the coastal aquifer that is shared between israel and the palestinian authority, the boron and salinity problem will only be resolved through the development of institutions for international cooperation. finally, in cyprus, the boron problem is a national problem, thus requiring a national solution instead of a local or international solution. in the end, the ability to address the boron problem at the local, national and international levels in the mediterranean basin will depend entirely on an integration of science, technology and policy. at the surface, northern africa is one of the driest places on the planet. but underneath the desert, ancient water lies in a complex groundwater system composed of the nubian aquifer. radiocarbon dating techniques have indicated that most nubian aquifer water is at least 50, 000 years old, but a newly developed technique shows that some of the water is 1 million years old adding further complexity to the nubian aquifer system, which waters the region. boron is only one of many geologic materials that occur naturally in the environment and can pose health risks to people. geoscientists are actively involved in studying such substances by monitoring groundwater, surface water and soils, and by mapping their distributions. the findings may help policy - makers devise new strategies for regulation and mitigation. online sources for asbestos, radon, mercury, arsenic, crystalline silica and boron are listed below ; also see link to past geotimes coverage. see this month ' s print issue for more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48914006990399284, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb28ddb3-6e99-4dff-ae2f-3d7aafbe077c>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.034691"}
{"text": "\"... wall upon wall, battlement upon battlement, black, immeasurably strong, mountain of iron, gate of steel, tower of adamant... barad - dur, fortress of sauron the fellowship of the ring ii 10 the breaking of the fellowship the mighty shadow - shrouded stronghold of sauron in the second and third ages. the first building of barad - dur the first building of barad - dur, when sauron first came to mordor, took six hundred years to complete. soon after, tar - minastir of numenor sent a fleet to middle - earth, and sauron ' s forces were driven out of the western lands that they had roamed at will to that time. barad - dur could not be approached by the numenoreans, however, and sauron was able to consolidate his power and extend it into the east. in ii 3262, sauron left his dark tower to travel to numenor with the vast forces of ar - pharazon ; he returned after the downfall of numenor in ii 3319. the last alliance besieged barad - dur in ii 3434, and the tower was taken and destroyed by the forces of elendil and gil - galad, who both perished in the siege, in ii 3441. though barad - dur was destroyed, its foundations were left in place. the second building of barad - dur for much of the third age, sauron ' s stronghold was not in mordor, which was ruled in his stead by the nazgul. rather, the dark lord dwelt in the south of mirkwood at dol guldur. in iii 2941, the white council sent their forces to drive him from mirkwood, and he withdrew to mordor once again. there, he began the rebuilding of the dark tower. given that the tower originally took some six hundred years to raise, it seems surprising that its second building can have taken no more than a few decades. this is perhaps partly explained by the fact that its foundations, laid with the power of the ring, remained in gorgoroth ready to be built upon. barad - dur was constructed as much through the personal power of sauron as through stone and mortar ; when the one ring was destroyed in orodruin, this power was lost and the tower destroyed forever. the appearance of barad - dur the most complete description", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3858752006057233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:634ec0c5-2492-4e70-a779-1e6a86259602>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.040373"}
{"text": "was constructed as much through the personal power of sauron as through stone and mortar ; when the one ring was destroyed in orodruin, this power was lost and the tower destroyed forever. the appearance of barad - dur the most complete description we have of barad - dur is that given in the quote at the head of this page. we know, then, that it was black, and constructed mainly of metal. ' adamant ' usually refers to diamond, but it is hard to imagine sauron adding diamond towers to his dark fortress - in this context, it probably has the more general meaning of ' hard, unbreakable substance '. from the steel gate of the tower, a causeway ran out into the plain of gorgoroth, across a mighty bridge. we also know that lava from mount doom was channeled back across that plain to barad - dur. tolkien probably leaves details of the tower ' s construction vague intentionally, as it was hidden by a cloud of shadow and darkness at all times. frodo and sam saw barad - dur as they journeyed to mount doom : '... rising black, blacker and darker than the vast shades amid which it stood, the cruel pinnacles and iron crown of the topmost tower of barad - dur... ' ( the lord of the rings 6 iii : mount doom ). the ' topmost tower of barad - dur ' seems to have been the place where sauron dwelt. at least, the window of the eye, from which the lidless eye stared out across middle - earth, was located there. battle of dagorlad, black pit, black pits, chambers of fire, dark lord, dark throne, dark tower, downfall of barad - dur, ered lithui, eye of barad - dur, eye of mordor, eye of sauron, fall of barad - dur, king of dale, land of shadow, [ see the full list... ] for acknowledgements and references, see the disclaimer & bibliography page. website services kindly sponsored by axiom software ltd. original content \u00a9 copyright mark fisher 1997 - 2000, 2008. all rights reserved. for conditions of reuse, see the site faq.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4321946194554411, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:634ec0c5-2492-4e70-a779-1e6a86259602>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.041414"}
{"text": "map : do you live in a food desert? usda ' s food desert locator map yesterday, the united states department of agriculture unveiled its latest online tool : an eye - opening map of the nation ' s \" food deserts. \" these food deserts ( marked in pink above ) are places where there is \" low income \" and \" low access \" \u2014 or places where at least a fifth of the population lives at or below the poverty line and where there isn ' t a supermarket within a one - mile radius ( or within a 10 - mile radius in rural areas ). all things told, about 13. 5 million people nationwide have little or no access to stores selling healthful food. the complete dataset is downloadable, so it should spawn mash - ups. the usda has also created the food environment atlas, which maps factors ranging from food taxes to farmers ' markets ( below ). what correlations can we make about the absence of food deserts and farmers ' markets? the data ' s impressive and certainly opens up opportunities to map other connections : what ' s the impact of healthy corner stores, walkable school districts, or even mcdonald ' s locations on food deserts? could we put the \" wal - mart as food desert solution \" theory to the test? map : usda ( via alex howard ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.423673232825449, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7ec2e51c-0e92-4a46-a143-d61b4c34e39d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.043020"}
{"text": "con ed to get the lead out the project will remove about 2, 400 tons of underground lead sheathing through 2009 as part its membership in the u. s. environmental protection agency ' s national partnership for environmental priorities program. the voluntary program aims to reduce or eliminate chemicals that can linger for decades when released into the environment. the private - public program has targeted 31 priority chemicals, such as lead and pcbs. con edison plans to replace 2, 400 sections of underground lead - clad electric feeder cables this year with solid dielectric cables made of copper conductors encased in synthetic rubber. the new cables are easier to splice and better for electricity distribution. in 2009, the company will continue replacing an additional 2, 400 sections, each of which is estimated to have about 1, 000 pounds of encased lead sheathing that will be recycled nearby. eventually the company wants to replace all lead - clad cables - - about 20 percent of the company ' s underground network - - by 2020, which could account for as much as 15, 000 tons of reclaimed lead sheathing. faced with a tide of post - consumer plastic trash, organizations are thinking up innovative ways to profitably harness this potentially vast revenue stream. read more the sixth annual edition of research has been expanded to include data on 1, 600 companies worldwide, as well as on the u. s. - based s & p 500. find out where the world of sustainable business is headed - - and the leading indicators of future progress. read the stories and download the report. simran sethi shares how our psychology and geography shape the ways we engage and share with each other. see our entire video collection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4503603657319072, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56db57cb-e06f-4cec-888a-0c52535f2a12>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.046236"}
{"text": "this is a very complex question, but let \u2019 s go at it another way. the races that we experience today didn \u2019 t really come from adam and eve. you know why? because everybody on the face of the earth got drowned, except for noah and his three sons, and their wives. so, all the races came from noah and mrs. noah, and the three little junior noahs : shem, ham, and japheth. and they were all, you remember, rescued in the flood, and they came back and began to populate the earth. the best we can tell, shem located with his people in the middle east, and are the semites : jews and arabic people. it \u2019 s a huge part of the world - - huge population. ham, in most studies ( and i \u2019 m reflecting back a few years in reading things like oliver buswell iii, and others who dealt with these issues, and some other books on the tables of nations ), it seems that ham became a more servile people and may have moved south and wound up in africa. the descendants of ham and japheth seem to have colonized europe. it \u2019 s very difficult to know all of that specifically, but they obviously, through the years, adapted themselves to their areas. they of course began to develop and all the races eventually came. but, apart from what might be the scientific and historical explanation, is the statement of acts 17, where it says, \u201c the god who made the world and all things in it, since he is lord of heaven and earth, does not dwell in temples made with hands ; neither is he served by human hands, as though he have need of anything ; he made, from one, every nation. \u201d so, that \u2019 s the best answer. acts 17, verse 26, god, from noah and mrs. noah and shem, ham, and japheth, created the nations. now, one major component in that happened at the tower of babel of course, where god scattered all the nations all over the face of the earth and changed their languages. so, the best answer is right there in acts 17 - - god did it. and god sort of tweaked their ears and tweaked their eyes, and their nose, and the color of the skin, and all those genetic unique things, in his creative power, through the process of providential genetics, to create all the different races. you may reproduce this grace to you content", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4349422365756499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:804f8a72-485e-4075-ac41-05906aa1206f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.055214"}
{"text": "in 2006, high sea temperatures caused severe coral bleaching in the keppell islands, in the southern part of the reef \u2014 the largest coral reef system in the world. the damaged reefs were then covered by a single species of seaweed which threatened to suffocate the coral and cause further loss. a \" lucky combination \" of rare circumstances has meant the reef has been able to make a recovery. abundant corals have reestablished themselves in a single year, say the researchers from the university of queensland ' s centre for marine studies and the arc centre of excellence for coral reef studies ( coecrs ). \" three factors were critical, \" said dr guillermo diaz - pulido. \" the first was exceptionally high regrowth of fragments of surviving coral tissue. the second was an unusual seasonal dieback in the seaweeds, and the third was the presence of a highly competitive coral species, which was able to outgrow the seaweed. \" coral bleaching occurs in higher sea temperatures when the coral lose the symbiotic algae they need to survive. the reefs then lose their colour and become more susceptible to death from starvation or disease. the findings are important as it is extremely rare to see reports of reefs that bounce back from mass coral bleaching or other human impacts in less than a decade or two, the scientists said. the study is published in the online journal plos one. \" the exceptional aspect was that corals recovered by rapidly regrowing from surviving tissue, \" said dr sophie dove, also from coecrs and the university of queensland. \" recovery of corals is usually thought to depend on sexual reproduction and the settlement and growth of new corals arriving from other reefs. this study demonstrates that for fast - growing coral species asexual reproduction is a vital component of reef resilience. \" last year, a major global study found that coral reefs did have the ability to recover after major bleaching events, such as the one caused by the el nino in 1998. david obura, the chairman of the international union for conservation of nature climate change and coral reefs working group involved with the report, said : \" ten years after the world ' s biggest coral bleaching event, we know that reefs can recover \u2013 given the chance. unfortunately, impacts on the scale of 1998 will reoccur in the near future, and there ' s no time to lose if we want to give reefs and people a chance to suffer as little as possible. \" coral reefs are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4486031419187639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e2f2baf-ab5a-40e4-ad86-116c02b20572>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.060881"}
{"text": "bingo makes you think faster than non - players and keeps you more alert into old age, a researcher told a british psychological society conference. julie winstone, of southampton university, said players were faster and more accurate than non - bingo players on tests measuring mental speed, the ability to scan for information, and memory. her research found older players even outperformed younger counterparts, suggesting keeping the brain active keeps it sharper for longer. the finding came as no surprise to the national bingo association, which said the game was played by three million people with an average age of 49. \" the blue rinse brigade dominated it 15 years ago. but then it was taken up by celebrities denise van outen, elle macpherson, robbie williams, catherine zeta - jones, and bianca and jade jagger, \" said gloria pattinson, an association spokeswoman. \" these acted as role models for younger people, who started going to evening sessions before moving on to clubs and pubs. older people still go to morning and afternoon sessions. \" the skill needed in bingo is quite high which is why these findings are no surprise. you have to be a good listener and search for numbers quickly. \" ms winstone said : \" any mental or physical activity is good for you but bingo involves searching for digits which is particularly sensitive to the ageing process. \" she recruited 112 people - half were bingo players - and divided them into the 18 - 40 and 60 - 82 age groups. she added : \" i got them to scan a grid for single digits, pairs of digits and then three digits. the older bingo players were both quicker and made less errors than the older non - bingo players - and the younger bingo players. \" in bingo it is very important not to miss a number and you have to sustain your attention sometimes for several hours. \" concentration has been shown to decline with age so bingo could be helping older people sustain their attention for longer. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44560948480106344, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2815a4f-5fe0-4714-ba45-f60e0a35f6a3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.063492"}
{"text": "teens using technology - backlit devices can impact on sleep new research from the lighting research center ( lrc ) at rensselaer polytechnic institute, new york, indicates that teenagers who use backlit technology, such as tablet devices, for two hours before bed, may have their sleeping patterns disrupted. at this time of year in australia, many teens are studying for their final hsc exams and using computers for extended periods. being aware of backlit technology ' s possible effects on sleep and melatonin release, may help parents advise their teens on how to ensure they get sufficient sleep. we know that sleep has an impact on learning and information retention so we ' ve written about this topic before. for more information on sleep and teens, please read : backlit devices may interrupt sleeping patterns the new lrc research shows that a two - hour exposure to electronic devices with self - luminous ' backlit ' displays causes melatonin suppression, which might lead to delayed bedtimes, especially in teens. \u201c our study shows that a two - hour exposure to light from self - luminous electronic displays can suppress melatonin by about 22 %. stimulating the human circadian system to this level may affect sleep in those using the devices prior to bedtime, \u201d said professor figueiro. and until manufacturers develop more \u201c circadian - friendly \u201d electronic devices that increase or decrease light exposure based on time of day, figueiro recommends \" dimming these devices at night as much as possible in order to minimize melatonin suppression, and limiting the amount of time spent using these devices prior to bedtime. \u201d your teens might not want to hear this information during other times of the year when they want to play games on tablet - style devices but perhaps during final exam times, they ' ll be more receptive to this information. morning light helps teens sleep another field study by the lrc in 2010 indicated that teenagers are likley to have better sleep if they have more exposure to morning light. during term time, high schools have schedules requiring teenagers to be in school early in the morning, so teens often miss some morning light. however, during a study break, your teen has an opportunity to change this pattern and possibly benefit from more and better sleep. \u201c as teenagers spend more time indoors, they miss out on essential morning light needed to stimulate the body \u2019 s 24 - hour biological system, which regulates the sleep / wake cycle, \u201d said professor figueiro. in this study it was found that students who wore special glasses to prevent short - wavelength (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5126591870654098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:75d1a9ac-005b-4283-b4d5-d553a67e8370>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.070926"}
{"text": "accidental poisoning by methadone occurs, particularly as a result of children ingesting a parent ' s methadone. health care professionals have a responsibility to provide information and guidance to methadone users on safe storage of methadone. the objective of the study was to audit the effectiveness of information giving on the safety of methadone consumption, dose measurement and storage, and the effectiveness of sources of advice available for patients. the study was undertaken prior to the introduction of a scheme for the supervised consumption of methadone, in the setting of an nhs methadone clinic serving a district population of 490, 000 in the uk. 185 consecutive patients attending a methadone clinic to collect a methadone prescription were the subject of an anonymous survey. issues of safety of methadone consumption, storage and safety information provisions were assessed. a telephone survey of the community pharmacists dispensing the methadone covered the availability of measuring devices and provision of advice on safety was undertaken. methadone was stored in a variety of locations, a cupboard being most frequent. 95 patients ( 60. 1 % ) had children either living in or visiting their home. all stored their methadone in a bottle with a child resistant lid ; the majority measured doses using either the container supplied by the pharmacist or a plastic measure. 126 patients ( 78 % ) confirmed that a pharmacist provided a measuring container on their first visit, 24 ( 15 % ) were given a measure on every visit to the pharmacist. advice on safe storage was recalled by 30 % of the patients, and advice on measuring methadone by 28 %. methadone was seen as potentially dangerous by 82 % of the patients. the risks resulting from unsafe storage of methadone may be reduced by daily instalment prescribing and provision of measuring containers on request. recall of provision of information on safety issues is poor and the adoption of a standard policy on provision information should be seen as a priority. a re - audit of safety of storage of methadone is recommended following the introduction of a standard policy on information provision. the number of prescriptions per year for methadone in england increased from 425, 400 to 1, 318, 100 between 1990 and 2001. prior to the introduction in 1999 of national guidelines in england with regard to supervised methadone consumption, it was common practice for patients to be prescribed take - home methadone from specialist drug clinics or general practitioners which would be dispense", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4785276667115608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a45b53c-4460-4d70-9872-61e8bfb5436a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.088916"}
{"text": "2001. prior to the introduction in 1999 of national guidelines in england with regard to supervised methadone consumption, it was common practice for patients to be prescribed take - home methadone from specialist drug clinics or general practitioners which would be dispensed at community pharmacies. up to 14 days ' supply could be prescribed on one prescription and the patient would be allowed to store this at home. in practice, prior to the development of supervised methadone schemes, where patients consume their methadone at the pharmacy and are observed by the pharmacist, many prescribers controlled the amount dispensed by prescribing daily instalments or for 2 to 3 days at a time to reduce the risk of diversion of supplies and the risk of storage of high volumes. following the introduction of guidelines for supervised methadone, it became the norm within the uk for patients to have daily methadone prescriptions with supervised consumption at the pharmacy for a minimum of 3 months. providing that they are compliant with treatment, this supervision can then be discontinued and increasing numbers of days ' supply can be dispensed to take home. even within the current supervised schemes, patients will take home at least one day ' s supply for unsupervised consumption as pharmacies are not in general open on sundays. the introduction of national guidelines has produced some changes in the prescribing methods for methadone in the uk. there is still considerable variation in practice between clinicians both in the dose prescribed and the volume dispensed for take - home use the risks relating to methadone are not confined to those prescribed methadone or to adults using illicit supplies. the storage of methadone at home poses a potential risk to children living with the person prescribed methadone if the supply is not safely stored. the value of oral methadone prescribing in the treatment of opiate addicts is confirmed in national clinical guidelines. safety issues relating to storage of methadone at home have been well documented. a report regarding the use of babies ' feeding bottles as measuring devices for methadone highlighted the risks to children of access to methadone. the study recommended that all doctors who prescribe methadone should ask their patients how they measure their daily dose of methadone. it is clear from current guidance that health care professionals have a responsibility to provide information and guidance to methadone users on safe storage of methadone.. we undertook this audit to evaluate the effectiveness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45206328048280037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a45b53c-4460-4d70-9872-61e8bfb5436a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.090048"}
{"text": "they measure their daily dose of methadone. it is clear from current guidance that health care professionals have a responsibility to provide information and guidance to methadone users on safe storage of methadone.. we undertook this audit to evaluate the effectiveness of the sources of advice that those prescribed methadone may have used with regard to safety of storage and measurement of their methadone dose. audit criteria and standard setting the audit followed a standard audit methodology of selecting appropriate criteria and then selecting standards by which to measure success in achieving the criteria. the following criteria were selected following a review of the literature. 1. all patients prescribed methadone should recall being given information on safe storage of methadone 2. all patients who take home methadone should have it dispensed in a child resistant container 3. all patients prescribed methadone for home consumption should have an accurate measuring device available 4. all patients who have methadone at home should store it a child resistant container within a safe locked location. 5. all patients where children may have access to methadone should be aware of the particular risks to children. 6. all patients prescribed methadone should be aware of the risks of accidental overdose. the standard setting was agreed by the audit team using the following principles. 1. given the high risks posed by accidental methadone overdose criteria 1 \u2013 6 were allocated a 100 % standard development of survey instruments we devised and piloted a questionnaire for anonymous self completion by patients. the content of the questionnaire was planned to cover the following aspects. \u2022 volumes of methadone prescribed and stored \u2022 frequency of pick up of prescriptions \u2022 frequency of doses \u2022 location of storage \u2022 measurement of methadone \u2022 possible access to the stored methadone by children \u2022 sources of advice on safe storage and measurement \u2022 appreciation of the possible risks of methadone. a checklist for telephone survey of community pharmacists was devised to collect data on the availability of measuring devices and advice on safety aspects of storage and measurement. over a period of three days, consecutive patients attending to collect a methadone prescription from the specialist clinic were invited to complete the questionnaire. of the 185 patients attending, 165 ( 86. 4 % ) completed the questionnaire. all pharmacists recorded in the clinic register as potentially dispensing methadone to patients attending the clinic were contacted by telephone ( n = 48 ). of these, 36 were actually dispensing methadone during the period of the patient survey and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4726044763357237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a45b53c-4460-4d70-9872-61e8bfb5436a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.091695"}
{"text": "recorded in the clinic register as potentially dispensing methadone to patients attending the clinic were contacted by telephone ( n = 48 ). of these, 36 were actually dispensing methadone during the period of the patient survey and 35 ( 97. 2 % ) agreed to complete the telephone survey closed questions were analysed with descriptive statistics, open questions by content analysis, a \u03c72 test was used to compare outcomes volume of methadone stored at home the mean daily methadone dose for the 161 patients was 32 mg, ( range 5 mg to 80 mg, sd = 14. 01 ). instalment prescribing is the norm within the clinic and 97 patients ( 63 % ) reported a daily pick up, 52 ( 34 % ) a pick up every 2 days, 3 patients ( 2 % ) picked up twice a week whilst 1 patient ( < 1 % ) reported a weekly pick up. volumes stored at home reflected the range of doses and the type of instalment prescribing. the mean volume stored at home was 51 mg ( range 0 mg to 315 mg, sd = 48. 3 ). of the 11 patients who reported that they did not store any methadone at home, 2 reported that they stored it about their person, 8 consumed all their methadone in the street after it had been dispensed and 1 gave it to a parent for safekeeping. location of storage content analysis of the location of storage revealed a variety of locations ( table 1 ). a cupboard was the most common storage place 49 ( 30. 6 % ), 27 ( 16. 8 % ) stored methadone in the fridge, whilst only 4 patients ( 2. 5 % ) stored methadone in a medicine cabinet. one patient stored methadone in a wastebin table 1. location of storage of methadone in the home safety of storage of the 159 patients who completed the item on security of their place of storage, 43 ( 27 % ) acknowledged that other people would have access to their storage place. the presence of children in the house was assessed in two ways, firstly as an item enquiring as to children resident with the patient and secondly an item regarding children who may visit the patient. from these items a consolidated figure of homes where children may have access to methadone was calculated. 158 patients responded to items on children within the home, of whom 95 ( 60. 1 % ) had children either living in or visiting the home. an assessment by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4797773773341793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a45b53c-4460-4d70-9872-61e8bfb5436a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.092820"}
{"text": "a consolidated figure of homes where children may have access to methadone was calculated. 158 patients responded to items on children within the home, of whom 95 ( 60. 1 % ) had children either living in or visiting the home. an assessment by these 95 patients of the risk of children knowing where the methadone was stored resulted in 5 patients ( 3. 2 % ) accepting that children would know where they kept their methadone, 10 patients ( 6. 45 % ) reported that they thought children could find their methadone. chi square analysis of methadone storage location and assessment of the ability of others to access the storage site showed no significant difference between the group with children living in or visiting their home and those with no children living in or having access to their home. methadone storage container of the 160 patients who completed the questionnaire, 100 % stored their methadone in the original pharmacists ' container supplied with a child resistant cap. measurement of methadone an open question with regard to containers used to measure out methadone doses revealed a fairly narrow range of containers to be in use ( table 2 ). 140 patients ( 67. 5 % ) used either the container supplied by the pharmacist or a plastic measure supplied by the pharmacist to measure out their methadone ; a minority of 5 patients ( 3. 13 % ) guessed the correct amount without any form of measure. table 2. measuring methadone ( n = 160 ) the need to measure out methadone occurs when more than one days supply is dispensed, such as at weekends or when patients have a less frequent prescription instalment. the need to measure out methadone also occurs when patients split their daily dose. responses to the survey indicated that of the 153 who responded to this item, 100 ( 63 % ) take their methadone as single dose. the remaining patients split their dose, 52 ( 34 % ) taking methadone twice a day, and 4 ( 3 % ) taking it three or more times a day. 126 patients ( 78 % ) confirmed provision of measuring containers on the first visit to a pharmacist. 24 patients ( 15 % ) reported that they were given a measuring container on every visit to the pharmacist and 13 ( 8 % ) reported that they were able to request a measuring device when they needed one sources of advice on storage and measurement only 49 patients ( 31 % ) recalled being given advice on safety of methadone ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49109833997867147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a45b53c-4460-4d70-9872-61e8bfb5436a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.094057"}
{"text": "the pharmacist and 13 ( 8 % ) reported that they were able to request a measuring device when they needed one sources of advice on storage and measurement only 49 patients ( 31 % ) recalled being given advice on safety of methadone ; of those who did recall this advice, it had been given by the methadone clinic ( 41. 7 % ), the local drug agency ( 27 % ) or the pharmacist ( 21 % ). advice on ways to measure out methadone was recalled by 45 patients ( 28 % ), this advice had been given by the methadone clinic ( 40 % ), the pharmacist ( 36 % ) or the local drug agency ( 18 % ). knowledge of the risks of methadone in response to the question \" is methadone dangerous? \". 131 patients ( 82 % ) replied yes, 25 patients ( 16 % ) replied no and 3 ( 2 % ) did not respond. none of the patients reported having being involved with any accidental use of methadone. of the 35 pharmacists who participated in the survey, 32 ( 91 % ) confirmed that they would provide a measuring device on request. only 5 ( 14. 3 % ) provided a measuring device on each attendance. advice on storage of methadone had been given by 4 pharmacists ( 11 % ) and advice on measuring out methadone by 6 ( 17 % ). the pharmacists were each dispensing for a mean of 5 patients ( range 1 to 20, sd 4. 4 ) performance on criteria 1 to 6 was measured against the defined standards. the results are summarised in table 3. table 3. audit criteria performance only 1 of the standards reached 100 % in the sample studied, that being the dispensing of methadone in containers with child resistant caps. the accidental ingestion of methadone is a well recognised risk of methadone prescribing [ 7, 8 ] the need to store methadone is increased if prescriptions are dispensed in more than daily instalments. a survey of prescribing to opiate addicts in england and wales in 1996 showed that up to 36 % of prescriptions for methadone were dispensed on a weekly basis. the use of inappropriate storage and measuring containers for methadone, such as babies ' bottles by over 25 % of patients in dublin, was perhaps influenced by the fact that over 50 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4831698485933601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a45b53c-4460-4d70-9872-61e8bfb5436a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.095107"}
{"text": "methadone were dispensed on a weekly basis. the use of inappropriate storage and measuring containers for methadone, such as babies ' bottles by over 25 % of patients in dublin, was perhaps influenced by the fact that over 50 % of prescriptions for methadone in dublin were dispensed on a weekly basis. the routine supply of measuring containers is not necessary when methadone is dispensed on a daily basis or its consumption is supervised, apart from at weekends and when the patient takes the methadone in divided doses. the pharmacists surveyed in this study were able to provide measuring containers on request and the patients appeared to be aware of this facility and had obtained them when needed. the provision of advice to patients on safe storage and measurement had been received by a minority of patients. pharmacists confirmed that they had only given advice to a small proportion of the patients. the level of advice reported appears to be consistent with that reported by calman et al in 1996, as do the various locations chosen by patients to store methadone. the patients ' responses to the present study do however indicate a high level of awareness of the risks of methadone both to children and to non drug using adults. the risks associated with methadone storage and measurement can be seen to be reduced by daily instalment prescribing, provision of measuring devices on request and the provision of information on the particular risks of methadone to children. the risks to children of unsafe storage of medicines is not of course confined to methadone. studies of accidental poisoning of children from prescribed medications have shown consistently that failure to store medication in a child resistant container in a safe location is a major factor in increasing the risk of accidental poisoning [ 10, 11 ] the responsibility for giving advice on these matters does not appear to be allocated to any one agency and our study reveals that many patients do not recall being given such advice. provision of information on safety issues is poor and the adoption of a standard policy on provision of written information should be seen as a priority. a survey of community pharmacists in scotland undertaken by matheson and bond indicated that pharmacists providing health promotion advice to drug misusers see verbal advice as being \" risky \", whereas written information is seen as non - confrontational. the introduction of written information on storage and measurement to be given out at the time of dispensing of methadone may be one possible solution to ensuring that patients remain aware of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4948208972007533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a45b53c-4460-4d70-9872-61e8bfb5436a>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.096253"}
{"text": ", whereas written information is seen as non - confrontational. the introduction of written information on storage and measurement to be given out at the time of dispensing of methadone may be one possible solution to ensuring that patients remain aware of the risks inherent in irresponsible custody of their methadone and what steps to take to reduce this risk. studies of the relative effectiveness of written versus verbal information on patient information retention and subsequent action do not, however, show any advantage of written over verbal presentation [ 13, 14 ]. the overall view is that providing the information in both forms provides a range of options which may match the patients ' preferred mode of receiving information. the provision of information on the safe storage of methadone is recalled by a minority of patients, and the vast majority of patients do not store their methadone in a locked cupboard or other secure location. the audit we have reported will be repeated following the provision of written information to patients in addition to verbal information at the point that they commence their methadone treatment. this will be reinforced at the point where patients transfer from supervised consumption at the pharmacy to home consumption as part of a progressive relaxation of restrictions in more stable patients. the author ( s ) declare that they have no competing interests. rnb conceived of the audit, devised the methodology and drafted the manuscript rm supervised the data collection and performed the telephone survey ns participated in the design of the study and performed the data analysis all authors read and approved the manuscript the authors extend their thanks to the patients and pharmacists who gave their time to contribute to the audit and to gretta bloor for micro - editing of the final version of the manuscript. bmj 1996, 313 : 1481. pubmed abstract bmj 1999, 318 : 329 - 330. pubmed abstract bmj 1991, 303 : 922 - 923. pubmed abstract bmj 1999, 318 : 1137. pubmed abstract hum toxicol 1987, 6 : 303 - 314. pubmed abstract", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5113308448710069, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a45b53c-4460-4d70-9872-61e8bfb5436a>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.097252"}
{"text": "| recommended intake | calcium deficiency | calcium toxicity | major food sources | health implications | tips for increasing your calcium intake | taking supplements calcium is the most prevalent mineral in the human body. about 99 % of the body ' s calcium resides in the bones and teeth, and the remaining 1 % is dispersed throughout other body fluids and cells. calcium ' s functions include : - builds bones, both in length and strength - helps bones remain strong by slowing the rate of bone loss with age - helps muscles contract - helps the heart beat - plays a role in normal nerve function, transfers nerve impulses - helps blood clot during bleeding - builds healthy teeth ( in kids ) the institute of medicine offers these recommendations : recommended dietary allowance or \u2022 adequate intake ( mg / day ) | birth to 6 months | | 200 milligrams ( mg ) | | 200 mg | | 7 - 12 months | | 260 mg | | 260 mg | | 1 - 3 years | | 700 mg | | 700 mg | | 4 - 8 years | | 1, 000 mg | | 1, 000 mg | | 9 - 18 years | | 1, 300 mg | | 1, 300 mg | | 19 - 50 years | | 1, 000 mg | | 1, 000 mg | | 51 - 70 years | | 1, 200 mg | | 1, 000 mg | | 71 years and older | | 1, 200 mg | | 1, 200 mg | | pregnant or lactating teens | | 1, 300 mg | | n / a | | pregnant or lactating adults | | 1, 000 mg | | n / a | in childhood, not getting enough calcium may interfere with growth. a severe deficiency may keep children from reaching their potential adult height. even a mild deficiency over a lifetime can affect bone density and bone loss, which increases the risk for osteoporosis. if you do not consume enough calcium, your body will draw from the storage in your bones in order to supply enough calcium for its other functions : nerve transmission, muscle contraction, heartbeat, and blood clotting. symptoms of a calcium deficiency include : - intermittent muscle contractions - muscle pain - muscle spasms - numbness or tingling in the hands and feet very large doses over a prolonged period of time may cause kidney stones and poor kidney function. your body may not absorb other minerals, such as zinc, properly. these problems could occur from consuming too much through a calcium supplement, not from milk or other calcium - rich foods. the tolerable upper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47952266636767454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4cd0ba8d-885c-4c20-a8d3-2f1dbc9bf7b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.108123"}
{"text": "cause kidney stones and poor kidney function. your body may not absorb other minerals, such as zinc, properly. these problems could occur from consuming too much through a calcium supplement, not from milk or other calcium - rich foods. the tolerable upper intake level ( ul ) depends on age. upper level intake ( mg / day ) | birth to 6 months | | 1, 000 milligrams ( mg ) | | 1, 000 mg | | 7 - 12 months | | 1, 500 mg | | 1, 500 mg | | 1 - 8 years | | 2, 500 mg | | 2, 500 mg | | 9 - 18 years | | 3, 000 mg | | 3, 000 mg | | 19 - 50 years | | 2, 500 mg | | 2, 500 mg | | 51 years and older | | 2, 000 mg | | 2, 000 mg | | pregnant or lactating teens | | 3, 000 mg | | n / a | | pregnant or lactating adults | | 2, 500 mg | | n / a | major food sources dairy foods \u2014 milk, yogurt, and some cheeses \u2014 are the best dietary sources of calcium. these foods are also rich in vitamin d, which helps the body absorb calcium. | macaroni and cheese, homemade | | 1 cup | | 362 | | parmesan cheese | | 1 tbsp | | 336 | | eggnog, nonalcoholic | | 1 cup | | 330 | | chocolate milk | | 1 cup | | 300 | | ricotta cheese | | \u00bd cup | | 300 | | powdered milk | | \u00bc cup | | 290 | | cheddar cheese | | 1 ounce | | 250 | | swiss cheese | | 1 ounce | | 250 | | provolone cheese | | 1 ounce | | 215 | | cheese pizza | | 1 / 6 frozen pizza | | 210 | | mozzarella cheese | | 1 ounce | | 175 | | american cheese | | 1 ounce | | 160 | | cottage cheese | | 1 cup | | 120 | | frozen yogurt, soft serve | | \u00bd cup | | 100 | | ice cream | | \u00bd cup | | 80 | absorption of calcium from some other dietary sources is not as great as that from dairy foods. specifically, dark green vegetables contain oxalates, and grains contain phytates, which can bind with calcium and decrease their absorption. read food labels to determine the specific calcium levels of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44550183925110554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4cd0ba8d-885c-4c20-a8d3-2f1dbc9bf7b9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.109186"}
{"text": "other dietary sources is not as great as that from dairy foods. specifically, dark green vegetables contain oxalates, and grains contain phytates, which can bind with calcium and decrease their absorption. read food labels to determine the specific calcium levels of these foods. | tofu, regular, processed with calcium | | \u00bd cup | | 435 | | calcium - fortified soy milk | | 1 cup | | 250 - 300 | | salmon, canned with edible bones | | 3 ounces | | 212 | | calcium - fortified orange juice | | \u00be cup | | 200 | | blackstrap molasses | | 1 tbsp | | 172 | | pudding, from cook & serve mix | | \u00bd cup | | 150 | | dried figs | | 5 pieces | | 135 | | tofu, regular ( processed without calcium ) | | \u00bd cup | | 130 | | anchovies with edible bones | | 3 ounces | | 125 | | turnip greens, boiled | | \u00bd cup | | 100 | | milk chocolate bar | | 1. 5 ounce | | 85 | | okra, boiled | | \u00bd cup | | 77 | | kale, boiled | | \u00bd cup | | 70 | | mustard greens, boiled | | \u00bd cup | | 65 | | pinto beans | | \u00bd cup | | 45 | calcium is essential to build and maintain strong bones at all stages of life. bone growth begins at conception, and bones grow longer and wider until well into the 20s. after this type of growth is complete, bones gain in strength and density as they continue to build up to peak bone mass by about age 35. from this point on, as a natural part of the aging process, bones slowly lose mass. calcium is essential to slow this natural loss and stave off the onset of osteoporosis \u2014 a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to break. tips for increasing your calcium intake - when making oatmeal or other hot cereal, use milk instead of water. - add powdered milk to hot cereal, casseroles, baked goods, and other hot dishes. - make your own salad dressing by combining low - fat plain yogurt with herbs. - add tofu ( processed with calcium ) to soups and pasta sauce. - if you like fish, eat canned fish with bones on crackers or bread. - for dessert, try low - fat frozen yogurt, ice cream, or pudding. - in baked goods, replace half of the fat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43502331700391633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4cd0ba8d-885c-4c20-a8d3-2f1dbc9bf7b9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.110239"}
{"text": "and pasta sauce. - if you like fish, eat canned fish with bones on crackers or bread. - for dessert, try low - fat frozen yogurt, ice cream, or pudding. - in baked goods, replace half of the fat with plain yogurt. if you are unable to meet your calcium needs through dietary sources, consider a calcium supplement. some points to remember when choosing and using a calcium supplement include : - check the label because the amount of calcium differs among products. - avoid supplements with dolomite or bone meal ; they may contain lead. - check your vitamin d intake, too. this vitamin is essential for absorption of calcium. milk is a great source of vitamin d, as is sunlight. - if you take both calcium and iron supplements or a multivitamin with iron, take them at different times of the day. they can impair each other ' s absorption. this is also true of chromium, manganese, magnesium, and zinc. - do not take more than 500 mg of calcium at a time. taking the calcium with food can help absorption. academy of nutrition and dietetics the nutrition source harvard school of public health food and nutrition dietitians of canada bowes a, pennington j, church h. bowes & church food values of portions commonly used. philadelphia, pa : lippincott williams & wilkins ; 1998. calcium. ebsco natural and alternative treatments website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / pointofcare. updated august 2011. accessed august 11, 2012. calcium. office of dietary supplements website. available at : http : / / ods. od. nih. gov / factsheets / calcium. asp. accessed august 11, 2012. calcium intake and supplementation. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed. updated june 25, 2012. accessed august 11, 2012. dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin d. institute of medicine website. available at : http : / / www. iom. edu / reports / 2010 / dietary - reference - intakes - for - calcium - and - vitamin - d / report - brief. aspx? page = 1. published november 30, 2010. accessed august 11, 2012. food and nutrition information center. us department of agriculture website. available at : http : / / fnic. nal. usd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43178385451737245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4cd0ba8d-885c-4c20-a8d3-2f1dbc9bf7b9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.111281"}
{"text": "| risk factors hepatitis b is a liver disease. it can be acute or chronic. acute hepatitis b usually goes away on its own and may not need treatment. chronic hepatitis b is an infection that lasts more than six months. chronic infection can lead to other health problems. hepatitis b is treated with antiviral medications. copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. hepatitis b is caused a virus. the virus causes swelling and irritation in the liver and makes it difficult for the liver to function normally. the hepatitis b virus ( hbv ) is spread by semen, vaginal secretions, saliva, blood, or body fluids from an infected person. the virus can pass from these fluids to your body through an open cut in your skin. a woman with hepatitis can also pass hbv to her baby during childbirth. factors that may increase your chance of hepatitis b include : - illicit drug injection use, especially when sharing needles - unprotected sexual contact, especially with multiple partners - sharing a residence and / or personal items with someone who has hbv - stay in hospital or long - term care facility - work that includes contact with blood or body fluids, such as health care or public safety workers - travel to areas where hbv is common it is possible that someone infected with hbv may never have symptoms of hepatitis b. if symptoms do develop, they appear around 60 - 150 days after exposure. symptoms may include : - fatigue that lasts for weeks or months - loss of appetite - nausea or vomiting - low - grade fever yellowing skin and eyes ( jaundice ) - abdominal pain in the upper right side of the abdomen - joint pain - dark urine and light - colored stool chronic hepatitis can lead to serious health problems including : the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. hepatitis b is diagnosed with blood tests. blood tests are also used to monitor changes in the liver. for chronic cases, a liver may be needed. acute infection may not need any treatment since it usually goes away on its own. chronic hepatitis b may be treated with a combination of different antiviral medications. all medications do not work the same in all people. talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. your doctor may also ask that you : - avoid alcohol - avoid certain medicines, dietary supplements, and herbs - contact recent sexual partners so they can be tested and / or treated to reduce your chance of getting hepatitis b, take these steps : there is a to prevent hepatitis b.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4203514408567646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:267e7d95-90db-4181-beae-39c9fd1fea4d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.117176"}
{"text": "you : - avoid alcohol - avoid certain medicines, dietary supplements, and herbs - contact recent sexual partners so they can be tested and / or treated to reduce your chance of getting hepatitis b, take these steps : there is a to prevent hepatitis b. this vaccine, a series of three injections, is routinely given to newborns. children and teens who were not vaccinated as babies can still receive the shots. other prevention strategies include : or abstain from sex. - limit your number of sexual partners. do not inject drugs. if you use iv drugs, get treatment to help you stop. never share needles or syringes. do not share personal items that may have blood or body fluids on them. - make sure a tattoo artist or piercer properly sterilizes the equipment. wear gloves when touching or cleaning up body fluids on personal items. - cover open cuts or wounds. - if you are pregnant, have a blood test for hepatitis b. infants born to mothers with hepatitis b should be treated within 12 hours after birth. baker cj, pickerling lk, chilton l, et al. advisory committee on immunization practices. recommended adult immunization schedule : united states, 2011. ann intern med. 2011 ; 154 ( 3 ) : 168 - 173. hepatitis b. american liver foundation website. available at : http : / / www. liverfoundation. org / abouttheliver / info / hepatitisb. updated february 17, 2012. accessed may 1, 2013. centers for disease control and prevention website. available at : http : / / www. cdc. gov / hepatitis / hbv. updated may 16, 2012. accessed may 1, 2013. hepatitis b. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. updated april 23, 2013. accessed may 1, 2013. vaccine information statement : hepatitis b vaccine. centers for disease control and prevention website. available at : http : / / www. cdc. gov / vaccines / pubs / vis / downloads / vis - hep - b. pdf. accessed may 1, 2013. vaccine - preventable stds. sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. centers for disease control and prevention website. available at : http : / / www. cdc. gov / std / treatment / 2010 / vaccine. htm. updated january 28, 2013. accessed may 1, 2013. last reviewed may 2013 by marc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45821032438333836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:267e7d95-90db-4181-beae-39c9fd1fea4d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.118214"}
{"text": "monday, april 30 ( healthday news ) - - stress experienced by a mother during the first trimester of pregnancy can lead to iron deficiency in her newborn, putting the infant at risk for physical and mental development delays, a new study says. iron is important in organ - system development, especially for the brain. risk factors for iron deficiency in newborns include iron deficiency and diabetes in their mothers, as well as smoking during pregnancy. preterm birth, low birth weight and multiple pregnancy are also well - known risk factors for low iron. this is the first study to suggest that stress experienced by mothers early in pregnancy is another risk factor for iron deficiency in newborns, according to the researchers. for the study, researchers looked at israeli women who lived in an area where more than 600 rocket attacks took place during their first trimester of pregnancy. this stress group was compared to a control group of women who lived in the same area but became pregnant three to four months after the rocket attacks ceased. tests on umbilical cord blood collected from the newborns showed that the 63 babies born to women in the stress group had significantly lower iron levels than the 77 babies born to women in the control group. \" our findings indicate that infants whose mothers were stressed during pregnancy are a previously unrecognized risk group for iron deficiency, \" study leader rinat armony - sivan, of ashkelon academic college, said in an american academy of pediatrics news release. \" pregnant women should be aware that their health, nutrition, stress level and state of mind will affect their baby ' s health and well - being. \" doctors might consider doing additional blood work before the well - child visit at 12 months of age, especially in high - risk populations, in order to detect iron deficiency early and treat it before it becomes chronic and severe, armony - sivan suggested. the study was slated for sunday presentation at the pediatric academic societies annual meeting in boston. data and conclusions presented at meetings should be viewed as preliminary until published in a peer - reviewed journal. although the study found an association between maternal stress and infant iron deficiency, it did not prove a cause - and - effect the nemours foundation has more about children and iron.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4828817483125438, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d72ae3e-764a-47cf-9e6d-1b013e1f2433>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.121235"}
{"text": "the world of plants the existence of plants is essential for the survival of living things on the earth. for the importance of this sentence to be fully grasped, we must ask : \" what are the most important elements for human life? \" of course, basic needs such as oxygen, water, and nourishment come to mind as the answers to this question. and green plants are the most important factor in ensuring the balance of these basic needs on the earth. and there are other balances in the world, of great importance to all living things, not just human beings, such as temperature control and maintaining the correct proportion of gases in the atmosphere, and again it is green plants which maintain the entire equilibrium. and the activities of green plants do not end there. as is known, the main source of energy for life on earth is the sun. but human beings and animals are unable to make direct use of solar energy, because their bodies lack the systems to use this energy as it is. for this reason solar energy can reach human beings and animals as usable energy only through the food produced by plants. for example, while sipping tea, we are actually sipping solar energy, and as we eat bread, we are munching solar energy. the strength in our muscles is really nothing other than solar energy in a different form. plants store this form of energy for us in the molecules in their bodies by carrying out complicated processes. the position for animals is no different from that of human beings. they are fed by plants, deriving solar energy from the plants ' energy, which they store in packets. plants being able to produce their own nutrition and maintain themselves, in contrast to other living things, is due to their cell structure, which enables them to employ solar energy directly, unlike human or animal cells. with the help of this structure, plant cells turn energy from the sun into energy which people and animals can absorb through nutrition. they store this energy as food through the special procesesses concealed in their structure. these processes are collectively known as photosynthesis. the necessary mechanism, or more accurately the miniature factory, by means of which plants are able to carry out photosynthesis, is found in their leaves. the transportation system, with its own very special features, for carrying necessary materials such as minerals and water, functions within plants ' stems and roots. the reproductive system too has been specially designed in every species of plant. there are complex structures within each and every one of these mechanisms. and these mechanisms function in connection with one another.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49379805368757923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ad14e5c-9547-42c6-9154-e061e9fd8787>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.127034"}
{"text": "as minerals and water, functions within plants ' stems and roots. the reproductive system too has been specially designed in every species of plant. there are complex structures within each and every one of these mechanisms. and these mechanisms function in connection with one another. if one is missing, the others cannot carry out their tasks. as an example let us take a plant which just lacks a transport system. it is impossible for such a plant to carry out photosynthesis, because the vessels necessary to carry the essential water are missing. even if the plant managed to produce food, it would be unable to transport this to other parts of the body, and would eventually die. as in this example, all the systems present in a plant are obliged to function flawlessly. any flaws or defects in the existing structure will mean that the plant cannot carry out its functions, and this will result in the death of the plant and the disappearance of the species. when these structures are studied in detail and in depth in the chapters that follow, a most complex and quite flawless design will emerge. when the variety of plants in the world is considered and evaluated, these extraordinary structures seem even more striking. there are more than 500, 000 types of plant in the world. and each species possesses its own special planning within itself and features particular to that species. together with the same perfect basic systems found in all of them, there is also an unparalleled diversity in terms of reproductive systems, defence mechanisms, colour, and design. the only unchanging thing in all this is the reality that the parts of the plants ( leaves, roots, stems ) and many other mechanisms, must exist at once and with no defects so that the general system, the body, can function. modern scientists attribute to such systems an \" irreducible complexity. \" in the same way that a motor will not work if one of its cogs is missing, in plants the absence of just one system, or a single functional failure in any one of the parts of the system, will lead to the death of the plant. all of a plant ' s systems have this feature of irreducible complexity. the complex systems, which must all be present at the same time, and this unbelievable variety bring to mind the question : \" how did these perfect systems in plants emerge? \" once again, let us ask some questions to find the answer to this one. let us think how the functioning of the most important and best known of the mechanisms in plants, photosynthesis, and the transport systems linked", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5708820755572099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ad14e5c-9547-42c6-9154-e061e9fd8787>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.128266"}
{"text": "systems in plants emerge? \" once again, let us ask some questions to find the answer to this one. let us think how the functioning of the most important and best known of the mechanisms in plants, photosynthesis, and the transport systems linked to it, came about. can the trees and flowers which we see all around us at all times have themselves formed such perfect systems as to bring about a phenomenon such as photosynthesis, some parts of which are still not fully understood, in their own bodies? did plants choose to use carbon dioxide ( co2 ), of the gases in the air, to produce food? did they themselves determine the amount of co2 they would use? could plants have designed those mechanisms which make up the root system and which enable them to take the materials necessary for photosynthesis from the soil? did plants bring about a transport system where different types of tubes are used for transporting nutrients and water? as ever, defenders of the theory of evolution searching for an answer to the question of how plants emerged have resorted to \" chance \" as their only remedy. they have claimed that from one species of plant which came about by chance, an infinite variety of plants have emerged, again by chance, and that features such as smell, taste, and colour, particular to each species, again came about by chance. but they have been unable to give any scientific proof of these claims. evolutionists explain moss turning into a strawberry plant, or a poplar, or a rose bush, by saying that conditions brought about by chance differentiated them. whereas when just one plant cell is observed, a system so complex will be seen as could not have come about by minute changes over time. this complex system and other mechanisms in plants definitively disprove the coincidence scenarios put forward as evolutionist logic. in this situation just one result emerges. every structure in plants has been specially planned and designed. and this shows us that there is a superior intelligence which drew up this flawless plan. and the owner of this superior intelligence, god, the lord of all the worlds, shows proofs of his flawless creation to human beings. god announces his dominion over living creatures and his incomparable creation in this verse :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5392604717176748, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ad14e5c-9547-42c6-9154-e061e9fd8787>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.129328"}
{"text": "residuals from treating acid mine drainage can be used as effective, inexpensive adsorbents for agricultural and wastewater discharges, a new study by scientists from the u. s. geological survey leetown science center has found. when acid mine drainage is remediated it is neutralized with a base such as limestone or lime and an iron - rich sludge is formed. the new study published in the journal water, air, and soil pollution shows the sludge can efficiently remove phosphorus from agricultural and municipal wastewaters. the phosphorus that has been adsorbed by the mine drainage residuals can later be stripped from the residuals and recycled into fertilizer, the study says. \" this wonderful result shows the inventive application of some very sophisticated environmental chemistry to create a new life cycle for what otherwise would have been some problematic waste products, \" said us geological survey director marcia mcnutt in a december 17, 2012 announcement to media about the study. \" it sets the bar high for future studies in environmental remediation. \" acid mine drainage is produced whenever sulfide minerals associated with coal and metal deposits are exposed to air and moisture. the resulting acid and dissolved metals are toxic to most forms of aquatic life. the study, fixed bed sorption of phosphorus from wastewater using iron oxide - based media derived from acid mine drainage, is authored by p. l. sibrell and t. w. tucker. lead author sibrell said the findings create a \u201c win - win \u201d situation as the mine drainage residuals can be regenerated and reused for a number of additional treatment cycles. \" as environmental scientists, we kind of hesitate to use this analogy, but it really is like killing two birds with one stone, \" sibrell said in the study \u2019 s announcement. \" this new technology could reduce or eliminate the need to dispose of acid mine drainage sludge, instead making that same sludge useful in addressing the urgent need to reduce the amount of phosphorus going into aquatic ecosystems. \u201d untreated acid mine drainage has impacted more than 5, 000 miles of streams in the appalachian region, with associated economic impacts of millions of lost dollars in the tourism and sport fishing industries. excess phosphorus releases to the environment from agricultural and municipal wastewaters have resulted in significant impairment of aquatic ecosystems such as the chesapeake bay and other bodies of water worldwide. current technology for the removal of phosphorus from wastewater consists of addition of aluminum or iron salts to precipitate and adsorb phosphorus, but this is too expensive for the low concentrations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42997340430885267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d6f23e7-48e1-491a-8f49-fef98a3f15c6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.133248"}
{"text": "- slide 1 of 4 definition of a mid - life crisis or depression the type of depression that accompanies a mid - life crisis is generally caused by internal factors rather than external influences. in some cases, however, menopause is a contributing factor. a typical mid - life depression will manifest differently in men and women with some of the symptoms being as follows : - affairs with younger women - anger and irritability - hostility and conflict - demands respect - restless and agitated - afraid of speaking out doubts and fears - fear of failure - self treats with tv, alcohol, sport and sex - loss of libido - feelings of sadness and worthlessness - avoids conflict - feels like a failure - withdraws from social contact - feelings of guilt and lack of self respect - self treats with food, friends and love - sleep problems a mid - life crisis usually lasts for a few years and results in permanent changes in lifestyle. whether these are positive or negative is an individual choice. - slide 2 of 4 identifying a mid - life crisis depression in mid - life often arises when a person is in their 40s or 50s. it is at this stage of life that men and women realize they are ageing and their physical strength and appearance will be declining gradually. this realization leads to some of the behavior that is often seen during a mid - life depression. men tend to have affairs and women may indulge in plastic surgery and dramatic keep - fit programs. by their 40s, most men and women are financially secure and established in a career. during a mid - life crisis they question if this is all there is to life and may feel bored and let down. others may be disappointed with what they have achieved and frustrated by a loveless marriage. what they do at this point will determine how their lives will look in years to come. - slide 3 of 4 how to overcome depression and a mid - life crisis there are a number of ways men and women can overcome a mid - life depression : - visit your doctor for a checkup. this will determine if there are any health issues that need addressing. some people with this type of depression benefit from a short course of antidepressant medication to tide them through difficult patches. hormone replacement therapy can help women suffering from menopause - related depression. - join the aa or a support group if you are struggling with addictions or are overindulging in food, alcohol, smoking, gambling or sex. it is easier to overcome these problems when sharing how they affect you with people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47012154695559943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2090451d-b2b1-47be-9964-945ba960b1b4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.139219"}
{"text": "related depression. - join the aa or a support group if you are struggling with addictions or are overindulging in food, alcohol, smoking, gambling or sex. it is easier to overcome these problems when sharing how they affect you with people who understand your struggles. - confiding in a friend who you know experienced a mid - life depression can be helpful \u2013 especially if they had a positive outcome. most people are more than willing to share their experiences and offer support to those going through something similar. - regard a mid - life depression as an opportunity to re - evaluate goals, dreams and ambitions in life. look at job satisfaction, leisure time and relationships, and if necessary, make some changes and plan for positive change. people who lose focus are more susceptible to depression and dreams give them something to reach for. - accept that while ageing is a natural process, it doesn \u2019 t mean the end of enjoying life. there is nothing wrong with trying to improve matters by dieting, giving up smoking or exercising more, but there must be a realization that ageing does bring limitations and bodily changes. wrinkles, weight gain and hair loss don \u2019 t have to signal the end of a fulfilling life or career. - joining a gym, taking up a new hobby or meeting different people can give a fresh spark to life. don \u2019 t sit at home feeling depressed. get out and try a number of new activities until you find one that suits you. - take some time out to do something different with your spouse or loved ones. this can be as simple as a day out in the country or a trip overseas. marital difficulties commonly arise during a mid - life depression and working on love and togetherness can protect against this. - a mid - life depression may coincide with and be exacerbated by children leaving home. use this as a time to do things you have always wanted to do but didn \u2019 t have the time, money or freedom to enjoy in your younger years. - go on a mission trip or volunteer at a local soup kitchen or homeless shelter. giving of yourself and your time can be extremely inspiring and will certainly change your perspective on life and your appreciation of your personal situation. there is no need to suffer in silence while experiencing mid - life depression. there is help available and individuals can make adjustments that transform this period of life into a positive experience where they set the course for future years. - slide 4 of 4 male health. http : / / www. malehealth. co. uk / node /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4334681542802393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2090451d-b2b1-47be-9964-945ba960b1b4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.140372"}
{"text": "walker - warburg syndrome is a congenital disorder of the central nervous system involving fatal neurological lesions. multiple malformations of the brain, eyes, and muscle tissue distinguish wws from similar malformation syndromes. it is also known by the acronym hard + / - e syndrome ( hydroencephalus, agyri, retinal dysplasia, plus or minus \" e \" for encephalocele ). affected individuals typically show a combination of severe brain, eye, and muscle defects. multiple malformations of the brain include type ii lissencephaly, a condition in which the brain lacks normal convolutions and is unusually smooth without folds. eighty - four percent of the babies with wws have macrocephaly ( an enlarged head ). in half of these cases, the macrocephaly is apparent at birth, and in a quarter of the cases it develops postnatally. hydrocephalus, or excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain, occurs in 95 % of infants with wws. this fluid fills abnormally large ventricles or spaces in the brain. fifty percent of affected infants have an encephalocele, or gap in the skull that does not seal. the meninges or membranes that cover the brain may protrude through this gap. the formation of an encephalocele may be associated with the failure of the neural tube to close during development of the fetus. a malformed cerebellum characterizes the syndrome as well as distinct muscle abnormalities, including congenital muscular dystrophy. ocular defects occur in 100 % of infants with wws. the most common are abnormally small eyes and retinal abnormalities, which arise from the improper development of the light sensitive area at the back of the eye. cataracts may also be present and more than three quarters of the infants born with wws have a defect in the anterior chamber of the eye. wws syndrome leads to severely retarded mental development and is often lethal in infancy. wws is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. offspring of parents who have had one affected infant have a 25 % chance of having wws. the locations of the causitive genes remains unknown. wws is extremely rare. cases described in the literature cite siblings with wws born to consanguineous ( closely related ) parents as well as cases in families not known to be at risk. signs and symptoms clinical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.504368431748274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:001c6f56-0063-4f23-a3c0-6af3d3116d91>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.145697"}
{"text": "three sibs. \" american journal of medical genetics 76 ( march 1998 ) : 107 - 10. hung, n. a., et al. \" gonaddoblastoid testicular dysplasia in walker - warburg syndrome. \" pediatric developmental pathology 1 ( september - october 1998 ) : 393 \u2013 404. vasconcelos, m. m., et al. \" walker - warburg syndrome. report of two cases. \" fetal diagnostic therapy 14 ( july - august 1999 ) : 198 \u2013 200. lissencephaly network, inc. 716 autumn ridge lane, fort wayne, in 46804 - 6402. ( 219 ) 432 - 4310. fax : ( 219 ) 432 - 4310. firstname. lastname @ example. org. < http : / / www. lissencephaly. org >. national hydrocephalus foundation. 12413 centralia, lakewood, ca 90715 - 1623. ( 562 ) 402 - 3523 or ( 888 ) 260 - 1789. email @ example. com. < http : / / www. nhfonline. org >. national organization for rare disorders ( nord ). po box 8923, new fairfield, ct 06812 - 8923. ( 203 ) 746 - 6518 or ( 800 ) 999 - 6673. fax : ( 203 ) 746 - 6481. < http : / / www. rarediseases. org >. \" fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy. \" omim \u2013 online mendelian inheritance in man. < http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / entrez / dispomim. cgi? id = 253800 >. \" muscular dystrophy, congenital, with severe central nervous system atrophy and absence of large myelinated fibers. \" omim \u2013 online mendelian inheritance in man. < http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / entrez / dispomim. cgi? id = 601170 >. \" walker - warburg syndrome. \" omim \u2013 online mendelian inheritance in man. < http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / entrez / dispomim. cgi? id = 236670 >.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4890817852300748, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:001c6f56-0063-4f23-a3c0-6af3d3116d91>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.148413"}
{"text": "coarctation of the aorta ( coa ) is a congenital malformation of the aorta. the condition is also known as aortic coarctation. either name indicates a constriction of the aorta. the aorta is the largest artery in your body. with a diameter about the size of a garden hose, the aorta leaves the left ventricle of the heart and runs through the middle of your body, through the chest and into the abdominal area. there, it branches out to deliver freshly oxygenated blood to your lower limbs. a constriction or narrowing of this important artery can result in decreased flow of oxygen. in coa, the constricted part is generally near the top of the aorta and acts like a kink in a hose. as your heart tries to pump oxygen - rich blood to the body, the blood has trouble getting through the kink. this causes high blood pressure in the upper parts of your body and reduced blood flow to the lower parts of your body. coa is generally diagnosed and treated shortly after birth through surgery. these children usually grow up to lead normal, healthy lives. however, if your child is not diagnosed with coa until he or she is older, your child is at risk for high blood pressure and heart problems. he or she may require close medical monitoring. without treatment, coa patients generally die in their 30s to 40s of heart disease or from complications of chronic high blood pressure. coa is one of several common types of congenital heart malformations. coa may occur alone, or together with other abnormalities in the heart. coa is seen more frequently in boys than girls. it is also associated with other congenital heart defects, such as shone \u2019 s complex and digeorge syndrome. while it is known that coa begins during fetal development, its causes are still not fully understood. in the past, doctors thought that coa occurred more often in whites than in other races. however, more recent research suggests that differences in the prevalence of coa may be due to different rates of detection. studies suggest and that all races are equally likely to be born with the defect. fortunately, the chances of your child being born with coa are fairly low. coa affects only about 6 to 8 percent of all children born with heart defects. and congenital heart defects only occur in approximately. 009 percent of all babies born each year. symptoms in newborns symptoms in newborns vary with the severity of the constriction of the aorta. about half of newborns with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4851473038239035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f5e7776-3a45-4c9d-9561-d1d12b894fca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.156952"}
{"text": "defects. and congenital heart defects only occur in approximately. 009 percent of all babies born each year. symptoms in newborns symptoms in newborns vary with the severity of the constriction of the aorta. about half of newborns with coa exhibit no symptoms. the rest may have trouble breathing and be poor feeders. other symptoms are sweating, high blood pressure, and congestive heart failure. symptoms in older children and adults in mild cases, children may exhibit no symptoms until later in life. when symptoms do begin to show, they can include : coa is usually discovered during the newborn \u2019 s first examination. your doctor may detect differences in blood pressure between the baby \u2019 s upper and lower extremities, or hear characteristic sounds of the defect when listening to your baby \u2019 s heart. coa is generally treated soon after birth using balloon angioplasty or surgery. balloon angioplasty involves inserting a catheter inside the constricted artery and then inflating a balloon inside the artery to widen it. surgical treatment may involve removing and replacing the \u201c crimped \u201d portion of the aorta. the surgeon may instead choose to bypass the constriction with a graft or creating a patch over the narrowed portion to enlarge it. adults who received treatment in childhood may require additional surgery later in life to treat any reoccurrence of coa. additional repairs may be needed to the weak area of the aortic wall. left untreated, persons with coa generally die in their 30s or 40s of heart failure, ruptured aorta, stroke, or other conditions. chronic high blood pressure associated with coa increases the risks of heart damage, aneurysms, stroke, and premature coronary artery disease. chronic high blood pressure can also lead to kidney and liver failure, and loss of eyesight through retinopathy. patients with coa may need to take drugs, such as ace ( angiotensin - converting - enzyme ) inhibitors and beta - blockers to control high blood pressure. coa patients should follow a healthy lifestyle. moderate daily aerobic exercise is helpful for maintaining healthy weight, cardiovascular health, and controlling blood pressure. strenuous exercise, such as weightlifting, put additional stress on the heart and should be avoided. coa patients should minimize their intake of dietary salt and fat. anyone with coa should never smoke any kind of tobacco products.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4376952683989472, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f5e7776-3a45-4c9d-9561-d1d12b894fca>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.158082"}
{"text": "know about infrequent and scanty menstruation it is a condition where intermenstrual cycle is prolonged to more than normal 28 days. but some women have a perfectly normal menstrual cycle at 35 days, without any problem because their fertility is intact and that is why it can not be considered as pathological. infrequent menstruation should be diagnosed only if the menstrual cycle is erratic and unduly prolonged and some times it prolonged to three months to four months or longer. this situation is most commonly seen at the time of menarche ( first menstruation ) or at the time of menopause and which can be regarded as modified amenorrhea. but normal reproductive capacity is possible within this infrequent menstrual cycle and infrequent ovulation. in the pathological variety of infrequent menstruation the causes and finding on clinical and investigational findings are to some extent similar to amenorrhea and patient is usually obese, poorly developed secondary sexual characters, hirsute, and hypoplasia of genitals. and the most common finding in the investigation of these types of patients is subnormal functioning of ovaries. in some women the menstruation lasts for only a day or two and the blood loss is also very less and require changing of diapers of only one or two. scanty menstruation that occurs regularly is not pathological and they are not infertile as the regularity of menstruation proves normal pituitary ovarian cycle. so if a patient of scanty menstruation has normal secondary sex characters it can be considered normal and no treatment is required, other than reassurance. if scanty menstruation is accompanied by irregular menstruation, it is suggestive of primary or secondary ovarian sub function. depending on the history of menstruation, the primary or secondary ovarian disorder can be determined ( if from the beginning the menstruation is irregular and scanty, it is due to primary ovarian disorder and if it starts later it is secondary cause ). if the menstruation become suddenly erratic and scanty or no loss, it is suggestive of premature menopause. then the treatment is same as primary and secondary amenorrhea. the patient and relatives should be convinced on this to the point of their satisfaction.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43358924215528816, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0b74f3f-f446-4e74-a7cb-df5c6016f812>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.162407"}
{"text": "( march 28, 1849 \u2013 october 10, 1894 ) french author who in 1877 became teacher of persian language at the \u2026 cole des hautes \u2026 tudes. chapter 1, discovery of the zend avesta chapter 2 the interpretation of the zend - avesta chapter 3 the formation of the zend - avesta chapter 4 the origin of the avesta religion chapter 5 the vendod \u201a d the zend avesta part i sacred books of the east, volume 4, 1880 the discovery of the zend - avesta [ includes notes below e. g. 1 ] the zend - avesta is the sacred book of the parsis, that is to say, of the few remaining followers of that religion which reigned over persia at the time when the second successor of mohammed overthrew the sassanian dynasty 1, and which has been called dualism, or mazdeism, or magism, or zoroastrianism, or fire - worship, according as its main tenet, or its supreme god 2, or its priests, or its supposed founder, or its apparent object of worship has been most kept in view. in less than a century after their defeat, nearly all the conquered people were brought over to the faith of their new rulers, either by force, or policy, or the attractive power of a simpler form of creed. but many of those who clung to the faith of their fathers, went and sought abroad for a new home, where they might freely worship their old gods, say their old prayers, and perform their old rites. that home they found at last among the tolerant hindus, on the western coast of india and in the peninsula of guzerat 3. there they throve and there they live still, while the ranks of their co - religionists in persia are daily thinning and dwindling away 4. as the parsis are the ruins of a people, so are their sacred books the ruins of a religion. there has been no other great belief in the world that ever left such poor and meagre monuments of its past splendour. yet great is the value which that small book, the avesta, and the belief of that scanty people, the parsis, have in the eyes of the historian and theologist, as they present to us the last reflex of the ideas which prevailed in iran during the five centuries which preceded and the seven which followed the birth of christ, a period which gave to the world the gospels, the talmud, and the qur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3870859434121278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c179f77-a6af-4b90-abf1-184783598b9d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.278985"}
{"text": "theologist, as they present to us the last reflex of the ideas which prevailed in iran during the five centuries which preceded and the seven which followed the birth of christ, a period which gave to the world the gospels, the talmud, and the qur \u2019 an. persia, it is known, had much influence on each of the movements which produced, or proceeded from, those three books ; she lent much to the first heresiarchs, much to the rabbis, much to mohammed. by help of the parsi religion and the avesta, we are enabled to go back to the very heart of that most momentous period in the history of religious thought, which saw the blending of the aryan mind with the semitic, and thus opened the second stage of aryan thought. inquiries into the religion of ancient persia began long ago, and it was the old foe of persia, the greek, who first studied it. aristotle 5, hermippus 6 ; and many others 7 wrote of it in books of which, unfortunately, nothing more than a few fragments or merely the titles have come down to us. we find much valuable information about it, scattered in the accounts of historians and travellers, extending over ten centuries, from herodotus down to agathias and procopius. it was never more eagerly studied than in the first centuries of the christian era ; but that study had no longer anything of the disinterested and almost scientific character it had in earlier times. religious and philosophic sects, in search of new dogmas, eagerly received whatever came to them bearing the name of zoroaster. as xanthus the lydian, who is said to have lived before herodotus, had mentioned zoroastrian \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 8, there came to light, in those later times, scores of oracles, styled \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bfu \u03b6\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5, or ' oracula chaldaica sive magica, ' the work of neo - platonists who were but very remote disciples of the median sage. as his name had become the very emblem of wisdom, they would cover with it the latest inventions of their ever - deepening theosophy. zoroaster and plato were treated as if they had been philosophers of the same school, and hierocles expounded their doctrines in the same book. proclus collected seventy tetrads of zoroaster and wrote commentaries on them 9 ; but we need hardly say that zoro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5259149077999221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c179f77-a6af-4b90-abf1-184783598b9d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.280463"}
{"text": "they had been philosophers of the same school, and hierocles expounded their doctrines in the same book. proclus collected seventy tetrads of zoroaster and wrote commentaries on them 9 ; but we need hardly say that zoroaster commented on by proclus was nothing more or less than proclus commented on by proclus. prodicus the gnostic had secret books of zoroaster 10 ; and upon the whole it may be said that in the first centuries of christianity, the religion of persia was more studied and less understood than it had ever been before. the real object aimed at, in studying the old religion, was to form a new one. throughout the middle ages nothing was known of mazdeism but the name of its founder, who from a magus was converted into a magician and master of the hidden sciences. it was not until the renaissance that real inquiry was resumed. the first step was to collect all the information that could be gathered from greek and roman writers. that task was undertaken and successfully completed by barnabe brisson 11. a nearer approach to the original source was made in the following century by italian, english, and french travellers in asia. pietro della valle, henry lord, mandelslo, ovington, chardin, gabriel du chinon, and tavernier found zoroaster ' s last followers in persia and india, and made known their existence, their manners, and the main features of their belief to europe. gabriel du chinon saw their books and recognised that they were not all written in the same language, their original holy writ being no longer understood except by means of translations and commentaries in another tongue. in the year 1700, a professor at oxford, thomas hyde, the greatest orientalist of his time in europe, made the first systematic attempt to restore the history of the old persian religion by combining the accounts of the mohammedan writers with ' the true and genuine monuments of ancient persia 12. ' unfortunately the so - called genuine monuments of ancient persia were nothing more than recent compilations referring to the last stage of parsiism. but notwithstanding this defect, which could hardly be avoided then, and notwithstanding its still worse fault, a strange want of critical acumen 13, the book of thomas hyde was the first complete and true picture of modern parsiism, and it made inquiry into its history the order of the day. a warm appeal made by him to the zeal of travellers, to seek for and procure at any price the sacred books of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.481483202588487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c179f77-a6af-4b90-abf1-184783598b9d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.283831"}
{"text": "first complete and true picture of modern parsiism, and it made inquiry into its history the order of the day. a warm appeal made by him to the zeal of travellers, to seek for and procure at any price the sacred books of the parsis, did not remain ineffectual, and from that time scholars bethought themselves of studying, parsiism in its own home. eighteen years later, a countryman of hyde, george boucher, received from the parsis in surat a copy of the vendidad sadah, which was brought to england in 1723 by richard cobbe. but the old manuscript was a sealed book, and the most that could then be made of it was to hang it by an iron chain to the wall of the bodleian library, as a curiosity to be shown to foreigners. a few years later, a scotch - man, named fraser, went to surat, with the view of obtaining from the parsis, not only their books, but also a knowledge of their contents. he was not very successful in the first undertaking, and utterly failed in the second. in 1754 a young man, twenty years old, anquetil duperron, a scholar of the ecole des langues orientales in paris, happened to see a facsimile of four leaves of the vendidad, which had been sent from england, a few years before, to etienne fourmont, the orientalist. he determined at once to give to france both the books and the first european translation of them. impatient to set off, without waiting for a mission from the government which had been promised to him, he enlisted as a private soldier in the service of the french east india company ; he embarked at lorient on the 24th of february 1755, and after three years of endless adventures and dangers through the whole breadth of hindustan, at the very time when war was raging between france and england, he arrived at last in surat, where he stayed among the parsis for three years more. here began another struggle, not less hard, but more decisive, against that mistrust and ill - will of the parsis which had disheartened fraser ; but he came out of it victorious, and succeeded at last in winning from the parsis both their books and their knowledge. he came back to paris on the 14th of march 1764, and deposited on the following day at the bibliotheque royale the whole of the zend - avesta and copies of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42062803374784097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c179f77-a6af-4b90-abf1-184783598b9d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.287342"}
{"text": "winning from the parsis both their books and their knowledge. he came back to paris on the 14th of march 1764, and deposited on the following day at the bibliotheque royale the whole of the zend - avesta and copies of most of the traditional books. he spent ten years in studying the material he had collected, and published in 1771 the first european translation of the zend - avesta 14. a violent dispute broke out at once, as half the learned world denied the authenticity of the avesta, which it pronounced a forgery. it was the future founder of the royal asiatic society, william jones, a young oxonian then, who opened the war. he had been wounded to the quick by the scornful tone adopted by anquetil towards hyde and a few other english scholars : the zend - avesta suffered for the fault of its introducer, zoroaster for anquetil. in a pamphlet written in french 15, with a verve and in a style which showed him to be a good disciple of voltaire, w. jones pointed out, and dwelt upon, the oddities and absurdities with which the so - called sacred books of zoroaster teemed. it is true that anquetil had given full scope to satire by the style he had adopted : he cared very little for literary elegance, and did not mind writing zend and persian in french ; so the new and strange ideas he had to express looked stranger still in the outlandish garb he gave them. yet it was less the style than the ideas that shocked the contemporary of voltaire 16. his main argument was that books, full of such silly tales, of laws and rules so absurd, of descriptions of gods and demons so grotesque, could not be the work of a sage like zoroaster, nor the code of a religion so much celebrated for its simplicity, wisdom, and purity. his conclusion was that the avesta was a rhapsody of some modern guebre. in fact the only thing in which jones succeeded was to prove in a decisive manner that the ancient persians were not equal to the lumieres of the eighteenth century, and that the authors of the avesta had not read the encyclopedie. jones ' s censure was echoed in england by sir john chardin and richardson, in germany by meiners. richardson tried to give a scientific character to the attacks of jones by founding them on philological, grounds 17. that the avesta was a fabrication", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45132163545602666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c179f77-a6af-4b90-abf1-184783598b9d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.289545"}
{"text": "censure was echoed in england by sir john chardin and richardson, in germany by meiners. richardson tried to give a scientific character to the attacks of jones by founding them on philological, grounds 17. that the avesta was a fabrication of modern times was shown, he argued, by the number of arabic words he fancied he found both in the zend and pahlavi dialects, as no arabic element was introduced into the persian idioms earlier than the seventh century ; also by the harsh texture of the zend, contrasted with the rare euphony of the persian ; and, lastly, by the radical difference between the zend and persian, both in words and grammar. to these objections, drawn from the form, he added another derived from the uncommon stupidity of the matter. in germany, meiners, to the charges brought against the new found books, added another of a new and unexpected kind, namely, that they spoke of ideas unheard of before, and made known new things. ' pray, who would dare ascribe to zoroaster books in which are found numberless names of trees, animals, men, and demons unknown to the ancient persians ; in which are invoked an incredible number of pure animals and other things, which, as appears in the silence of ancient writers, were never known, or at least never worshipped, in persia? what greek ever spoke of hom, of jemshid, and, of such other personages as the fabricators of that rhapsody exalt with every kind of praise, as divine heroes 18? ' yet, in the midst of his ciceronian nonsense, meiners inadvertently made a remark which, if correctly interpreted, might have led to important discoveries. he noticed that many points of resemblance are to be found between the ideas of the parsis and those of the brahmans and musulmans. he saw in this a proof that parsiism is a medley of brahmanical and musulman tales. modern scholarship, starting from the same point, came to that twofold conclusion, that, on the one hard, parsiism was one of the elements out of which mohammed formed his religion, and, on the other hand, that the old religions of india and persia flowed from a common source. ' not only does the author of that rubbish tell the same tales of numberless demons of either sex as the indian priests do, but he also prescribes the same remedies in order to drive them away, and to balk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48430617040459867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c179f77-a6af-4b90-abf1-184783598b9d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.290892"}
{"text": "source. ' not only does the author of that rubbish tell the same tales of numberless demons of either sex as the indian priests do, but he also prescribes the same remedies in order to drive them away, and to balk their attempts. ' in these words there was something like the germ of comparative mythology ; seldom has a man approached the truth so closely and then departed from it so widely. anquetil and the avesta found an eager champion in the person of kleuker, professor in the university of riga. as soon as the french version of the avesta appeared, he published a german translation of it, and also of anquetil ' s historical dissertations 19. then, in a series of dissertations of his own 20, he vindicated the authenticity of the zend books. anquetil had already tried to show, in a memoir on plutarch, that the data of the avesta fully agree with the account of the magian religion given in the treatise on ' isis and osiris. ' kleuker enlarged the circle of comparison to the whole of ancient literature. he tried also to appeal to internal evidence, an attempt in which he was less successful. the strength of his defence was seldom greater than the strength of the attack. meiners had pointed out the mythical identity of the mount alborg, of the parsis with the mount meru of the hindus, as a proof that the parsis had borrowed their mythology from the hindus : the conclusion was incorrect, but the remark itself was not so. kleuker fancied that he could remove the difficulty by stating that mount alborg is a real mountain, nay, a doubly real mountain, since there are two mountains of that name, the one in persia, the other in armenia, whereas mount meru is only to be found in fairyland. seldom were worse arguments used in the service of a good cause. meiners had said that the name of the parsi demons was of indian origin, as both languages knew them by the latin name ' deus. ' this was an incorrect statement, and yet an important observation. the word which means ' a demon ' in persia, means quite the contrary in india, and that radical difference is just a proof of the two systems being independent of one another. kleuker pointed out the incorrectness of the statement ; but, being unable to account for the identity of the words, he flatly denied it. kleuker", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46703998556128656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c179f77-a6af-4b90-abf1-184783598b9d>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.291893"}
{"text": "difference is just a proof of the two systems being independent of one another. kleuker pointed out the incorrectness of the statement ; but, being unable to account for the identity of the words, he flatly denied it. kleuker was more successful in the field of philology : he showed, as anquetil had done, that zend has no arabic elements in it, and that pahlavi itself, which is more modern than zend, does not contain any arabic, but only semitic words of the aramean dialect, which are easily accounted for by the close relations of persia with aramean lands in the time of the sassanian kings. he showed, lastly, that arabic words appear only in the very books which parsi tradition itself considers modern. another stanch upholder of the avesta was the numismatologist tychsen, who, having begun to read the book with a prejudice against its authenticity, quitted it with a conviction to the contrary. ' there is nothing in it, ' he said, ' but what befits remote ages, and a man philosophising in the infancy of the world. such traces of a recent period as they fancy to have found in it, are either understandings, or belong to its later portions. on the whole there is a marvellous accordance between the zend - avesta and the accounts of the ancients with regard to the doctrine and institutions of zoroaster. plutarch agrees so well with the zend books that i think no one will deny the close resemblance of doctrines and identity of origin. add to all this the incontrovertible argument to be drawn from the language, the antiquity of which is established by the fact that it was necessary to translate a part of the zend books into pahlavi, a language which was obsolete as early as the time of the sassanides. lastly, it cannot be denied that zoroaster left books, which were, through centuries, the groundwork of the magic religion, and which were preserved by the magi, as shown by a series of documents from the time of hermippus. therefore i am unable to see why we should not trust the magi of our days when they ascribe to zoroaster those traditional books of their ancestors, in which nothing is found to indicate fraud or a modern hand 21. ' two years afterwards, in 1793, was published in paris a book which, without directly dealing with the avesta, was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.50338799333668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c179f77-a6af-4b90-abf1-184783598b9d>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.293109"}
{"text": "to zoroaster those traditional books of their ancestors, in which nothing is found to indicate fraud or a modern hand 21. ' two years afterwards, in 1793, was published in paris a book which, without directly dealing with the avesta, was the first step taken to make its authenticity incontrovertible. it was the masterly memoir by sylvestre de sacy, in which the pahlavi inscriptions of the first sassanides were deciphered for the first time and in a decisive manner. de sacy, in his researches, had chiefly relied on the pahlavi lexicon published by anquetil, whose work vindicated itself - - better than by heaping up arguments - - by promoting discoveries. the pahlavi inscriptions gave the key, as is well known, to the persian cuneiform inscriptions, which were in return to put beyond all doubt the genuineness of the zend language. tychsen, in an appendix to his commentaries, pointed to the importance of the new discovery : ' this, ' he writes, ' is a proof that the pahlavi was used during the reign of the sassanides, for it was from them that these inscriptions emanated, as it was by them - - nay, by the first of them, ardeshir babagan - - that the doctrine of zoroaster was revived. one can now understand why the zend books were translated into pahlavi. here, too, everything agrees, and speaks loudly for their antiquity and genuineness. ' about the same time sir william jones, then president of the royal asiatic society, which he had just founded, resumed in a discourse delivered before that society the same question he had solved in such an off - hand manner twenty years before. he was no longer the man to say, ' sied - il a un homme ne dans ce siecle de s \u2019 infatuer de fables indiennes? ' and although he had still a spite against anquetil, he spoke of him with more reserve than in 1771. however, his judgment on the avesta itself was not altered on the whole, although, as he himself declared, he had not thought it necessary to study the text. but a glance at the zend glossary published by anquetil suggested to him a remark which makes sir william jones, in spite of himself, the creator of the comparative grammar of sanskrit and zend. ' when i perused the zend glossary, ' he writes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5022126680679038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c179f77-a6af-4b90-abf1-184783598b9d>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.294365"}
{"text": "glossary published by anquetil suggested to him a remark which makes sir william jones, in spite of himself, the creator of the comparative grammar of sanskrit and zend. ' when i perused the zend glossary, ' he writes, ' i was inexpressibly surprised to find that six or seven words in ten are pure sanscrit, and even some of their inflexions formed by the rules of the vyacaran 22, as yushmacam, the genitive plural of yushmad. now m. anquetil most certainly and the persian compiler most probably, had no knowledge of sanscrit, and could not, therefore, have invented a list of sanscrit words ; it is, therefore, an authentic list of zend words, which has been preserved in books or by tradition ; it follows that the language of the zend was at least a dialect of the sanscrit, approaching perhaps as nearly to it as the pracrit, or other popular idioms, which we know to have been spoken in india two thousand years ago 23. ' this conclusion, that zend is a sanskrit dialect, was incorrect, the connection assumed being too close ; but it was a great thing that the near relationship of the two languages should have been brought to light. in 1798 father paulo de st. barthelemy further developed jones ' s remark in an essay on the antiquity of the zend language 24. he showed its affinity with the sanskrit by a list of such zend and sanskrit words as were least likely to be borrowed, viz. those that designate the degrees of relationship, the limbs of the body, and the most general and essential ideas. another list, intended to show, on a special topic, how closely connected the two languages are, contains eighteen words taken from the liturgic language used in india and persia. this list was not very happily drawn up, as out of the eighteen instances there is not a single one that stands inquiry ; yet it was a happy idea, and one which has not even yet yielded all that it promised. his conclusions were that in a far remote antiquity sanskrit was spoken in persia and media, that it gave birth to the zend language, and that the zend - avesta is authentic : ' were it but a recent compilation, ' he writes, ' as jones asserts, how is it that the oldest rites of the parsis, that the old inscriptions of the persians, the accounts of the zoroastrian religion in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5242799616889455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c179f77-a6af-4b90-abf1-184783598b9d>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.296254"}
{"text": "authentic : ' were it but a recent compilation, ' he writes, ' as jones asserts, how is it that the oldest rites of the parsis, that the old inscriptions of the persians, the accounts of the zoroastrian religion in the classical writers, the liturgic prayers of the parsis, and, lastly, even their books do not reveal the pure sanskrit, as written in the land wherein the parsis live, but a mixed language, which is as different from the other dialects of india as french is from italian? ' this amounted, in fact, to saying that the zend is not derived from the sanskrit, but that both are derived from another and older language. the carmelite had a dim notion of that truth, but, as he failed to express it distinctly, it was lost for years, and had to be re - discovered. the first twenty - five years of this century were void of results, but the old and sterile discussions as to the authenticity of the texts continued in england. in 1808 john leyden regarded zend as a prakrit dialect, parallel to pali ; pali being identical with the magadhi dialect and zend with the sauraseni 25. in the eyes of erskine zend was a sanskrit dialect, imported from india by the founders of mazdeism, but never spoken in persia 26. his main argument was that zend is not mentioned among the seven dialects which were current in ancient persia according to the farhang - i jehangiri 27, and that pahlavi and persian exhibit no close relationship with zend. in germany, meiners had found no followers. the theologians appealed to the avesta in their polemics 28, and rhode sketched the religious history of persia after the translations of anquetil 29. erskine ' s essay provoked a decisive answer 30 from emmanuel rask, one of the most gifted minds in the new school of philology, who had the honour of being a precursor of both grimm and burnouf. he showed that the list of the jehangiri referred to an epoch later than that to which zend must have belonged, and to parts of persia different from those where it must have been spoken ; he showed further that modern persian is not derived from zend, but from a dialect closely connected with it ; and, lastly, he showed what was still more important, that zend was not derived from sanskrit. as to the system of its sounds, zend approaches persian rather than sanskrit ; and as to its grammatical forms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4883781634498216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c179f77-a6af-4b90-abf1-184783598b9d>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.297545"}
{"text": "a dialect closely connected with it ; and, lastly, he showed what was still more important, that zend was not derived from sanskrit. as to the system of its sounds, zend approaches persian rather than sanskrit ; and as to its grammatical forms, if they often remind one of sanskrit, they also often remind one of greek and latin, and frequently have a special character of their own. rask also gave the paradigm of three zend nouns, belonging to different declensions, as well as the right pronunciation of the zend letters, several of which had been incorrectly given by anquetil. this was the first essay on zend grammar, and it was a masterly one. the essay published in 1831 by peter von bohlen on the origin of the zend language threw the matter forty years back. according to him, zend is a prakrit dialect, as it had been pronounced by jones, leyden, and erskine. his mistake consisted in taking anquetil ' s transcriptions of the words, which are often so incorrect as to make them look like corrupted forms when compared with sanskrit. and, what was worse, he took the proper names in their modern parsi forms, which often led him to comparisons that would have appalled menage. thus ahriman became a sanskrit word ariman, which would have meant ' the fiend ; ' yet bohlen might have seen in anquetil ' s work itself that ahriman is the modern form of angra mainyu, words which hardly remind one of the sanskrit ariman. again, the angel vohu - mano, or ' good thought ' was reduced, by means of the parsi form bahman, to the sanskrit bahuman, ' a long - armed god. ' at last came burnouf. from the time when anquetil had published his translation, that is to say, during seventy years, no real progress had been made in knowledge of the avesta texts. the notion that zend and sanskrit are two kindred languages was the only new idea that had been acquired, but no practical advantage for the interpretation of the texts had resulted from it. anquetil ' s translation was still the only guide, and as the doubts about the authenticity of the texts grew fainter, the authority of the translation became greater, the trust reposed in the avesta being reflected on to the work of its interpreter. the parsis had been the teachers of anquetil ; and who could ever understand the holy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.48815299083259633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c179f77-a6af-4b90-abf1-184783598b9d>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.300820"}
{"text": "texts grew fainter, the authority of the translation became greater, the trust reposed in the avesta being reflected on to the work of its interpreter. the parsis had been the teachers of anquetil ; and who could ever understand the holy writ of the parsis better than the parsis themselves? there was no one who even tried to read the texts by the light of anquetil ' s translation, to obtain a direct understanding of them. about 1825 eugene burnouf was engaged in a course of researches on the geographical extent of the aryan languages in india. after he had defined the limits which divide the races speaking aryan languages from the native non - brahmanical tribes in the south, he wanted to know if a similar boundary had ever existed in the north - west ; and if it is outside of india that the origin of the indian languages and civilisation is to be sought for. he was thus led to study the languages of persia, and, first of all, the oldest of them, the zend. but as he tried to read the texts by help of anquetil ' s translation, he was surprised to find that this was not the clue he had expected. he saw that two causes had misled anquetil : on the one hand, his teachers, the parsi dasturs, either knew little themselves or taught him imperfectly, not only the zend, but even the pahlavi intended to explain the meaning of the zend ; so that the tradition on which his work rested, being incorrect in itself, corrupted it from the very beginning ; on the other hand, as sanskrit was unknown to him and comparative grammar did not as yet exist, he could not supply the defects of tradition by their aid. burnouf, laying aside tradition as found in anquetil ' s translation, consulted it as found in a much older and purer form, in a sanskrit translation of the yasna made in the fifteenth century by the parsi neriosengh in accordance with the old pahlavi version. the information given by neriosengh he tested, and either confirmed or corrected, by a comparison of parallel passages and by the help of comparative grammar, which had just been founded by bopp, and applied by him successfully to the explanation of zend forms. thus he succeeded in tracing the general outlines of the zend lexicon and in fixing its grammatical forms, and founded the only correct method of interpreting the avesta. he also gave the first notions of a comparative mythology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48594011558397227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c179f77-a6af-4b90-abf1-184783598b9d>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.303092"}
{"text": "the explanation of zend forms. thus he succeeded in tracing the general outlines of the zend lexicon and in fixing its grammatical forms, and founded the only correct method of interpreting the avesta. he also gave the first notions of a comparative mythology of the avesta and the veda, by showing the identity of the vedic yama with the avesta yima, and of traitana with thraetaona and feridun. thus he made his ' commentaire sur le yasna ' a marvellous and unparalleled model of critical insight and steady good sense, equally opposed to the narrowness of mind which clings to matters of fact without rising to their cause and connecting them with the series of associated phenomena, and to the wild and uncontrolled spirit of comparison, which, by comparing everything, confounds everything. never sacrificing either tradition to comparison or comparison to tradition, he knew how to pass from the one to the other, and was so enabled both to discover facts and explain them. at the same time the ancient persian inscriptions at persepolis and behistun were deciphered by burnouf in paris, by lassen in bonn, and by sir henry rawlinson in persia. thus was revealed the existence, at the time of the first ach\u00e6menian kings, of a language closely connected with that of the avesta, and the last doubts as to the authenticity of the zend books were at length removed. it would have required more than an ordinary amount of scepticism to look still upon the zend as an artificial language, of foreign importation, without root in the land where it was written, and in the conscience of the people for whom it was written, at the moment when a twin language, bearing a striking likeness to it in nearly every feature, was suddenly making itself heard from the mouth of darius, and speaking from the very tomb of the first ach\u00e6menian king. that unexpected voice silenced all controversies, and the last echoes of the loud discussion which had been opened in 1771 died away unheeded 31. click on footnote numbers to return to the text above 1 at the battle of nihavand ( 642 a. c. ) 2 ahura mazda. 3 they settled first at sangan, not far from daman ; thence they spread over surat, nowsari, broach, and kambay ; and within the last two centuries they have settled at bombay, which now contains the bulk of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5102063686219699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c179f77-a6af-4b90-abf1-184783598b9d>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.305352"}
{"text": ". 3 they settled first at sangan, not far from daman ; thence they spread over surat, nowsari, broach, and kambay ; and within the last two centuries they have settled at bombay, which now contains the bulk of the parsi people, nearly 150, 000 souls. 4 a century ago, it is said, they still numbered nearly 100, 000 souls ; but there now remain no more than 8000 or 9000 souls, scattered in yezd and the surrounding villages ( dosabhoy framjee, the parsees ). 5 diogenes laertius, prooemium 8. 6 pliny, hist. nat. xxx, 1, 2. cf. infra, iii, 11. 7 dinon, theopompus, hermodorus, heraclides cumanus. 8 see nicolaus damazcenus, didot, fragm. hist. iii, 409. 9 fabricius, graeca bibliotheca, fourth ad. p. 309 seq. 10 clemens alexandrinus, stromata i. cf. infra, iii, 11, and porphyrius, de vita plotini, \u00a7 16. 11 ' de regio persarum principatu libri tres, ' paris, 1590. the second book is devoted to the religion and manners of the ancient persians. 12 ' veterum persarum et parthorum et medorum, religionis historia, ' oxford, 1700. 13 thus he recognised in abraham the first lawgiver of ancient persia, in magism a sabean corruption of the primeval faith, and in zoroaster a had learnt the forgotten truth from the exiled jews in babylon. 14 ' zend - avesta, ouvrage de zoroastre, contenant les idees theologiques, physiques et morales de ce legislateur.... traduit en francois sur l \u2019 original zend. ' par m. anquetil du perron, 3 vols. in 4o, paris, 1771. 15 ' lettre a m. a * * * du p * * * dans laquelle est compris l \u2019 examen de sa traduction des livres attribues zoroastre. ' 16 cf. the article on zoroaster in the dictionnaire philosophique. 17 ' a dissertation on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44262380737555274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c179f77-a6af-4b90-abf1-184783598b9d>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.308060"}
{"text": "- hhmi news - scientists & research - janelia farm - science education - resources & publications browse all resources by typeanimation ( 3 ) book / manual ( 4 ) cd ( 1 ) classroom activity ( 12 ) college course ( 6 ) curriculum ( 11 ) game ( 1 ) kit ( 1 ) lab ( 9 ) lesson plan ( 5 ) publication ( 23 ) software ( 3 ) tutorial ( 5 ) video ( 24 ) website ( 47 ) wiki ( 2 ) by topicbiochemistry ( 14 ) biodiversity ( 3 ) bioengineering ( 3 ) bioethics ( 3 ) bioinformatics ( 8 ) biology ( 104 ) biotechnology ( 9 ) cell biology ( 3 ) chemistry ( 17 ) earth science ( 1 ) ecology ( 9 ) engineering ( 1 ) evolution ( 10 ) general science ( 15 ) genetics ( 29 ) genomics ( 13 ) immunology ( 2 ) infectious diseases ( 1 ) life science ( 65 ) mathematics ( 9 ) medicine ( 6 ) microarrays ( 5 ) microbiology ( 3 ) molecular biology ( 34 ) neuroscience ( 7 ) physics ( 5 ) plants ( 2 ) professional development ( 35 ) research methods ( 12 ) science communication ( 2 ) systems biology ( 1 ) by grade levelk - 16 ( 1 ) 4 - 8 ( 1 ) k - 5 ( 6 ) medical school ( 6 ) k - 3 ( 2 ) k - 8 ( 2 ) k - 12 ( 9 ) 6 - 8 ( 18 ) 9 - 12 ( 52 ) college ( 101 ) graduate ( 21 ) folded - list study tool this article describes the folded - list study technique, a method designed by professor of biology paul heideman at the college of william and mary, to give students a fast and efficient way to learn, recall, and apply key science concepts. ( it is designed to be used in conjunction with the \u201c minute sketch \u201d tool, which is available within this database. ) this document explains the method : using a blank piece of paper folded lengthwise into four sections, students create one column for words and one for sketches or images. in the words column, they write the term or phrase for the first key concept. in the next column, they create a simple sketch to represent the concept. they keep adding words and sketches until the page is filled ( although, over time, they should be able to condense all the essential material from one entire lecture on the top half of one sheet ). next, students fold the earlier columns behind and engage in repeated sketching and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5406184646542415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57b75815-58af-4193-aab3-5055aea95477>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.322992"}
{"text": "until the page is filled ( although, over time, they should be able to condense all the essential material from one entire lecture on the top half of one sheet ). next, students fold the earlier columns behind and engage in repeated sketching and writing of these concepts in columns three and four. the recopying and rethinking of these concepts engages a student \u2019 s motor memory and visual cortex. dr. heideman says that his method forces students to extract the essentials from a large amount of material and learn the key concepts as sequential events. it is an active - learning method that engages students \u2019 attention and allows them to review material quickly and to assess how much they have accomplished within a given time. dr. heideman says the method can be applied to other study techniques, such as concept mapping. program director : margaret somosi saha, ph. d. award years : 1989, 1998, 2002, 2006 summary : the college of william and mary is a public research university in williamsburg, virginia. its hhmi - funded educational initiatives emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary and integrative approaches to education and research. they include : - the development of a biological mathematics program ( which includes substantial curricular changes and the addition of new faculty positions ), the strengthening of the interdisciplinary neuroscience major, and the establishment of a new undergraduate applied science minor. - the enhancement of both introductory biology and chemistry and upper - level immunology, molecular genetics, physiology, and neurophysiology laboratories through new equipment and expanded laboratory exercises. - the hhmi freshman research program in biology and chemistry and related sciences, which allows participating students to conduct independent research with a faculty mentor very early in their college careers \u2014 as freshmen. many of these students have the opportunity to continue their research during the following summer and throughout the next three years. - student participation in the national genomics research initiative ( ngri ), a national experiment in both research and education sponsored by hhmi \u2019 s science education alliance. through this initiative, groups of freshmen at selected colleges participate in an authentic research experience \u2014 integrated into an introductory laboratory course \u2014 on the genetics of phages or bacteriophages ( viruses that infect bacteria ). freshmen in the college of william and mary \u2019 s program discovered a new life form, a bacteriophage they named crimd. - the expansion of a summer fellowship program to include students at thomas nelson community college and three neighboring hbcu \u2014 hampton university, norfolk state university, and virginia state", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6030258660275544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57b75815-58af-4193-aab3-5055aea95477>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.324462"}
{"text": "a new life form, a bacteriophage they named crimd. - the expansion of a summer fellowship program to include students at thomas nelson community college and three neighboring hbcu \u2014 hampton university, norfolk state university, and virginia state university. students in this program have the option of continuing their research project throughout the academic year and receive an hourly stipend and weekend transportation and carpooling. - partnerships with hampton university, norfolk state university, and virginia state university to enable faculty to work together with research students at both the home campus and the college of william and mary. the objective and anticipated outcomes are to establish lasting collaborations that improve opportunities for publication and the development of ideas for competitive grant proposals, either independently or in collaboration with faculty from the college of william and mary. - the saturday and summer enrichment programs, which allow young children with high abilities to explore specialized areas of science, mathematics, and the arts and humanities. - the science training and research program ( star ), a four - week residential summer enrichment program that serves high - school juniors from disadvantaged backgrounds. the program, which offers core science and mathematics courses and an opportunity to visit research centers and laboratories, is designed to introduce students to the world of science, research, and technology. - a series of \u201c update courses \u201d tailored to help middle and high - school teachers develop both a knowledge base and practical experience with topics \u2014 such as microbiology and molecular biotechnology \u2014 that are the stated components of the standards of learning for the commonwealth of virginia. participants also help design teaching modules that help integrate the science topics into the classroom.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5353235920366113, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57b75815-58af-4193-aab3-5055aea95477>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.325236"}
{"text": "parshuram did not stay with his parents. instead he wanted to go for penance somewhere in badrinath. before leaving, he promised to visit his parents once a year. renuka fair is held to commemorate parshuram ' s visit to his mother. on the 10th day of the bright half of the month kartika ( november ) the idol of parshurarn, seated in a well decorated palanquin, is taken out in procession which treks the path of some eight kilometers from village jamu to the site of the lake renuka. the two deities held as embodiments of the lord parshuram, from villages kattah and masu, also join the procession, which is attended by hill orchestra. a few folk dancers dressed in long garb with loose sleeves add to the gaiety of theprocession as they dance to the accompaniment of the folk music. on the ilth day i. e. ekadashi, the son stays with his mother and on the 12th afternoon he takes leave for jamu with a promise to visit next year. \" * the minjar fair has different legends. \" the week - long festivities of the colorful minjar fair of chamba start on the second sunday of shrawan ( august ). when was minjar first celebrated is not known but the present form of the fair is attributed to raja shahil verma who ruled the state in the 10th century. * the cultural heritage of the himalayas by k. l. vaidya, ( national, 1977 ), page 34 - 35.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41212085455785885, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26779d4b-ca9f-4bc6-9d2f-af80b8c127e1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.327564"}
{"text": "pets for life points the way to better animal health and reduced shelter overpopulation through community outreach the humane society of the united states today released the report \u201c pets for life \u2013 a new community understanding. \u201d this report explains that increasing access and removing cost barriers to animal care and veterinary services for pet owners in underserved areas will improve community animal health and reduce shelter overpopulation. the report uses data gathered from events organized by the hsus pets for life team and local partners to provide free and low - cost pet wellness and spay / neuter services for people in underserved communities. pfl is a program of the hsus that employs innovative strategies and fresh approaches to extend the reach of animal services, resources, and information for the sake of building humane communities. in difficult economic times, families can have trouble providing for the health and welfare of pets. with two - thirds of american families having pets and nearly one in every six americans living at or below poverty level, it \u2019 s more important than ever to reach out to those in need with workable answers. among the key findings in the report : more than half, 53 percent, of the owners of unaltered pets surveyed had never seen a veterinarian before. there is a growing gap between underserved pet owners and veterinary service providers and this has severe consequences for companion animal overpopulation and overall health. the vast majority, 87 percent, of attendees at pets for life events had never contacted their local animal control or animal shelter organization for any reason. it is critical for leaders in the animal welfare field to recognize the unmet needs in their communities and the impact on companion animal health and overpopulation. meeting people in the neighborhoods where they live, and marketing services strategically using canvassing and community organizing techniques, is much more effective than traditional advertising in reaching owners of unaltered pets in underserved communities. adequate follow - up is critical to build relationships and ensure that animal veterinary needs are met. \u201c pets are one of the greatest common denominators across social, economic and cultural boundaries and are a very important part of most people \u2019 s lives, \u201d said amanda arrington, associate director for pets for life. \u201c recognizing that so many people in underserved communities are struggling to care for their pets with little to no basic health care and wellness resources available is heart - breaking. the animal welfare, veterinary and related fields must take this as a call to action and work together to ensure that all pet owners have the information, resources, and services they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4422235698804492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e4810f7-a4a2-4e3d-a4cf-6dc3dcd96367>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.333767"}
{"text": "jump to : page content graduate degree : mit, department of urban studies and planning the satellite cities can also gain by cooperating rather than competing for economic development. compared to large cities like boston, the gbscs have few resources to devote towards attracting new employers. since they offer very similar environments to prospective businesses, they are frequently competing with one another by giving away tax incentives. the winning city often gains very little. if gbscs work together they could market themselves as a group to industry groups. sharing their resources would allow them to design more sophisticated sales strategies and promote a more unified image of the advantages of the region \u2019 s medium - sized cities. gbscs can also turn the fact that they have been abandoned by industry into an advantage. the gbscs are relatively clean and quiet urban environments. they can market this advantage by creating \" green \" campaigns. the cities could work together to tailor environmental plans that would generate energy and cost savings for the cities and their residents. these plans could be created by officials from each city working with students studying environmental planning at local universities. greater boston is an increasingly expensive area to live and do business. the danger is that the region will suffer as firms seek less expensive business environments. fortunately there is an alternative vision. the recent recovery of inner - city neighborhoods in places like boston, cambridge and somerville demonstrates that there is demand for dense urban living \u2013 demand that far exceeds the available supply. medium - sized older historic cities offer vital attractive living environments to families and new dense nodes of activity to growing businesses. in order to achieve this vision, local leaders from gbscs must cooperate and convince powerbrokers beyond their borders that their cities can become ideal destinations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.463952286253642, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:506cdf5b-554a-4059-b9c3-d294b32c6050>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.338804"}
{"text": "dear helen : i cannot find tuberous roots or plants of peruvian lily ( alstroemeria ), a flower i used to grow. j. c. dear j. c. : packages of roots for alstroemeria aurea ( a. aurantiaca ), which has beautiful yellow or orange flowers, used to be commonly available in late winter and early spring. this is not so currently and i ' m not sure why. either the plants have lost popularity and gone out of fashion, or their bad habits have caught up with them. once very well established, the roots become an aggressively travelling weed from hell, sprouting amid desirable plants. it is almost impossible to eradicate. ask one who knows. dwarf hybrids that bloom in pinks, purples and white are sometimes available as potted plants in late spring, but even these are seen far less frequently. i did track down a grower still producing these plants, but they grow mainly to supply costco and safeway stores, with any leftovers distributed to garden centres that order them. they ' ll appear about late may. alstroemerias can be grown from seed. chiltern seeds offers a good selection, but choose dwarf species or ligtu hybrids. avoid the devil weed. dear helen : early last spring we sowed parsnip seeds, which germinated well but the roots never developed to any usable size. we left them in the ground over the winter. they are sprouting now, and we wonder whether they can be left to develop worthwhile roots this summer. dear j. & g. c. : the parsnip plants that have wintered in the garden will put their energies this growing season into producing a flower stem and setting seed. the roots will not be usable for eating. hopefully, you ' ll have better luck with parsnips this year. parsnips and beets are two root vegetables that seem to present chronic problems for home gardeners, with the issue most often being failure of the roots to size up properly. changing soil acidity levels and variety choice are worth looking at. in most of our area, treating the soil with lime is helpful for both beet and parsnip development. parsnips grow best in a soil that is slightly acid to slightly alkaline, with a ph range of 6. 0 to 7. 5. left to their own devices, our garden soils become more acidic as alkaline elements wash away in winter rains", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3813923460217293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7608495b-221f-4347-8dbe-9b271c29218c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.345970"}
{"text": "grow best in a soil that is slightly acid to slightly alkaline, with a ph range of 6. 0 to 7. 5. left to their own devices, our garden soils become more acidic as alkaline elements wash away in winter rains. in my current garden, i need to apply at least a light dusting of dolopril to my plots before seeding to get decent growth in beets, parsnips and spinach. parsnips don ' t need a rich soil, and often grow best in plots that were fertilized and plumped with compost for the crop grown previously in the site. thinning the plants early helps. gladiator is the variety that consistently grows the best for me. the flavour is at its best after frosts in the fall. eaglecrest meeting. the eaglecrest garden club will meet at 7 : 30 tonight at the qualicum beach civic centre. candice coghill from the new cultivate garden and gift nursery in parksville will give a demonstration on propagation. all are welcome to the meeting. information at 250 - 752 - 5315. chrysanthemum meeting. the victoria chrysanthemum society will meet thursday at 7 : 30 p. m. in the st. matthias church hall, 600 richmond ave. ( at richardson ). government house volunteers. the friends of government house gardens are seeking volunteers to help maintain the gardens and woodlands during tuesday and thursday morning work sessions. anyone interested is invited to an orientation session tuesday, march 27, at 9 : 30 a. m. at government house. more information at 250 - 744 - 4019. hcp courses. the following courses are offered at the horticulture centre of the pacific, 505 quayle rd. in saanich. phone 250 - 479 - 6162 to register. www. hcp. ca. - listen, interpret, create : a unique response to nature, saturday, march 31, 1 to 4 p. m. and sunday, april 1, 1 to 4 p. m. in two sessions artist karen hibbard will guide participants in seeing and hearing gardens in a new way and in producing art work. no experience is necessary. all materials are supplied. cost to hcp members is $ 75, others $ 105. - build a mason bee condo, saturday, march 31, 1 to 4 p. m. no carpentry experience is necessary. instructor gord hutchings will ensure everyone will go home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41812114428066305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7608495b-221f-4347-8dbe-9b271c29218c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.346996"}
{"text": "whenever cardiac conditions develop these conditions, weaken or damage your heart, which leads to heart failure. in a weakened condition, the heart over time can no longer keep up with even the normal demands placed on it. the ventricles may become stiff and not fill properly between beats. the heart ventricles stretch ( dilate ) to the point that the heart cannot pump blood efficiently throughout your body. the failing pump causes blood and fluid to back up throughout your circulatory system. the circulatory system consists of your lungs, legs, feet and ankles. the kidneys retain excess water and sodium. all this builds up is the congestive part of your heart failure. the lung congestion occurs only with left - sided heart failure with fluid backing up into the lungs. the most common cause of right sided heart failure is left sided heart failure. when the fluid fills up the left side of the heart the pressure in the lungs passes to the right side of the heart, which then fails. the fluid then collects in the abdomen and lower extremities which all leads up to heart failure. heart failure develops quickly after a heart attack. the heart failure can also develop after years of high blood pressure or coronary artery disease. a defective valve may cause heart failure. a heart valve replacement in this case will prevent heart failure. a specialist normally does the surgical part, which is a cardiologist. many times people think that such things cause heart failure as smoking, being overweight or eating foods high in cholesterol and fat but there is a condition known as idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy were the heart weakens without explanation. this condition will also cause you congestive heart failure if not properly taken seriously. you might be suffering from if you have heart failure several conditions. these conditions can weaken your heart over time and be present without you being aware that you have the problem. the follow is a brief description of some conditions that affect the heart : - the most common cause of heart failure is coronary artery disease. a process called atherosclerosis, which is a build up of fatty deposits in the arteries. this fatty build up causes the blood to narrow a process called plaque, which leaves chronically deprived of oxygen - rich blood pump less vigorously. a heart attack occurs if an unstable plaque not function well it will cause a blood clot in turn completely blocks the blood flow to an area of the heart muscle. this is one of the most common causes of heart failure. - there are several", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4664780641264597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32e4efd3-06cf-4679-908c-380e511c87bb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.354926"}
{"text": ". a heart attack occurs if an unstable plaque not function well it will cause a blood clot in turn completely blocks the blood flow to an area of the heart muscle. this is one of the most common causes of heart failure. - there are several other reasons that might cause heart failure but we shall discuss the next highest reason for now. high blood pressure ( hypertension ) is the force of blood pumped by your heart through your arteries. when your blood pressure is high then your heart has to work harder causing failure. take your cardiologists advice watch your weight and exercise your on the way to a heart healthy way of life. frank mangano \u2019 s e - book, \u201c the blood pressure miracle \u201d, is the best way to naturally and permanently lower your blood pressure without using any pharmaceutical drugs. the program in this book is a unique, all - natural system for lowering your blood pressure that is not based on a single approach such as stress reduction, or herbs or special foods or exercise. it \u2019 s actually a combination of every method that has ever been scientifically proven to work, complied into one comprehensive lifestyle program. this is why the program has been so successful for so many people. the best part of the program is the 60 - day plan that \u2019 s included in the appendix. it makes the whole program a no brainer to make a part of your daily life because frank gives you a single change you can make to your daily routine, one day at a time. if you change the little things one at a time, they all add up and the results over the weeks and months can be astonishing. frank also offers an unconditional, risk - free 60 - day guarantee, which is very generous and shows that he has faith that his 60 day plan will lower your blood pressure or else you get your money back. if you want to purchase frank mangano \u2019 s e - book, \u201c the blood pressure miracle \u201d and learn more about frank \u2019 s natural blood - pressure reducing methods, then please click here to get more information!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49618989881852554, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32e4efd3-06cf-4679-908c-380e511c87bb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.355891"}
{"text": "one of the main morphological differences between men and women is the greater amount of fat that women carry ; this softens the outline of the muscles, more or less erases the osseous indicators, and rounds out the surfaces while creating characteristic folds and grooves. fat in normal women represents between 18 % and 20 % of body weight, whereas in men it represents only 10 % to 15 %. the reason for this difference is that women at some point in their lives may nourish a fetus and then a baby from their own reserves, so women have to stock energy in the form of fat in anticipation of future pregnancies ( and must stock even more energy during the last two trimesters of pregnancy ). for various reasons, different fat distributions occur in women according to climate. in hot countries, the fat is localized on the buttocks ( black africans ), on the hips ( mediterraneans ), and around the navel ( certain asians ). this distribution avoids covering the woman with a hot coat of fat that would be difficult to bear and inefficient for thermoregulation during hot periods. in cold countries, the distribution of fat is more uniform, which provides for better protection during rigorous winters. however the fat is distributed, its main function is for the survival of the species as it provides for survival of the woman and her offspring during times of scarcity. it is important to note that all healthy people have fat reserves necessary for the proper functioning of their bodies. obsession with obesity or the need to follow deviant aesthetic fashions should not lead to the complete elimination of fat. in fact, the almost complete disappearance of fat can lead to serious hormonal problems involving the cessation of the period ( amenorrhea, which is a temporary absence of ovulation and therefore momentary sterility ), as this means has been put in place during evolution to avoid bringing progeny into the world that the female could not nourish with her own organic reserves. primary fat deposits fat reserves accumulate in very specific areas on the body. generally they avoid the flexion folds at the joints in order not to interfere with movement. fat accumulations are often distributed the same in both sexes ; the main difference is in the greater development on certain areas in women. 1. the buttocks the buttock region can be quite prominent in women ; this is almost entirely due to fat that is contained by the gluteal fold. besides its role as an energy reserve, this concentration protects the anal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.476499577404608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aaff9032-b333-43f9-a110-ea7797b13d9b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.362017"}
{"text": "in women. 1. the buttocks the buttock region can be quite prominent in women ; this is almost entirely due to fat that is contained by the gluteal fold. besides its role as an energy reserve, this concentration protects the anal area and helps make the sitting position more comfortable by cushioning the direct contact between the bones ( ischial tuberosities ) and the ground or supporting surface. the gluteal fold the gluteal fold is made up of tough, fibrous tracts that connect the deep surface of the skin in the gluteal area to the ischium. the main consequence of this fibours attachement is to contain the fat in a sort of pocket, which prevents it from falling down against the back of the thigh while at the same time increasing the volume of the buttock. when certain people age, this fat empties and the bottom of the buttock withers, even going so far as to hang down. only appropriate training of the buttock area will compensates for the disappearance of fat and the loss of tone through muscle development that maintains the buttocks from the inside. 2. low back second in importance, this concentration merges with the gluteal area so that the buttock increases in height until it seems to go up to the waist. 3. below the trochanter, or \u201c riding breeches \u201d frequently found in mediterranean women, this concentration can be quite bulky. located on the superior part of the lateral thigh just below the depression of the greater trochanter, it blends with the fatty tissue of the anterior surface of the thigh and, at the posterior, with that of the buttocks. when there is a lot of fat in this area we often observe many more or less deep depressions on the surface of the skin, referred to as a \u201c pitted \u201d or \u201c cottage cheese \u201d surface. this is due to inelastic fibrous tracts that, like little cables, connect the deep surface of the skin at the level of the depressions to the enveloping aponeurosis of the muscle, with the adipose tissue creating bumps or bulges in between ( a quiltlike phenomenon ). 4. between the thighs relatively common in women, fat in this location plays an important aesthetic role in that it fills the space between the two thighs ; it is often more noticeable in women than in men. 5. around the navel as in the subtrochanteric location, the periumbil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4543739273083286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aaff9032-b333-43f9-a110-ea7797b13d9b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.363974"}
{"text": "we think of the five senses as exclusive to living things processing sights and sounds requires eyes, ears and, most important, a brain \u2014 right? but what if your hardware shared your senses? in the era of cognitive computing, systems learn instead of passively relying on programming. as a result, emerging technologies will continue to push the boundaries of human limitations to enhance and augment our senses with machine learning, artificial intelligence ( ai ), advanced speech recognition and more. no need to call for superman when we have real super senses at hand. this year ibm presents the 5 in 5 in five sensory categories, through innovations that will touch our lives and see us into the future. from ibm ' s chief innovation officer read what he says about the 5 in 5 the poll is closed, but you can follow up and continue the discussion on ibm ' s people for a smarter planet facebook page. touch : you will be able to touch through your phone in the 1970s, when a telephone company encouraged us to \" reach out and touch someone, \" it had no idea that a few decades later that could be more than a metaphor. infrared and haptic technologies will enable a smart phone ' s touchscreen technology and vibration capabilities to simulate the physical sensation of touching something. so you could experience the silkiness of that catalog ' s egyptian cotton sheets instead of just relying on some copywriter to convince you. associate director, ibm research, retail analytics sight : a pixel will be worth a thousand words recognition systems can pinpoint a face in a crowd. in the future, computer vision might save a life by analyzing patterns to make sense of visuals in the context of big data. in industries as varied as healthcare, retail and agriculture, a system could gather information and detect anomalies specific to the task \u2014 such as spotting a tiny area of diseased tissue in an mri and applying it to the patient ' s medical history for faster, more accurate diagnosis and treatment. senior manager, intelligent information management hearing : computers will hear what matters before the tree fell in the forest, did anyone hear it? sensors that pick up sound patterns and frequency changes will be able to predict weakness in a bridge before it buckles, the deeper meaning of your baby ' s cry or, yes, a tree breaking down internally before it falls. by analyzing verbal traits and including multi - sensory information, machine hearing and speech recognition could even be sensitive enough to advance dialogue across languages and cultures. ibm research scientist taste : digital taste buds will help you eat smarter the challenge of providing food \u2014 whether it '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5573213708792031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d4ba545-b940-44f5-af4c-0012779e0502>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.371685"}
{"text": "all you want to know : pigments and cooking there are several characteristics of vegetables that influence the way we cook them. one of these is colour. no matter what colour a raw vegetable is, we want to preserve as much as possible of that colour. vegetables may be grouped by colour into four categories : red : beets, red cabbage, red beans green : beans, broccoli, asparagus, peas artichokes, okra, brusselsprouts, spinach, parsley. yellow : carrots, yams, squashes, sweet potatoes, white : potatoes, turnips, celery, cauliflower, onions, mushrooms, cucumbers, zucchini these colours come from the pigments in the vegetables. certain pigments react to acids, alkalis, or heat during cooking, undergoing chemical changes that cause the vegetable to change colour. it is important to know which pigments are susceptible to colour change and how to deal with them during the process of cooking. red vegetables : the pigments in red vegetables are known as anthocyanins. these pigments are red in an acid medium but will change to blue or purple in an alkaline medium. they are also water soluble and therefore can draw out the colour into the cooking medium. egs. : beetroot - one would have to cook it with the skin on, so that the colour does not leach out into the water. cook covered so the acids do not evaporate. red cabbage in an alkaline medium will not only lose its redness, but will also turn purple, blue or green. green vegetables ; chlorophyll \u2019 s action to acid is the opposite of the red vegetables. they keep their colour best if cooked in a slightly alkaline medium. it would seem ideal to include baking soda in the cooking medium to increase alkalinity - not so! if only colour were the quality desired then this approach would be fine. baking soda has other less desirable effects. it tends to destroy such nutrients as vitamins, and also makes the vegetables more mushy and sometimes gives it a bitter taste. note - the dark green colour in canned green vegetables is because of prolonged cooking at high temperatures to prevent botulism. yellow vegetables ; the pigments here are known as carotene \u2019 s, and there are several types which range from the yellow in corn, to the orange in carrots, to the red in tomatoes. they do not suffer any colour loss in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45001972115683364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4dab42ea-4598-4470-be49-b5c9e1b37e7f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.378029"}
{"text": "yellow vegetables ; the pigments here are known as carotene \u2019 s, and there are several types which range from the yellow in corn, to the orange in carrots, to the red in tomatoes. they do not suffer any colour loss in acidic or alkaline medium, however if the vegetable is overcooked then it can lose some amount of colour. white vegetables ; the flavones are the pigments in these veggies! they remain white in acid, but turn yellow in an alkaline medium, so a bit of lemon juice or a cover on the pot is in order. note ; the ph value of a material indicates its acidity or alkalinity. acids are characterized by hydrogen ions ( h + ), while alkalis or bases by hydroxyl ions ( oh ). to test the ph value of a material a scale of numerical value ranging from 1 ( for very acidic ) to 14 ( for very alkaline ) has been developed and is in common use. the whole ph scale has been so devised that each whole step represents a tenfold change in the degree of acidity. thus a solution with a ph of 5 is ten times more acidic than a solution with a ph of 6. similarly a solution with a ph of 4 is hundred times more acidic than a solution with a ph of 6. - salad greens go limp and discolour when salad dressings are poured over them, a long time before service. this is because the acids first of all destroy the chlorophyll. the reaction here takes a long time, because there is no heat involved in this reaction. secondly the acids and the seasonings in the dressings draw out the moisture in the leaves - this leaves the salad all limp. - fresh milk has a ph of 6. 6. as it ages the milk sugar lactose is converted to lactic acid, and at a ph of around 6. 4 the change in the ph along wit the other changes can be detected in taste. we say that milk is sour at a ph of around 5 where the coagulation of protein takes place and the milk has curdled. - table wines have a ph of between 3 to 3. 5 and beers a ph of about 4 to 5. - the ph of living muscle is about neutral, but becomes acidic after death due to the formation of lactic acid from glycogen. - did you know that egg white is alkaline while egg yolk is acidic? image credit : almightydad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48823140473386717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4dab42ea-4598-4470-be49-b5c9e1b37e7f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.379391"}
{"text": "a first - degree burn is the least serious type of burn in which only the outer layer of skin is burned, and not all the way through. the skin is usually red, swollen and possibly painful. as long as it doesn \u2019 t involve a substantial portion of skin in places like the face or major joints, a first - degree burn can be treated as a minor burn. even these \u201c minor \u201d burns, however, should be treated correctly to prevent complications. whether you live alone or with a large family, it \u2019 s important to know how to prevent common household burns, as well as how to treat minor burns. safe kids canada, the national injury prevention program of the hospital for sick children, reminds parents and caretakers that children are particularly vulnerable to burns because their skin is thinner than an adult ' s skin. a child ' s skin burns 4 times more quickly and deeply than an adult ' s at the same temperature. scalding injuries, caused by hot water and liquids, are unfortunately common. to avoid these types of burns, be sure to keep cooking materials and hot liquids out of reach when children are nearby. always test the temperature of bath water and any drinking liquids before they come in contact with a child. if a minor burn does occur, use these recommendations : \u2022 cool the burn by holding the injury under cool \u2013 not cold \u2013 running water for 10 or 15 minutes or until the pain subsides. you can also immerse the burn in a bowl of cool water or use a cold compress. \u2022 don ' t put ice on the burn. \u2022 cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage. don ' t use fluffy cotton or other materials that easily stick to the wound. wrap the gauze loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. \u2022 take an over - the - counter pain reliever such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen or acetaminophen. use caution when giving aspirin to children and teenagers, and call your doctor with any questions or concerns. \u2022 don ' t apply butter or ointments to the burn ( unless a specific ointment or cream is advised by your healthcare provider ). \u2022 don ' t break blisters. most minor burns heal on their own. if your burn doesn \u2019 t heal within 10 days to two weeks, or if you experience a fever, excessive swelling or blisters filled with coloured fluid, however, seek immediate medical attention. for more information about burns and first aid, visit safe kids canada", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4346571499800725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9449715f-0ffb-400d-bd32-11d756de7ce8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.384592"}
{"text": "almost one million school children think professor green is a scientist, says study almost one million school children aged five to 16 think rapper professor green is a scientist, according to research. children are more familiar with mark zuckerberg, the creator of facebook ( 68 % correctly identified him ), than physicist albert einstein who discovered the theory of relativity ( only 45 % correctly identified him ), the poll by haier home appliances reveals. although one in five children ( 19 % ) know and love tv professor brian cox, a large proportion are unable to identify a number of significant, heavyweight names from the world of science and innovation, including charles darwin ( 63 % unable to identify ), louis pasteur ( 75 % ), thomas edison ( 62 % ) and isaac newton ( 61 % ). despite spending an average 17 hours and 34 minutes in front a tv screen every week, almost half ( 45 % ) do not know that john logie baird invented the television. in fact, a quarter of eight - year - olds think david cameron invented it ( 23. 83 % ). other key findings from the survey are : : around a third five - year - olds ( 35 % ) think boris johnson discovered gravity : : almost a quarter of eight - year - olds ( 22 % ) think stephen hawking is a hairdresser : : around a fifth of seven - year - olds ( 22 % ) believe thomas edison created facebook : : nearly a tenth of children ( 8 % ) think charles darwin was a reality tv star : : around one in 20 school children ( 6 % ) believe the x factor judge tulisa contostavlos created penicillin. around a third of key stage three pupils ( 35 % ) do not know that isaac newton discovered gravity, despite energy transfer and physical processes being part of the school curriculum. jeff moody, sales and marketing director of haier home appliances uk, said : \" it is eye opening to discover that children of today are more aware of popular figures like mark zuckerberg than men and women who have made iconic discoveries and inventions that have revolutionised the modern world. \" at haier, we put science at the very heart of everything we do and we passionately believe the future of innovation lies in the scientific interest and imagination of the next generation. \" the research was commissioned as part of haier ' s let children dream campaign and supports its partnership with the science museum and its children ' s create it drawing wall where children are encouraged to dream up and draw their ideas and inventions. : : hai", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5117351476094394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efd6d686-c48c-485c-ba2c-6dab0c98e687>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.389846"}
{"text": "\" the research was commissioned as part of haier ' s let children dream campaign and supports its partnership with the science museum and its children ' s create it drawing wall where children are encouraged to dream up and draw their ideas and inventions. : : haier surveyed 1, 000 children, aged between 5 and 16 on october 8. that ' s some guestlist! stunning images show huge dynastic wedding between ultra - orthodox jewish families which attracted 25, 000 guests man and woman arrested on suspicion of conspiracy to murder victim of woolwich machete attack, named as drummer lee rigby ' sickening, deluded and unforgivable ' : horrific attack brings terror to london \u2019 s streets video : woolwich attack - man with bloodied hands and knife addresses camera ingrid loyau - kennett, the mother - of - two hailed as a hero for confronting woolwich attackers, thought : ' better me than a child ' - 2 ' sickening, deluded and unforgivable ' : horrific attack brings terror to london \u2019 s streets - 4 woolwich murder : they killed, then they performed - these men should be starved of our attention - 5 woolwich attack : the edl will seek to exploit this evil crime for their own evil ends bmf is the uk \u2019 s biggest and best loved outdoor fitness classes get the latest on the evening standard ' s campaign to get london ' s children reading. win anything from gadgets to five - star holidays on our competitions and offers page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46598921183248915, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efd6d686-c48c-485c-ba2c-6dab0c98e687>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.390530"}
{"text": "millions of tons of debris washed out to sea from north - east japan by the march 11 tsunami has embarked on a 10 - year circuit of the pacific, endangering shipping and wildlife. the french environmental group robin des bois estimates that a large percentage of the 25 million tons of debris created by the magnitude 9 earthquake and the tsunami that it triggered has been sucked out to sea. insurance costs for damage caused across japan likely to be in region of \u00a39bn adding further blow to indebted economy a firefighter looks at burned - out vehicles at hitachi port, north - eastern japan, the day after the giant quake and tsunami struck. photograph : ap industry in the world \u2019 s third - largest economy all but ground to a halt following the earthquake, as manufacturers ranging from toyota to nissan, sony, fuji and brewers kirin and sapporo shut down their operations in japan to assess damage and allow staff to check on their families. the quake is a shattering blow to japan \u2019 s already heavily indebted economy, which recently endured a downgrade in its credit rating. finance minister yoshihiko noda raised the prospect of an emergency budget to cope with reconstruction costs, but suggested that this would be hard to compile before the end of march. jakarta ( reuters ) \u2013 indonesia \u2019 s mount merapi volcano erupted on monday for the third time in a week, driving the number of refugees to almost 70, 000, as the death toll from a tsunami thousands of kilometers to the west rose to 431, officials said. the fresh eruption forced a thick ash cloud around 1. 5 kilometers ( 0. 9 miles ) into the air above merapi, which sits on the outskirts of yogyakarta city in central java, and caused panicked residents to flee villages on the slopes of the mountain for safety shelters. the national disaster mitigation agency said that 38 people have been killed and 69, 533 evacuated since merapi began erupting last week, while indonesia \u2019 s vulcanology agency warned that flights around yogyakarta may be disrupted. dozens of injured survivors of a tsunami off western indonesia today languished at a sorely strapped hospital alongside a newly orphaned 2 - month - old baby found in a storm drain, as the death toll from the disaster rose above 400. the injured lay on mats or the bare floor as rainwater dripped onto them from holes in the ceiling and intravenous cords hung from plastic ropes strung from the rafters. the baby, its lungs filled with fluid and with cuts on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4053997076255925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5356fc8a-61d6-422b-a807-6cc1fddd37c7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.397069"}
{"text": "above 400. the injured lay on mats or the bare floor as rainwater dripped onto them from holes in the ceiling and intravenous cords hung from plastic ropes strung from the rafters. the baby, its lungs filled with fluid and with cuts on its face, blinked sleepily in a humidified crib. \u201c we need doctors, specialists, \u201d nurse anputra said at the tiny hospital in pagai utara \u2014 one of the four main islands in the mentawai chain slammed by monday \u2019 s tsunami. the toll from the tsunami and the 7. 7 - magnitude earthquake beneath the indian ocean that spawned it rose to 408 today as officials found more bodies, and 303 people were still missing, said agus prayitno, of the west sumatra provincial disaster management center. rescue teams \u201c believe many, many of the bodies were swept to sea, \u201d said harmensyah, the disaster center \u2019 s chief. along with the 33 people killed by a volcano that erupted tuesday more than 800 miles ( 1, 300 kilometers ) to the east in central java, the number of dead from indonesia \u2019 s twin disasters this week has now reached 441. the downtown of fagatoga was flooded when a tsunami hit american samoa early on tuesday. ( ap ) sydney, australia \u2014 a powerful tsunami generated by an undersea earthquake killed more than two dozen people and wiped out several villages in the tropical islands of american samoa and samoa early on tuesday there, according to officials and local residents who were working to assess the damage. the earthquake struck around dawn, as many residents were preparing for work and getting their children ready for school. officials said they expected heavy damage in the southern parts of samoa and american samoa, a united states territory with about 60, 000 residents. damaged telephone lines on both islands hampered efforts to count the casualties and assess the destruction from the earthquake, with a magnitude of 8. 0. it struck below the ocean about 120 miles southwest of american samoa and 125 miles south of samoa, and it was centered only 11 miles below the seabed, according to the united states geological survey. at least 14 people were killed in american samoa, the territory \u2019 s governor, togiola t. a. tulafono, said at a news conference in hawaii. the toll could rise as emergency workers gain access to damaged areas, he and other officials said. food riots have broken out across the globe destabilizing large parts of the developing world. china is experiencing double - digit inflation. indonesia, vietnam and india have imposed controls over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3551990632833365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5356fc8a-61d6-422b-a807-6cc1fddd37c7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.398482"}
{"text": "emergency workers gain access to damaged areas, he and other officials said. food riots have broken out across the globe destabilizing large parts of the developing world. china is experiencing double - digit inflation. indonesia, vietnam and india have imposed controls over rice exports. wheat, corn and soy beans are at record highs and threatening to go higher still. commodities are up across the board. the world food program is warning of widespread famine if the west doesn \u2019 t provide emergency humanitarian relief. the situation is dire. venezuelan president hugo chavez summed it up like this, \u201c it is a massacre of the world \u2019 s poor. the problem is not the production of food. it is the economic, social and political model of the world. the capitalist model is in crisis. \u201d right on, hugo. there is no shortage of food ( this is disinformation \u2013 the infinite unknown ) ; it \u2019 s just the prices that are making food unaffordable. bernanke \u2019 s \u201c weak dollar \u201d policy has ignited a wave of speculation in commodities which is pushing prices into the stratosphere. the un is calling the global food crisis a \u201c silent tsunami \u201d, but its more like a flood ; the world is awash in increasingly worthless dollars that are making food and raw materials more expensive. foreign central banks and investors presently hold $ 6 trillion in dollars and dollar - backed assets, so when the dollar starts to slide, the pain radiates through entire economies. this is especially true in countries where the currency is pegged to the dollar. that \u2019 s why most of the gulf states are experiencing runaway inflation. continue reading \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4205761649307266, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5356fc8a-61d6-422b-a807-6cc1fddd37c7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.400666"}
{"text": "human expansion and interference have detrimental effects as civilizations continue to encroach on previously undisturbed habitats. as a result, many species of animals and plants must struggle to survive. biodiversity reveals the important role each of these life forms plays in its ecosystem as well as the irreversible and extensive consequences that would result from a massive loss of biodiversity. it explores the ecological and evolutionary processes, how these processes depend on the cohabitation of a wide range of life forms within an ecosystem, and how the existence of these diverse organisms maintains a crucial stability in the natural world. beginning with an introduction to biodiversity, this new volume discusses its importance and history, the difficulties in maintaining it, and past and current efforts to protect ecosystems from greater destruction. it examines five specific case studies, including the united states, indonesia, new zealand, madagascar, and costa rica, describing the current status and history of biodiversity, obstacles, and conservation efforts in the country at hand. maps. index. bibliography. glossary. chronology. tables and graphs. about the author ( s ) natalie goldstein is a freelance writer who has written numerous books for the educational market, including textbooks and teacher ' s guides for the middle school and encyclopedias for the high school. she also wrote globalization and free trade and global warming in the global issues series. foreword author julie l. lockwood is director of the graduate program in ecology and evolution and associate professor in the department of ecology, evolution, and natural resources at rutgers university. she is the coauthor of avian invasions : the ecology and evolution of exotic birds and invasion ecology.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4948298779735472, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e291587-fa26-42d6-8a00-914854f8bb35>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.405299"}
{"text": "paper presented by robert e. arnold m. d. dr. arnold is a retired naval surgeon it was april 24, 1865, ten days after john wilkes booth had assassinated abraham lincoln. lt. edward doherty, enerton conger and luther baker reported to the office of lafayette baker the war departments chief detective and luther baker \u2019 s cousin. ( 1 ) general james r. o \u2019 beirne had discovered the route taken by booth for his escape. o \u2019 beirne thought he had booth cornered, he asked for orders from washington but was told to return to his command in maryland. the honor of capturing booth was taken from a first class general and transferred to amateurs ( 2 ). thus began a strange saga of mistakes, contradictions, and unexplained occurrences. lt. doherty, conger, baker and twenty - five men embarked on the steamer john ide for belle plain ( 3 ). they searched the area and eventually were led to mr. garretts house. under threat of death, garrett led the detectives and the detachment to the barn. the farm was surrounded and a conversation ensued with the men inside. one of them, david herald, surrendered. the official report states that a fire was started in some hay in the rear of the barn. a shot struck the lone figure in the neck. conger, baker, and some of the soldiers entered the barn and removed him to the front porch of the house. conger stated that the man had shot himself. baker thought conger had fired the fatal shot but thought that if he had, it had better not be known. sgt. boston corbett would eventually get the credit for shooting booth. sgt. corbett deserves comment. he was a religious fanatic who changed his first name to boston after the city where he had joined the church. he was also said to have castrated himself in remorse for spending a night with a prostitute. he had been a hatter in civilian life and hatters were well famous for mental alterations caused by inhaling mercury vapors ( the mad hatter from through the looking glass by lewis carrol ). for example, when corbett was asked why he had shot booth, he said, \u201c god had directed him to do so. \u201d ( 2 ) one of the soldiers summoned a doctor, charles urquhart, but there is nothing in the official record of his visit. there was no death certificate and urquhart was not questioned later. the decedent lived 2 - 3 hours and was reported to have uttered a few sentences. cong", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46856002247367773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:231ec620-a7fb-4fea-aa22-1dd89c8ad59c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.415547"}
{"text": "urquhart, but there is nothing in the official record of his visit. there was no death certificate and urquhart was not questioned later. the decedent lived 2 - 3 hours and was reported to have uttered a few sentences. conger took the man \u2019 s possessions and left for washington accompanied by sgt. corbett at lest as far as belle plain. conger officially reported that booth had been tracked down and shot by sgt. boston corbett while trying to escape. the body \u2019 s 18 - mile trip to the belle plain landing was bizarre. luther baker took the body over doherty \u2019 s objection and went on ahead. this resulted in quite a delay and baker said they had \u201c gotten lost. \u201d they arrived in alexandria at eleven o \u2019 clock p. m. and lafayette baker took charge of the body, transferred it to a tugboat and took it to the ironclad montauk, which was laid up for repairs in the washington navy yard. the commanding officer, lc. dr. edward stone stated he received no orders or authority concerning the body. they sent an urgent message to the secretary of the navy that the body was changing rapidly. an autopsy was ordered to be performed on the montauk by joseph k. barnes, the surgeon general. the witnesses summoned for the identification of the corpse deserve comment. charles dawson, the hotel clerk, said he knew booth from the initials tattooed on his wrist but he named the wrong wrist. the captain clerk on the montark said he knew booth and recognized the body from \u201c general appearance. \u201d likewise the montark \u2019 s acting master, william crowninshield. there is no good evidence that either of these had ever met booth. dr. frederick may who had removed a tumor from booth \u2019 s neck was summoned. his first comment was, \u201c there is no resemblance in that corpse to booth nor can i believe it to be him. \u201d ( 1 ) dr. may later said the scar on the neck was similar to booths. no stage acquaintances, personal friends, relations, or co - conspirators were questioned, although they were readily available. the autopsy demonstrated a bullet wound through the transverse processes of the third and fourth cervical vertebrae. the body was then taken to the grounds of washington \u2019 s old penitentiary, which was being used as an arsenal and interred in one of the old cells. this removal from the montauk was done quickly and without the knowledge of the commandant of the washington navy yard, john b. montgomery. the body remained interred until 1869 when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.428445312638024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:231ec620-a7fb-4fea-aa22-1dd89c8ad59c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.417455"}
{"text": "was being used as an arsenal and interred in one of the old cells. this removal from the montauk was done quickly and without the knowledge of the commandant of the washington navy yard, john b. montgomery. the body remained interred until 1869 when the body was disinterred and transferred to a baltimore undertaker. joseph booth was present but the corpse had disintegrated so thoroughly that identification was not possible. the remains were then buried in green mount cemetery. in 1903, a man named david george committed suicide in enid, oklahoma after confessing to have assassinated president lincoln. the body was mummified and put on public display locally and at st. louis world fair in 1904. various carnivals displayed the remains until 1920 when finis bates of memphis claimed it. its whereabouts are no longer known. ( 5 ). the mummy was supposedly examined and had a broken ankle, deformed right thumb and a scar above the right eye which booth was known to have ( 6 ). the controversy begins there are many contradictions surrounding the death and autopsy of booth. many of them are minor, such as the presence of a mustache, what he was wearing and also fake testimony given by witnesses for various reasons. there is one undeniable fact that casts doubt on the identity of the dead man and that is the actions by the army during the autopsy and burial. booth was the most wanted man on earth. the natural course would be to take the body to washington where as many people as possible could see it, pictures taken and documentation by impeccable sources. the army did the exact opposite. 1. instead of taking the remains to a hospital, they were placed on a ship where the number of people allowed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45357997332239164, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:231ec620-a7fb-4fea-aa22-1dd89c8ad59c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.418384"}
{"text": "participatory video created by members of various indigenous communities in itogon, philippines, tracking the impacts of large - scale mining and now climate change on their environment and culture. this film was created by members of various indigenous communities in the cordillera region of the philippines, during a participatory video project facilitated by insightshare. the participants were taught to use video cameras during an intensive 9 - day pv workshop in the barangay of garrison, in itogon, and created this 24 - minute film to communicate the devastating impacts of large - scale mining wrought on their communities by various companies over the years, and now the increasingly alarming impacts of climate change. this project was part of conversations with the earth project. launched in april 2009, conversations with the earth is a collective opportunity to build a global movement for an indigenous - controlled community media network. cwe works with a growing network of indigenous groups and communities living in critical ecosystems around the world, from the atlantic rainforest to central asia, from the philippines to the andes, from the arctic to ethiopia. through cwe, these indigenous communities are able to share their story of climate change. through the creation of sustainable autonomous indigenous media hubs in these regions, cwe fosters a long - term relationship with these communities, based on principles of local control and supporting indigenous media capacity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4826401676393551, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e21dd22-c3b3-4956-ade9-66549e3c9812>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.419932"}
{"text": "how does it work? read on for a thrilling example scenario! ( alternatively, skip to step 10 to find out how i made it. ) step 1 : a text - based adventure in 3d printing and alcoholism you try to get up, but your stomach climbs up your throat and tries to smother your brain. you lie back down. > drink the water. you are too far away from the water and you lack the coordination required to crawl. you doze off again, in the hope that sleep will somehow solve your predicament. you wake some time later. your head still aches. the hedgehog in your mouth has been joined by its unruly, even less healthy family. > remove the hedgehog. the hedgehog is not a literal hedgehog. it began as a simile then became a metaphor while you were napping. it represents dehydration and regret. you lurch to your feet and, after swaying on the spot for over a minute, you manage to remain upright. after another minute, so does the room. > drink the water. you drink the stale water. it feels pure and cleansing. there is not enough of it. > go to the bathroom. you stagger to the bathroom. there is a sink, a mirror, a toothbrush and a toilet which has been soiled in an unholy manner. > use the sink. you put your lips over the faucet and fumble for the taps. the water is warm, but still good. you drink until you are dizzy. the vile taste in your mouth remains. > brush your teeth. you squeeze toothpaste along the entire length of the toothbrush and, on your third attempt, insert the head of the brush into your mouth. you brush gingerly. with nothing better to occupy your mind for two minutes, you try to make sense of what happened last night. you draw blanks. you glance in the mirror. a message is printed on your forehead. > read the message.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5669729761404477, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac89c227-aeb5-420c-9e52-237c107eb8bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.422064"}
{"text": "last reviewed by faculty of harvard medical school on january 24, 2013 by harvey b. simon, m. d. harvard medical school chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) is the fourth leading cause of death in the united states. it ' s also the only disease among the top 10 killers that is seeing an increase in deaths each year. about 15 million americans suffer from copd. men are affected about twice as often as women because male smokers have outnumbered female smokers. copd is not curable, but it is treatable. lifestyle changes and medication can help people cope with chronic lung disease and live longer, fuller lives. but as you ' ll see, most cases of copd can be prevented. back to top what is copd? copd refers to chronic illnesses that block the flow of air and make breathing difficult. the two major forms of copd are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. in both, narrowed air passages or bronchi make it hard to exhale. ( bronchi are wider during inhalation and narrow during exhalation. ) narrowed bronchi also cause asthma, but the narrowing is temporary and reversible. in copd, it ' s permanent. in chronic bronchitis, the mucous glands in the air passages are enlarged and produce too much mucous, which narrows the bronchi. in emphysema, the narrowing of the bronchi is caused by damage to the lung tissue and is more severe than in chronic bronchitis. most patients with copd have a mixture of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. inflammation triggered by irritants that are inhaled also contributes to copd. white blood cells try to fight off the irritation, but instead of controlling the damage caused by the irritant, they release chemicals that damage and eventually destroy lung tissue. smoking causes about 85 % of copd cases. heavy smokers have the highest risk of developing copd. secondhand smoke and other inhaled toxins can cause copd in some nonsmokers. in others, an inherited protein deficiency is to blame. but in some cases, no cause is apparent. back to top what are the symptoms of copd? copd starts gradually and progresses slowly over time. that ' s why the number of cases of copd continues to increase years after many american men quit smoking. at first, there are no symptoms. but little by little, symptoms appear, usually in middle age. a morning \" smoker", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45521261732029417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39e2e8cd-237d-41a8-ac5a-69202c34ac3f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.429950"}
{"text": "time. that ' s why the number of cases of copd continues to increase years after many american men quit smoking. at first, there are no symptoms. but little by little, symptoms appear, usually in middle age. a morning \" smoker ' s cough \" is often the first complaint. the cough gradually gets worse and occurs throughout the day. next, shortness of breath develops. in the beginning, it only occurs during exercise, but as the disease progresses, breathing becomes a chore even at rest. wheezing is another common symptom. most patients also become tired and weak. patients with chronic bronchitis have a recurrent cough that brings up large amounts of thick, discolored phlegm almost every day for three months or longer. over time, the lung disease puts a strain on the heart and men may develop cor pulmonale, a form of congestive heart failure. as a result, they accumulate fluid and gain weight. their lips and skin may eventually turn bluish due to low blood oxygen levels. men with emphysema have a scant and dry cough, severe shortness of breath and they breathe faster than normal. their skin stays pink and they dont retain fluid, but their appearance changes : they lose weight, their muscles tend to waste away, and they develop large, barrel - shaped chests. most patients with copd have symptoms of both chronic bronchitis and emphysema. in addition to daily symptoms, most patients have two to three exacerbations each year. these are abrupt flares that are often triggered by lung infections. symptoms get much worse and aggressive treatment is needed. back to top how is copd diagnosed? the best way to diagnose copd is with a simple, safe lung - function test, called the forced expiratory volume at one second ( fev1 ). it measures the amount of air you can breathe out with maximum effort in one second. doctors can also use this test to check the results of treatment. x - rays, blood oxygen mearurements, and other tests may also help. back to top people with copd can take steps to control symptoms, and minimize complications and disability. the first rule is the most important : avoid tobacco and secondhand smoke. this is a hard and fast rule. there are no exceptions. good nutrition is also important. a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and fish may actually help the lungs. there is no evidence that vitamin supplements help. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4245229831090282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39e2e8cd-237d-41a8-ac5a-69202c34ac3f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.431141"}
{"text": "and secondhand smoke. this is a hard and fast rule. there are no exceptions. good nutrition is also important. a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and fish may actually help the lungs. there is no evidence that vitamin supplements help. in fact beta - carotene actually increases a male smoker ' s risk of lung cancer. patients with chronic bronchitis and heart strain must avoid sodium ( salt ). men with severe emphysema may benefit from high - calorie nutritional supplements. drinking plenty of fluids will help keep phlegm loose and make it easy to clear out by coughing. a program of low - to - moderate intensity exercise can help the muscles get the most from the oxygen that damaged lungs can deliver. walking is best. start with 5 just minutes of walking three to four times a day and build up to 45 minutes a day. patients with severe copd or heart disease may also need a structured pulmonary rehabilitation program, which can teach breathing exercises that strengthen chest muscles. preventing infection is essential. be sure your flu and pneumonia shots are up to date. keep your distance from folks with respiratory infections. wash your hands carefully with an alcohol - based hand rub. back to top medications for copd prescription medications can do a lot for patients with copd. your doctor will explain the benefits and possible side effects. here is a summary of the major groups of medications. - bronchodilators - these relax the muscles in the walls of the bronchi, widening the tubes and easing the passage of air. the most popular short - acting bronchodilator is albuterol ( proventil ). it is inhaled through a metered - dose inhaler ( mdi ) up to four times a day for quick relief of wheezing, coughing, or shortness of breath. patients with mild copd may need only a short - acting bronchodilator, but patients with more advanced disease also benefit from a long - acting bronchodilator. they help prevent symptoms rather than provide immediate relief. salmeterol ( serevent ) or formoterol ( foradil ) can be inhaled twice a day as a spray or from a dry powder inhaler ( dpi ). patients taking salmeterol or formoteral should continue using their short - acting albuterol mdi for that purpose. - anticholinergics - these are drugs that widen the bronchial tubes and reduce the amount of mucus without making it thick and difficult", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.416813723571941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39e2e8cd-237d-41a8-ac5a-69202c34ac3f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.433174"}
{"text": "or formoteral should continue using their short - acting albuterol mdi for that purpose. - anticholinergics - these are drugs that widen the bronchial tubes and reduce the amount of mucus without making it thick and difficult to bring up. they provide long - term control and are the most important medication for many men with copd. the newer drug tiotropium ( spiriva ) can be used just once a day, while ipratropium ( atrovent ) requires more frequent use. because anticholinergics and bronchodilators work in different ways, patients can benefit from using both types of drugs. - corticosteroids ( \" steroids \" ) - these medications reduce inflammation in the bronchial tubes. inhaled steroids can help many, but not all, patients with moderate - to - severe copd. they are most effective for patients who are also taking long - acting bronchodilators. a combination of a steroid ( fluticasone ) and a long - acting bronchodilator ( salmeterol ) is available for twice - a - day dry powder inhalation. - antibiotics - these can be critically important for flare - ups but are not helpful for maintenance therapy. notify your doctor right away if your breathing becomes worse, if you develop a fever, or if your phlegm becomes thicker, discolored, or more plentiful. back to top does oxygen really help? people with copd who have low blood oxygen levels can benefit greatly from long - term, round - the - clock oxygen therapy. at home, oxygen can be stored in cylinders or generated by machines called oxygen concentrators. portable tanks can provide several hours of oxygen away from home. oxygen therapy needs careful supervision by a physician. because oxygen can be a fire hazard, patients and household members need to follow certain safety precautions. back to top the bottom line the average person will take some 600 million breaths during a lifetime. most men can keep their lungs healthy simply by avoiding tobacco smoke and other harmful fumes. early diagnosis and treatment can slow the damage, ward off complications, and improve the quality of life. new therapies are on the way, but simple prevention is the best treatment of all. and, after all, what ' s more important than preserving the breath of life? harvey b. simon, m. d. is an associate professor of medicine at harvard medical school and a member of the health sciences technology faculty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3966468716374464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39e2e8cd-237d-41a8-ac5a-69202c34ac3f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.434231"}
{"text": "hearing loss in adults what is it? hearing loss is a decrease in the ability to perceive sounds. it can be partial or total, sudden or gradual, temporary or permanent. it can affect one ear or both. in general, the risk of hearing loss increases with age. sound enters the ear and strikes the eardrum. this causes the eardrum to vibrate. the eardrum ' s vibrations are amplified through the middle ear by three tiny bones. inside the ear, the vibrations are transformed into nerve impulses. these nerve impulses travel to the brain, where they are interpreted as sounds. the outer ear and middle ear conduct sound. any injury to this part of the hearing pathway is called conductive hearing loss. sensorineural hearing loss is injury to the inner ear, eighth cranial nerve and brain. these structures produce, transmit and interpret nerve impulses. some of the most important causes of hearing loss in adults are : - middle ear disease. a bacterial infection of the middle ear can : - injure the eardrum - disrupt the middle - ear bones - cause fluid buildup - noise. loud sounds can injure delicate cells within the ear. this is a form of sensorineural hearing loss. noise - induced hearing loss can happen because of a single brief burst of an extremely loud sound. it more often results from long - term exposure to loud sounds of slightly lower intensity. - otosclerosis. an abnormal overgrowth of one or more bones in the middle ear prevents the small bones from moving normally. this is a type of conductive hearing loss. otosclerosis often runs in families. - acoustic neuroma. this noncancerous tumor grows on part of the eighth cranial nerve. this nerve carries signals to the brain. acoustic neuroma often causes dizziness and equilibrium problems in addition to gradual hearing loss. - meniere ' s disease. this typically causes dizziness, hearing loss, ringing in the ears ( tinnitus ), and a sensation of fullness or stuffiness in one or both ears. meniere ' s disease occurs when excess fluid causes swelling in the inner ear. - trauma. many types of accidents can cause hearing loss. hearing loss can result when the eardrum is injured from the force of an explosion. or it can result from a q - tip that ruptures the eardrum during an attempt to clean the ear canal. - sudden sensorineural hearing loss. this is a medical emergency. a person loses hearing over a period of three days or less", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5186992978178037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca1f2bb0-7f74-4408-a374-eeeb5d989d29>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.444893"}
{"text": "it can result from a q - tip that ruptures the eardrum during an attempt to clean the ear canal. - sudden sensorineural hearing loss. this is a medical emergency. a person loses hearing over a period of three days or less. in most cases, only one ear is affected. the underlying problem may be a viral infection. - drugs. many prescription and nonprescription medications can damage the ear and cause hearing loss. these include : - anticancer chemotherapy drugs - antimalaria drugs - age. age - related hearing loss ( presbycusis ) is not a single disease. rather, it is a category for the cumulative effects of aging on the ears. hearing loss usually begins after age 60. both ears are affected. it is typically harder to hear high - pitched tones ( women ' s voices, violins ) than low - pitched ones ( men ' s voices, bass guitar ). hearing loss usually occurs gradually over a period of years. the person may not realize that he or she has difficulty hearing. - other causes. there are more than 100 different causes of hearing loss in adults. the most common reversible causes are severe buildup of earwax in the ear canal and acute infections of the external ear or middle ear. if you have sudden, severe hearing loss, you will notice immediately that your ability to hear has decreased dramatically or disappeared totally in the affected ear. if your hearing loss is gradual, your symptoms may be more subtle. you may have difficulty understanding conversations. family members may complain that you play the radio or television too loudly. you may ask them to repeat what they say or frequently misunderstand what they are saying. some diseases and conditions that cause hearing loss may produce additional symptoms, including : - ringing in the ears ( tinnitus ) - discharge or bleeding from the ear - deep earache, or pain in the ear canal - pressure or a \" stuffy \" feeling inside the ears - dizziness or problems with balance or equilibrium your doctor will ask you to describe your symptoms. he or she will ask if anyone in your family had or has hearing loss. your doctor will want to know if you have been exposed to loud noises, trauma of the ear or head, or ear infections. your doctor will want to rule out the possibility that medications may be causing your hearing loss. he or she will review the prescription and over - the - counter drugs you take. your doctor will examine you, and look closely at your ears. this ear exam may include : - an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49051001643964554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca1f2bb0-7f74-4408-a374-eeeb5d989d29>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.446060"}
{"text": "out the possibility that medications may be causing your hearing loss. he or she will review the prescription and over - the - counter drugs you take. your doctor will examine you, and look closely at your ears. this ear exam may include : - an examination of your ear canal and eardrum using a lighted instrument. - the rinne test. a vibrating tuning fork is placed on the bone behind your ear. this tests for conductive hearing loss. - the weber test. a vibrating tuning fork is placed in the middle of your forehead to help diagnose one - sided hearing loss. - audioscopy testing. the doctor uses a hand - held device to generate tones of various intensities to find out if you can hear them. if you are diagnosed with hearing loss, your doctor will refer you to an audiologist. the audiologist will test your hearing sensitivity. he or she will check for middle - ear problems by measuring your eardrum ' s ability to reflect sounds. further testing and treatment will follow. the duration of hearing loss depends on its cause. sensorineural hearing loss tends to be permanent. you can help prevent hearing loss : - wear protective earplugs or earmuffs if you are often exposed to loud noise at work or during recreational activities. - never put cotton swabs or other foreign objects in your ears. - wear a seatbelt while driving. wear a protective helmet while riding a bicycle. - know the possible side effects of your medications. both age - related and noise - related hearing loss tend to be permanent. your doctor may recommend a hearing aid or an implant to improve your ability to communicate with others. a hearing aid amplifies sounds electronically and is effective for many people with age - related hearing loss. hearing aids today are very small, so small that other people often do not notice you are wearing them. a cochlear implant translates sounds into electrical signals that can be carried to the brain. certain other forms of hearing loss may be treated medically or surgically : - otosclerosis. for mild cases, a hearing aid is usually the first option. in severe cases, one of the small bones is surgically replaced with a tiny prosthesis. - acoustic neuroma. treatment includes surgery or highly focused radiation therapy. - meniere ' s disease. there is no cure. the goal of treatment is to relieve pressure in the ears to reduce symptoms. some people improve by limiting intake of salt, caffeine or alcohol or quitting smoking. medications to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47845983477684756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca1f2bb0-7f74-4408-a374-eeeb5d989d29>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.447047"}
{"text": "therapy. - meniere ' s disease. there is no cure. the goal of treatment is to relieve pressure in the ears to reduce symptoms. some people improve by limiting intake of salt, caffeine or alcohol or quitting smoking. medications to reduce fluid retention in the ear may help. in some cases, surgery may be considered. - traumatic hearing loss. a damaged eardrum can sometimes be repaired surgically. - drug - induced hearing loss. stopping the problem medication may reverse hearing loss or prevent it from getting worse. - sudden sensorineural hearing loss. when the cause is unknown, this condition is usually treated with steroids. - other. a dense plug of earwax can be dissolved or gently removed by your doctor. antibiotics can treat hearing loss caused by ear infections. when to call a professional call your doctor immediately if you have sudden hearing loss. this is a medical emergency. also, make an appointment to see your doctor if : - you are an older adult, and hearing loss interferes with your quality of life. - you work in a high - noise environment, and you have trouble hearing. - you have hearing loss together with : - an earache - discharge from your ears - dizziness or balance problems the prognosis is highly variable. in many cases, hearing loss cannot be treated with medications or surgery. but your quality of life may improve significantly with a hearing aid. a cochlear implant may also be an option. national institute on deafness and other communication disorders national institutes of health 31 center drive, msc 2320 bethesda, md 20892 - 2320 american academy of otolaryngology - - head and neck surgery 1650 diagonal road alexandria, va 22314 - 2857 american speech - language - hearing association ( asha ) 10801 rockville pike rockville, md 20852 national institute for occupational safety and health 1600 clifton road atlanta, ga 30333 american tinnitus association p. o. box 5 portland, or 97207 - 0005", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48230469182092445, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca1f2bb0-7f74-4408-a374-eeeb5d989d29>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.448665"}
{"text": "futures fundamentals : the players | sponsor : at last, an easy way to predict stock trends \u2013 get your free copy of 5 chart patterns you need to know. | the players in the futures market fall into two categories : hedgers and speculators. farmers, manufacturers, importers and exporters can all be hedgers. a hedger buys or sells in the futures market to secure the future price of a commodity intended to be sold at a later date in the cash market. this helps protect against price risks. the holders of the long position in futures contracts ( the buyers of the commodity ), are trying to secure as low a price as possible. the short holders of the contract ( the sellers of the commodity ) will want to secure as high a price as possible. the futures contract, however, provides a definite price certainty for both parties, which reduces the risks associated with price volatility. hedging by means of futures contracts can also be used as a means to lock in an acceptable price margin between the cost of the raw material and the retail cost of the final product sold. a silversmith must secure a certain amount of silver in six months time for earrings and bracelets that have already been advertised in an upcoming catalog with specific prices. but what if the price of silver goes up over the next six months? because the prices of the earrings and bracelets are already set, the extra cost of the silver can \\ ' t be passed on to the retail buyer, meaning it would be passed on to the silversmith. the silversmith needs to hedge, or minimize her risk against a possible price increase in silver. how? the silversmith would enter the futures market and purchase a silver contract for settlement in six months time ( let \\ ' s say june ) at a price of $ 5 per ounce. at the end of the six months, the price of silver in the cash market is actually $ 6 per ounce, so the silversmith benefits from the futures contract and escapes the higher price. had the price of silver declined in the cash market, the silversmith would, in the end, have been better off without the futures contract. at the same time, however, because the silver market is very volatile, the silver maker was still sheltering himself from risk by entering into the futures contract. so that \\ ' s basically what hedging is : the attempt to minimize risk as much as possible by locking in prices for future purchases and sales. someone going long in a securities future contract now can hedge against rising equity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47089588363706836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f1011cd-3aa7-4a8e-b3b2-09f44f42dae3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.456404"}
{"text": "into the futures contract. so that \\ ' s basically what hedging is : the attempt to minimize risk as much as possible by locking in prices for future purchases and sales. someone going long in a securities future contract now can hedge against rising equity prices in three months. if at the time of the contract \\ ' s expiration the equity price has risen, the investor \\ ' s contract can be closed out at the higher price. the opposite could happen as well : a hedger could go short in a contract today to hedge against declining stock prices in the future. a potato farmer would hedge against lower french fry prices, while a fast food chain would hedge against higher potato prices. a company in need of a loan in six months could hedge against rising interest rates in the future, while a coffee beanery could hedge against rising coffee bean prices next year. other market participants, however, do not aim to minimize risk but rather to benefit from the inherently risky nature of the futures market. these are the speculators, and they aim to profit from the very price change that hedgers are protecting themselves against. hedgers want to minimize their risk no matter what they ' re investing in, while speculators want to increase their risk and therefore maximize their profits. in the futures market, a speculator buying a contract low in order to sell high in the future would most likely be buying that contract from a hedger selling a contract low in anticipation of declining prices in the future. unlike the hedger, the speculator does not actually seek to own the commodity in question. rather, he or she will enter the market seeking profits by offsetting rising and declining prices through the buying and selling of contracts. | the hedger | | secure a price now to protect against future declining prices | | secure a price now to protect against future rising prices | | the speculator | | secure a price now in anticipation of declining prices | | secure a price now in anticipation of rising prices | in a fast - paced market into which information is continuously being fed, speculators and hedgers bounce off of - and benefit from - each other. the closer it gets to the time of the contract ' s expiration, the more solid the information entering the market will be regarding the commodity in question. thus, all can expect a more accurate reflection of supply and demand and the corresponding price. the u. s. futures market is regulated by the commodity futures trading commission ( cftc ) an independent agency of the u. s. government. the market", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4887342620261069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f1011cd-3aa7-4a8e-b3b2-09f44f42dae3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.457514"}
{"text": "thus, all can expect a more accurate reflection of supply and demand and the corresponding price. the u. s. futures market is regulated by the commodity futures trading commission ( cftc ) an independent agency of the u. s. government. the market is also subject to regulation by the national futures association ( nfa ), a self - regulatory body authorized by the u. s. congress and subject to cftc supervision. a broker and / or firm must be registered with the cftc in order to issue or buy or sell futures contracts. futures brokers must also be registered with the nfa and the cftc in order to conduct business. the cftc has the power to seek criminal prosecution through the department of justice in cases of illegal activity, while violations against the nfa ' s business ethics and code of conduct can permanently bar a company or a person from dealing on the futures exchange. it is imperative for investors wanting to enter the futures market to understand these regulations and make sure that the brokers, traders or companies acting on their behalf are licensed by the cftc. in the unfortunate event of conflict or illegal loss, you can look to the nfa for arbitration and appeal to the cftc for reparations. know your rights as an investor! next : futures fundamentals : characteristics \u00bb table of contents comments powered by disqus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4647649668600888, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f1011cd-3aa7-4a8e-b3b2-09f44f42dae3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.458141"}
{"text": "intellectual property : what is it? why is it important to you leslie s. marell, esq. leslie s. marell, esq., law office of leslie s. marell, hermosa beach, ca 90254, 310 - 372 - 8663, email @ example. com 84th annual international conference proceedings - 1999 what is intellectual property? \" intellectual property \" is a generic term used to describe products of the human intellect that have economic value. computer software is one of the many forms of intellectual property. other examples include books, music, movies, artwork, designs and other works of authorship, names, logos, as well as certain inventions. intellectual property is \" property \" because a body of laws has been created that gives owners of such works legal rights similar in some respects to those given to owners of real estate or tangible personal property ( such as cars ). intellectual property may be owned and bought and sold the same as other types of property. but in many important respects, ownership of intellectual property is very different from ownership of a house or a car. definitions. basic definitions are required before we can deal with the real business world issues involving intellectual property law. the principal types of intellectual property legal protection are listed and defined below : trademark and trade name - patent. patent law protects inventions. patent protection is available for any new and useful process, machine, method of manufacture, composition of matter, or any new, useful improvement. by filing for and obtaining a patent from the u. s. patent and trademark office, an inventor is granted a monopoly on the use and commercial exploitation of an invention, for 20 years from the date of filing the application. in the u. s. patents are awarded to the first to invent. when multiple inventors file applications to patent the same invention, the u. s. patent office must decide who was the first inventor. therefore, it is important that the engineers maintain development records establishing the events surrounding the invention process in order to prove the date of invention. invention records may also be useful to challenge the validity of another ' s patent. - copyright. a copyright provides protection for a limited time to authors for their \" original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression. \" copyrights extend only to the expression of creations of the mind, not to the ideas themselves. the federal law governing copyrights expressly excludes from copyright protection \" any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle or discovery. \" in other words,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5310673451436714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08643d0b-1347-4efc-a708-1e2d9ad7eb71>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.472789"}
{"text": "of creations of the mind, not to the ideas themselves. the federal law governing copyrights expressly excludes from copyright protection \" any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle or discovery. \" in other words, a pure idea, such as a plan to create an innovative software program, cannot be copyrighted, no matter how original or creative it is. copyright protection begins when the work is created. this means that there does not have to be a copyright notice, publication of the work or registration to secure the copyright. it is, of course, advisable to take these measures. - ownership of copyright. as a general rule, the creator of a work owns the copyright. the person who owns the copyright also automatically owns the exclusive rights to it and the rights to prevent others from copying, distributing, or preparing works based on the copyrighted materials. - works for hire : employees and independent contractors. works for hire are an important exception to the general rule that a person owns the copyright in a work he or she has created. if a work was created by an employee as part of his or her job, the law considers the product a work for hire, and the employer will own the copyright. if the creator is an independent contractor, the works will be considered works for hire only if : ( 1 ) the parties have signed a written agreement stating that the work will be a work for hire ; and ( 2 ) the work is commissioned as a contribution to a collective work, a supplementary work, an instructional text, answer material for a test, an atlas, motion picture, or an audiovisual work. thus, unless there is a contractual agreement to the contrary, and the work fits within one of the above categories the independent contractor owns the copyright. - creations by an independent contractor. the copyright developed by an independent contractor is owned by the independent contractor unless the contractor has signed an agreement to the contrary. the contract must state that the contractor conveys the copyright ownership in all works created under the contract to the engaging party. - trade secret. all that is necessary for something to be protectable as a trade secret is that ( 1 ) it gives the owner a competitive advantage ; ( 2 ) it is treated as a secret by the owner ; and ( 3 ) it is not generally known in the industry or business. a trade secret may be lost if the owner fails to identify it or take reasonable steps to protect it. otherwise, trade secret protection is perpetual. the fundamental question of trade secret law", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5395359516965857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08643d0b-1347-4efc-a708-1e2d9ad7eb71>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.474096"}
{"text": "( 3 ) it is not generally known in the industry or business. a trade secret may be lost if the owner fails to identify it or take reasonable steps to protect it. otherwise, trade secret protection is perpetual. the fundamental question of trade secret law is, what is protectable? clear examples are discoveries, ideas, designs, and specifications. however, even the way you use knowledge and information or the assembly of information itself may be a trade secret even if everything you consider important for your secret is publicly available information. an example of this is supplier and customer lists. - trademark. patent, copyright and trade secret laws do not protect names, titles or phrases. a trademark is any word, name, logo or other symbol adopted and used by a person, manufacturer or merchant group that identifies and distinguishes its goods from those manufactured or sold by others. - license vs. sale. a license is an agreement between the owner of the intellectual property ( the licensor ) and a third party ( the licensee ) which gives permission to the licensee to use the technology in a manner that would otherwise be reserved exclusively to the licensor, as owner. for example, the licensor of the software program will convey a right to the licensee to use the program and reproduce the program under certain defined circumstances. the licensee is restricted in his or her use of the program and does not receive any ownership rights to the software. by contrast, a sale involves the transfer of an ownership interest in the property. in the case of mass marketed shrink wrap software, the buyer is purchasing a copy of the copyrighted program. however, the buyer is not purchasing an ownership interest in the intellectual property itself. the buyer is restricted by copyright law from reproducing the software ( except for backup copies ) or making derivative works. practical applications. with basic definitions in place, let us turn to some practical issues that arise in business with frequency and involve intellectual property law. - independent contractors : who owns the intellectual property? many companies turn to outside consultants to develop software, etc whether alone or in combination with company employees. from a technical and business standpoint, this may be the most practical approach. but is can raise the important legal issue of who owns the intellectual property rights to the work created? since an independent contractor is not an employee, the copyright in the software created by the independent contractor does not automatically belong to the company, as it likely would under the \" work for hire \" principles applicable to employees. instead of owning the copyright, the company", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5672662465068037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08643d0b-1347-4efc-a708-1e2d9ad7eb71>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.475174"}
{"text": "an independent contractor is not an employee, the copyright in the software created by the independent contractor does not automatically belong to the company, as it likely would under the \" work for hire \" principles applicable to employees. instead of owning the copyright, the company would probably only be authorized to use a copy of the software and to modify it as necessary for operating its own business. if your company expects to obtain ownership of the copyright to the software, it is imperative to have the consultant sign an agreement stating that all intellectual property rights in the software and related documentation he or she creates for the company belong to the company, either as a work made for hire or, alternatively, by assignment to the company under the agreement. - contract manufacturing : outsourcing the design or manufacture of the product - outsourcing the design. outsourcing is becoming a more common way of doing business as companies streamline their operations and cut costs. if your company is outsourcing the design of a product, the discussion above relating to independent contractors is applicable. your contract should clearly specify that the outsourcer will assign all its rights in the design to your company and your company will be the sole owner. if you do not have such a provision, the outsourcer will likely be the owner of the information it developed. - manufacturing to your specifications. if the contract manufacturer will be building product to your company ' s specifications, your company will be handing over large amounts of confidential information and data to its supplier. this information may be in the form of software, databases, specifications, bills of material, statistics and memos and will all constitute trade secrets of the company. in order to protect the trade secret status of the information, it is imperative that two steps be taken : ( 1 ) the information be clearly marked that it is confidential or proprietary to the company ; and ( 2 ) the supplier sign a non - disclosure agreement which requires the supplier to hold the information in confidence. keep in mind that in order for trade secrets to maintain their confidential status, the owner must take steps necessary to keep the information secret. failure to identify the information as secret and to require a written agreement to maintain secrecy endangers the confidential information. - i. t. outsourcers and software licenses. as companies increasingly rely on outsourcing vendors to perform computer - related functions, these outsourcers often require access to software licensed to their customers by third - party software licensors. most software licenses restrict assignment ( transfer ) of the software to a third party without", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4672903914459696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08643d0b-1347-4efc-a708-1e2d9ad7eb71>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.476312"}
{"text": "outsourcing vendors to perform computer - related functions, these outsourcers often require access to software licensed to their customers by third - party software licensors. most software licenses restrict assignment ( transfer ) of the software to a third party without the consent of the licensor. the practical effect of this clause is to prevent giving outsourcers access to the licensed software. as a result, licensee must obtain consent from software licensors to allow outsourcers to use the software. licensors may be unwilling to provide consent and have, in some cases, insisted on payment of additional license fees. to avoid such situations, it is advisable to include a clause in any new license agreement which extends the scope of permissible uses of the software to allow outsourcers to use the licensed software in the performance of outsourcing functions. - sole source suppliers and escrow. while a sole / single source alliance can benefit both the buyer and the supplier companies through the creation of a more solid business / partnering arrangement, the downside occurs if the supplier is unable to deliver. in order to understand the full impact of this \" downside \", just be reminded of any recent problem you have had obtaining product from your sole source supplier. what measures can be taken to protect our companies from these downside possibilities? while contracts are limited in their abilities to \" solve \" a problem, they can be helpful in addressing the issues to facilitate a solution. consider requiring that your supplier establish an escrow account in which the supplier deposits all designs, manufacturing data, processes, etc. necessary to manufacture and support the product. in addition, and if the bill of material for the product includes purchase of certain proprietary products, the supplier would deposit authorization that the buyer be able to purchase these proprietary products from third party suppliers. the contract would grant your company a license to use all the information in the escrow account if the supplier does not perform its contract obligations. keep in mind that in order to be able to effectively use this information, your company might likely first require technical understanding of the products. if that is the case, your contract will want to obligate the supplier to provide access to and training in the understanding and use of the information and data during the actual contract performance. - employee issues : confidentiality ; ownership ; nonsolicitation ; noncompete - confidentiality. the issue of confidential information and the employee ' s responsibility is two pronged. the first prong relates to that confidential information which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48857399788941713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08643d0b-1347-4efc-a708-1e2d9ad7eb71>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.477575"}
{"text": "performance. - employee issues : confidentiality ; ownership ; nonsolicitation ; noncompete - confidentiality. the issue of confidential information and the employee ' s responsibility is two pronged. the first prong relates to that confidential information which the employee either develops or learns in the course of his or her employment with the company. in general, state laws provide that an employee may not, either during or after his employment, divulge or use trade secrets which were developed by him during his employment or divulged to him by his employer, even absent an express agreement. the rationale is that a employee is in a relationship of trust and confidence with the company. in addition, most companies require that their employees sign an agreement which acknowledges that the employee will maintain the confidentiality of the company ' s trade secret information both during and after employment. the problematic aspect of this issue is raised when the employee wants to go to work for a competitor of the employer. the employee should be aware that under appropriate circumstances, the ex - employer may prevent the employee from going to work at a competitor if the following three factors are found to exist : ( 1 ) the former employee has knowledge of the first employer ' s trade secrets ; ( 2 ) the employee ' s new job duties ( and the products and technology he is working on ) are so similar to those in the former position that it would be extremely difficult for him not to rely on or use the first employer ' s trade secrets ; and ( 3 ) the former employee and the new employer cannot be depended upon to avoid using the trade secret information. the second prong relates to that confidential information provided by a third party to the employee ' s company. in those cases in which the employer signs a non - disclosure agreement to maintain the trade secrets of a third party, the employee - as an agent of the recipient company - is bound to the non - disclosure agreement and must abide by the confidentiality provisions. failure to do so may subject both the company and the employee to damages. - ownership of intellectual property. if a work was created by an employee as part of his or her job, the law considers the product a work for hire, and the employer will own the intellectual property rights to that work, as explained above. a work for hire is defined as \" a work made by an employee within the scope of his or her employment \". in many instances, the courts have considered the intellectual property rights to a product developed by the employee to belong to the employer when the employee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.522842528811339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08643d0b-1347-4efc-a708-1e2d9ad7eb71>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.478758"}
{"text": "work for hire is defined as \" a work made by an employee within the scope of his or her employment \". in many instances, the courts have considered the intellectual property rights to a product developed by the employee to belong to the employer when the employee used company resources in developing the product, even if the employee ' s development was done outside working hours. - non - compete and non - solicitation agreements. the non - compete clause prevents the ex - employee from working for a competitor or going into a business which competes with his or her ex - employer. the non - solicitation clause restricts the ex - employee from soliciting the business of the ex - employer ' s customers or suppliers. the enforceability of these provisions vary by state. for example, in most employee / employer circumstances, california does not recognize the enforceability of a non - compete clause. even in those states that do enforce non - compete provisions, the clauses must be narrowly written such that they are reasonable in time and geography limitations. the enforceability of the clause generally revolves around the underlying question of : is there a legitimate business purpose for such restriction? in the absence of a sound business reason, the courts are reluctant to enforce a non - compete clause. the non - solicitation clause will come under similar scrutiny in terms of reasonable time period and location, but is more often enforced by courts. a non - solicitation agreement may restrict the ex - employee from doing business with a supplier or customer of the ex - employer for a certain period of time. back to top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46816325269489767, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08643d0b-1347-4efc-a708-1e2d9ad7eb71>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.479480"}
{"text": "one in ten natural world heritage sites in danger 23 june 2012 | news story unesco \u2019 s world heritage committee \u2019 s annual meeting, which starts in st petersburg on sunday, will see a total of 36 new sites considered for inscription as natural and cultural sites, and a series of monitoring reports on the sites already listed. but if iucn \u2019 s recommendations to add four world heritage sites to the danger list are accepted, 21 out of the 211 \u2013 one in ten - natural world heritage sites will be officially \u201c in danger. \u201d \u201c world heritage sites are icons of global conservation, but even these places are coming under increasing pressures, \u201d says tim badman, director of iucn \u2019 s world heritage programme. \u201c the convention is 40 this year, and it will need to do much more to protect its listed sites in the next ten years, and especially those that are in danger, if the gold standard of world heritage listing is to be retained. this fortieth anniversary year of the convention is celebrating communities, and we consider greater benefits from world heritage to people will be a key requirement for conservation success. \u201d the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ), world heritage \u2019 s advisory body on nature, will present its expert recommendations for four new natural areas and its findings about world heritage sites with imminent threats to their values. iucn recommends four natural sites for inscription : sangha trinational - shared between cameroon, the central african republic and the republic of congo, lakes of ounianga in chad, chengjiang fossil site in china and rock islands southern lagoon in palau. in addition, reports will be made on 56 other iconic sites, including on the issues facing galapagos islands, great barrier reef and serengeti. iucn is recommending lake turkana national parks in kenya, pitons management area in saint lucia, virgin komi forests in russia and dja faunal reserve in cameroun to be added to the danger list. natural world heritage sites in west and central africa face the most serious threats, mainly from mining, oil and gas exploration, poaching and armed conflicts. iconic places such as niokolo - koba national park in senegal and manovo - gounda st floris national park in car are in imminent danger of losing their outstanding universal value. 10 out of 16 natural and mixed ( natural and cultural ) sites in the region are on the danger list. \u201c the need for urgent action to save what is left of these parks is evident, \u201d says mariam kenza ali, world heritage conservation officer at iucn.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.3996494355995666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:222ce5cb-5ac4-4f49-9d78-f1add16fc1eb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.486842"}
{"text": "natural and mixed ( natural and cultural ) sites in the region are on the danger list. \u201c the need for urgent action to save what is left of these parks is evident, \u201d says mariam kenza ali, world heritage conservation officer at iucn. \u201c in niokolo - koba in senegal for example, the elephant population is almost gone, very few lions remain and the population of most of the antelopes \u2019 species have been decimated. the situation is the same in comoe national park, ivory coast and is equally critical in many other protected areas in the region. the funding to make rescue plans work is difficult to find, and sometimes the political willingness is missing dramatically. \u201d mining and oil and gas exploration within world heritage sites is also on the rise, according to iucn. such activities are already causing irreversible damage to places of unique natural value such as virunga in drc and virgin komi forests in russia. an independent report on world heritage sites and the extractive industries will be launched during the world heritage st petersburg meeting. its recommendations will include the establishment of a level playing field for all parties so that policies related to extractive industries are as uniform as possible, regardless of the country in which the world heritage site is located. for more information or to set up interviews, please contact : borjana pervan, iucn media relations, m + 41 79 857 4072, e firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4067896673298924, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:222ce5cb-5ac4-4f49-9d78-f1add16fc1eb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.487529"}
{"text": "written by international women ' s health coalitionwednesday, 15 may 2013the following joint letter was submitted by women ' s rights organizations to the high level panel on the post - 2015 development agenda. written by international women ' s health coalitionthursday, 26 april 2012universal access to reproductive health is vital to the effective implementation of population, health and development policies and to the success of the millennium development goals ( mdgs ). this iwhc brief describes in practical terms the justification for and components of the essential policy and program package. written by international women ' s health coalitionfriday, 30 september 2011 today \u2019 s generation of adolescents is the largest ever - there are 1. 2 billion people between the ages of 10 and 19 alive today. to protect their health and rights, young people need evidence - based, accurate information about their sexual and reproductive health, as well as support and skills to feel comfortable and confident about their bodies and their sexuality. while adolescence is a time for growth and learning, often young people confront multiple threats to their health and their lives such as violence and sexual coercion, unintended pregnancies, and sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) including hiv. comprehensive sexuality education ( cse ) provides young people with the necessary skills and information to make free and informed decisions about their health, and enjoy safe and satisfying relationships. written by international women ' s health coalitionthursday, 04 november 2010 to enjoy safe and satisfying sexual lives, young people must be able to exercise their basic human rights. a rights - based approach to comprehensive sexuality education not only helps young people acquire accurate information about their bodies and sex, but also approaches sexuality holistically ; equipping young people with the skills they need to forge emotionally and socially healthy relationships. it \u2019 s all one is a gorgeous two book collection of guidelines and activities that are examples of comprehensive sexuality education. for this work, iwhc collaborated with the international planned parenthood foundation, international planned parenthood foundation western hemisphere, mexfam, the population council, and our partners crea and the girls power initiative. you can download each volume below as a pdf, or request a hard copy. book 1 : guidelines curriculum content that places gender issues and human rights at the heart of sex and hiv education. download pdf here. book 2 : activities 54 activities that engage young people and foster critical thinking skills. download pdf here. written by international women ' s health coalitionmonday, 21 december 2009each year, the international women ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49385958864314333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5129fc0c-7775-487f-b29e-fc8d51fc9f66>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.517707"}
{"text": "hiv education. download pdf here. book 2 : activities 54 activities that engage young people and foster critical thinking skills. download pdf here. written by international women ' s health coalitionmonday, 21 december 2009each year, the international women ' s health coalition issues the \" top ten wins for women ' s health and rights. \" written by international women ' s health coalitiontuesday, 03 february 2009 this post is by audacia ray and originally appeared on our bodies, our blog on january 26, 2009. demand for newer and better devices that protect against pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections is constant \u2014 partly due to the fact that the process of development, testing and approval takes forever, and partly because what \u2019 s on the market often leaves something to be desired. written by international women ' s health coalitionmonday, 22 december 2008each year, the international women ' s health coalition issues the \" top ten wins for women ' s health and rights. \" written by international women ' s health coalitionmonday, 25 august 2008 guest blog by neha sood, member of the youth coalition, with women worldwide compact signatory, and young visionary. originally posted on rhrealitycheck. org. written by international women ' s health coalitionsunday, 01 june 2008 written by international women ' s health coalitionthursday, 13 march 2008 results 1 - 10 of 86", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4906905022786426, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5129fc0c-7775-487f-b29e-fc8d51fc9f66>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.518684"}
{"text": "corn estimate lowered to reflect harvestthe u. s. department of agriculture on thursday slightly lowered its projection for the nation \u2019 s corn crop for a fourth straight month, reflecting worse - than - expected news about the actual impact of this year \u2019 s withering drought from the farmers busy harvesting their fields. the usda estimates that farmers will harvest 10. 71 billion bushels of corn this year, which would be the smallest amount since 2006. last month \u2019 s estimate was 10. 73 billion bushels. by : by david pitt, associated press, the jamestown sun des moines, iowa \u2014 the u. s. department of agriculture on thursday slightly lowered its projection for the nation \u2019 s corn crop for a fourth straight month, reflecting worse - than - expected news about the actual impact of this year \u2019 s withering drought from the farmers busy harvesting their fields. the usda estimates that farmers will harvest 10. 71 billion bushels of corn this year, which would be the smallest amount since 2006. last month \u2019 s estimate was 10. 73 billion bushels. crop estimates change as fields are harvested and farmers get a better sense of how the weather affected yields. the u. s. has been experiencing one of its worst droughts in decades, and conditions have been particularly harsh in many of the key midwest and plains farming states. farmers have harvested 69 percent of the nation \u2019 s corn already this year, which is well ahead of the 28 percent that would be harvested by this time in a typical year. the average yield is about 122 bushels per acre, which is down from last month \u2019 s estimate of 122. 8 bushels. that is the lowest average yield since 1995 and is significantly below last year \u2019 s yield of nearly 153 bushels per acre. although the drought dried up the soil in many parts of the u. s., the corn harvest was surprisingly good in some areas, said darin newsom, senior analyst for telvent dtn, a commodity trading and information provider. \u201c is 122 anything great? no. it \u2019 s still a dismal yield, still well below what had been anticipated earlier this year, \u201d newsom added. in iowa, for example, the nation \u2019 s leading corn producer, production will be about 19 percent lower than last year at about 1. 92 billion bushels. neighboring nebraska will see production down about 15 percent from last year at 1. 3 billion bushels. illinois was hard hit with production falling 37 percent to 1. 22 billion bushels from last year and indiana \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40016021679152736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50e97a58-db58-4d45-9687-f30bbc62615b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.527688"}
{"text": "1. 92 billion bushels. neighboring nebraska will see production down about 15 percent from last year at 1. 3 billion bushels. illinois was hard hit with production falling 37 percent to 1. 22 billion bushels from last year and indiana \u2019 s slid 28 percent. minnesota corn farmers lucked out this year, getting at least some rain that helped avert the dire conditions further south. they saw a 15 percent increase in corn production to 1. 39 billion bushels and an 8 percent yield increase to 168 bushels per acre from last year \u2019 s 156 bushels. nationally, farmers planted more corn this year than in any other since 1937, so despite the widespread drought, the u. s. is expected to produce its eighth largest corn crop on record. farmers planted about 97 million acres in corn, which is far more than just a decade ago when fewer than 80 million acres were planted. they are expected to harvest about 88 million acres this year. corn supply is now estimated at 11. 77 billion bushels, which is down from last month \u2019 s estimate of 11. 98 billion bushels. the report is expected to boost prices for the next few days as the market reacts to the lower production and tighter supply estimates, but analysts expect a calming of the market now that the harvest is in its final stages and the drought impact is clear. corn for december delivery was trading at around $ 7. 71 a bushel. it had hit a record high of $ 8. 49 a bushel in august, but it has since settled down. the usda estimated the season average price for corn now at between $ 7. 10 and $ 8. 50 per bushel, about 10 cents lower on both ends of the range from its september estimate. still, prices at that level could have in impact on grocery bills, mostly meat and eggs since corn is used as a staple in chicken, cattle and pig feed. global supplies of corn remain tight and the major users \u2014 livestock farmers, the ethanol industry and other countries importing it \u2014 will be forced to negotiate their level of use, a sort of market rationing that takes place in years of low supply. soybean production was increased to 2. 86 billion bushels as farmers harvest more acres and bring in better yields than had been expected earlier. soybeans mature later in the growing season than corn and the plants withstood the drought better and some areas received rain in time to help the plants. harvested area was increased to 75. 7 million acres from 74. 6 million acres the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38418969524455227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50e97a58-db58-4d45-9687-f30bbc62615b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.529224"}
{"text": "let ' s take action it ' s time to wake up to the alarming increase of diet - related illnesses worldwide. there are no shortcuts and we have a big job ahead of us to make people recognise the seriousness of this epidemic. jamie oliver ' s kitchen garden project aims to create real, sustainable change, and it ' s as simple as providing kids with the knowledge and skills to feed themselves better. we strongly believe that educating kids about food at a young age will set them up for life. what ' s more, we can make sure it forms part of their core curriculum at the same time as being engaging and fun. here are some health facts that are pretty hard to swallow : - fact : the uk has the highest rate of childhood obesity in europe. - fact : one - quarter of children are overweight or obese at the age of four. by the age of 11, this rises to one - third. - fact : 96 % of uk kids do not eat the recommended five portions of fruit and veg a day. - fact : parents could soon outlive their own children as a result of diet - related illnesses. one in 10 children starting primary school in britain is now regarded as alarmingly overweight. a little help goes a long way we can no longer wait for the government to take action. it ' s time to act ourselves and recruit like - minded organisations, individuals and schools. this is a food movement of national and local businesses, of parents, teachers, governors and kids, all getting involved and making real change for generations to come.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45256684198064867, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:edb5ad84-01bd-41dc-ae28-696a0d95d313>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.531625"}
{"text": "david introduces some great exercises for callus development and finger independence. taught by david wallimann in basic electric guitar with david wallimann serieslength : 10 : 54difficulty : 1. 5 of 5 when you begin playing guitar, you will likely find your fingertips hurting frequently. it is important to develop calluses, or hardened skin, on the fingertips so that it doesn \u2019 t hurt to play the guitar. you will learn some exercises in this lesson to help you build calluses. scene 2 : finger exercises here is an exercise that will not only help you build calluses on your fingertips, but will help you with finger strength and coordination. remember that it is normal for it to hurt in the beginning and it \u2019 s ok to take a break if you need to. start by assigning a fret to each finger of your left hand. the index finger will play the 1st fret, the middle finger will play the 2nd fret, the ring finger will play the 3rd fret, and the pinky will play the 4th fret. start on the 6th string and play the pattern 1 2 3 4. then play the same pattern on each string until you work your way to the 4th fret on the 1st string. now do the same thing in reverse : start on the 1st string playing the pattern 4 3 2 1. play that pattern down each string until you reach the 1st fret on the 6th string. focus on plucking the string with the right hand at the exact same time as you put your finger down with the left hand. also, when you play a note, try to visualize the next note you are going to play on the fretboard. scene 3 : finger independence the following exercise is similar to the last one, but will help you master controlling each finger independently. start by assigning the same fingers to the same frets as you did in the previous exercise. play the pattern 1 2 on each string, starting at the 6th string going up to the 1st string. then play the same pattern ( 1 2 ) in reverse : start at the 1st string and go down to the 6th string. next play the pattern 2 1 on each string from the 6th to the 1st. then play 2 1 on each string from the 1st to the 6th. try doing this exercise with every combination of two fingers possible. don \u2019 t worry about going fast, just make sure you are getting a good tone on every note that you play. scene 4 : final thoughts since a major goal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45590407263675425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7dbc89a4-38cf-4a24-abc8-ca85c23a7788>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.542904"}
{"text": "1st to the 6th. try doing this exercise with every combination of two fingers possible. don \u2019 t worry about going fast, just make sure you are getting a good tone on every note that you play. scene 4 : final thoughts since a major goal of these exercises is to promote callus development on the fingers, it is normal for it to be painful at first. there \u2019 s no need to overdo it ; take a break if your fingers hurt too bad. you are also trying to build the muscles in your hands and fingers, so drink some water and take a break if your muscles are feeling tense. they will get stronger with practice. david wallimann will start you on your electric guitar playing journey in this phase 1 series. david wallimann introduces himself, talks about his background, and offers advice to new players. length : 4 : 28 difficulty : 0. 5 members only david introduces you to all the parts of your new instrument in this lesson. length : 11 : 18 difficulty : 0. 5 members only this is a crucial lesson that explains tablature, how to read it, and why it ' s important. length : 7 : 03 difficulty : 1. 0 free david introduces some great exercises for callus development and finger independence. length : 10 : 54 difficulty : 1. 5 members only david wallimann provides an introduction to chords. in this lesson, you will learn how to read chord charts. david also explains how to play your first eight chords. length : 17 : 03 difficulty : 2. 0 members only david wallimann teaches six barre chords in this lesson beginning with f major. get ready for a hand workout! length : 10 : 26 difficulty : 2. 5 members only david walks you through some easy chord progressions and encourages you to make up some of your own. length : 8 : 17 difficulty : 1. 5 members only david wallimann talks about the importance of rhythm and timing. you will learn the basics of notes, time signatures and measures in this lesson. length : 14 : 00 difficulty : 1. 5 members only david wallimann goes over some basic rock techniques in this lesson. length : 16 : 45 difficulty : 2. 0 members only david wallimann provides some tips that will improve both your right and left hand technique. length : 13 : 45 difficulty : 1. 5 members only david wallimann shows how adding one note to the minor pentatonic scale creates the minor blues scale. length : 10 : 54 difficulty : 1. 5 members only about david", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48069528760461666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7dbc89a4-38cf-4a24-abc8-ca85c23a7788>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.543930"}
{"text": "technique. length : 13 : 45 difficulty : 1. 5 members only david wallimann shows how adding one note to the minor pentatonic scale creates the minor blues scale. length : 10 : 54 difficulty : 1. 5 members only about david wallimann view full biography david was born in aix - en - provence, south france in 1977. at the age of 15, he picked up the guitar and started developing a true love for instrumental music and composition. in 1999 he was recognized by ibanez for his promising musical achievements and received an artist endorsement. that early recognition in david ' s musical career encouraged him to consecrate more time on crafting his musical art and apply to the school of modern music artist ' in cavaillon, france. he received a full scholarship there where he graduated with honors. in 2001, david won first place for the tal farlow french national jazz contest which gave him a full paid scholarship to the cma school of modern music in valenciennes, france. he graduated specializing in advance guitar with honors. following his school years, david spent the next 5 years working with several bands recording, writing and playing shows in france and belgium. it ' s during that time that wallimann was exposed to the world of progressive rock which opened new doors to his musical creativity. deep inside the mind is his first release as a solo artist in which he exposes his christian faith. the album was well received in the specialized press and was compared several times to some of frank zappa ' s approach to music adding an element of humor to deep subjects. in 2005 he joined the internationally renown progressive band glass hammer based in chattanooga, tn. he released several studio albums and live dvds with the band. david is today working on his next upcoming solo release and is also spending quite a bit of time teaching guitar in his studio and online at jamplay. our acoustic guitar lessons are taught by qualified instructors with various backgrounds with the instrument. lesson 7 is all about arpeggios. danny provides discussion and exercises designed to build your right hand skills. free lessonseries details hawkeye teaches several robert johnson licks in this lesson. these licks are played with a slide in open g tuning. free lessonseries details pamela brings a cap to her first 13 jamplay lessons with another original etude inspired by the great leo brouwer. this is... free lessonseries details steve eulberg does a quick review of this lesson series and talks about moving on. free lessonseries details jessica kindly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4900927781740567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7dbc89a4-38cf-4a24-abc8-ca85c23a7788>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.545154"}
{"text": "13 jamplay lessons with another original etude inspired by the great leo brouwer. this is... free lessonseries details steve eulberg does a quick review of this lesson series and talks about moving on. free lessonseries details jessica kindly introduces herself, her background, and her approach to this series. free lessonseries details erik expounds on the many possibilities of open tunings and the new harmonics that you can use in them. he explains what... free lessonseries details in this lesson, peter discusses the two bar clave that is common to the brazilian style. you ' ll put together several patterns... free lessonseries details in lesson 6, kaki discusses how the left and right hands can work together or independently of each other to create different... free lessonseries details jim deeming discusses how to use a metronome for practice, skill building, and speed building. free lessonseries details our electric guitar lessons are taught by instructors with an incredible amount of teaching experience. steve stevens shows some of his go - to licks and ideas while improvising over a backing track he made. free lessonseries details known around the world for his inspirational approach to guitar instruction, musician ' s institute veteran daniel gilbert... free lessonseries details michael \" nomad \" ripoll dives deep into the rhythm & blues, funk, and soul genres that were made popular by artists like earth... free lessonseries details kris analyzes different pick sizes and their effect on his playing. using a slow motion camera, he is able to point out the... free lessonseries details bryan beller of the aristocrats, dethklok, and steve vai takes you inside his six step method to learning any song by ear.... free lessonseries details tosin explains some of the intricacies of the 8 string guitar such as his personal setup and approach to playing. free lessonseries details jane miller talks about chord solos in part one of this fascinating mini - series. free lessonseries details lauren passarelli offers up her wisdom on purchasing a guitar. she also includes information regarding proper setup and care.... free lessonseries details this is a crucial lesson that explains tablature, how to read it, and why it ' s important. free lessonseries details allen shows you the 24 rudiments crucial to developing finger dexterity. this is a short lesson but the exercises here can... free lessonseries details while we have attempted to provide you with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4647427968980557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7dbc89a4-38cf-4a24-abc8-ca85c23a7788>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.546204"}
{"text": "why it ' s important. free lessonseries details allen shows you the 24 rudiments crucial to developing finger dexterity. this is a short lesson but the exercises here can... free lessonseries details while we have attempted to provide you with an accurate rendition of our video lesson experience, there are some features which require a membership with us! at jamplay, we give you the ability to monitor your own progress for any lesson! if you watch one of our lessons and feel as though you understand around half of it, mark your progress at 50 %. this adds the lesson to your customized progress report, and gives you an incredible ability to document what you need to work on, and where you left off. with thousands of lessons at your fingertips, jamplay can be a touch intimidating to a first - time user. with progressive bookmarking, we give you the ability to systematically bookmark sections of any lessons you are working on to quickly access later. after all, what is the point of all this content if it isn ' t easy to use? jamplay also gives you the ability to leave notes for yourself on any lesson. just like in any educational system, taking your own notes while learning gives you the ability to highlight the instruction that is important to you. leave your notes, and we store them in our database for you to reference each and everytime you come back to the lesson.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47853272845546635, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7dbc89a4-38cf-4a24-abc8-ca85c23a7788>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.546839"}
{"text": "ephraim solomon ben aaron of lencziza : rabbi and popular preacher at prague ; born probably at lencziza, poland ; died at prague march 3, 1619. after having filled the office of rosh yeshibah at lemberg, he was appointed in 1604 rabbi of prague, and remained in this position until 1618. ephraim was the author of the following works : \" ' ir gibborim, \" in three parts, the first, entitled \" petihot u - she ' arim, \" containing a rhetorical introduction and an ethical treatise, and the second and the third being homilies on the pentateuch, basel, 1580 ; \" ' olelot efrayim, \" ethical sermons based upon bible and talmud, in four parts, lublin, 1590 ; \" keli yekar, \" annotations on the pentateuch, ib. 1602 ; \" sifte da ' at, \" forming the second part of the preceding work and containing homilies on the pentateuch, prague, 1610 ; \" orah le - hayyim, \" two ethical sermons, one for the sabbath between new - year and the day of atonement ( \" shabbat teshubah \" ), and the other for passover, lublin, 1595 ; \" ' ammude shesh, \" sermons, prague, 1617 ; \" ribebot efrayim, \" homilies on the pentateuch ( mentioned in the introduction to his work \" orah le - hayyim \" ). ephraim was also the author of three liturgical poems celebrating adar 2 ( feb. 15 ), 1611, on which date a hostile army that had entered prague was defeated. - moritz grunwald, rabbi salomo efraim luntschitz, prague, 1892 ; - zunz, literaturgesch. p. 421 ; - steinschneider, cat. bodl. col. 904 ; - zedner, cat. hebr. books brit. mus. p. 240 ; - michael, or ha - hayyim, no. 501.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4006755712949509, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a2f11ff-76f2-4721-a4aa-b1fc7365e70c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.552902"}
{"text": "at 8 : 30 a. m. pacific time today, nasa ' s 2001 mars odyssey spacecraft passed the halfway point on its journey to mars. it has been 100 days since odyssey ' s launch and 100 days remain until it arrives at the red planet. \" odyssey is now closer to mars than earth. the spacecraft is healthy and all systems are looking good, \" said david a. spencer, the odyssey mission manager at nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory. \" planning for mars approach and orbit insertion in october is our primary focus right now. \" the navigation team reports the spacecraft is right on course. to date, the deep space network has taken 11 separate measurements using the so - called delta differential one - way range measurement, a technique that uses two ground stations to determine the angular position of the spacecraft relative to the known position of a quasar. the measurements provide the navigation team with an additional source of information, adding confidence to their estimates of the odyssey flight path. today, odyssey is 45. 8 million kilometers ( about 28. 5 million miles ) from earth and 30 million kilometers ( about 19 million miles ) from mars, traveling at a velocity of 26 kilometers per second ( 58, 000 miles per hour ) relative to the sun. the mars odyssey mission is managed by jpl for nasa ' s office of space science, washington, d. c. jpl is a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena. the odyssey spacecraft was built by lockheed martin astronautics, denver.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4699637520616104, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e8842b27-980b-4eb5-8d6c-ae4d6e377dae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.557116"}
{"text": "tuesday, feb. 14, 2012 history in pieces : human ecology textiles expert goes on road to identify african - american treasures for smithsonian project manhattan - - as the nation celebrates black history month, one kansas state university expert is doing her part to identify treasured pieces of african - american history one textile at a time. when the smithsonian institution launched \" save our african - american treasures, \" the staff called marla day, curator of the historic costume and textile collection at the university ' s college of human ecology. they needed her expertise to help appraise and explain potential textile treasures brought in during a series of \" antiques roadshow \" - type events. day has traveled to detroit, dallas, topeka and houston thus far, with a trip to new york city in the works. she has examined quilts, peeked in pockets, checked out articles of clothing and cradled rag dolls, looking at hundreds of textile objects. \" we don ' t put values on the objects, \" day said. \" we try to help people understand what the object is and how to preserve it. \" often she packed the item in archival, acid - proof paper before handing it back. \" most wanted to know the history of the object, \" she said. the mission of the program is to raise awareness about how important family heirlooms are in telling the story of african - american history and to provide information about how to care for them, according to the smithsonian. while day and several others examined textiles brought to the sites, other experts looked at objects, photographs, papers and books. \" i love interacting with the people, talking with them about the treasures they brought in, \" day said. \" sometimes they were clueless about they had. when i could give them a piece of information they didn ' t have about the treasure, they saw the object in a new, fresh perspective. i could help them learn more about their families. \" in houston in october 2011, the textiles group saw lots of quilts and crocheted pieces, a few dolls and some clothing. one person brought in a black sox uniform. the black sox was a professional team from baltimore that won the american negro league championship in 1929. several of the quilts had new tops and backs sewn on older worn - out quilts. this recycling was common in the 19th century, day said. one woman brought in a quilt obviously made from scraps of fabric that were well worn. some of the scraps were patched. \" she told me that she came from a large,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47825971704245135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8dc6c3c0-34b6-4bcc-8506-c7c938be7147>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.562254"}
{"text": "obsessed with rocket - building and outer space, two siblings living in silver springs, md., in 1947 find the perfect ally right next door. twelve - year - old alex hangs out with her reckless 17 - year - old brother chuck, who \u2019 s always getting them in trouble. fascinated with radios, radar and rockets, chuck \u201c can make anything, \u201d but was kicked out of tech school because he \u201c mixes things up when he reads. \u201d alex \u2019 s mother urges her to \u201c act more ladylike, \u201d dress more carefully and pay more attention to schoolwork, but tomboy alex wants to be another amelia earhart. meeting her new neighbor, captain ebbs, alex finds a mentor who develops space food for the army, sails her own boat and is a descendant of captain john smith. beneath their impulsive behavior, ebbs recognizes that alex and chuck share her passion for aviation and space. she arranges for alex to meet pioneer rocket scientist wernher von braun, organizes a sailing trip to a chesapeake bay island near a rocket launch and provides needed direction for the risk - taking duo. inspired by the real joan cotton ebbs, this chronicle of sibling aeronautical aspiration and misadventure provides a peek at the post \u2013 world war ii u. s. space program. realistic pencil - sketch illustrations capture key events. high - flying adventure grounded in reality. ( suggestions for further reading ) ( historical fiction. 8 - 12 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47054166242069234, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06deb742-ec4c-4f9d-a244-2986e2469cc3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.570423"}
{"text": "of florida and the caribbean \" bartolome de las casas priest, missionary, landholder, fighter, writer and historian. once a slave owner, then defender of the rights of native peoples, bartolome de las casas was a complex man who lived almost a century. born in 1474 in spain, las casas was the son of a merchant who had traveled with columbus to the west indies. following his education at the university of salamanca, las casas first became a lawyer, but in 1502, at the age of 28, he gave up his law practice and sailed to hispaniola. he worked for the colonial governor first in santo domingo, then in cuba. in 1512 he became the first person in america to be ordained a priest, but that didnt stop him from taking part in the brutal conquest of cuba. for his service in several expeditions, las casas was awarded an encomienda, a royal grant of land including native american slaves. not long after, las casas began to rebel against the abusive practices of europeans governing american lands and people. he knew firsthand the killing, capture and enslavement of native people and began a crusade to improve conditions and especially to abolish native american slavery. he abandoned his own encomienda in 1514 and sailed back to spain to appeal directly to king charles v on the native americans behalf. he was named the official protector of the indians and spent the rest of his long life championing their interests. in 1520 he tried without success to establish a colony on the coast of venezuela. he livedfor a while in mexico and guatemala and in 1544 at age 70 was named bishop of chiapas. he returned to spain in 1547, but continued to plead the cause of native americans in prolific writings. las casas died in 1566 at the age of 92. las casas writings are significant, including the first full account of the spanish conquest, his history of the indies. he is most famous for his brevisima relacion de la destruccion de las indias ( brief account of the destruction of the indians ) a short tract condemning the spanish treatment of the indians. las casas described atrocities committed by the conquistadors and documented the genocide that had taken place. the work was published in 1552 in spain and quickly translated and circulated throughout europe. it became the basis for the incriminating \" black legend, \" an anti - spanish propaganda tool that accused spain of intolerance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3971277039850666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22213581-35c7-4d67-8174-beebfb2c3420>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.574734"}
{"text": "chapter 1 introduction to substance abuse counseling chapter 2 ethical and legal issues in substance abuse counseling chapter 3 major substances of abuse and the body chapter 4 theories of sa etiology chapter 5 assessment and dx chapter 6 treatment settings and treatment planning chapter 7 individual treatmen... more chapter 8 group treatment chapter 9 family treatment chapter 10 retaining sobriety chapter 11 working with selected populations : treatment issues and characteristics chapter 12 working with diverse cultures : exploring sociocultural influences and realities chapter 13 prevention dr. patricia stevens, a retired counselor educator, is currently in private practice in louisville, co and consults in a variety of venues. dr. stevens has published and presented at the local, state, regional, national and international levels in the areas of substance abuse, gender implications in counseling, training counselors, and ethical and legal issues in counseling. she is a fulbright scholar and a mental health disaster relief volunteer for red cross and has been honored by her professional organizations and by her university for her teaching, scholarship, service and mentoring of students and staff. dr. stevensi professional career in substance abuse issues has included clinical practice as well as research and publications throughout her career. robert l. smith, ph. d., fppr, is professor, chair of the counseling and educational psychology department, and doctoral program coordinator at texas a & m university - corpus christi. he completed his ph. d. at the university of michigan. as a licensed psychologist, he has worked as a private practitioner in addition to serving as the chair of three counselor education programs. he is the author of several books and more than 60 professional articles. he serves as the executive director, and was one of the founders of, the international association of marriage and family counselors. he is also the founder of the national credentialing academy for family therapists. his research interests include the efficacy of treatment modalities in individual psychotherapy, family therapy, and substance abuse counseling. he is a diplomate - fellow in psychopharmacology with the international college of prescribing psychologists. dr. smith is an international lecturer. he is currently involved in the development and implementation of graduate programs in counseling and psychology in latin america.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45159194642755557, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb9e93e0-2df8-4278-a51f-8327f9b7ef5c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.577323"}
{"text": "ecosys ( economy, ecology and systems ) technology developing products that are kind to the environment \u2013 while still being highly economical to run \u2013 was the fundamental thinking behind the development of ecosys. kyocera introduced the cartridge - free ecosys printer concept in 1992 as a means of reducing total cost of ownership ( tco ), while improving the printer \u2019 s environmental impact. conventional printers use an imaging cartridge that integrates a photoreceptor drum, developer and toner into a single, disposable unit. when the toner is depleted, the entire cartridge is disposed of and replaced with a new unit. in contrast, ecosys printers feature a durable imaging system based on kyocera \u2019 s patented amorphous silicon print drum, a combination of ceramic and metal. with a surface that is second only to diamond in hardness, kyocera \u2019 s durable print drum is guaranteed up to 500, 000 pages on some series models. that \u2019 s because tiny ceramic particles embedded in kyocera \u2019 s toner continually polish and recondition the drum during normal printing, virtually eliminating the need for replacement of the drum and other cartridge components ( a task which is typically performed many times over the life of a conventional printer ). the result is printers and copiers which create less waste and have a lower comparable cost per print and less downtime, making them up to 50 % less expensive to operate than comparative models and much more reliable. conventional toner kit kyocera ecosys toner kit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5162488198891009, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d6138a82-285e-4137-b8dc-fbfdf32363eb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.579796"}
{"text": "to help spread awareness for lesser known and potentially life - threatening diseases, hundreds of patient organizations across more than 60 countries will join together on feb. 28, to observe the 6th annual international rare disease day. on this day, patient groups will host events around the world to celebrate those living with and managing their diseases. one particular rare disease that may take years to diagnose, is a cancer of the gastrointestinal ( gi ) tract called gastrointestinal stromal tumors, or gist. these tumors often do not cause any specific symptoms, making gist difficult to diagnose. the exact number of people diagnosed with gist each year is not known. in the u. s. alone, the incidence of gist is estimated to be up to 6, 000 new cases each year. \u201c many cases of gist are discovered in urgent situations when patients are brought to an emergency room. this may results in significant complications since in these cases the disease is often at an advanced stage, \u201d says dr. jonathan trent, sylvester comprehensive cancer center at the university of miami. \u201c through increased awareness, gist and many other rare diseases may be able to be diagnosed sooner, potentially providing patients with disease management regimens earlier in their illness. \u201d thanks to dedicated research and awareness initiatives by patient advocacy organizations and the medical community, there have been significant advances for patients living with gist in recent years. increasing awareness for rare diseases is paramount in helping patients get the right diagnosis and information about their illness. organizations like gist support international are helping patients learn more about their disease every day. \u201c i have actively participated in gist awareness following my own diagnosis in 1997, when the medical community had limited understanding of this disease, and there was no disease information available for patients, says marina symcox, gist support international. \u201c at the time, i was able to find out some information from a local patient support group, and later decided to make disease education for other patients my personal mission. \u201d because they are passionate information seekers, many patients living with rare diseases and their loved ones act as their own advocates in learning more about their disease and in helping to form their own multidisciplinary care team. with gist specifically, this care team should include the diagnosing physician, a specialized oncologist and pathologist to work alongside the devoted caregiver or loved one. each member of this multidisciplinary team has a unique and vital role in helping the patient cope with his or her disease. to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4587755377769549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f653486-bebd-4734-8756-ddf6fd59ac4e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.586310"}
{"text": "what : argan ( argania spinosa ) oil is deemed by many a super - ingredient for skin care due to its high levels of antioxidants, essential fatty acids and natural vitamin e, ( wiki ). because this natural oil is said to contain three times more anti - aging vitamin e than any other natural oil, it is often used in skin care products for its restorative and anti - aging benefits. origin : argan oil is an oil produced from the green fruit of the argan tree ( argania spinosa ), endemic to southwestern morocco, that is valued for its nutritive, cosmetic and numerous medicinal properties ( wiki ). morocan women have used argan oil for centuries for its healing and age - defying effects. it is the women of the berber culture ( from this region ) who traditionally, and exclusively, produce the argan oil which is then exported to other countries. though the berbers use argan for far more than skin care ( food, charcoal, building material ), the oil remains its primary use. argan oil is very high in vitamin e. argan oil is rich in the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid. this acid is converted in the body in other fatty acids which lead to the production of prostaglandins, used in the body ' s functions including immune, inflammatory process as well as blood clotting. the oil also contains phytosterols ( naturally - occurring plant alcohols ) which brighten and boost radiance in skin. products found in : argan oil is a rich and highly emollient oil, which is quickly absorbed by the skin and leaves behind no residual greasiness. it is known to reduces the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, stretch marks and scarring. the oil is effective in fighting signs of aging and sun damage as well as improving the skin \u2019 s elasticity. it may also be used to soften cuticles and as a hot oil treatment for hair. argan oil is often used in facial moisturizers, treatments, anti - aging skincare, facial cleansers, make up items, eye creams, body care, and hair care ( ewg ). toxicity : argan oil is generally classified as not toxic or harmful ( ewg ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42734044390803466, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4cb9912-3c07-4931-aed1-0fd0019119a2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.590717"}
{"text": "expand each section to read more. 1600s western igbo kingdoms dominate trade in the lower niger region. 1815 following the end of the napoleonic wars between france and great britain, britain begins to trade with the interior, calling the region \" nigeria \" based on the path the niger river takes through the area. 1914 igbo, yoruba, and hausa areas are officially united under britain as the colony and protectorate of nigeria. 1930 chinua achebe is born in the igbo village of ogidi. 1958 things fall apart is published in england. 1960 nigeria gains independence, as a parliamentary democracy. this story of the igbos around 1900 was written by one of their grandchildren ; chinua achebe was born in 1930 in southeastern nigeria, in the igbo village of ogidi. he grew up speaking english and reading english literature, but achebe kept a deep attachment to his igbo roots ; eventually he came to question the english literary portrayal of africa and africans as violent, ignorant, and primitive. achebe wanted to give africans their own voice, to take control of how they were seen, and to repair their own self - image. the result was things fall apart. the hero of the story is okonkwo, a self - made man who has been unstoppable in his determination to rise in his society, the village of umuofia. his greatest fear is being weak, like his father, whom he detested. okonkwo will go to any lengths to prove to the world and to himself that he is strong and fearless \u2014 even to the point of destroying himself. umuofia is not a paradise or a hell. its people are not evil and ignorant, nor are they innocent, noble savages. these european points of view are discarded. umuofia is filled with real people who have complex personalities. when the british missionaries arrive in umuofia, it is shocking to realize that most of them would destroy igbo culture without a second thought. but achebe ' s refusal to paint the conflict in black and white is what makes things fall apart so powerful. just as umuofia was not perfect, the british are not all evil. the missionaries offer acceptance, love, and respect to those igbos who have been outcast by their village for religious reasons. if only the two groups could have met in a spirit of compromise, they might have been able to live peacefully together. but the british insistence on domination, and the igbo fear and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4812309302442338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2aad512-af01-45f9-884d-747083b43f3e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.597739"}
{"text": "who have been outcast by their village for religious reasons. if only the two groups could have met in a spirit of compromise, they might have been able to live peacefully together. but the british insistence on domination, and the igbo fear and rejection of their people who convert to christianity, spell doom for umuofia. each side fears the other, and, like okonkwo, each side is so fearful of appearing weak that it will resort to violence to keep the upper hand. achebe shows that the coming of europeans to africa was not light coming to darkness, or pure evil destroying a people ; it was two imperfect societies set on a collision course from which neither could emerge whole again. achebe wrote things fall apart in english. the decision was controversial amongst african writers at the time, some of whom wanted to promote native african languages, while others accepted english. if achebe wrote in english, he was using the language of the colonizer, a non - african voice, to tell an african story, once again. but if he wrote in igbo, he was limiting the potential audience for the novel to a single group of people in nigeria. in an essay called \" the african writer and the english language, \" achebe describes the problem : for an african writing in english is not without its serious setbacks. he often finds himself describing situations or modes of thought which have no direct equivalent in the english way of life. caught in that situation he can do one of two things. he can try and contain what he wants to say within the limits of conventional english or he can try to push back those limits to accommodate his ideas... i submit that those who can do the work of extending the frontiers of english so as to accommodate african thought - patterns must do it through their mastery of english and not out of innocence. in other words, african writers can use english to change it, and turn it into a language of african experience and not just english experience. achebe changed english by infusing it with igbo syntax, usage, and vocabulary so that while things fall apart is clearly written in english, it is a new kind of english that serves an igbo purpose. - mr. brown - the first white missionary to arrive in umuofia, mr. brown is respectful and patient, never attacking clan customs or religion directly. his early success is endangered by his ill health. - the district commissioner - the highest english official in the region arrives with the missionaries and oversees the fall of the villages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5064060167400029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2aad512-af01-45f9-884d-747083b43f3e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.601780"}
{"text": ", mr. brown is respectful and patient, never attacking clan customs or religion directly. his early success is endangered by his ill health. - the district commissioner - the highest english official in the region arrives with the missionaries and oversees the fall of the villages from a distance. - okonkwo ' s second wife, who left her first husband for okonkwo. she has borne ten children and lost all but one, her daughter ezinma. her love for ezinma leads her to stand up to okonkwo on occasion. - she is okonkwo ' s favorite child, beautiful and connected to her father in a deep way. only she can understand him and his moods. her only flaw, in his eyes, is being a girl. - a boy from a neighboring clan who is seized by umuofia warriors. he lives with okonkwo ' s family as a peace offering, and is a more satisfying son to okonkwo than nwoye. - this self - made man has worked his way up from poverty and, as he sees it, freed himself from the disgrace of having a lazy, \" feminine \" father. while okonkwo possesses real virtues of hard work, far - sightedness, devotion to his clan, and love, these co - exist uneasily with impulses of fear, pride, and impatience. - okonkwo ' s eldest son shows every sign \u2015 so far as okonkwo is concerned \u2015 of being a lazy, weak man like unoka. beaten and belittled by his father, nwoye will become a prime target for conversion by the english missionaries. - nwoye ' s mother - okonkwo ' s first wife, whose name is not told to the reader. she, unlike her husband, understands the value of pity, gentleness, and forgiveness. her stories instruct and delight the children. - a thoughtful member of the clan who is okonkwo ' s best friend. he tries to help okonkwo navigate the troubles that come to him, and is left cleaning up after okonkwo ' s catastrophic end. - ogbuefi ezeudu - the highest - ranking man in the village, and holder of three titles \u2015 a great rarity. - mr. smith - the far more zealous smith replaces brown and leads his new converts on a full - scale war of ideas against the village. - okonkwo ' s father, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4715149696316628, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2aad512-af01-45f9-884d-747083b43f3e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.603736"}
{"text": "from the ' lectric law library ' s stacks search the library since the early part of this century, the federal courts have attempted to limit the uncertainty surrounding novel scientific evidence by establishing an evidentiary standard of reliability for scientific proof. frye v. u. s., 293 f. 1013 ( d. c. cir. ' 23 ), provided the standard that governed the introduction of expert evidence for more than half a century. the courts have also embraced procedures, including various forms of discovery providing for mandatory disclosure of witnesses \" who may be used at trial to present evidence under rules 702, 703, or 705, \" and requiring submission of written reports by expert witnesses, which give the parties and the courts greater opportunities to test the reliability of novel expert testimony. the standard of reliability for expert testimony and the applicable procedures in federal courts in the years proceeding the landmark 1993 daubert case had undergone significant change. as judge learned hand in \" historical and practical considerations regarding expert testimony \", 15 harv. l. rev. 40 ( 1901 - 02 ) observed at the beginning of this century, expert evidence must be reliable in order to have some \" possible weight \" on an issue and be admitted for consideration by a trier of fact. absent reliability, the evidence would not be relevant to the inquiry. in frye, the court of appeals considered an appeal from a trial court ' s refusal to admit the resultsof a test based on systolic blood pressure, offered to prove the truthfulness of a defendant in a murder prosecution. in an oft - quoted passage, the court crafted a standard to determine whether scientific evidence was sufficiently reliable to warrant consideration by a trier of fact : just when a scientific principle or discovery crosses the line between the experimental and demonstrable stages is difficult to define. somewhere in this twilight zone the evidential forces of the principle must be recognized, and while courts will go a long way in admitting expert testimony deduced from a well - recognized scientific principle of discovery, the thing from which the deduction is made must be sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs. frye contemplated two stages for acceptance of new science. first, the scientific community develops a theory and determines its reliability using scientific method. this stage required experimentation with the new science ' s methodology and publication of the results for scrutiny and approval by the scientific community. second, once the new science became \" demonstrable, \" based on acceptance in the scientific community, the court could permit its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5431415142554779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef3bbf0a-8506-4c5d-b61c-4f010c25ac1b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.623256"}
{"text": "stage required experimentation with the new science ' s methodology and publication of the results for scrutiny and approval by the scientific community. second, once the new science became \" demonstrable, \" based on acceptance in the scientific community, the court could permit its use as evidence in the courtroom. without explanation, the court of appeals chose \" general acceptance \" in the relevant scientific community as the standard for governing the admission of novel scientific evidence. under frye, the party proffering novel scientific evidence must show general acceptance by offering scientific publications, judicial decisions, evidence of practical use, or testimony by scientists on their peers ' position regarding the evidence in question. many courts, faced with determining the admissibility of a wide array of scientific evidence, favored the frye standard. often, new scientific evidence failed to survive this demanding standard. for example, mccormick on evidence reports : polygraphy, graphology, hypnotic and drug induced testimony, voice stress analysis, voice spectrograms, ion microprobe mass spectroscopy, infrared sensing of aircraft, retesting of breath samples for alcohol content, psychological profiles of battered women, and child abusers, post traumatic stress disorder as indicating rape, astronomical calculations, and blood group typing, all have fallen prey to [ frye ' s ] influence. many rationales have been offered to support the use of the frye standard as a means of excluding evidence. the justifications included : that the standard guaranteed a minimum number of knowledgeable experts ; that it promoted uniformity of decisions ; that it eliminated the need for time consuming hearings on admissibility ; and, most importantly, that it assured a method by which those best qualified to assess the validity of scientific evidence would effectively determine its admissibility. the general acceptance test of frye became the \" dominant standard for determining the admissibility of novel scientific evidence at trial. \" indeed, professor clark ' s testimony in briggs that the doll tests were \" generally accepted as indications of the child ' s sensitivity to race as a problem \" was calculated to satisfy frye. nonetheless, as justice blackmun noted in daubert, the merits and application of frye were extensively debated by commentators. professor mccormick was one of the primary critics of frye prior to the adoption of the federal rules of evidence. in 1972, he wrote : \" general scientific acceptance \" is a proper condition for taking judicial notice of scientific facts, but not a criterion for the admissibility of scientific evidence. any relevant conclusions which are supported by a qualified expert witness should be received unless there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5304363066556661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef3bbf0a-8506-4c5d-b61c-4f010c25ac1b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.624494"}
{"text": ", he wrote : \" general scientific acceptance \" is a proper condition for taking judicial notice of scientific facts, but not a criterion for the admissibility of scientific evidence. any relevant conclusions which are supported by a qualified expert witness should be received unless there are other reasons for exclusion. particularly, probative value may be overborne by the familiar dangers of prejudicing or misleading the jury.... if the courts used this approach, instead of repeating a supposed requirement of \" general acceptance \" not elsewhere imposed, they would arrive at a practical way of utilizing the results of scientific advances. charles t. mccormick, evidence sec. 203, at 491 ( 2d ed. ' 72 ) the fed. r. evid., effective july 1, 1975, provided the first modern and uniform set of evidence rules for the trial of civil and criminal cases in the federal courts. rule 702, which governs the admission of expert testimony, does so in terms that do not expressly address reliability : if scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise. the advisory committee on evidence, appointed by the supreme court, formulated the language which congress adopted as rule 702. rule 702 and the accompanying advisory committee note echo mccormick ' s criticism of frye. reliability should depend on relevance rather than the general acceptance of scientific evidence. fed. r. evid. 401 defines \" relevant evidence \" as \" evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence. \". rule 403 provides that relevant evidence \" may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence. \" rule 702 incorporates a relevancy requirement by permitting the introduction of scientific evidence which \" will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue. \" surprisingly, the advisory committee note made no mention of frye. instead, the committee quoted professor mason ladd : there is no more certain test for determining when experts may be used than the common sense inquiry whether the untrained layman would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5187297671390743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef3bbf0a-8506-4c5d-b61c-4f010c25ac1b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.625484"}
{"text": "\" surprisingly, the advisory committee note made no mention of frye. instead, the committee quoted professor mason ladd : there is no more certain test for determining when experts may be used than the common sense inquiry whether the untrained layman would be qualified to determine intelligently and to the best possible degree the particular issue without enlightenment fromthose having a specialized understanding of the subject involved in the dispute. mason ladd, expert testimony, 5 vand. l. rev. 414 ( ' 52 ) thus, rule 702 contemplated the admission of expert testimony that was relevant in the sense that such testimony would facilitate an understanding of scientific, technical, or other specialized facts to determine an issue. nonetheless, when called on to apply rule 702, the majority of federal courts continued to utilize frye. the courts were understandably reluctant to accept the sub silentio overruling of a precedent of frye ' s stature, and often incorporated the general acceptance standard into the relevance determination under rule 702. a number of courts have gradually begun to abandon the general acceptance standard. in 1975, the fourth circuit affirmed the admission of a voice spectrogram analysis of telephoned bomb threats. the court found professor mccormick ' s critique of frye persuasive : unless an exaggerated popular opinion of the accuracy of a particular technique makes its use prejudicial or likely to mislead the jury, it is better to admit relevant scientific evidence in the same manner as other expert testimony and allow its weight to be attacked by cross - examination and refutation. u. s. v. baller, 519 f. 2d 463 ( 4th cir. ) this decision required only that scientific evidence be supported by a \" demonstrable, objective procedure \" rather than general acceptance. three years later, the 2nd circuit approved the admission of similar evidence in a prosecution on narcotics charges in u. s. v. williams, 583 f. 2d 1194 ( 2d cir. ' 78 ). the considerations governing admissibility, the court wrote, were the \" probativeness, materiality, and reliability of the evidence. \" in addition, the court of appeals directed the district court to consider whether the evidence had \" any tendency to mislead, prejudice, or confuse the jury. \" in 1985, the 3rd circuit decided u. s. v. downing, 753 f. 2d 1224 ( 3d cir. ' 85 ), the most significant precursor to daubert. in downing, the court", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48478479786962864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef3bbf0a-8506-4c5d-b61c-4f010c25ac1b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.626425"}
{"text": "confuse the jury. \" in 1985, the 3rd circuit decided u. s. v. downing, 753 f. 2d 1224 ( 3d cir. ' 85 ), the most significant precursor to daubert. in downing, the court considered the admissibility of expert testimony concerning the reliability of eyewitness identification. the court concluded that the language and spirit of the fed. r. evid., in addition to the experience of the courts in attempting to apply frye, suggested that an approach more flexible than the general acceptance test for the admissibility of novel scientific evidence was appropriate. downing instructed the district courts to undertake a preliminary inquiry as to the soundness of the theory or technique on which proffered scientific evidence was based. this inquiry was to include consideration of the risk that the jury would be overwhelmed, confused or misled and assessment of the materiality of the evidence to the issue in dispute. the third circuit envisioned a multi - factored analysis of the reliability of the evidence. the court permitted, but did not require, the identification of a relevant scientific community and a determination of the degree of acceptance within that community. in language reminiscent of frye, the court suggested that in many cases, the general acceptance factor was likely to be decisive. additional factors that district courts could consider included the novelty of the technique and its relationship to established modes of scientific analysis, the existence of specialized literature dealing with the technique, the likelihood that the scientific basis of the new technique has been exposed to critical scientific scrutiny, the qualifications and professional stature of the expert witness, and the potential and actual non - judicial uses of the scientific technique. according to downing, district courts should also focus on the risk of error, both the frequency with which the method leads to erroneous results and the type of error generated by the technique. finally, the district courts should consider whether the expert testimony had been offered in earlier cases to support or dispute the merits of a particular procedure. the downing opinion noted that \" other factors could be added to the list. \" the third circuit ' s articulation of a clear alternative to frye set the stage for the supreme court ' s resolution in daubert of the conflict among the circuits over the appropriate standard of reliability for scientific evidence under rule 702. the cases decided after the adoption of rule 702, but prior to daubert, reflected the different approaches of the courts described in the preceding section. occasionally, courts would restate and apply the frye general acceptance test. some courts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5318872916376345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef3bbf0a-8506-4c5d-b61c-4f010c25ac1b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.627763"}
{"text": "rights. appellants, a dairy farmer and his wife, were convicted of willfully holding two retarded farm workers in involuntary servitude and of conspiring to deprive the workers of their constitutional right to be free from involuntary servitude154 as guaranteed by the thirteenth amendment. the couple ' s son was also convicted on the conspiracy charge. the kozminskis argued on appeal that the district court erred in admitting expert psychological testimony to show that the two victims were detained against their will. a psychologist testified that the victims ' limited mental ability, combined with the psychological pressures exerted on them by the conditions at the dairy farm, created an \" involuntary conversion \" to complete dependency. the 6th circuit, sitting en banc, held that the district court improperly admitted this evidence. the court explained : \" for expert testimony to be admissible under rule 702, a fourpart test must be met : ( 1 ) a qualified expert ; ( 2 ) testifying on a proper subject ; ( 3 ) in conformity to a generally accepted explanatory theory ; ( 4 ) the probative value of which outweighs any prejudicial effect. \" according to the 6th circuit, the only arguably relevant theory shown to have general acceptance by the trial testimony was the \" captivity syndrome \" associated with the brainwashing of prisoners of war. the appellate court was not satisfied that any established theory existed to support a conclusion that the kozminskis ' actions resulted in complete dependency on the part of the victims : \" as bad as conditions on the kozminski ' s dairy farm are alleged to be, they fall short of those found in a chinese prison camp. accordingly, captivity syndrome is inapplicable as a matter of law given the facts of this case. \" because frye ' s requirement of a generally accepted explanatory theory was not met, the court held the testimony inadmissible under rule 702. a concurring opinion in kozminski cited frye and emphasized the need to protect a defendant in a criminal case against scientific evidence which may bear an \" aura of special reliability and trustworthiness, \" even when it is based on an unproved hypothesis which has yet to obtain any degree of acceptance in its field. id. at 1199 ( krupansky, j., concurring ). a dissenting opinion urged that the frye test should not be applicable to the testimony because it was properly categorized", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5421191766935225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef3bbf0a-8506-4c5d-b61c-4f010c25ac1b>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.630035"}
{"text": "obtain any degree of acceptance in its field. id. at 1199 ( krupansky, j., concurring ). a dissenting opinion urged that the frye test should not be applicable to the testimony because it was properly categorized as \" other specialized \" rather than \" scientific \" knowledge under rule 702, and as such, could be based on a subjective assessment of the victims and their conditions of confinement. id. at 1215 ( guy, j., dissenting ). the dissent, noting the abandonment of frye by the second and third circuits, also argued that the majority ' s concern with the reliability of the expert testimony could be better addressed under rule 403, which permits the exclusion of relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed, inter alia, by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury. id. at 1214. spencer v. general elec., 688 f. supp. 1072 ( e. d. va. ' 88 ), typifies the third approach mentioned above, where the court attempts its own assessment of the scientific reliability of proffered expert testimony. spencer involved a title vii sexual harassment claim and state tort claims against a former supervisor and employer brought by an employee claiming to be a victim of rape and other sexual misconduct. at trial, the plaintiff attempted to introduce the testimony of a forensic psychiatrist that plaintiff suffered from post traumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ) as proof that the rape actually occurred. ultimately, the district court held the testimony inadmissible for this purpose. noting that ptsd is a condition recognized in psychiatry as the emotional reaction to traumatic events, such as rape, the court cited the american psychiatric assn., diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders for the proposition that ptsd may be caused by a variety of traumatic events outside the range of common experiences, such as military combat, bombing, torture, airplane crashes, or rape. in the case of rape, the condition is sometimes labeled rape trauma syndrome ( rts ). the court concluded, however, that evidence of ptsd or rts was not a scientifically reliable means of proving that a rape occurred : \" evidence of ptsd occasioned by rape \"... \" is not a scientifically reliable means of proving that a rape occurred. ptsd is simply a diagnostic category created by psychiatrists ; it is a human construct, an artificial classification of certain behavioral patterns. rts was developed by rape counselors as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5315962507490121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef3bbf0a-8506-4c5d-b61c-4f010c25ac1b>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.632430"}
{"text": "\" is not a scientifically reliable means of proving that a rape occurred. ptsd is simply a diagnostic category created by psychiatrists ; it is a human construct, an artificial classification of certain behavioral patterns. rts was developed by rape counselors as a therapeutic tool to help identify, predict, and treat emotional problems experienced by the counselor ' s clients or patients. it was not developed or devised as a tool for ferreting out the truth in cases where it is hotly disputed whether the rape occurred. unlike fingerprints, blood tests, and lie detector tests, rts was not devised to determine the ' truth ' or accuracy of a particular past event - - i. e., whether, in fact, a rape in the legal sense occurred. \"... \" the scientific evaluation of rape trauma syndrome has not reached a level of reliability that surpasses the quality of common sense evaluation present in jury deliberations. \" while the district court made its own determination of the reliability of the proffered evidence, its opinion did not completely ignore frye. the court questioned several authorities which had admitted ptsd or rts evidence under the frye test based on findings that the disorders were \" generally accepted to be a common reaction to sexual assault. \" the court opined that the relevant issue was not whether rape victims may display certain symptoms, but whether diagnosis of ptsd or rts provided scientifically reliable proof that an alleged victim was raped. thus, the court believed that, under frye, the evidence should not be admitted for this purpose. after trial, the district court held that the employee failed to prove by a preponderance of evidence that the alleged sexual assaults and rape took place. the evidence issue was not raised on appeal, and the 4th circuit affirmed. spencer v. general elec, supra. the court ' s exclusion of the psychiatric evidence of ptsd to corroborate the plaintiff ' s testimony that she was raped, on grounds that such evidence was irrelevant, seems questionable. the diagnosis of the plaintiff with a disorder that experts recognize as affecting persons who have suffered significant trauma subsequent to the date of the alleged incident was relevant because it tended to support her testimony that she had indeed been raped. such evidence is relevant even if the diagnosis standing alone did not show the cause of the condition. the court ' s evidentiary ruling in spencer has not been cited by any other federal court. nonetheless, the decision illustrates the types of issues which a court following the third line of authority must address in an effort", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.521382486015273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef3bbf0a-8506-4c5d-b61c-4f010c25ac1b>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.633649"}
{"text": "guide to writing history papers reading, writing, and researching for history : a guide for college students a comprehensive but easy - to - skim web guide to writing history papers. recommended by history dept faculty. using call numbers to find books books and journals are arranged on our shelves according to the library of congress ( lc ) classification system. each is assigned a unique call number based on its subject matter and other characteristics. items on the same subject will often be grouped together. in using a call number to locate a book on the shelf, consider each element in turn before moving on to the next segment. these call numbers are arranged as they should appear on the shelves. in each case, the element shown in boldface distinguishes the number from the preceding one : each call number consists of several elements. for example : : the first line, tk, is based on the broad subject of the book. within class t for technology, tk represents electrical engineering. the second line, 7881. 6, defines the subject matter more finely. when looking for the book, read this as a whole number with a decimal component. in this example, tk7881. 6 represents magnetic recording ( a subdivision of tk \u2014 electrical engineering ). the third line, m29, usually indicates author, but may also represent a further subject subdivision, geographic area, etc. there may also be a fourth line, formatted the same way. when looking for the book, read the numeric component as if it were preceded by a decimal point. in the example above, the numeric part of m29 should be read as \". 29 \" ( and the call number tk7881. 6 m29 comes before tk7881. 6 m4 ). the year of publication, such as 1993, may also be present. these file in chronological order and often indicate successive editions of a book. the call number may also have additional elements, such as volume numbers. to use library databases from off campus you have to set up the proxy server : this changes your browser settings. where ' s the pdf? many article databases contain information about articles ( citations or abstracts ), not the entire text of the article. once you ' ve used an article database to find articles on your topic, you may need to use this button : in order to locate and read the full text of the article. the uc - elinks button appears in nearly all the databases available from the ucb library website. uc - eli", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45476360056525533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61f86099-fc1b-4956-94f2-7779fb6f43aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.638761"}
{"text": "what is pathology? pathology, or general pathology, is the medical specialty focused on the diagnosis of disease through analysis of blood, tissues or urine in a pathology lab. a division of pathology is anatomical pathology ( study of organs and tissues to diagnose disease ), which is broken into the following subspecialties : forensic pathology ( determining cause of death ), autopsy pathology ( performing autopsies ), surgical pathology, and cytopathology ( study of diseases on the cellular level ). other subspecialties include clinical chemical pathology ( study of antibodies, hormones, immune system and pharmacology ), clinical pathology ( working directly with patients ), hematology ( study of blood ) and microbiology ( study of bacteria, parasites and viruses ). who are pathologists? pathologists are doctors who are concerned with the diagnosis of disease, as well as prevention and treatment. these specialists use a microscope or other diagnostic tools to look at blood, urine or other body fluid specimens and detect chemical makeup in the body. based on the test results, he or she may recommend additional study of the specimen. pathologists typically work in a hospital or pathology lab, and may work in administrative roles supervising divisions of a clinical pathology lab. they may oversee special divisions of the lab, such as the blood bank, clinical chemistry, hematology, immunology and serology, and microbiology. pathologists are certified by the american board of pathology. what types of specimens does a pathologist collect? general pathology relates to the collection of a specimen or specimens for the diagnosis of disease. the types of specimens a pathologist may collect include : related articles : do it yourself lab tests new sensor could replace finger - prick testing - blood \u2013 usually drawn from a vein through a needle in the forearm, or sometimes pricked from a finger. - urine \u2013 the \u201c random method \u201d is when a patient urinates into a cup ; \u201c clean catch specimen \u201d takes a sample of urine after the outer genital area has been sanitized ; and a \u201c sterile urine test \u201d requires catheterization ( a tube inserted through the urethra into the bladder to take a sample of urine ). sometimes the patient will need to undergo several urine tests to measure changes in urine over time. - sputum ( phlegm ) \u2013 samples are taken from sputum that has been coughed into a clean container. - feces \u2013 collected by the patient into a clean plastic or cardboard container. - other bodily fluids \u2013 spinal fluid, pl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5333184931013266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99738d1c-fd7d-41eb-804d-b058229aef73>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.641781"}
{"text": "the term unix - like is widely used to describe operating systems that share many of the characteristics of the original unix, which was written in 1969 by ken thompson at bell labs, and its early successors. the popularity of this term is mainly due to the fact that it is a very convenient and logical way of describing the numerous and diverse operating systems that fit into this category. it is also due in part to the controversy about what really is unix and how this term should be used. this controversy, in turn, has arisen largely as a result of the complex history of unix and the operating systems that have been based on it. the category of unix - like operating systems clearly includes those systems that have all three of the following characteristics : a direct source code lineage from the original unix, obvious unix characteristics and officially describe themselves as being unix. source code is the version of software as it is originally written ( i. e., typed into a computer ) by a human in plain text ( i. e., human readable alphanumeric characters ). such systems include aix ( developed by ibm ), hp - ux ( developed by hp ), irix ( developed by silicon graphics ), solaris ( developed by sun microsystems ) and true64 ( developed by compaq for alpha processors and now owned by hp ). the category of unix - like operating systems also includes unix clones. a clone is a program ( i. e., an operating system or an application program ) that has functions and behavior similar to another program but which does not contain source code from that program. the functions and behavior of the unix clones are so similar to those of the early ( and later ) versions of unix, in fact, that many knowledgeable users consider them to be unix. however, they do not have a direct lineage to the original unix source code, and most of them do not officially describe themselves as being unix. this category includes the bsds ( i. e., freebsd, netbsd, openbsd and darwin ), linux, minix, qnx and cygwin. unix - like operating systems also generally contain most or all of the enhancements and new features that were subsequently added at the university of california at berkeley ( ucb ) and which are known as the berkeley extensions. the berkeley extensions include such now nearly universal innovations as the c shell, also referred to as csh, tcp / ip ( transmission control protocol / internet protocol ), which forms the basis for both the internet and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5682571302937869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b1c054f-8032-42b9-949c-4ed73394b7ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.649806"}
{"text": "are known as the berkeley extensions. the berkeley extensions include such now nearly universal innovations as the c shell, also referred to as csh, tcp / ip ( transmission control protocol / internet protocol ), which forms the basis for both the internet and most local networks, virtual memory, which allows a hard disk drive ( hdd ) to simulate additional main memory, and the vi text editor. thus, it has been suggested that operating systems that refer to themselves as unix might more appropriately call themselves something such as unix / berkeley. bsd ( berkeley software distribution ), the version of unix developed at ucb in the 1970s and early 1980s, was widely considered to be a type of unix, as are its modern day descendants. in fact, bsd even included unix in its name, such as bsd unix 4. 0, which was released in october 1980. the original name for the operating system developed at bell labs was unix ( all upper case ). this term became a trademark that was eventually acquired by the open group, an industry consortium that was formed in 1996. the open group attempts to permit operating systems to call themselves unix only if they both conform to its single unix specification and pay a substantial fee ( which is one of its main sources of revenue ). thus, at least theoretically, an operating system would not have to contain any of the original unix source code or bear much superficial resemblance to the original unix to be permitted to call itself unix. adding to the complexity of the situation is the fact that there is some controversy as to whether the term unix is actually a valid trademark. this is because trademark law states that when a term becomes very widely used as a generic term ( i. e., a term that describes a class of products rather than just a single brand ) it can lose its legally protected trademark status. apple computer, which uses darwin ( a unix - like operating system based on bsd ) as the core of its increasingly popular mac os x operating system, claims that the term unix has become generic and thus that it is not a legally valid trademark. apple has vastly greater legal and financial resources than the bsds or most of the linux distributions ( i. e., versions ), and thus it is not afraid to call its operating system unix. in fact, it makes a number of statements on its website explicitly referring to itself as unix ( and not as unix - like ), including the following : \" don ' t let its elegant and easy - to - use interface fool you. beneath the surface of mac os", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5558523037651855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b1c054f-8032-42b9-949c-4ed73394b7ec>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.651451"}
{"text": "makes a number of statements on its website explicitly referring to itself as unix ( and not as unix - like ), including the following : \" don ' t let its elegant and easy - to - use interface fool you. beneath the surface of mac os x lies an industrial - strength unix foundation hard at work to ensure that your computing experience remains free of system crashes and compromised performance. \" as a result, the open group is suing apple computer for alleged trademark violation. this is a necessary move for the open group, as attempting to protect a trademark from abuse can be an important factor in legal decisions about the validity of the trademark. however, some industry observers expect that this case will be settled quietly out of court because neither side wants to risk a negative judgment1. the bsd operating systems are widely regarded as free ( both in a monetary sense and with regard to use ) implementations of unix, and thus as unix. however, in contrast to apple, they make a point of not referring to themselves as being unix on their websites or other materials in order to avoid potentially costly legal problems. for example, freebsd, the most popular of the bsd systems ( at least until the recent rise of darwin ), describes itself as being \"... a very economical alternative to commercial unix\u00ae workstations. \" netbsd describes itself on its homepage as \"... a free, secure, and highly portable unix - like open source operating system available for many platforms,... \" openbsd describes itself as \"... a free, multi - platform 4. 4bsd - based unix - like operating system. \" some operating systems do not seek unix branding because the royalties would be prohibitively expensive for them due to the facts that they are updated frequently ( which would require costly recertification ) and that they are made available freely over the internet. moreover, developers of such systems generally feel that such branding would not provide any significant advantage, as their users are generally well informed and are interested in the intrinsic values of the systems rather than in their names. the term unix - like does not have any negative implication about the validity of the unix trademark. in fact, it could even be argued that it supports the trademark by providing a convenient term for describing operating systems that resemble the original unix and its early successors so that they, and their users, will not be tempted to inappropriately use the term unix. other terminology is also sometimes used to refer to unix - like operating systems, particularly un * x,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5101793260327238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b1c054f-8032-42b9-949c-4ed73394b7ec>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.653140"}
{"text": ". 461 to 468, may have been most famous for work he did before ascending to the papacy : the former aristocrat and then bishop convinced the feared attila the hun not to sack rome. it ' s possible leo offered attila a pile of loot, or the warlord used the meeting as an excuse to turn back, given his own strategic concerns. another possibility is that the pope may have played on attila ' s superstitious fear of dying soon after the sacking, just as alaric i ( king of a tribe of goths ) did after the despoiling of rome decades earlier, according to \" absolute monarchs : a history of the papacy. \" [ saint or spiritual slacker? test your religious knowledge ] cadaver on trial pope formosus headed the catholic church from a. d. 891 to 896, and his reign was marked by political battles and infighting. he was excommunicated about 20 years prior to his reign, but then later absolved. after his death, his cadaver was exhumed, put on trial, and judged to be unworthy of the papacy. all of his papal edicts were deemed invalid, the fingers he used to make sacraments were ripped off, and he was tossed into the tiber river. the current pope isn ' t the only benedict to have stepped down. during a tumultuous time in the catholic church ' s history known as the saeculum obscurum ( sometimes called the rule of the harlots ), the popes engaged in corrupt venal behavior and were too closely allied to one aristocratic family. fed up, the people in rome raised benedict v to the highest position in a. d. 964. but the founder of the holy roman empire, king otto, wasn ' t having it : he elected an antipope, leo viii, instead. benedict v chose to step down a few months after being elected. ( at this chaotic time, it wasn ' t unheard of to have two popes elected. ) the next benedict, benedict vi, also faced an ignominious end to his reign : when king otto died in 974, benedict vi was imprisoned and put to death by his antipope successor. another benedict, pope benedict ix, had three runs at the papacy. the ne ' er - do - well ascended to the highest office in 1032 as a result of family connections at the tender age of 20, according to the catholic encyclopedia. the ruler", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37385670613102745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b3d6a1c-1a58-454c-aeb1-98f3de99fba1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.660160"}
{"text": "benedict, pope benedict ix, had three runs at the papacy. the ne ' er - do - well ascended to the highest office in 1032 as a result of family connections at the tender age of 20, according to the catholic encyclopedia. the ruler reportedly lacked all moral balance and led a dissolute life. in 1044, the city of rome elected an antipope ( a second pope ). benedict ix drove out the antipope, but then stepped down \u2014 only after selling the papacy to yet another priest. before he died, he seized the highest office one more time, but benedict ix ' s final stint was short lived. one legend has it that from a. d. 855 to 877, a pope john who reigned may have actually been a woman. the story, recounted by a dominican monk named martin in 1265 and several others, claims that pope john was a girl who was brought to athens in men ' s clothing, according to \" absolute monarchs : a history of the papacy. \" she took up study and became a master of learning, the story goes, but became pregnant and gave birth in a church procession. however, the chaos at the time and the discrepancies between different stories suggests this \" pope joan \" may never have existed. many of the men who have been chosen for the highest office didn ' t get a chance to do much with it. pope - elect stephen was elected in a. d. 752, but died just a few days later, without being consecrated into office. pope damasus ii ascended to the papacy in 1048, after several political squabbles, but passed away just 23 days later. celestine iv, who was elected in 1241, died just 16 days later \u2014 too early for his coronation. and pope urban vii, at 12 days in a. d. 1590, was the shortest - reigning pope in the catholic church ' s history. the catholic church has also had several periods where no pope reigned. these gaps, known as interregnums, usually occurred when the cardinals who vote for the pope were deadlocked. the last pope to abdicate, pope gregory xii, was elected in 1406, more than 600 years ago. a man noted for his piety, he was originally elected to end the schism that occurred after pope innocent vii died, according to the catholic encyclopedia. gregory xii was one of three popes to rule at the time, and the ensuing chaos must have convinced him it was time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37388702306114097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b3d6a1c-1a58-454c-aeb1-98f3de99fba1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.661225"}
{"text": "earth from space : easter island easter island as seen by astronauts aboard the international space station on sept. 25, 2002. on easter sunday in 1722, dutch explorer jacob roggeveen became the first known european to encounter this polynesian island and gave it the name it has become most widely known by. easter island ( also known as rapa nui in the native language ) is one of the most isolated spots on earth, lying some 2, 000 miles from the nearest areas of human habitation ( tahiti and chile ) \u2014 even more remote than the astronauts orbiting at 210 nautical miles above the earth.. the island, which is only 15 miles long, was annexed by chile in 1888. ( in spanish, it is called \" isla de pascua, \" which means \" easter island. \" ) archaeological evidence suggests that polynesians from other pacific islands discovered and colonized easter island around the year 400. the island and its early inhabitants are best known for the giant stone monoliths, known as moai, placed along the coastline. it is thought that the population grew bigger than was sustainable on the small island, resulting in civil war, deforestation and near collapse of the island ecosystem. today, a new forest ( primarily eucalyptus ) has been established in the center of the island ( the dark green in the image ), according to a nasa statement. volcanic landforms dominate the geography of the island, including the large crater rana kao at the southwest end of the island and a line of cinder cones that stretch north from the central mountain. near rana kao is the longest runway in chile, which served as an emergency landing spot for the space shuttle before its retirement in 2011. more from livescience. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4349623005502888, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02e8e579-65c8-4c0a-b405-7a29e289fea9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.663123"}
{"text": "high blood pressure, or hypertension, affects almost one in three adults in the united states. however, this serious health condition isn ' t limited to just those ages 18 and older. the number of children and adolescents with high blood pressure is increasing. this rise can be partly blamed on the increasing number of overweight and obese children. high blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart disease and is the primary risk factor for stroke. prehypertension is a condition that increases a child ' s risk of developing high blood pressure in the future. children with hypertension have a higher risk for high blood pressure as adults. high blood pressure in childhood is also correlated with early development of atherosclerosis in adulthood. systolic pressure is the top number in a blood pressure reading and corresponds to the pressure in arteries when the heart contracts. diastolic pressure is the bottom number in a blood pressure reading, and corresponds to the pressure in the arteries between heart beats, when the heart relaxes. the american academy of pediatrics recommends that children ages 3 years and older have their blood pressure measured each time they see their health care provider for routine checkups. normal blood pressure in children depends on their gender, age, and height. parents and health care providers encourage children with high blood pressure to make lifestyle changes, such as losing weight. other changes may include increased exercise and improved diet. a doctor may also give a child prescription medication to help control blood pressure. regular exercise helps control weight and may keep blood pressure in check. regular exercise means 30 to 60 minutes of moderate physical activity on most days. sedentary activities should be limited to less than two hours a day. a healthy diet for a child with prehypertension or high blood pressure includes fresh vegetables and fruits, additional fiber, and nonfat dairy products, as well as limited salt and sodium. the american heart association recommends a maximum daily sodium intake of 1, 500 mg / day ; however, this number may be lower, depending on your child ' s age and other health considerations. please consult your child ' s pediatrician regarding the recommended sodium intake for your child.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4533716892171387, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83301d2b-55fc-46d7-9610-72e8d22fefa8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.666999"}
{"text": "south korea ( officially, republic of korea ) encompasses an area of 98, 477 sq. km. ( 38, 022 sq. mi. ), about the size of state of indiana. its capital is seoul ( population 10. 3 million ) ; other major cities are : busan, daegu, inchon, gwangju, daejeon, and ulsan. the terrain of south korea consists of forested mountain ranges separated by deep, narrow valleys and cultivated plains along the coasts. south korea is bordered by north korea to the north and is surrounded by the sea of japan, korean strait, and yellow sea. an independent korean state or a collection of states has existed almost continuously for several millennia. between its initial unification in the 7th century, until the 20th century, korea existed as a single independent country. in 1905, following the russo - japanese war, korea became a protectorate of imperial japan, and in 1910 it was annexed as a colony. korea regained its independence following japan ' s surrender to the united states in 1945. after world war ii, the republic of korea ( rok ) was set up in the southern half of the korean peninsula. during the korean war ( 1950 - 53 ), us troops and un forces fought alongside soldiers from the rok to defend south korea from democratic people ' s republic of korea attacks supported by china and the soviet union. an armistice was signed in 1953, splitting the peninsula along a demilitarized zone at about the 38th parallel. after 1953, south korea achieved rapid economic growth. in 1993, kim young - sam became south korea ' s first civilian president, following 32 years of military rule. in june 2000, a historic north - south summit took place between south ' s president kim dae - jung and the north ' s leader kim jong il. the natural hazards facing south korea consist of occasional typhoons bringing high winds and floods and low - level seismic activity. in 2004, south korea ' s oil consumption was 2. 149 barrels per day ( bbl / day ) ; its exports were 644, 100 bbl / day and imports were 2. 83 million bbl / day. u. s. state department background notes ; cia world factbook, 2007 / 9 ; 2007 / 12", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47366889767541853, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3701a0ff-43ac-4036-b785-8394f1550363>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.670780"}
{"text": "historical diversification of migration patterns in a passerine bird forlag : society for the study of evolution migratory strategies of birds require complex orientation mechanisms, morphological adaptations, and life - history adjustments. from an evolutionary perspective, it is important to know how fast this complex combination of traits can evolve. we analyzed mitochondrial control - region dna sequences in 241 blackcaps ( sylvia atricapilla ) from 12 populations with different migratory behaviors. the sample included sedentary populations in europe and atlantic archipelagos and migratory populations with different distances of migration, from regional to intercontinental migrations, and different heading directions ( due to a migratory divide in central europe ). there was no genetic structure between migratory and sedentary populations, or among populations from different biogeographic areas ( atlantic islands, the iberian peninsula, or the continent ), however we found evidence of a genetic structure when comparing populations located on either side of the migratory divide. these findings support an independent evolution of highly divergent migratory strategies in blackcaps, occurring after a postglacial colonization of the continent along western and eastern routes. accordingly, mismatch - distribution analyses suggested an expansion of blackcaps from a very small population size, and time estimates dated such an expansion during the last postglacial period. however, the populations in gibraltar, located in a putative mediterranean refuge, appeared to be independent of these processes, showing evidence of restricted gene flow with other populations and demonstrating insignificant historical changes in effective population size. our results show that the interruption of gene flow between migratory and sedentary populations is not necessary for the maintenance of such a polymorphism, and that even the most divergent migratory strategies of a bird species are susceptible to evolution in response to historical environmental changes. - biology and life sciences - molecular ecology and evolution lab - issn : 0014 - 3820", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49470028280667655, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45ee2487-eb43-419e-9772-0b745f90bff8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.673219"}
{"text": "arts and artisans of early 19th - century portland text by william david barry and john mayer images from maine historical society, the maine state museum portland ' s growth began in 1786 when citizens changed the name of the town from falmouth neck. between then and the middle of the nineteenth century, the footprint of the city as it exists today was established, a maritime economy flourished, and the population increased dramatically. newly enriched merchants and community leaders from portland ' s middle and upper classes provided support for itinerant and local artisans. by the early nineteenth century, products made by native born and locally trained artists replaced those of itinerants and the work of these portland artisans found their way into private home and influenced the efforts of students, teachers, and performers in city schools, theaters, and academies. the demand for the arts helped native born and locally trained decorative painters, gilders, silversmiths, potters, furniture and cabinetmakers, tinsmiths, and other artisans thrive in portland in the early nineteenth century. fashionable costumes and stately poses rendered with care and emphasis provide a visual sense of the personal style and stature of the period. finely crafted furniture made with exotic or colorful materials illustrate changes over time in taste, design, and craftsmanship. these works represent the distinctive nature of the arts and artisans of portland. this two - part online exhibit is based on an exhibit featured from june to december 2005 at the maine historical society museum. the exhibit was sponsored by noyes & chapman insurance, maine employers mutual insurance co. and the phineas w. sprague memorial foundation. click on the links below the images to view part i : early years ; and part ii : arts flourish in portland.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38476244194794096, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:458d9a2b-59cc-49a1-9b3e-908fc2da2ef3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.675902"}
{"text": "talking about economic troubles download mp3 ( right - click or option - click the link. ) i ' m susan clark with the special english program words and their stories. in the nineteen thirties, a song, \" brother, can you spare a dime?, \" was very popular in the united states. it was the time of the big depression. the song had meaning for many people who had lost their jobs. a dime is a piece of money whose value is one - tenth of a dollar. today, a dime does not buy much. but it was different in the nineteen thirties. a dime sometimes meant the difference between eating and starving. the american economy today is much better. yet, many workers are concerned about losing their jobs as companies re - organize. americans have special ways of talking about economic troubles. people in businesses may say they feel the pinch. or they may say they are up against it. or, if things are really bad, they may say they have to throw in the towel. a pinch is painful pressure. to feel the pinch is to suffer painful pressure involving money. the expression, feel the pinch, has been used since the sixteenth century. the famous english writer william shakespeare wrote something very close to this in his great play \" king lear. \" king lear says he would accept necessity ' s sharp pinch. he means he would have to do without many of the things he always had. much later, the times of london newspaper used the expression about bad economic times during the eighteen sixties. it said, \" so much money having been spent... all classes felt the pinch. \" worse than feeling the pinch is being up against it. the saying means to be in a lot of trouble. word expert james rogers says the word \" it \" in the saying can mean any and all difficulties. he says the saying became popular in the united states and canada in the late nineteenth century. writer george ade used it in a book called \" artie. \" he wrote, \" i saw i was up against it. \" sometimes a business that is up against it will have to throw in the towel. this means to accept defeat or surrender. throwing in the towel may mean that a company will have to declare bankruptcy. the company will have to take legal steps to let people know it has no money to pay its debts. word expert charles funk says an eighteen seventy - four publication called the slang dictionary explains throwing in the towel. it says the words probably come from the sport of boxing, or prizefighting. the book says the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5105040730581086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35e3dfde-f26f-46fa-8fb9-6e39068eaed8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.679384"}
{"text": "frilled sharks, chlamydoselachus anguineus taxonomy animalia chordata elasmobranchii hexanchiformes chlamydoselachidae chlamydoselachus anguineus description & behavior frilled sharks, chlamydoselachus anguineus ( garman, 1884 ), aka frill sharks, frill - gilled sharks, greenland sharks, scaffold sharks, and silk sharks are members of the most ancient frill and cow sharks order, hexanchiformes. hexanchiform sharks have a single dorsal fin, either six or seven gill slits ( versus the 5 found in all other existing sharks ), and no nictitating membranes ( protective third eyelids ). the frilled shark, chlamydoselachus anguineus, is currently one of only two known species of frilled sharks. the southern african frill shark, c. africana, was recently discovered ( 2009 ) off southern angola, namibia and south africa. they are both very different in other ways from the cow sharks and are likely to be moved to their own order chlamydoselachiformes in the near future. frilled sharks, chlamydoselachus anguineus, are deepwater eel - like sharks that reach lengths up to 2 m and are thought to reach sexual maturity when they are 1. 35 to 1. 5 m long. they are dark brown or gray in color above, sometimes lighter below, and have six pairs of \" frilly \" gill slits where the first gill slit is joined under their jaws forming a sort of collar. frilled sharks ' heads are broad and flattened with short, rounded snouts. their nostrils are vertical slits, separated into incurrent and excurrent openings by a leading flap of skin. the moderately large eyes are horizontally oval ( like a cat ' s ). their mouth is located at the leading edge of their snout ( terminal ) rather than underneath like most sharks and they have small tricuspid teeth in both jaws. their rows of teeth are rather widely spaced, numbering 19 \u2013 28 teeth in their upper jaws and 21 \u2013 29 teeth in their lower jaws. each tooth is small, with three slender, needle - like cusps alternating with two cusplets. their very long jaws are positioned terminally ( at the end of the snout ), as opposed to the underslung jaws of most sharks. they have a small lobe - like dorsal fin set", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45733974776746034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e5679202-a3e8-4aa9-8403-181d8b06bc4f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.691760"}
{"text": "like cusps alternating with two cusplets. their very long jaws are positioned terminally ( at the end of the snout ), as opposed to the underslung jaws of most sharks. they have a small lobe - like dorsal fin set far back over their pelvic fins with an anal fin that is larger than their dorsal fin. their pectoral fins are small and paddle - shaped and their very long caudal fin ( tail fin ) has a small ventral lobe and without a subterminal notch. frilled sharks also have a pair of thick skin folds of unknown function ( possibly to help allow for expansion when digesting larger prey ) running along their bellies, separated by a groove, and their midsections are relatively longer in females than in males. frilled shark differs from their southern african relative, c. africana, by having more vertebrae ( 160 \u2013 171 vs 147 ) and more turns in the spiral valve intestine ( 35 \u2013 49 versus 26 \u2013 28 ), as well as differences in various proportional measurements such as a longer head and shorter gill slits. the maximum known length is 1. 7 m for males and 2. 0 m for females. frilled sharks are highly specialized for life in the deep sea with reduced, poorly - calcified skeletons and enormous livers filled with low - density lipids, which allows them to maintain their position in water with little effort. they are also one of the few sharks with an \" open \" lateral line, in which the mechanoreceptive hair cells are positioned in grooves that are directly exposed to the surrounding seawater. this configuration is thought to be the most primitive in sharks and may enhance their sensitivity to minute movements of prey in their proximity. many frilled sharks are found with the tips of their tails missing, probably from predatory attacks by other shark species. these sharks, or a proposed giant relative, have been suggested as a source for reports of sea serpents. world range & habitat frilled sharks, chlamydoselachus anguineus, are an uncommon \" primitive \" shark species typically found near the sea floor in waters over outer continental and island ( insular ) shelves and upper slopes, usually at depths between 120 and 1, 280 m but up to 1, 570 m and occasionally even at the surface. frilled sharks are thought to have a wide though patchy distribution ( 74\u00b0n - 58\u00b0s, 169\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e ) in the atlantic and pacific oceans.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4576574909922119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e5679202-a3e8-4aa9-8403-181d8b06bc4f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.692773"}
{"text": "to 1, 570 m and occasionally even at the surface. frilled sharks are thought to have a wide though patchy distribution ( 74\u00b0n - 58\u00b0s, 169\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e ) in the atlantic and pacific oceans. in suruga bay, japan they are most common at depths between 50 m and 200 m. in the western indian ocean they are found off south africa as c. africana. in the western pacific, frilled sharks are known to live off japan and south to new zealand, new south wales and tasmania in australia. in the eastern / central pacific they have been observed off hawaii, southern california to northern chile. frilled sharks have also been observed in the eastern atlantic from waters off northern norway to northern namibia, and possibly off the eastern cape of good hope in south africa. in the central atlantic, they have been caught at several locations along the mid - atlantic ridge, from north of the azores to the rio grande rise off southern brazil, as well as over the vavilov ridge off west africa. in the western atlantic, it has been reported from off new england, georgia, and suriname. feeding behavior ( ecology ) frilled sharks, chlamydoselachus anguineus, feed on cephalopods ( mainly squid ), other sharks, and bony fishes. feeding behavior has not yet been observed by this weak - swimming species, though they are thought to capture active, fast - moving squid by taking advantage of injured squid or those that are exhausted and dying after spawning. alternatively, they may surprise their prey by curving their body like a spring, bracing themselves with rear positioned fins, and launching quick strikes forward like a snake. they may also be able to close their gill slits creating negative internal pressure to suck prey quickly into their mouth. they have many small, sharp, rear - pointing ( recurved ) teeth that function much like squid jigs which could easily snag the body or tentacles of a squid, particularly as they are rotated outwards when their jaws are protruded. observations of captive frilled sharks swimming with their mouths open might also suggest that the small teeth, light against their dark mouths, may even fool squid into attacking and entangling themselves. using their long, extremely flexible jaws they should be able to swallow large prey ( up to half its size! ) whole, while their many rows of needle - like teeth would make escape essentially futile. examining the length and articulation of their jaws appears to show that frille", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41080608838067134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e5679202-a3e8-4aa9-8403-181d8b06bc4f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.693794"}
{"text": "jaws they should be able to swallow large prey ( up to half its size! ) whole, while their many rows of needle - like teeth would make escape essentially futile. examining the length and articulation of their jaws appears to show that frilled sharks cannot deliver as strong a bite as more conventionally built sharks. most captured individuals have been found with no or barely identifiable stomach contents, suggesting that they have a fast digestion rate and / or long intervals between feedings. one 1. 6 m long individual, caught off japan, was found to have swallowed an entire 590 g japanese catshark, apristurus japonicus. squid comprise some 60 % of the diet of these sharks in suruga bay and this includes not only slow - moving, deep - dwelling squid such as chiroteuthis and histioteuthis, but also relatively large, powerful swimmers of the open ocean such as onychoteuthis, sthenoteuthis, and todarodes. frilled sharks, chlamydoselachus anguineus, are aplacental viviparous ( aka ovoviviparity ) where the embryos emerge from their egg capsules inside their mother ' s uterus and are nourished by their yolk until birth. frilled sharks ' gestation period may be as long as three and a half years, the longest of any vertebrate. between 2 and 15 young are born at a time ( average is 6 ) measuring 40 \u2013 60 cm long, and there appears to be no distinct breeding season ( which is expected as these sharks inhabits depths at which there is little to no seasonal influence ). male frill sharks attain sexual maturity at 1. 0 \u2013 1. 2 m long and females at 1. 3 \u2013 1. 5 m. a possible mating aggregation of 15 male and 19 female frilled sharks was recorded over a seamount on the mid - atlantic ridge. conservation status & comments frilled sharks, chlamydoselachus anguineus, are listed as near threatened ( nt ) by the iucn red list : \" a generally rare to uncommon deepwater species, with a few localities where it is taken more commonly as bycatch in several fisheries. not an important target species, but a regular though small bycatch in many bottom trawl, midwater trawl, deep - set longline, and deep - set gillnet fisheries. as bycatch, this species is variously either used for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4536228621504276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e5679202-a3e8-4aa9-8403-181d8b06bc4f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.694790"}
{"text": "target species, but a regular though small bycatch in many bottom trawl, midwater trawl, deep - set longline, and deep - set gillnet fisheries. as bycatch, this species is variously either used for meat, fishmeal, or discarded. occasionally kept in aquaria ( japan ). there is some concern that expansion of deepwater fisheries effort ( geographically and in depth range ) will increase the levels of bycatch. although little is known of its life history, this deepwater species is likely to have very little resilience to depletion as a result of even non - targeted exploitation. it is classified as near threatened due to concern that it may meet the vulnerable a2d + a3d + 4d criteria. \" on august 27, 2004, the first observation of this species in its natural habitat was made by the rov johnson - sea - link ii, on the blake plateau off the southeastern united states ( see the first photo above ). on january 21, 2007, a japanese fisherman discovered a 1. 6 m long female alive at the surface, perhaps there because of illness or weakness from the warm water. it was brought to awashima marine park in shizuoka, where it died after a few hours ( see the video above ). garman, and numerous authors since, have advanced the frilled shark as an explanation for sea serpent sightings. because of the shark ' s modest size, some cryptozoologists have posited the existence of a giant relative, particularly as larger chlamydoselachus species are known from the fossil record. references & further research research chlamydoselachus anguineus \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed, genbank, etc. ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ sciris ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms feedback & citation find an error or having trouble with something? let us know and we ' ll have a look! help us continue to share the wonders of the ocean with the world, raise awareness of marine conservation issues and their solutions, and support marine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4303944136685679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e5679202-a3e8-4aa9-8403-181d8b06bc4f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.695802"}
{"text": "ancient secrets of merlin \u2019 s barrow unearthed the wiltshire landscape around avebury and silbury hill is at the heart of prehistoric britain, and has world heritage designation. now another monument can be added to its archaeological treasures : the marlborough mound. the mound lies in the heart of the grounds of marlborough college, and has been interwoven with local folklore for hundreds of years. the town \u2019 s motto, ubi nunc sapientis ossa merlini ( \u2018 where now are the bones of wise merlin? \u2019 ), echoes the myth which convinced generations that merlin \u2019 s bones were buried under the mound. these were the seductive arthurian legends that may have drawn the interest of tennyson and william morris back to their connections with marlborough and its mound \u2013 or \u2018 merlin \u2019 s barrow \u2019, as the burghers of the town claimed. not only has the mound stimulated some of the region \u2019 s most enduring threads of mythology, it has also been recognised as a feature of considerable historical significance. it was the motte on which the keep of marlborough castle was built fifty years after the norman conquest. subsequently, it became the centrepiece of a major seventeenth century garden. the latest research, however, has extended its history back by three millennia. recent coring of the mound at marlborough college has produced four samples of charcoal, allowing radiocarbon dating for the first time. the samples, which came from different levels in the mound, were taken from two bore holes through the height of the 19m monument, showing that it was built in the years around 2400 bc. this is the first positive evidence proving the theory that the castle motte is in fact a re - used prehistoric structure of the highest national standing. jim leary, who led the recent archaeological investigations for english heritage at the nearby silbury hill, and is co - author of the recently published \u2018 the story of silbury hill \u2019 coordinated eh \u2019 s contribution, which also included radiocarbon dating. he says, \u201c this is an astonishing discovery. the marlborough mound has been one of the biggest mysteries in the wessex landscape. for centuries people have wondered whether it is silbury \u2019 s little sister ; and now we have an answer. this is a very exciting time for british prehistory. \u201d the master of marlborough college is equally enthusiastic : \u2018 we are thrilled at the discovery of another aspect of our rich history, and one which can be added to the educational opportunities at the school. \u2019 the work is part of a major conservation programme being undertaken by the marlborough mound", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4072854452858916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62d5356e-39e3-4c93-b0e0-9ff2efbd820f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.699842"}
{"text": "| | this article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. ( july 2012 ) | | | this article ' s lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its contents. ( july 2012 ) | a memory management unit ( mmu ), sometimes called paged memory management unit ( pmmu ), is a computer hardware component responsible for handling accesses to memory requested by the cpu. its functions include translation of virtual addresses to physical addresses ( i. e., virtual memory management ), memory protection, cache control, bus arbitration and in simpler computer architectures ( especially 8 - bit systems ) bank switching. modern mmus typically divide the virtual address space ( the range of addresses used by the processor ) into pages, each having a size which is a power of 2, usually a few kilobytes, but they may be much larger. the bottom n bits of the address ( the offset within a page ) are left unchanged. the upper address bits are the ( virtual ) page number. the mmu normally translates virtual page numbers to physical page numbers via an associative cache called a translation lookaside buffer ( tlb ). when the tlb lacks a translation, a slower mechanism involving hardware - specific data structures or software assistance is used. the data found in such data structures are typically called page table entries ( ptes ), and the data structure itself is typically called a page table. the physical page number is combined with the page offset to give the complete physical address. a pte or tlb entry may also include information about whether the page has been written to ( the dirty bit ), when it was last used ( the accessed bit, for a least recently used page replacement algorithm ), what kind of processes ( user mode, supervisor mode ) may read and write it, and whether it should be cached. sometimes, a tlb entry or pte prohibits access to a virtual page, perhaps because no physical random access memory has been allocated to that virtual page. in this case the mmu signals a page fault to the cpu. the operating system ( os ) then handles the situation, perhaps by trying to find a spare frame of ram and set up a new pte to map it to the requested virtual address. if no ram is free, it may be necessary to choose an existing page ( known as a victim ), using some replacement algorithm, and save it to disk ( this is called \" paging \" ). with some mmus,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5242002762644722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6155050e-0c53-4dbc-b785-2a446d97f88b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.720152"}
{"text": "virtual address. if no ram is free, it may be necessary to choose an existing page ( known as a victim ), using some replacement algorithm, and save it to disk ( this is called \" paging \" ). with some mmus, there can also be a shortage of ptes or tlb entries, in which case the os will have to free one for the new mapping. in some cases a \" page fault \" may indicate a software bug. a key benefit of an mmu is memory protection : an os can use it to protect against errant programs, by disallowing access to memory that a particular program should not have access to. typically, an os assigns each program its own virtual address space. an mmu also reduces the problem of fragmentation of memory. after blocks of memory have been allocated and freed, the free memory may become fragmented ( discontinuous ) so that the largest contiguous block of free memory may be much smaller than the total amount. with virtual memory, a contiguous range of virtual addresses can be mapped to several non - contiguous blocks of physical memory. in some early microprocessor designs, memory management was performed by a separate integrated circuit such as the vlsi vi475 ( 1986 ) or the motorola 68851 ( 1984 ) used with the motorola 68020 cpu in the macintosh ii or the z8015 ( 1985 ) used with the zilog z8000 family of processors. later microprocessors such as the motorola 68030 and the zilog z280 placed the mmu together with the cpu on the same integrated circuit, as did the intel 80286 and later x86 microprocessors. while this article concentrates on modern mmus, commonly based on pages, early systems used a similar concept for base - limit addressing, that further developed into segmentation. those are occasionally also present on modern architectures. the x86 architecture provided segmentation rather than paging in the 80286, and provides both paging and segmentation in the 80386 and later processors ( although the use of segmentation is not available in 64 - bit operation ). most modern systems divide memory into pages that are 4 - 64 kb in size, often with the possibility to use huge pages from 2 mb to 512 mb in size. page translations are cached in a tlb. some systems, mainly older risc designs, trap into the os when a page translation is not found in the tlb. most systems use a hardware - based tree", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5185207758865394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6155050e-0c53-4dbc-b785-2a446d97f88b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.721175"}
{"text": "mb to 512 mb in size. page translations are cached in a tlb. some systems, mainly older risc designs, trap into the os when a page translation is not found in the tlb. most systems use a hardware - based tree walker. most systems allow the mmu to be disabled ; some disable the mmu when trapping into os code. vax pages are 512 bytes, which is very small. an os may treat multiple pages as if they were a single larger page, for example linux on vax groups 8 pages together, thus the system is viewed as having 4 kb pages. the vax divides memory into 4 fixed - purpose regions, each 1 gb in size. they are : page tables are big linear arrays. normally this would be very wasteful when addresses are used at both ends of the possible range, but the page table for applications is itself stored in the kernel ' s paged memory. thus there is effectively a 2 - level tree, allowing applications to have sparse memory layout without wasting lots of space on unused page table entries. the vax mmu is notable for lacking an accessed bit. oses which implement paging must find some way to emulate the accessed bit if they are to operate efficiently. typically, the os will periodically unmap pages so that page - not - present faults can be used to let the os set an accessed bit. arm architecture based application processors implement an mmu defined by arm ' s virtual memory system architecture. the current architecture defines ptes for describing 4 kb and 64 kb pages, 1 mb sections and 16 mb super - sections ; legacy versions also defined a 1 kb tiny page. the arm uses a two - level pagetable if using 4 kb and 64 kb pages, or just a one - level pagetable for 1 mb sections and 16 mb sections. tlb updates are performed automatically by page - table walking hardware. the ibm system / 370 has had an mmu since the early 1970s ; it was initially known as a dat ( dynamic address translation ) box. it has the unusual feature of storing accessed and dirty bits outside of the page table. they refer to physical memory rather than virtual memory. they are accessed by special - purpose instructions. this reduces overhead for the os, which would otherwise need to propagate accessed and dirty bits from the page tables to a more physically oriented data structure. this makes os - level virtualization easier. [ clarification needed ] these features have been inherited by succeeding mainframe architectures, up to the current z", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5156903145544923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6155050e-0c53-4dbc-b785-2a446d97f88b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.722189"}
{"text": "standard powerpc mmu begins two simultaneous lookups. one lookup attempts to match the address with one of 4 or 8 data block address translation ( dbat ) registers, or 4 or 8 instruction block address translation registers ( ibat ) as appropriate. the bat registers can map linear chunks of memory as large as 256 mb, and are normally used by an os to map large portions of the address space for the os kernel ' s own use. if the bat lookup succeeds, the other lookup is halted and ignored. the other lookup, not directly supported by all processors in this family, is via a so - called \" inverted page table \" which acts as a hashed off - chip extension of the tlb. first, the top 4 bits of the address are used to select one of 16 segment registers. 24 bits from the segment register replace those 4 bits, producing a 52 - bit address. the use of segment registers allows multiple processes to share the same hash table. the 52 - bit address is hashed, then used as an index into the off - chip table. there, a group of 8 page table entries is scanned for one that matches. if none match due to excessive hash collisions, the processor tries again with a slightly different hash function. if this too fails, the cpu traps into the os ( with mmu disabled ) so that the problem may be resolved. the os needs to discard an entry from the hash table to make space for a new entry. the os may generate the new entry from a more - normal tree - like page table or from per - mapping data structures which are likely to be slower and more space - efficient. support for no - execute control is in the segment registers, leading to 256 mb granularity. a major problem with this design is poor cache locality caused by the hash function. tree - based designs avoid this by placing the page table entries for adjacent pages in adjacent locations. an operating system running on the powerpc may minimize the size of the hash table to reduce this problem. it is also somewhat slow to remove the page table entries of a process ; the os may avoid reusing segment values to delay facing this or it may elect to suffer the waste of memory associated with per - process hash tables. g1 chips do not search for page table entries, but they do generate the hash with the expectation that an os will search the standard hash table via software. the os can write to the tlb. g2, g3, and early g4 chips use hardware", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5124927702882397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6155050e-0c53-4dbc-b785-2a446d97f88b>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.725718"}
{"text": "not search for page table entries, but they do generate the hash with the expectation that an os will search the standard hash table via software. the os can write to the tlb. g2, g3, and early g4 chips use hardware to search the hash table. the latest chips allow the os to choose either method. on chips that make this optional or do not support it at all, the os may choose to use a tree - based page table exclusively. the x86 architecture has evolved over a very long time while maintaining full software compatibility even for os code. thus the mmu is extremely complex, with many different possible operating modes. normal operation of the traditional 80386 cpu and its successors ( ia - 32 ) is described here. the cpu primarily divides memory into 4 kb pages. segment registers, fundamental to the older 8088 and 80286 mmu designs, are not used in modern oses with one major exception : access to thread - specific data for applications or cpu - specific data for os kernels, which is done with explicit use of the fs and gs segment registers. all memory access involves a segment register, chosen according to the code being executed. the segment register acts as an index into a table, which provides an offset to be added to the virtual address. except when using fs or gs as described above, the os ensures that the offset will be zero. after the offset is added, the address is masked to be no larger than 32 bits. the result may be looked up via a tree - structured page table, with the bits of the address being split as follows : 10 bits for the branch of the tree, 10 bits for the leaves of the branch, and the 12 lowest bits being directly copied to the result. some operating systems, such as openbsd with its w ^ x feature, and linux with the exec shield or pax patches, may also limit the length of the code segment, as specified by the cs register, to disallow execution of code in modifiable regions of the address space. minor revisions of the mmu introduced with the pentium have allowed very large 4 mb pages by skipping the bottom level of the tree. minor revisions of the mmu introduced with the pentium pro introduced the physical address extension ( pae ) feature, enabling 36 - bit physical addresses via three - level page tables ( with 9 + 9 + 2 bits for the three levels, and the 12 lowest bits being directly copied to the result ; large pages become only 2 mb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5181187673771985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6155050e-0c53-4dbc-b785-2a446d97f88b>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.726910"}
{"text": "extension ( pae ) feature, enabling 36 - bit physical addresses via three - level page tables ( with 9 + 9 + 2 bits for the three levels, and the 12 lowest bits being directly copied to the result ; large pages become only 2 mb in size ). in addition, the page attribute table allowed specification of cacheability by looking up a few high bits in a small on - cpu table. no - execute support was originally only provided on a per - segment basis, making it very awkward to use. more recent x86 chips provide a per - page no - execute bit in the pae mode. the w ^ x, exec shield, and pax mechanisms described above emulate per - page non - execute support on machines x86 processors lacking the nx bit by setting the length of the code segment, with a performance loss and a reduction in the available address space. x86 - 64 is a 64 - bit extension of x86 that almost entirely removes segmentation in favor of the flat memory model used by almost all operating systems for the 386 or newer processors. in long mode, all segment offsets are ignored, except for the fs and gs segments. when used with 4 kb pages, the page table tree has four levels instead of three. the virtual addresses are divided up as follows : 16 bits unused, 9 bits each for 4 tree levels ( total : 36 bits ), and the 12 lowest bits directly copied to the result. with 2 mb pages there are only three levels of page table, for a total of 27 bits used in paging and 21 bits of offset. some newer cpus also support a 1 gb page with two levels of paging and 30 bits of offset. cpuid can be used to determine if 1 gb pages are supported. in all three cases, the 16 highest bits are required to be equal to the 48th bit, or in other words, the low 48 bits are sign extended to the higher bits. this is done to allow a future expansion of the addressable range, without compromising backwards compatibility. in all levels of the page table, the page table entry includes a no - execute bit. tanenbaum et al., recently stated that the b5000 ( and descendant systems ) have no mmu. to understand the functionality provided by an mmu, it is instructive to study a counter example of a system that achieves this functionality by other means. the b5000 was the first commercial system to support virtual memory after the atlas. it provides the two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.540281671150252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6155050e-0c53-4dbc-b785-2a446d97f88b>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.728170"}
{"text": "functionality provided by an mmu, it is instructive to study a counter example of a system that achieves this functionality by other means. the b5000 was the first commercial system to support virtual memory after the atlas. it provides the two functions of an mmu in different ways. firstly, the mapping of virtual memory addresses. instead of needing an mmu, the mcp systems are descriptor based. each allocated memory block is given a master descriptor with the properties of the block, i. e., the size, address, and whether present in memory. when a request is made to access the block for reading or writing, the hardware checks its presence via the presence bit ( pbit ) in the descriptor. a pbit of 1 indicates the presence of the block. in this case the block can be accessed via the physical address in the descriptor. if the pbit is zero, an interrupt is generated for the mcp ( operating system ) to make the block present. if the address field is zero, this is the first access to this block and it is allocated ( an init pbit ). if the address field is non - zero, it is a disk address of the block, which has previously been rolled out, so the block is fetched from disk and the pbit is set to 1 and the physical memory address updated to point to the block in memory ( another pbit ). this makes descriptors equivalent to a page - table entry in an mmu system. system performance can be monitored through the number of pbits. init pbits indicate initial allocations, but a high level of other pbits indicate that the system may be thrashing. note that all memory allocation is therefore completely automatic ( one of the features of modern systems ) and there is no way to allocate blocks other than this mechanism. there are no such calls as malloc or dealloc, since memory blocks are also automatically discarded. the scheme is also lazy, since a block will not be allocated until it is actually referenced. when memory is near full, the mcp examines the working set, trying compaction ( since the system is segmented, not paged ), deallocating read - only segments ( such as code - segments which can be restored from their original copy ), and as a last resort, rolling dirty data segments out to disk. secondly, protection. since all accesses are via the descriptor the hardware can check all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5257037118110202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6155050e-0c53-4dbc-b785-2a446d97f88b>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.729583"}
{"text": "segments ( such as code - segments which can be restored from their original copy ), and as a last resort, rolling dirty data segments out to disk. secondly, protection. since all accesses are via the descriptor the hardware can check all accesses are within bounds, and in the case of a write that the process has write permission. the mcp system is inherently secure and thus has no need of an mmu to provide this level of memory protection. descriptors are read only to user processes and may only be updated by the system ( hardware or mcp ). ( descriptors have a tag of 5 and odd - tagged words are read only \u2013 code words have a tag of 3. ) blocks can be shared between processes via copy descriptors in the process stack \u2013 thus some processes may have write permission, whereas others not. a code segment is read only, thus reentrant and shared between processes. copy descriptors contain a 20 - bit address field giving index of the master descriptor in the master descriptor array. this also implements a very efficient and secure ipc mechanism. blocks can easily be relocated since only the master descriptor needs update when a block ' s status changes. the only other aspect is performance \u2013 do mmu - or non - mmu - based systems provide better performance? mcp systems may be implemented on top of standard hardware that does have an mmu ( e. g., a standard pc ). even if the system implementation uses the mmu in some way, this will not be at all visible at the mcp level. here you can share your comments or contribute with more information, content, resources or links about this topic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.536071476629983, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6155050e-0c53-4dbc-b785-2a446d97f88b>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.732754"}
{"text": "short talk bulletin - vol. xi may, 1933 no. 5 \" thou shalt not remove thy neighbor ' s landmark, which they of old have set in thine inheritance, which thou shalt inherit in the land the lord thy god hath given thee ( deuteronomy xix : 14 ). the masons \" of old time set thine inheritance \" ( masonry ) certain fundamental principles which are named as \" landmarks \" as early as the constitutions of 1723. men have quarreled about the stone markers set up as boundaries for land ever since sections of the earth were claimed as property ; in like manner have masons differed about what are and what are not landmarks of the order. in this country particularly, with forty - nine jurisdictions, each sovereign within its own territory, arguments about landmarks are never ending. this bulletin attempts not to settle any of these numerous controversies, but only to bring before the average lodge member some of the reasons why his neighbor ' s masonic landmarks may differ from those his own grand lodge may have set up for him to follow. in 1858 albert gallatin mackey, the great masonic jurist and authority, listed twenty - five fundamental principles as the true landmarks of freemasonry. although critical scholarship has since riddled the list as to accuracy, mackey ' s ideas of what constitute the essential qualities of a landmark - antiquity, universality and irrevocability - are still respected. this definition excludes from the classification of landmarks any principle which is any two of these but no the third, it is by his own standards that many critics have measured mackey ' s landmarks and found them wanting. as an example of what is meant ; it is \" ancient, \" in the sense that it was recognized in the \" constitutions \" of the grand lodge in 1723, that a grand master appoints own deputy grand master. but the practice is by no means universal. lodges are now universally governed by grand lodges, but the practice has antiquity of only two hundred and sixteen years. according to mackey ' s dicta, neither the manner of creating a deputy grand master not the fundamental governing body of the craft can be considered as landmarks. a few principles are so universally recognized that they are freely admitted to be essentials, even in jurisdictions which have no pronouncements as to the landmarks. belief in a supreme being, the volume of sacred law as a necessary part of the furniture of the lodge, that a masons must be a man are essentials all over the world, though not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5359016119394889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b76d64d-e9d9-4fc6-b749-956fbc1d26e7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.751032"}
{"text": "no pronouncements as to the landmarks. belief in a supreme being, the volume of sacred law as a necessary part of the furniture of the lodge, that a masons must be a man are essentials all over the world, though not necessarily listed in all jurisdictions. on the validity of certain principles all authorities agree, but differ as to their antiquity, universality and irrevocability. a substantial minority of american grand jurisdictions have officially adopted mackey ' s twenty - five ancient landmarks, but a majority either follow other compilations, use other old charges, or decline to specify what are and what are not the landmarks of the craft. the right and power of any grand lodge to determine for itself just what is and what is not \" law \" in its jurisdiction is unquestioned. therefore, when a jurisdiction sets forth any list of landmarks in its code, they have all the force of ancient landmarks in that jurisdiction, whether they are actually so or not. \" actually so \" refers to inherent nature ; that which cannot be altered by law, no matter what the lawmaking authority. the national legislature has the undoubted \" right \" to enact a law that unsupported objects must fall. \" per contra, \" it then has the right to repeal the law of gravity, and forbid things to fall when no longer supported. but it has not the \" power \" to enforce, change or suspend the law of gravity! a grand lodge which says \" thus and such is an ancient landmark \" in that jurisdiction, \" give that pronouncement the full force and effect of an ancient landmark \" in that jurisdiction, but its edict does not \" actually \" make it such. one jurisdiction follows lockwood ' s list of nineteen landmarks, of which number 8 reads : \" that every lodge has an inherent right to be represented in grand lodge by its first three officers, or their proxies. \" this is good masonic law in most jurisdictions, but not all ; the mason from this jurisdiction ( washington, d. c. ) who moves to new york or texas and there affiliates finds that this is not a landmark in either of these jurisdictions, since neither new york not texas admit wardens to grand lodge. in the general assemblies of ancient times each mason, craftsman or entered apprentice, represented himself. in grand lodges masons are represented by their officers. evidently a change has been made in the manner of governing the craft. as a landmark is not subject to change, this particular principle of law does not conform to mack", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5277408427821478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b76d64d-e9d9-4fc6-b749-956fbc1d26e7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.752405"}
{"text": "entered apprentice, represented himself. in grand lodges masons are represented by their officers. evidently a change has been made in the manner of governing the craft. as a landmark is not subject to change, this particular principle of law does not conform to mackey ' s definition of a landmark. no wonder his neighbor ' s landmark is a matter of confusion to brethren from neighboring but differing jurisdictions! mackey ' s fourteenth landmark asserts that every mary mason has the right of visitation. just what is a \" right? \" until that word is defined this so - called landmark cannot be discussed intelligently. if it here means \" power superior to all other powers, \" then it is merely nonsense. if it here means \" privileged until a higher privilege overcomes it, \" how may it be considered to conform to the requirements of a landmark? even so, how can the word \" right \" be translated \" privilege? \" a privilege may be withdrawn ; an inherent right cannot! as many jurisdictions rule on the \" right of visit \" in different ways - even those which have adopted mackey ' s list - it can hardly be considered a true landmark, \" if \" we judge by mackey ' s own pronouncement on what constitutes a landmark and \" if \" the word \" right \" means what it says. in some jurisdictions a mason cannot visit without a good standing card ; in others any member may object to any visitor and the master must exclude ; in still others, some masters close the doors of their lodges to all visitors on election nights, and so on. occasionally there is a conflict between ritual and landmarks as adopted. a certain jurisdiction lists fifty - four landmarks, of which number 18 reads : \" every lodge, grand or subordinate, when lawfully congregated, must be regularly clothed, tyled and opened before it can proceed to work. \" many other jurisdictions agree that it is a landmark that a lodge must be \" duly tiled. \" our ancient brethren met on high hills and low vales to observe the approach of cowans and eavesdroppers. did they \" truly tile? \" california lodge no. 1 of the district of columbia was chartered to go to california during the gold rush of 1849. had that lodge ( now california no. 1 on the register of the grand lodge of california ) been wrecked going around the horn ; had only the members of the lodge, with their charter, been saved upon an otherwise uninhabited island ; if they then held meetings with no tiler - since there were no cowans or eavesdrop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5544731691278492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b76d64d-e9d9-4fc6-b749-956fbc1d26e7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.754069"}
{"text": "of california ) been wrecked going around the horn ; had only the members of the lodge, with their charter, been saved upon an otherwise uninhabited island ; if they then held meetings with no tiler - since there were no cowans or eavesdroppers against whom to tile - would they have violated the so - called landmark? many rituals give \" three \" as the irreducible minimum for a master mason ' s lodge ; a lodge must have a master and two wardens. if under some strange circumstances, three and only three met as a lodge, what becomes of the so - called landmark which requires a tiler? secrecy undoubtedly conforms to the classification of the three essentials of a landmark ; but about \" the means \" of securing secrecy is at least room for argument. other masonic laws, good where in force but not necessarily landmarks, are mackey ' s 8th : \" the prerogative of the grand master to make masons at sight \" and the 11th landmark of a western grand lodge which reads : \" every person, to be made a mason must be a man of lawful age, free born and ; hale and sound, as a man ought to be. \" several grand jurisdictions have enacted legislation preventing a grand master from convening an emergent lodge for the purpose of making a mason \" at sight. \" others consider that it is an inherent right of grand masters to convene emergent lodges ( that is, give a certain number of brethren a dispensation to hold a lodge ) and that no law can take this right from him. if a landmark cannot be changed, and this \" has been \" changed, is it truly a landmark, or merely a matter of common law? all will agree that no woman can be made a mason. but what becomes of the \" lawful age \" provision in the face of the fact that washington - and many another man - was made a mason before he was twenty - one? he would be a daring debater who argued that the father of his country was not regularly and legitimately initiated. the \" hale and sound \" provision is by no means universal ; many jurisdictions stick to the strict letter of the \" doctrine of the perfect youth \" while others admit the lame and the halt under a grand master ' s dispensation, worshipful master ' s judgment or even grand lodge law relaxing restrictions in favor of men of the army or navy who had arms or legs shot off in the war! a number of grand jurisdictions have never adopted any list or classification of landmarks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5573870582049709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b76d64d-e9d9-4fc6-b749-956fbc1d26e7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.755068"}
{"text": "moral law, the golden rule and the hope of a life everlasting. \" those who question these as landmarks usually qualify by agreeing that they are teachings of the order, but are in doubt as to just how old all of them may be, as such. dean roscoe pound, whose \" masonic jurisprudence \" is generally considered to be among the most profound analyses of landmarks, thinks seven are unquestionable : ( 1 ) belief in god ; ( 2 ) belief in the persistence of personality ; ( 3 ) a book of the law as an indispensable part of the furniture of every lodge ; ( 4 ) the legend of the third degree ; ( 5 ) secrecy ; ( 6 ) the symbolism of the operative art ; and, ( 7 ) that a mason must be a man free born and of age. \" of thirty - nine jurisdictions of our forty - nine, eighteen either have adopted, recognized or follow mackey ' s list of twenty - five landmarks ; two use the old charges, or old charges and general regulations as landmarks ; eight have adopted, recognized or follow lists of landmarks of their own, and eleven either have not adopted, do not recognize, or do not follow any special compilation of landmarks, preferring to leave the question untouched. reduced to a percentage basis, mackey is followed in 46. 1 % plus of these thirty - nine jurisdictions ; old charges and regulations in 5. 1 % ; own landmarks in 20. 5 % plus and no special list in 28. 2 % plus. obviously there is no universality of opinion as to what is and what is not a landmark, and yet all jurisdictions agree there \" are \" landmarks. many \" laws of nature \" recognized in former times are believed in no longer ; knowledge of science and of nature is in a state of flux. what appears to be the truth today may be the error of tomorrow. possibly this is true also of our conception of the ancient landmarks, and that no list of all those fundamentals of the craft which are \" actually \" landmarks is possible. both that statement and this bulletin are without prejudice to the undoubted fact that in those jurisdictions which have adopted any list of landmarks, whether all inclusive or not, the principles there denominated as landmarks have the force of landmarks within the borders of those jurisdictions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.551948941284715, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b76d64d-e9d9-4fc6-b749-956fbc1d26e7>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.757058"}
{"text": "definitionby mayo clinic staff click to enlarge | visual acuity test | | manual visual field testing | a complete eye exam involves a series of tests designed to evaluate your vision and check for eye diseases. your eye doctor may use a variety of instruments, shine bright lights directly at your eyes and request that you look through an array of lenses. each test during an eye exam evaluates a different aspect of your vision or eye health. - pediatric eye evaluations. san francisco, calif. : american academy of ophthalmology. http : / / one. aao. org / printerfriendly. aspx? cid = 2e30f625 - 1b04 - 45b9 - 9b7c - c06770d02fe5. accessed jan. 24, 2013. - comprehensive eye and vision examination. american optometric association. http : / / www. aoa. org / eye - exams. xml. accessed jan. 24, 2013. - clinical practice guidelines : comprehensive adult eye and vision examination. st. louis, mo. : american optometric association. http : / / www. aoa. org / eye - exams. xml accessed jan. 24, 2013. - riordan - eva p, et al. vaughan & asbury ' s general ophthalmology. 18th ed. new york, n. y. : the mcgraw - hill companies ; 2011. http : / / www. accessmedicine. com / resourcetoc. aspx? resourceid = 720. accessed jan. 24, 2013. - what is a doctor of optometry? american optometric association. http : / / www. aoa. org / x4891. xml. accessed jan. 24, 2013.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5233908578343497, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4385a87-3762-4552-9e50-5589e339b22a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.760128"}
{"text": "when exposed to cold temperatures, especially with a high wind chill factor and high humidity, or to a cool, damp environment for prolonged periods, your body ' s control mechanisms may fail to keep your body temperature normal. when more heat is lost than your body can generate, hypothermia, defined as an internal body temperature less than 95 f ( 35 c ), can result. wet or inadequate clothing, falling into cold water and even not covering your head during cold weather can increase your chances of hypothermia. signs and symptoms of hypothermia include : - slurred speech - abnormally slow breathing - cold, pale skin - loss of coordination - fatigue, lethargy or apathy - confusion or memory loss - bright red, cold skin ( infants ) signs and symptoms usually develop slowly. people with hypothermia typically experience gradual loss of mental acuity and physical ability, so they may be unaware that they need emergency medical treatment. older adults, infants, young children and people who are very lean are at particular risk. other people at higher risk of hypothermia include those whose judgment may be impaired by mental illness or alzheimer ' s disease and people who are intoxicated, homeless or caught in cold weather because their vehicles have broken down. other conditions that may predispose people to hypothermia are malnutrition, cardiovascular disease and an underactive thyroid ( hypothyroidism ). to care for someone with hypothermia : - call 911 or emergency medical assistance. while waiting for help to arrive, monitor the person ' s breathing. if breathing stops or seems dangerously slow or shallow, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( cpr ) immediately. - move the person out of the cold. if going indoors isn ' t possible, protect the person from the wind, cover the head, and insulate the individual from the cold ground. - remove wet clothing. replace wet things with a warm, dry covering. - don ' t apply direct heat. don ' t use hot water, a heating pad or a heating lamp to warm the person. instead, apply warm compresses to the center of the body \u2014 head, neck, chest and groin. don ' t attempt to warm the arms and legs. heat applied to the arms and legs forces cold blood back toward the heart, lungs and brain, causing the core body temperature to drop. this can be fatal. - don ' t give the person alcohol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5475707958932724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df6a67d6-62c2-4c01-9bbd-a0927b3efcc4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.767706"}
{"text": "' t attempt to warm the arms and legs. heat applied to the arms and legs forces cold blood back toward the heart, lungs and brain, causing the core body temperature to drop. this can be fatal. - don ' t give the person alcohol. offer warm nonalcoholic drinks, unless the person is vomiting. - don ' t massage or rub the person. handle people with hypothermia gently because their skin may be frostbitten, and rubbing frostbitten tissue can cause severe damage. - mechem cc, et al. accidental hypothermia in adults. http : / / www. uptodate. com / home / index. html. accessed march 3, 2012. - corneli hm, et al. clinical manifestations of hypothermia in children. http : / / www. uptodate. com / home / index. html. accessed march 3, 2012. - ferri ff. ferri ' s clinical advisor 2011 : instant diagnosis and treatment. philadelphia, pa. : mosby elsevier ; 2011. http : / / www. mdconsult. com / books / page. do? eid = 4 - u1. 0 - b978 - 0 - 323 - 05611 - 3.. 00017 - 3 - - sc0285 & isbn = 978 - 0 - 323 - 05611 - 3 & uniqid = 321844243 - 3 # 4 - u1. 0 - b978 - 0 - 323 - 05611 - 3.. 00017 - 3 - - sc0285. accessed march 3, 2012. - hypothermia. the merck manuals : the merck manual for healthcare professionals. http : / / www. merckmanuals. com / professional / injuries _ poisoning / cold _ injury / hypothermia. html. accessed march 3, 2012.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47676051744425324, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df6a67d6-62c2-4c01-9bbd-a0927b3efcc4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.768797"}
{"text": "blacks in metropolitan hartford are slightly more segregated by neighborhood than latinos, the census study found. but because blacks tend to be more segregated in u. s. cities and suburbs, metro hartford ' s segregation ranking for blacks was significantly better - 24th of 43 - in 2000. \u00bb the latest on traffic, delays and road construction delivered to your mobile phone. click to sign up to receive text alerts! the hartford metropolitan area - a 58 - town, 1. 2 million person region - was the fourth most segregated among 36 metros for latinos in 2000, trailing only providence, new york and newark, according to the census study. the study tracked the distribution of people across the nation ' s largest cities and suburbs between 1980 and 2000. during that period, hispanics grew more segregated in most u. s. metro areas the census bureau studied, probably because of rapid foreign immigration in those regions. but greater hartford bucked that trend. between 1980 and 2000, only three of the metro areas studied by the census bureau - san antonio, tampa - st. petersburg, fla., and miami - experienced higher rates of latino integration than greater hartford. in contrast, most northeast metropolitan areas, including providence, new york and boston, saw significant increases in latino segregation. fernando betancourt, director of the legislature ' s latino and puerto rican affairs commission, said economic advancement has given some latinos access to new neighborhoods. \" still, i am very aware of the incredible concentration of latinos in urban areas, and how poverty correlates with that fact, \" he said. and some experts argued that metro hartford ' s relatively high latino segregation standing is the more significant measure to consider than a modest trend toward integration. \" i just don ' t think this is one of the places that latinos did very well, \" said john logan, a sociologist at the state university of new york at albany who studies segregation. \" my reading of hartford is that as the hispanic population grew substantially in the last 20 years, it remained very highly segregated, unusually segregated. \" in a state where public schools are organized along neighborhood lines and town boundaries, neighborhood residential segregation isn ' t just a moral issue. it ' s a legal and financial one - especially with connecticut facing a budget crisis and the prospect that it may need to spend even more on school desegregation because of the sheff vs. o ' neill case. the state department of education says connecticut has authorized more than $ 1 billion to facilitate school desegregation since the 1997 verdict favor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41285009270587525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b977c7f1-4d64-4da0-833d-a9b1f217279d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.774591"}
{"text": "may need to spend even more on school desegregation because of the sheff vs. o ' neill case. the state department of education says connecticut has authorized more than $ 1 billion to facilitate school desegregation since the 1997 verdict favoring the plaintiffs in the 13 - year - old sheff case, which charged that segregation was preventing minority students from receiving an equal education. the sheff plaintiffs say those remedies are not sufficient. neither side would comment on their discussions, nor on how much money could be at stake. but one lawyer for the plaintiffs said that while the progress in neighborhood segregation was good news, the pace of change was too slow to mean much for school integration. \" that ' s like waiting for the glaciers to melt to put out a fire, \" said dennis parker, of the naacp legal defense fund. \" you need to do something more quickly. \" while a few suburbs near hartford have many more black and latino residents than a decade ago, parker said many of hartford ' s outlying suburbs are not becoming significantly more diverse. \" in fact, having schools that are not racially and ethnically isolated may speed the process of housing change, because the composition of the schools has an effect on where people choose to live, \" parker said. the 2000 census counted about 114, 000 hispanics and 106, 000 blacks in the hartford metro area. many latinos are highly concentrated in relatively few neighborhoods, almost all of them in either hartford or new britain ; while blacks are most highly concentrated in hartford, bloomfield and windsor. blacks and latinos are about equally likely to live in neighborhoods where their own ethnic group constitutes more than half the population. about 30 percent of latinos live in mostly latino areas ; about 33 percent of blacks live in mostly black neighborhoods.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.404382818849192, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b977c7f1-4d64-4da0-833d-a9b1f217279d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.775560"}
{"text": "chromosomes are present in every cell of the body. these chromosomes carry the dna information that defines many aspects of an individual ' s life. dna evidence is used to determine if the individual will develop normally or not. there are a few genetic abnormalities that may be caught at an early stage of pregnancy. the tendency is to suggest that such pregnancies be terminated as they would only lead to the development of children who are born with abnormalities. the karyotype test is used to collect the information needed relating to the health and functioning of the chromosomes. there are several steps that need to be followed in order to perform the karyotype test. the sample is collected from a newborn baby or from the amniotic fluid of a pregnant woman. the entire karyotype test procedure requires one week to be performed. this is because the cells need to be collected and then divided and allowed to grow. when these cells grow in the laboratory, the doctors can identify the necessary genetic information in order to make a diagnosis. the actual process of collecting information from the chromosomes is complicated and requires extremely precise work. there is a specialized type of laboratory used for such testing. this is known as a cytogenetics laboratory. cytogenetics is a relatively modern field of medicine. for this reason, one may not find a cytogenetics laboratory in every hospital. there are specialty hospitals that deal with issues relating to genetics. one needs to have the karyotype test done in such a location. the chromosome karyotype test is conducted to identify a number of different genetic conditions. one such syndrome is down ' s syndrome. one may also discover conditions such as klinefelter syndrome, philadelphia syndrome and turner syndrome. all these conditions involve complications relating to the genetic makeup of cells. in order to understand these conditions further, one may speak with the doctor for clarifications. there is no preparation required for the karyotype test. in fact, as far as the patient is concerned, the karyotype test takes less than a minute to perform. if the test is performed on a pregnant woman, then it will be done when she visits the clinic for a checkup. if the karyotype test is done on a new born baby, then it will be done in the hospital itself. samples may then be transported to the appropriate laboratory capable of conducting the chromosome karyotype test. you could check with your doctor for the karyotype test cost as these rates would vary accordingly. also it is of utmost importance that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48431529854619115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c79fe98f-9e7f-4f22-b036-f8bf02a3c513>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.778407"}
{"text": "women with heart disease are at greater risk than other women when going through a pregnancy, but most still have positive outcomes, a registry showed. compared with healthy pregnant women, those with structural or ischemic heart disease had higher rates of preterm birth ( 15 % versus 8 % ), fetal death ( 1. 7 % versus 0. 35 % ), and maternal mortality ( 1 % versus 0. 007 % ), but absolute rates remained relatively low, according to jolien roos - hesselink, md, of erasmus medical center in rotterdam, and colleagues. the risks conferred by heart disease were magnified in women with cardiomyopathies and in those living in developing countries, the researchers reported online in the european heart journal. however, they wrote, \" most patients with adequate counseling and optimal care should not be discouraged and can go safely through pregnancy. \" because of a limited amount of data detailing the effects of heart disease on pregnancy outcomes, the european society of cardiology started the european registry on pregnancy and heart disease in 2007. the ongoing registry enrolls pregnant women who have valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, ischemic heart disease, or cardiomyopathies. for the current analysis, the researchers looked at data on 1, 321 pregnant women who were enrolled from 60 hospitals in 28 countries from 2007 to 2011. the median age was 30. most of the patients ( 72 % ) were in new york heart association class i, and only 0. 3 % were in nyha class iv. the most frequent diagnosis was congenital heart disease ( 66 % ), followed by valvular heart disease ( 25 % ), cardiomyopathy ( 7 % ), and ischemic heart disease ( 2 % ). the median duration of pregnancy was 38 weeks, and the median birth weight was 3, 010 grams ( 6 pounds 10 ounces ). thirteen of the mothers died - - seven from cardiac causes, three from thromboembolic events, and three from sepsis. the highest mortality rate occurred in patients with cardiomyopathy, who also carried higher rates of heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias. \" cardiomyopathy is uncommon during pregnancy, but it is difficult to manage a pregnancy in the context of left ventricular dysfunction or peripartum cardiomyopathy with a high risk of an adverse outcome for both the mother and the baby, \" the authors noted. \" our study shows that more attention needs to be paid to this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44458686377574785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67590eca-3da1-4574-b25c-3566d00461e4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.784580"}
{"text": "context of left ventricular dysfunction or peripartum cardiomyopathy with a high risk of an adverse outcome for both the mother and the baby, \" the authors noted. \" our study shows that more attention needs to be paid to this group. \" during pregnancy, 26 % of the women were hospitalized, a much higher rate than seen in healthy pregnant women ( 2 % ). more than one - third of the admissions ( 39 % ) were for heart failure ; 31 % were for obstetric reasons, including pregnancy - induced hypertension, vaginal bleeding, pregnancy - induced diabetes, and abortion / missed abortion ; 21 % were for cardiac reasons other than heart failure ; and 9 % were for other reasons. the rate of cesarean delivery was significantly higher among the women with heart disease than has previously been seen in healthy pregnant women ( 41 % versus 23 %, p < 0. 001 ). fetal mortality beyond 22 weeks of gestation or when the fetus was greater than 500 grams ( 1 pound 2 ounces ) occurred at a higher rate in the women with heart disease. most of those cases ( 62 % ) were listed as intrauterine fetal death without any further information, 21 % were attributed definitely to the mother ' s condition, and 17 % were related to structural fetal abnormalities. neonatal mortality ( within the first 30 days of life ) occurred in 0. 6 %, a rate that was not significantly higher compared with historical controls ( 0. 4 %, p = 0. 27 ). women living in developing countries ( 185 of the registry patients ) carried greater risks of both maternal mortality ( 3. 9 % versus 0. 6 %, p < 0. 001 ) and fetal mortality ( 6. 5 % versus 0. 9 %, p < 0. 001 ). the authors noted that developed countries have much greater access than developing countries to optimal prenatal care and preconception counseling, even if it isn ' t used in all cases. \" this is a very complex issue, but if achievable, pre - conception counseling focusing on the severity of the heart disease with a clear statement of the consequences of pregnancy may save lives, \" they wrote. the researchers acknowledged some limitations of the study, including the inability to perform extensive subgroup analyses because of small patient numbers, the fact that the input and quality of data was checked in only 5 % to 10 % of cases, and uncertainty about how representative the patient population is, considering the voluntary participation in the registry. from the american heart association :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4930146773033335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67590eca-3da1-4574-b25c-3566d00461e4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.785842"}
{"text": "an abdominal aortic aneurysm can develop in anyone, but is most often seen in males over age 60 who have one or more risk factors. the larger the aneurysm, the more likely it is to rupture and break open. aneurysms develop slowly over many years and often have no symptoms. if an aneurysm expands quickly, tears open ( ruptures ), or blood leaks along the wall of the vessel ( aortic dissection ), symptoms may develop suddenly. the symptoms of rupture include : pain in the abdomen or back - - severe, sudden, persistent, or constant. the pain may spread to the groin, buttocks, or legs any one of these tests may be done when you ' re having symptoms. if you have bleeding inside your body from an aortic aneurysm, you will have open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. if the aneurysm is small and there are no symptoms : surgery is rarely done if the aneurysm is small. you and your doctor must decide whether the risk of having surgery is smaller than the risk of bleeding if you do not have surgery. your doctor may recommend checking the size of the aneurysm with ultrasound tests every 6 months to see if it is getting bigger. surgery is usually recommended for patients who have aneurysms bigger than 2 inches ( 5. 5 cm ) across and aneurysms that are growing quickly. the goal is to perform surgery before complications or symptoms develop. there are two approaches to surgery : in a traditional ( open ) repair, a large cut is made in your abdomen. the abnormal vessel is replaced with a graft made of man - made material, such as dacron. the other approach is called endovascular stent grafting. this procedure can be done without making a large cut in your abdomen, so you may get well faster. if you have certain other medical problems, this may be a safer approach. endovascular repair is rarely done for a leaking or bleeding aneurysm. the outcome is usually good if an experienced surgeon repairs the aneurysm before it ruptures. when an abdominal aortic aneurysm begins to tear or ruptures, it is a true medical emergency. less than 80 % of patients survive a ruptured abdominal aneurysm. calling your health care provider go to the emergency room or call 911 if you have pain in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42801798085260967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4993df2-00d9-46ea-83cc-5abb08c8f432>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.789876"}
{"text": "begins to tear or ruptures, it is a true medical emergency. less than 80 % of patients survive a ruptured abdominal aneurysm. calling your health care provider go to the emergency room or call 911 if you have pain in your belly or back that does not go away or is very bad. to reduce the risk of developing aneurysms : eat a heart - healthy diet, exercise, stop smoking ( if you smoke ), and reduce stress to help lower your chances of having a blocked artery again. your health care provider may give you medicine to help lower your cholesterol. if you were given medicines for blood pressure or diabetes, take them as your doctor has asked you to. people over age 65 who have smoked at any time in their life should have a screening ultrasound performed once. gloviczki p, ricotta jj ii. aneurysmal vascular disease. in : townsend cm, beauchamp rd, evers bm, mattox kl, eds. sabiston textbook of surgery. 18th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 65. greenhalgh rm, powell jt. endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. n engl j med. 2008 ; 358 : 494 - 501. lederle fa, kane rl, macdonald r, wilt tj. systematic review : repair of unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. ann intern med. 2007 ; 146 : 735 - 741. braverman ac, thompson rw, sanchez la. diseases of the aorta. in : bonow ro, mann dl, zipes dp, libby p, eds. braunwald ' s heart disease : a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 9th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 60. shabir bhimji, md, phd, specializing in general surgery, cardiothoracic and vascular surgery, midland, tx. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4120766256129199, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4993df2-00d9-46ea-83cc-5abb08c8f432>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.790740"}
{"text": "see mail address, network address. a unique number identifying a node on a network. there are only two types of addresses ; hardware = osi layer 2 & internet = osi layer 3. string simple street / mailing address of referenced item - multiple address lines ( if needed ) are sequenced by \" rank \". this element under review for extension. a location in a computer system, identified by a name, number, or code label. ( 1 ) a number, character, or group of characters which identifies a given device or a storage location which may contain a piece of data or a program step. ( 2 ) to refer to a device or storage location by an identifying number, character, or group of characters. physical : a specific location in memory where a unit record, or sector, of data is stored. to return to the same area on the disc, each area is given a unique address consisting of three components : cylinder, sector and head. memory : a unique memory location. network interface cards and cpus often use shared addresses in ram to move data from each card to the pc ' s processor. the term can also refer to the unique identifier for a particular node in a network. otherwise known as a url, the unique location of a web page on the internet. can also mean your email address. for bluetooth, each bluetooth device has built into its hardware a 48 - bit device unique address. computer location where a particular item is stored. a set of characters that identifies an individual network node. ip address is a 32 - bit numeric identifier assigned to a node. the address has two parts, one for the network identifier and the other for the node identifier. all nodes on the same network must share the network address and have a unique node address. for networks connected to the internet, network addresses are assigned by the internet activities board ( iab ). addresses also include ipx addresses, the internal network number and external network number, and the media access control ( mac ) address assigned to each network card or device. a computer address is very different to a street address, but has the same function - a name for the place where other computers can find it \" living \". a unique identity of each network station on a lan or wan. a location of a web site or file on the internet. a unique memory location permitting reading or writing of data to / from that location. network interface cards and cpus often use shared addresses in ram to move data between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5687200149221965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.826873"}
{"text": "on a lan or wan. a location of a web site or file on the internet. a unique memory location permitting reading or writing of data to / from that location. network interface cards and cpus often use shared addresses in ram to move data between programs. words, numbers, symbols that designate a physical or virtual location. for example : street numbers and names, countries, e - mail addresses, urls. the location of a web page on the internet, otherwise called a url. in the online world, the combination of letters, numbers, and / or symbols that will let you send e - mail to a particular person or organization. the identification of a physical or virtual distinct entity in a network. on the internet, this network address is called a url ( uniform resource locator ). for instance : http : / / www. gsh. org. [ it is important to type these accurately. the information in the header of a pdu that identifies the owner of the information in the payload. in connection - oriented protocols the address identified the virtual circuit number, and in connectionless protocols the address identifies the ultimate destination of the information. location in primary memory where data or instructions are held temporarily ; identification of a storage location similar to street addresses, computer addresses identify information ' s storage location on a computer or identify a node on a network. ( 1 ) a number that identifies a particular location in the memory, a register, or other data source or depository. ( 2 ) the location of a terminal, peripheral device, node, or any other component in a network. the series of letters or numbers that will take the user to a specific e - mail address or web site. characters that are used by a device to locate another device in a network. see also group address. a number that specifies the location of a byte in memory. the location of an internet resource. an e - mail address may take the form of firstname. lastname @ example. org. a web address looks similar to http : / / www. showtheworld. com. in reference to the internet, the name of a site that users can connect to, such as www. microsoft. com, or the address of an e - mail recipient, such as email @ example. com. a typical address starts with a protocol name ( such as ftp : / / or http : / / ) followed by the name of the organization that maintains the site. the suffix identifies the kind of organization. for example, commercial site addresses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5861637015136936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.828408"}
{"text": "com. a typical address starts with a protocol name ( such as ftp : / / or http : / / ) followed by the name of the organization that maintains the site. the suffix identifies the kind of organization. for example, commercial site addresses often end with. com. the means by which a particular portion of a storage medium is identified absolute address the actual address of a location in the main store relative address the number to be added to the starting address ion order to produce the absolute address return a unique number or name assigned to all computers that are connected to the internet. see also domain name and ip address. an address is a unique identifier that determines the originating location of data or the destination of data being transmitted across a communication link. there is a distinction between a station ' s link address, a station ' s network address, and an individual process running on a station. normally refers to one ' s e - mail address which can be a series of letters and / or numbers, or when referring to a world wide web site, it is a url. refers to a location in a storage medium. addresses most frequently refer to a locations in ram. an internet machine name or location, for example, www. prolifics. com. a character string that uniquely identifies a memory location in a plc, computer, or other programmable system. the logical location of a terminal, node, peripheral device, or byte in memory in a network. the abbreviation for address is addr. a name, label, or number identifying a register, location or unit where information is stored. the address is the label given to the places in computer memory. a specific location where data is stored in a memory ; a numerical or alphabetical designation of the storage location of data. the url of a web page, such as http : / / www. anvil - graphics. com /. the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form of firstname. lastname @ example. org. a web address looks something like http : / / www. intellisoft. co. uk. address is the term used to refer to the physical location of any piece of information and the computer on which that information resides, on the internet. addresses are also used to define where electronic mail is sent to and from. 911 address - physical location ; mailing address - owners location. a unique network location used to identify a network object such as a database service, client, interchange, or names server. tns addresses have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5503604888185089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.829821"}
{"text": "where electronic mail is sent to and from. 911 address - physical location ; mailing address - owners location. a unique network location used to identify a network object such as a database service, client, interchange, or names server. tns addresses have a specific format. addresses must be unique. see tns address and well known address. an identifier defined and used by a particular protocol and associated software to distinguish one node from another. a specific location in memory, designated either numerically or by a symbolic name. a system just like a house or street address used for identifying a destination or location of information located on the internet. an example of a web address would be www. webct. com. when used within the context of the internet, an address refers to one of these pieces of information : internet email addresses or a web site address, called a uniform resource locator. like a postal address, a \" network address \" is used to locate another user for the purpose of directing mail. on the internet this is in the form : email @ example. com. francis street, perth, western australia 6000 a label such as an integer or other set of characters which identifies a register, location of device in which information is stored. either the address of a user of a system, as in an email address ( required so that the message sent can be directed to the desired person ), or the address of a site on the internet a code or series of letters, numbers and or symbols by which the internet identifies you or a location where information is stored a data structure understood by a network which uniquely identifies the recipient an identifier which is unique within the particular computing network to identify each device associated with the network a numerical identifier for the topological location of the named entity a numeric label for a specific location in memory a place where a person or organization can be located and communicated with a primary means to identify and locate a unique object a unique number or group of characters that identifies a unique user or location on the internet a virtual liaison office, not the physical location of ambai / ambai u ' s faculty and officials see uniform resource locator ( url ) the location of a word of memory in ram. in data communication, the unique code assigned to each device, workstation, user, or multicast group connect to a network. see ip address. a number uniquely identifying each node in a network. a collection of letters and numbers that tell the world whosesite it is - cf url. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5615331320606145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.831295"}
{"text": ", workstation, user, or multicast group connect to a network. see ip address. a number uniquely identifying each node in a network. a collection of letters and numbers that tell the world whosesite it is - cf url. the unique code by which the internet identifies you ( also referred to as url ). most urls contain three parts : the protocol, the host name, and the folder or filename. ( network address ) internet site address come in two forms : as a set of numbers such as 22. 214. 171. 124 and alphanumeric such as nasa. gov ( both of these represent the same address, and either could be used ). an individual e - mail ' s address at this site, for example, john glenn ' s, might look like this : firstname. lastname @ example. org. ( referring to e - mail or network address ) a unique combination of letters and / or numbers which identifies a person or location sought. also referred to as a url. the location of an internet resource. a web address looks something like http : / / www. stunik. com. an e - mail address may take the form of email @ example. com. unique designation for a device on a network that lets other devices direct messages to it. identifies the author and supplies the author ' s mailing address. a hexadecimal number that represents a location in storage or memory. used to identify communication ports. to communicate with a storage device. a string of characters used in cyberspace that allows users to identify themselves. the unique code assigned to the location of a file in storage, a device in a unique system or network, or any other data source on a network. an address is the name you need to either a ) access an internet site or b ) send an email. an internet site ' s address is also referred to as a url and typically appears in the format www. address. com. email, on the other hand, appears in the form of firstname. lastname @ example. org and provides a unique identifier for your inbox so your mail can find you. there are three basic types : computer address : e. g. www. bournemouth. ac. uk e - mail address : e. g. email @ example. com url : e. g. http : / / www. bids. ac. uk internet addresses help you find people or information on the internet. people with e - mail addresses can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.602648524347484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.832984"}
{"text": "- mail address : e. g. email @ example. com url : e. g. http : / / www. bids. ac. uk internet addresses help you find people or information on the internet. people with e - mail addresses can have mail delivered right to their computer. it ' s a lot like your street address which tells the post office where to deliver letters. e - mail addresses usually look like this : firstname. lastname @ example. org or email @ example. com. either a personal / business address for email ( i. e. firstname. lastname @ example. org ) or a web site address, also called a url ( i. e. www. cincinnati. com ) the actual street listing associated with the remediation site. with city and zip, constitutes the complete physical address for the site. in the context of the internet, an address is the information a web browser needs to locate a particular website. the location to which mail items are delivered. it consists of certain elements such as recipient name, street name and house number, city, state, and postal code as required by the type of mail. location of an internet site. a unique set of numbers that identifies a particular location in computer memory. the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form of email @ example. com. a web address looks something like http : / / www. geeksnet. com. a unique name or number identifying a specific computer. addresses are used in network communications in transmitting messages to a particular machine. you can address a particular person by associating their account with the address of the machine where they have the account. for example, the \" john \" in firstname. lastname @ example. org is the account of an individual on the machine \" reliant. c - cwis. siu. edu \". this machine address is an ip ( internet protocol ) address. you must always have an ip address to use the internet. ip addresses can also be expressed numerically, e. g., 126. 96. 36. 199, which represents the same machine. the verbal names are simply easier for people to remember. the number, street, city, and zip code on a letter that tell postal workers where to deliver it the string of characters that you must give an electronic mail program to direct a message to a particular person. the term \" internet address \" often refers to an assigned number, which identifies a host on this network. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5079480676752808, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.834789"}
{"text": "tell postal workers where to deliver it the string of characters that you must give an electronic mail program to direct a message to a particular person. the term \" internet address \" often refers to an assigned number, which identifies a host on this network. a unique network location used to identify a client on a network. tns addresses have a specific format. addresses must be unique. see tns address. the address is the number which identifies a computer on the internet. the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form email @ example. com. a web address looks something like http : / / www. metrac. org. the numerical designation of a location in memory. see either ip address or email address. internet address is just like your home or apartment address, only it is in cyberspace. once you have an internet address, you have a place all your own on the internet. the location of a highway - rail grade crossing. there are three addressing systems that locate a highway - rail grade crossing : the local governmental street address the railroad milepost number the federal dot crossing number ( see dot crossing number and milepost number. ) a binary pattern used to select a location in memory. in this text, addresses are 16 bits wide. the location of an internet resource. an email address may be firstname. lastname @ example. org, a web address shall look like http : / / www. funnyjobs. co. au the location of a computer, file or peripheral device on a network. a unique identifier for a communication endpoint. this is a way of identifying a location on a network, and is used for email and internet locations. another term for a website address is url which stands for uniform resource locator. the address identifies the location of a web page on the world wide web. this is also referred to as url or uniform resource locator. a unique identifier used in sending data to a particular person or object. for example, an \" ip address \", \" mail address \" or \" ethernet address \". in online terms this commonly refers to a particular machine or computer system connected to the internet. machine ' addresses ' exist on the internet for servers for e - mail sending and receiving, web page or web site access, and almost everything functioning on the internet. internet users encounter two important types of addresses : web page addresses ( more properly called urls ) and e - mail addresses ( for sending e - mail to someone. e - mail addresses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5265752701783651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.836549"}
{"text": "or web site access, and almost everything functioning on the internet. internet users encounter two important types of addresses : web page addresses ( more properly called urls ) and e - mail addresses ( for sending e - mail to someone. e - mail addresses almost always contain an @ ). used for finding people, urls, email, newsgroups. the common descriptor that identifies a property. it usually includes a building number and street name. the unique string of text that identifies the location of a web page on the world wide web. an address on the internet is described as a uniform resource locator, which can be used for any type of addressing, such as e - mails ( mailto : email @ example. com ), web pages ( http : / / www. news. com / ) and ftp sites ( ftp : / / ftp. netscape. com / pub / communicator ). instead of using domain names, it is also possible to use ip addresses. see also ftp, e - mail, ip, uniform resource locator, web page. refers to the email address of an individual or group, or the address of a site on the internet. site addresses are known as urls. a number identifying each individual locomotive and accessory decoder on a layout. when a controller is set to a particular address, only the decoder set to the corresponding address can read the instructions from the controller. an address is a word or number that refers to a storage location or port. on the internet a unique name or number combination which identifies a user or system. ex : \" firstname. lastname @ example. org \" is the address of a user known as fozz. \" xmission. com \" is the address of the system called xmission. the memory location of a data item or procedure. the expression can represent just the offset ( in which case the default segment is assumed ), or it can be in segment : offset format. the number of a particular memory or peripheral storage location. like post office boxes, each byte of memory and each disk sector has its own unique address. programs are compiled into machine language, which references actual addresses in the computer. code used to locate any person, website and / or file on the internet. the format for email addresses is username @ hostname, where username is your username, login name, or account number, and hostname is the name of the computer or internet provider you use (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5470224067864535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.838442"}
{"text": "/ or file on the internet. the format for email addresses is username @ hostname, where username is your username, login name, or account number, and hostname is the name of the computer or internet provider you use ( e. g. aol ). websites and files are also identified by a unique address, or url ( uniform resource locator ). egs ' s url, for example, is www. ellisgs. com. an email address is composed of the following : email @ example. com recipiant ( username ), @, location, domain unique identifier of a web page. url ( uniformed resource locator ) is more frequently used for this purpose. a unique identifier for a computer or site online, usually a url for a web site or marked with an @ for an e - mail address. literally, it is how one computer finds the location of another computer using the internet. the physical location of a variable in memory, addresses are stored as hexadecimal numbers and are usually not directly modified by the programmer. in organization, the mailing address of the organization ( or person ). includes street number, name, city, state, zipcode, and count ry. each web page on the internet is assigned a unique recognizable address. address is also known as url ( uniformed resource locator ). see ip address or e - mail address. an address is the unique identifier you need to either a ) access the services of an internet site or b ) send e - mail. another word for internet site addresses is url. chances are you ' re already familiar with e - mail addresses. they ' re in the form of firstname. lastname @ example. org and provide a unique identifier for your in - box so your mail can find you. [ see also : url a unique combination of letters, numbers and other characters determining the recipient of an email message or the location of a computer on the internet ( e. g. a web site ). a unique alphanumeric sequence used to identify a computer transmitting or receiving data. also a location in memory. the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form of email @ example. com a web address looks something like http : / / www. slashtime. com a unique name or number identifying a computer user or a computer. they are used in network communication in transmitting messages to a particular machine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5197052252237573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.839870"}
{"text": "the form of email @ example. com a web address looks something like http : / / www. slashtime. com a unique name or number identifying a computer user or a computer. they are used in network communication in transmitting messages to a particular machine or person. in internet explorer, an address is the location of a web page. addresses can be used to identify web site, ftp site and gopher site on the internet, as well as files on an intranet. type the following address in the address box : http : / / www. dpsinfo. com / help / words. html http means the url to open is residing on a web server www. dpsinfo. com is the domain of the server help is a subdirectory under the dpsinfo. com domain on the server words. html identifies the web page being opened internet explorer gives the user the option of displaying addresses as simplified addresses ( \" friendly urls \" ) or full addresses ( urls as described above ). this value is set from the options menu, on the appearance tabsheet. when the term address is typically used on the internet, it means an e - mail address. the term url is more often used to represent web page addresses. an internet address can consist of letters, number and / or symbols. the address allows the internet to identify a computer. addresses allow people to transfer files, send email and visit web sites. a web address is the domain name or url. an e - mail address is in the form firstname. lastname @ example. org in communications, the coded representation of the source or destination of a message. ( 188 ) in data processing character or group of characters that identifies a register, a particular part of storage, or some other data source or destination. ( 188 ) to assign to a device or item of data a label to identify its location. ( 188 ) the part of a selection signal that indicates the destination of a call. to refer to a device or data item by its address. back to the top code by which the internet identifies you. the format is username @ hostname, where username is your username, login name, or account number, and hostname is the name of the computer or internet provider you use. the hostname may be a few words strung together with periods. a numerical identifier for a controller when used in computer communications. unique identifier or location of a web page. also called a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5527588320807282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.841089"}
{"text": "of the computer or internet provider you use. the hostname may be a few words strung together with periods. a numerical identifier for a controller when used in computer communications. unique identifier or location of a web page. also called a web address or url ( uniformed resource locator ) 6940 villagreen view rockford, il 61107 click here to email kiki glossary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - x - y - z a address is a unique name ( or number ) identifying a computer user or computer. addresses are used in network communications in transmitting messages to a particular person or machine. numbers and letters which locate a computer the unique identifier you need to either access a web site : http : / / www. webguest. com ( see url ) or 188. 8. 131. 52 ( see ip address ) or to send email : email @ example. com ( see email address ). the location where a person or computer expects to find or deliver a particular piece of information, such as : e - mail \u2014 \" its _ me @ workplace, \" that specifies how electronic mail can be sent to a person or organization. or a website address ( see url ) \u2014 \" http : / / www. ownpage. ownsite / beginhere \" the location of a web site on the internet - - also called a \" url. \" the address of a site can tell you something of the nature of the information that you will find there. an address that has \". gov \" at the end of the address will belong to a \" government \" site. typing \" http : / / www. nsa. gov \" in the location field will bring you to the national security agency web site. another common suffix is \". com. \" sites with this suffix are generally commercial sites. see also \" domain name. \" a location in memory ; each data item is stored at a particular memory address a name, label or number that is used to identify a location in memory ; allows each device on a single communications line to respond to its own message a name, group of numbers or bits used to identify a specific device. ( e. g. server, router, switch, printer, or computer ) on a network. there are two types of addresses in common use within the internet. they are email and ip or internet addresses. typically refers to either a website or email address. a website address", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5623372368938773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.842003"}
{"text": ", router, switch, printer, or computer ) on a network. there are two types of addresses in common use within the internet. they are email and ip or internet addresses. typically refers to either a website or email address. a website address appears in the form of a uniform resource locator ( url ) and is prefixed with http : / / or https : / /. either the address of a user ( usually a name, followed by ' @ ' and some other bits, separated by dots )... or the address ( ' url ' ) of an internet site ( usually preceded by ' http : / /... ' or ' ftp : / /... ' an identification ( number, name, or label ) that uniquely identifies a computer register, memory location, or storage device. the code used to designate the location of a specific piece of data within computer storage the location of a site on the internet, which in its pure form is expressed by a number. an identifier assigned to networks, stations, and other devices so that each device can be separately designated to receive and reply to message. the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form of firstname. lastname @ example. org. a web address looks something like \" http : / / www. q2websolutions. com \" reference to a memory location. in c pointers are used to hold addresses. data structure or logical convention used to identify a unique entity, such as a particular process or network device. ( 1. ) the telephone number that remote systems use to call the system. ( 2. ) to refer to a device or an item of data by its address. ( 3. ) in word processing, the location, identified by an address code, of a specific section of the recording medium or storage. ( 4. ) in data communication, the unique code assigned to each device or workstation connected to a network. see also network user address. ( 5. ) a numbering system used in network communications to identify a specific network or host with which to communicate. addresses are often denoted in dotted decimal form. the information in an email message that determines where and how the message must be sent. addresses are found both on message headers and on message envelopes. the identifying location of a device or an area of storage ; for example, a memory register, disk sector, or network node. 2. to identify with an address. see also url there are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5699441152172637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.842925"}
{"text": "on message headers and on message envelopes. the identifying location of a device or an area of storage ; for example, a memory register, disk sector, or network node. 2. to identify with an address. see also url there are three types of addresses in common use within theinternet. they are email address ; ip, internet or internetaddress ; and hardware or mac address. see also : email address, ipaddress, internet address, mac address. address mask system developed to identify and reach someone or something. about concerning the internet, there are : a ) e - mail addresses, b ) ip addresses, c ) hardware addresses, e ) urls. a slippery term, depending on context ; in e - mail world, the combination of usercode / mailname and domain designation allowing proper routing of messages to an individual ( e. g., email @ example. com or firstname. lastname @ example. org ). in a network context, an address is the end of a glorified phone jack ( a network access module or nam ), able to be designated to receive packets of data in ip ( internet protocol ) form. all internet traffic is tracked and routed by ip addressing, whether or not the addressing is manifest to the naked eye : the text address email @ example. com silently incorporates the four - digit ip address of the server known as peseta. ucdavis. edu. the number of ip addresses on a given subnet is limited by the number of ports served by the equipment in a given idf closet. think of the world wide web as a network of electronic files stored on millions of computers all around the world. hypertext links these resources together. uniform resource locators or urls are the addresses used to locate the files. the information contained in a url gives you the ability to jump from one web page to another with just a click of your mouse. when you type a url into your browser or click on a hypertext link, your browser sends a request to a remote computer, called a web server, to download one or more files. every url is unique and identifies one specific file. identifies the location of an internet resource. examples : an e - mail address ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ) ; a web address ( http : / / www. osu. edu ) ; or an internet address ( 128. 146. 999. 9 ). a way to identify an internet resource. see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5801144852768179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.844009"}
{"text": "has a physical address of 0100h and a relative address or offset of 0h. there are three types of addresses in common use within the internet. they are email address ; ip, internet or internet address ; and hardware or mac address. see also : email address, ip address, internet address, mac address. the label or number identifying the memory location where a unit of information is stored. with reference to the web, an address is a string of letters and punctuation marks that identifies an email mailbox or a web site. firstname. lastname @ example. org is a sample email address, and http : / / www. techsoup. org is a sample web address. a web address is also called a url. source : techsoup. org this could be an email or web address. web addresses are also sometimes called urls. web addressed are always always in this format www. thedomain. com or http : / / thedomain. com. what about the. au or. uk endings, you ask? that ' s the country ( au stralia or nited ingdom, for instance ). american sites don ' t have the two country letters at the end of the address for the same reason that english stamps don ' t have \" england \" on them - they invented it. email addresses are always in this format : email @ example. com ( or maybe. net,. gov,. org.. edu etc ). ( 1 ) a coded representation of the destination of data, as well as of its source. multiple terminals on one communications line, for example, must each have a unique address. ( 2 ) a group of digits that makes up a telephone number. also known as the called number. ( 3 ) in software, a location that can be specifically referred to in a program. ( 4 ) a name, label, or number that identifies a location in storage, a device in a network, or any other data source. a component of a location that can be assigned a us postal service street address. ( 1 ) disks and other storage devices have numbers that identify locations by sector and by byte. retrieval software searches for the address assigned to the desired information in order to locate it. ( 2 ) used as a verb, it means what a computer can access : \" this mac can address 5 megs of ram. \" a unique network identification name which can alternatively be expressed numerically, such as 220. 127. 116. 11 or science", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5428933119546082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.846176"}
{"text": ") used as a verb, it means what a computer can access : \" this mac can address 5 megs of ram. \" a unique network identification name which can alternatively be expressed numerically, such as 220. 127. 116. 11 or science3. soe. umich. edu a unique network location used to identify a network object, such as a listener, oracle connection manager, or oracle names server. addresses have a specific format and must be unique. an e - mail address. a way to locate you through your internet service provider. 1. the precise location in memory or on disk where a piece of information is stored. every byte in memory and every sector on a disk have their own unique addresses. 2. to reference or manage a storage location. address - a recipient address is a collection of information that identifies a specific message recipient. it must be unique and complete to properly identify an e - mail recipient. there are four types of addresses in common use on the internet : email, ip, hardware, and url. network addresses are usually of two types : ( 1 ) the physical or hardware address of a network interface card ; for ethernet this 48 - bit address might be 0260. 8c00. 7666. the hardware address is used to forward packets within a physical network. fortunately, network users do not have to be concerned about hardware addresses since they are automatically handled by the networking software. ( 2 ) the logical or internet address is used to facilitate moving data between physical networks. the 32 - bit internet address is made up of a network number, a subnetwork number, and a host number. each host computer on the internet, has a unique address. all internet hosts have a numeric address and an english - style name. for example, the internet address for ucc ' s cyber 840 is 18. 104. 22. 168 ; its internet name is csugreen. ucc. colostate. edu. a name, decimal number or bit string used to identify a networked device. a number used by the operating system to identify a storage location. the unique code assigned to each device or workstation connected to a network. a standard internet address ( or ip address ) is a 32 - bit address field. this field contains two parts. the first part is the network address ; the second part is the host number. see also ip address. a unique name ( or number ) identifying a computer user or computer is called an address. addresses are used in network communications to transmit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5528729351366826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.847150"}
{"text": "two parts. the first part is the network address ; the second part is the host number. see also ip address. a unique name ( or number ) identifying a computer user or computer is called an address. addresses are used in network communications to transmit messages to a particular person or machine. in ip ( internet protocol ) form, it consists of a series of numbers, separated by dots, which enables a machine in one part of the world to contact another ( much like a personal zip code ). also, technical reference to a specific location in a computer ' s memory. central park west at 79th street, new york, ny 10024 a memory location in a particular machine ' s ram ; a numeric identifier or symbolic name that specifies the location of a particular machine or device on a network ; and a means of identifying a complete network, subnetwork, or a node within a network. there are two separate uses of this term in internet networking : \" electronic mail address \" and \" internet address. \" an electronic mail address is the string of characters that you must give an electronic mail program to direct a message to a particular person. see \" internet address \" for its definition. there are three types of addresses in common use on the internet : email addresses, ip addresses, and uniform resource locators. examples : email address : firstname. lastname @ example. org ip address : 22. 214. 171. 1244 uniform resource locator ( url ) : http : / / www. nrtc. net secret code by which the internet identifies you so that people can send you mail. it usually looks like username @ hostname - where username is your username, or login name, or account number ; and hostname is the internet ' s name for the computer or internet provider you use. the host name can be a few words strung together with periods. a specific site ( www, ftp, gopher ) or \" mailbox \" ( e - mail ) on the internet, often the mailbox of a particular user. if referring to e - mail, an address will usually contain the \" at \" sign : @. an address is often rendered in lower case. example : email @ example. com. another name for a unique url of a web page.... a name, set of numbers, or sequence of bits used to identify devices ( computer, printer, or server ) on a network. the unique identifier for a specific location on a network", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5642073140014261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.848187"}
{"text": "unique url of a web page.... a name, set of numbers, or sequence of bits used to identify devices ( computer, printer, or server ) on a network. the unique identifier for a specific location on a network. there are three types of addresses in common use within the internet : e - mail addresses ; ip or internet address ; and hardware or mac addresses. wwwebfx home page computers store numbers and instructions in their store. the store is usually divided into locations each of which holds one number or instruction. each of these locations is given a designation so that it can be referred to, no matter what number or instruction it happens to contain. this designation is often called the ' address ' of the location. number or bit pattern that uniquely identifies a location in library memory. every location has a distinct address. an internet address is the name of a site you want to connect to, such as www. aga. org. also, an internet address can be the address of someone you want to send e - mail to, such as firstname. lastname @ example. org the street address that describes the physical ( geographic ) location of the front door or main entrance of a facility site. example : 123 main street. a number of reference, which identifies a unique location in a computer ' s memory. a number which identifies a location in memory where information is stored. the location of an internet resource. email address may take form email @ example. com. a web looks something like http : / / www. squareonetech. com. a number which is used to identify a location. each computer on the internet has a unique ip address, which the network uses to direct information to it. memory address is a string of digits which identifies where to read or write data. ( url - uniform resource locator ) : generally of the form www. something. com ; entering this into the address bar of your browser is the most direct way of accessing a site an exact location in memory. a program can store or retrieve data from this address. an address in a unique identifier assigned to a web page. the address is more commonly referred to as the url ( uniformed resource locator ). unique location of a person or computer on the internet. communication on the internet requires an address. an address is the location of a computer or computer resource on the internet. you can find the address in the address box ( explorer ) or the location box ( netscape ) the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5523440434945055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.850544"}
{"text": "or computer on the internet. communication on the internet requires an address. an address is the location of a computer or computer resource on the internet. you can find the address in the address box ( explorer ) or the location box ( netscape ) the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form of firstname. lastname @ example. org. a web address looks something like http : / / www. crn. org. the uniform resource locator of a file contained on a network. this can be the home page of a website or any of its files. it usually appears as http : / / www. ( name ). com. there can also be addresses that include a / ( filename ) after the \". com \" reference. an address in memory is a location to which an application or a piece of hardware refers. for example, a word processor will store your document in a particular memory address while you have it open. problems occur when two things ( hardware or software ) try to use the same address. a location in the memory where a particular piece of data is stored. most commonly, an address is a person ' s email location or a web page ' s url. the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form of name @. yourdomain. com. a web address looks something like http : / / www. domain. com. a unique number assigned to a device on a network. for example, a twinax terminal must be assigned a unique address before it is able to access the host system. internet users encounter two important types of addresses : web page addresses ( more properly called urls ) and e - mail addresses ( for sending e - mail to someone ). one example of an e - mail address is email @ example. com. in telephony, the number dialed by a calling party which identifies the party called. also known as the telephone number. the number assigned to an individual memory location. each byte in the atari has its own unique address, much like a house has a street address. the main use of this book is to provide you a roadmap to each address so you don ' t get lost. see e - mail address and host address. the unique location of an information site on the internet, a specific file ( for example, a web page ), or an email user. 1151, punchbowl street, honolulu, hawaii the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5500240194993228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.853532"}
{"text": "of an information site on the internet, a specific file ( for example, a web page ), or an email user. 1151, punchbowl street, honolulu, hawaii the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form of firstname. lastname @ example. org - - a web address appears as http : / / www. insurancestop. com a unique sequence of letters or numbers for the location of data or the identity of an intelligent device. a unique identifier assigned to networks and stations that allows each device individually to receive and reply to messages. three types of addresses are commonly used on networks : e - mail address ; ip, internet, or internet address ; and hardware or mac address. see also class a / b / c address, ip address, mac address. a specific site ( www, ftp, gopher etc. ) on the internet, often the mailbox of a particular user. if referring to email, an address will usually contain the \" at \" sign : @. an address is often rendered in lower case. example : joebloggs @ btopenworld. com ( 1 ) a name, numeral, or label that designates a particular location in primary or secondary storage. ( 2 ) a location identifier for nodes in a computer network. the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form of email @ example. com. a web address looks something like http : / / www. supanet. com. also know as the url ( uniformed resource locator ). an address by which the internet identifies you so that people can send you mail. it usually looks something like firstname. lastname @ example. org, where username is your username, login name, or account number, and ispname is the internet ' s name for the computer or internet provider you use. also see : e - mail the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form of email @ example. com. a web address looks something like http : / / www. aic. net. au. the numerical location of a web site. example : 126. 96. 36. 199. the first six digits are a country location, the next three are a server computer location, and the last three are a location on the server computer. the numbers can range from 0 to 255. 1. physical location of a home. 2. code or path used to locate stored information in a computer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5475337133169658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0da5b61-d08a-43ec-b151-d0596cbc350f>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.855429"}
{"text": "we all like to think of ourselves as rational creatures who smartly prepare for the worst. we watch our back, weigh the odds and pack an umbrella when the skies look threatening. but although we take such precautions, we generally expect things to turn out pretty well \u2014 often better than they actually do. the belief that the future will probably be much better than the past and present is known as the optimism bias, and most of us have this tendency to overestimate the likelihood of good events happening to us and underestimate the likelihood that bad events will come crashing down. take marriage, for example. in the western world, divorce rates are higher than 40 percent : two out of five marriages end in divorce. but newlyweds estimate their own likelihood of divorce at zero. why is optimism about our personal future so resilient? it starts with what may be the most extraordinary of human talents : the ability to move back and forth through time and space in one \u2019 s mind. to think positively about our prospects, it helps to be able to imagine ourselves in the future. our capacity to envision a different time and place is critical for our survival. it allows us to plan ahead, to save resources for times of scarcity, and to endure hard work in anticipation of a future reward. while mental time travel has clear survival advantages, conscious foresight came to humans at an enormous price \u2014 the understanding that death awaits. the knowledge that old age, sickness, decline of mental power and oblivion are somewhere around the corner can be devastating. ajit varki, a biologist at the university of california at san diego, argues that the awareness of mortality on its own would have led evolution to a dead end. the despair would have brought the daily activities needed for survival to a stop. the only way that conscious mental time travel could have arisen is if it emerged along with irrational optimism. the knowledge of death had to emerge in parallel with the persistent ability to picture a bright future. the capacity to envision that future relies partially on the hippocampus, a brain structure that is crucial to memory. ( people with damage to the hippocampus are unable to recollect the past ; they are also unable to construct detailed images of future scenarios. ) but the human brain doesn \u2019 t travel in time randomly. it tends to engage in specific types of thoughts : we consider how well our kids will do in life, how we will obtain that desired job, whether our team will win. we also worry about losing loved ones,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5391259944181588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50646eb9-7da9-4434-a23d-0f59ff7f4063>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.859102"}
{"text": "on the second day of his first visit to algeria, french president francois hollande stood up before both chambers of the algerian parliament to \u201c recognize the suffering inflicted by colonization upon the algerian people. \u201d he also accepted responsibility for \u201c the profoundly unjust and brutal system to which algeria was subjected for 132 years ; and that system has a name : colonization. \u201d spoken fifty years after the former colony \u2019 s independence, these words did not constitute the \u201c apology \u201d demanded by several algerian political parties ( nor was it the \u201c repentance \u201d dreaded by the right - wing in france ). but for his algerian hosts, these were pleasing words. they were also the crucial starting point in mr. holland \u2019 s pitch for a \u201c new era \u201d between the two countries. since he set foot in algiers, the socialist president had spared no effort to achieve what other french leaders have failed to achieve so far : overcoming the hindrance of the past in order to focus on the benefits of the future. for decades, relations between both countries never settled on a steady course. french hesitation to deal adequately with the country \u2019 s colonial legacy and the algerians \u2019 particular sensitivity to french attitudes put bilateral relations on a path of continued turbulence, especially during the last decade. the thawing of the ice started during last french elections. french voters of algerian extraction, an important segment of the muslim electorate in france, extended their hands to francois hollande. their favorable perception of his conciliatory attitude, as well as their rejection of the right - wing politics of his rival, francois sarkozy, earned the socialist candidate the overwhelming support of french voters of algerian origin ( more than 90 % of the votes of french muslims went to hollande, according to the polling agency opinionway ). since his election, the new french president seemed determined to do better than his predecessors. he had the personal commitment of somebody with \u201c powerful memories \u201d of a one - year stay in algiers during the late seventies, as a student - intern at the french embassy there. signals of good - will quickly followed. a few months into the office, hollande made the gesture of remembering algerian pro - independence demonstrators who fell victims in 1961 to \u201c bloody repression \u201d by french police in paris. his \u201c remembrance \u201d of algerian civilian casualties in france was well received in algeria. it set the right mood for this week \u2019 s visit to france. mr hollande knew in advance that dealing adequately with the painful legacies of the past was a necessary step to engage algerian leaders, especially president abdela", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3875691260105771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e8fafdd-da1c-43c4-b08c-3c41e62a8c66>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.865258"}
{"text": "was well received in algeria. it set the right mood for this week \u2019 s visit to france. mr hollande knew in advance that dealing adequately with the painful legacies of the past was a necessary step to engage algerian leaders, especially president abdelaziz bouteflika, in a dialogue about better bilateral relations. the 200 - person strong delegation accompanying him to algeria, including nine ministers, more than 40 businessmen and 100 reporters, reflected the importance he accorded to his first trip to a maghrebi country since his election. the stakes for hollande were high, in more than one regard. there were obviously the economic interests. already, 450 french companies are based in algeria and france is already algeria \u2019 s first source of imports. france \u2019 s european competitors, such as italy and spain, as well as non - europeans powers, especially china, have increasingly challenged france in what it long considered its \u201c chasse gardee \u201d. algeria \u2019 s population of 37 million and its substantial hydrocarbon revenues, make the country an attractive market for the currently - struggling european economies and a magnet for french companies desiring to expand business and trade opportunities. the french export - insurance corporation, coface, pointed out recently that algeria has \u201c a solid financial situation \u201d with a debt ratio that is less than 10 % of its gnp. during the visit, several bilateral agreements were signed in the fields of defense, security, industry, agriculture, finance, and education, including an agreement allowing french car manufacturer renault to assemble up to 75, 000 cars in oran and therefore expand its share of the algerian and african automotive markets. mr. hollande \u2019 s visit was also an opportunity to try to smooth down policy differences over regional and international issues. in an apparent move to avoid an unnecessary public controversy about the two countries divergent policies, he removed a paragraph on the syrian crisis from the prepared text of his speech to parliament. statements on the situation in mali showed that despite their eagerness to help organize a military campaign against jihadist groups in northern mali, the french want to take into consideration the concerns of the country with the longest border with mali and with the greatest ability in the region to - make - or - break any military initiative there. algeria \u2019 s long experience in dealing the threat of al qaida in the maghreb was also the basis for talks on fighting terrorism. beyond agreements and compromises on regional issues, hollande did not conceal his hope to set the stage for a long - term \u201c strategic partnership between equals \u201d. he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38228498765154945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e8fafdd-da1c-43c4-b08c-3c41e62a8c66>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.866976"}
{"text": "##aida in the maghreb was also the basis for talks on fighting terrorism. beyond agreements and compromises on regional issues, hollande did not conceal his hope to set the stage for a long - term \u201c strategic partnership between equals \u201d. he tried to make all the right moves to nudges the two countries towards what french socialist leader razzy hammadi called a \u201c complex - free relationship \u201d. but the history of french - algerian relations teaches us that the secret for the success of any well - meaning bilateral initiatives is their long - term sustainability. the road to \u201c normalization \u201d on all fronts is strewn with all sorts of challenges, new and old, and most of all that of the lethargy that often settles in after an enthusiastic start. \u201c right deeds have to follow \u201d, cautioned francois hollande, at the end of his algerian journey. the degree of proximity between algeria and france is at best not a guarantor of sufficient understanding. an ifop poll, conducted on the eve of the french president \u2019 s visit to algeria, showed for instance that only 26 % of the french population had a \u201c positive image \u201d of algeria. removing the distorting prisms and preset notions behind such an unfavorable perception will be a first benchmark towards developing a truly \u201c complex - free \u201d relationship. oussama romdhani, a former tunisian member of government, is currently an international media analyst.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4652090907568293, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e8fafdd-da1c-43c4-b08c-3c41e62a8c66>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.867603"}
{"text": "consider cover crops your most important crops, because the requirements for abundant food crops \u2014 building soil fertility, improving soil texture, suppressing weeds, and inhibiting disease and crop - damaging insects \u2014 can be best met by the abundant use of cover crops, season after season. 5 benefits of cover crops soil fertility. a vast array of soil organisms decompose once - living plants into nutrients easily taken up by plant roots, and add to your soil \u2019 s humus content ( the final residues of organic matter in your soil, which assist nutrient uptake, improve texture and hold moisture ). i grow organic matter in place using cover crops because, in many ways, a living cover crop is even better than adding manure and compost for fertility. the area of most intense biological activity \u2014 ultimately the definition of soil fertility \u2014 is the rhizosphere, the zone immediately around plant roots. plants release nutrients through their roots to feed their buddies in the soil \u2014 beneficial microbes and mycorrhizal fungi \u2014 that increase access to water and convert soil nutrients into forms more readily utilized by plants. if the intense bioactivity in the rhizosphere is the key to fertility, imagine the contribution of closely planted cover crops with vastly more root mass than more widely spaced food crops. soil texture. mycorrhizal fungi ( beneficial fungi that grow in association with plant roots ) produce glomalin, a substance which glues microscopic clay and organic matter particles into aggregate clumps, stabilizing the soil and making it nice and crumbly. this crumbly texture is more porous to oxygen and water. bacteria encouraged by cover crops produce polysaccharides, which also act as soil glues. grass and grain cover crops with fine, dense root masses loosen soil texture as they decompose. others, such as sweet clovers and sorghum - sudangrass hybrids, grow deep, aggressive taproots that break up soil compaction. erosion prevention. a cover crop \u2019 s tight canopy protects the soil from the drying and scouring effects of wind and the forceful impact of heavy rain. the loosened soil structure achieved by cover cropping allows rapid absorption of rain and prevents runoff. soil moisture. organic matter added by cover crops acts like a sponge in the soil, absorbing rainwater and holding it for gradual release to plant roots. thus, gardens that have been home to regular use of cover crops become more resistant to drought. protection from weeds, diseases and insect damage. garden beds frequently planted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46317533295713215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b1cf787-3c0b-474f-80f1-040ba15597e1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.882587"}
{"text": "sponge in the soil, absorbing rainwater and holding it for gradual release to plant roots. thus, gardens that have been home to regular use of cover crops become more resistant to drought. protection from weeds, diseases and insect damage. garden beds frequently planted with cover crops will have fewer problems with weeds. cover crops suppress weeds, out - competing them for water and nutrients and shading them under a tight canopy, sometimes releasing chemical compounds that inhibit germination of weed seeds ( a phenomenon called allelopathy ). plus, the roots of cover crops release nutrients that feed beneficial microbes in the soil. these microbes then suppress pathogens that cause root diseases. some cover crop plants, such as rape, rye and sorghum - sudangrass hybrids, inhibit root - knot nematodes, which can be disastrous to beets, carrots and other root crops in some regions. you can cut cover crops and use them as mulches to boost populations of beneficial ground - dwelling species, such as rove beetles and spiders. other cover crops can provide a wonderful habitat for the pollinators that help keep your food garden thriving. cover crops that flower, for example, provide important food sources for honeybees and butterflies. cover crop species depending on your climate, gardening goals and the time of year, you \u2019 ll have a variety of cover crop options. cover crop species vary widely in their tolerance of cold, heat, soil moisture extremes and soil types. it \u2019 s often good practice to plant a mix of different species. the most important division among species is between legumes and non - legumes. legumes, such as cowpeas, vetches and clovers, serve as hosts to rhizobia, bacterial alchemists that live in plant roots and convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into nitrogen compounds that help plants grow. some of this \u201c fixed \u201d nitrogen remains attached to legume roots in nodules \u2014 like beads on a string \u2014 and becomes available to other plants after the legume dies. non - legumes include all other cover crops : grasses such as small grains, various millets, annual and perennial rye, and sorghum - sudangrass hybrids ; crucifers such as mustards, rape and forage radish ; and buckwheat. for detailed information on the major cover crop species, see managing cover crops profitably by the sustainable agriculture network. even though this book is geared toward farmers, it includes great information for the home gardener. ( clicking on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4834339702088339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b1cf787-3c0b-474f-80f1-040ba15597e1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.884307"}
{"text": "and buckwheat. for detailed information on the major cover crop species, see managing cover crops profitably by the sustainable agriculture network. even though this book is geared toward farmers, it includes great information for the home gardener. ( clicking on the link in this paragraph will take you to a page on the sustainable agriculture research and education program \u2019 s website where you can download a free copy of the most recent edition of this book. ) cover cropping strategies the most important strategy of all is : do it now! when i complete a food crop harvest in fall, that same day i plant an overwinter cover crop. if i harvest a spring crop such as lettuce from a bed that i won \u2019 t be planting again until fall, i sow a fast - growing interim cover crop that does well in summer heat, such as buckwheat or cowpeas. the best time to plant a cover crop is anytime a bed is not covered by a food crop or mulch. the easiest way to incorporate more cover cropping is the half and half strategy : i dedicate every other garden bed to cover crops for an entire year. i may grow several fast - growing covers such as cowpeas and buckwheat in succession, or a cover such as sweet clover, which takes a full year to yield all its benefits. in the following year, the beds previously in cover crops now grow food crops, and vice versa. this strategy allows you to grow mulches in place. using a scythe or sickle, you can cut cover crops that produce a lot of biomass \u2014 hairy vetch, rye, and sorghum - sudangrass hybrids \u2014 and lay them out as mulches in an adjacent bed that \u2019 s planted with food crops. most cover crops cut when in their vegetative growth stage will regrow to produce even more mulch. if you can \u2019 t give half of your garden space to cover crops, how about one bed out of three? or four? or even 10? some cold - hardy cover crops grow well through fall frosts, then die if the ground freezes solid \u2014 this is known as winterkilling, and you can use to your advantage. when i remove the top growth from asparagus beds in late september, i plant a mix of winter peas and oats. they create a knee - high tangle of green by the time the ground freezes, and they both reliably winterkill here in northern virginia, leaving a thick, weed -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4263001991898521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b1cf787-3c0b-474f-80f1-040ba15597e1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.885858"}
{"text": "late september, i plant a mix of winter peas and oats. they create a knee - high tangle of green by the time the ground freezes, and they both reliably winterkill here in northern virginia, leaving a thick, weed - suppressing mulch come spring. plus, the leguminous peas fix nitrogen in the soil for the heavy - feeding asparagus. it \u2019 s possible to grow both a food crop and a cover crop in the same bed at the same time. under tall - growing crops with a small footprint, such as tomatoes or pole beans, plant an undersown cover crop, such as low - growing dutch white clover or perennial ryegrass. if such a cover has already been established, leave it in place as a living mulch and open up holes for large transplants such as tomatoes or broccoli, or open up rows for beans. shade - tolerant species \u2014 annual ryegrass, cereal rye, hairy vetch, some clovers \u2014 can be sown as overseeded cover crops into existing crops such as corn or brassicas up to several weeks before harvest. the cover crops will grow slowly under the existing canopy, then come on strong when the food crop has been removed. try frost - seeding a cover crop into overwintered grains. in late winter, broadcast the seeds \u2014 small round ones such as clovers work best \u2014 into the grain beds. winter freezes and thaws will work the seeds into the soil, where they will germinate in spring rains. the grain could mature into a food crop for feeding your pigs or chickens while serving as a nurse crop to establish the clover, which will grow rapidly after you harvest the grain. some species work as reseeding cover crops. subclovers ( cool - season legumes ) will die back in winter, but the seeds they leave behind will remain dormant through much of the next growing season, then sprout in the fall to establish a new cover. permanent cover crops are appropriate in orchards, vineyards and border areas never planted with food crops. keeping these areas in mixed flowering species \u2014 perennials such as clovers, or annuals that reseed themselves such as crucifers \u2014 protects the soil, supports pollinators and encourages insect diversity. encouraging lots of different kinds of insects is the key to preventing crop damage, as the bug - munching insects will help you control the crop - munching insects. in high - traffic areas, covers that can take a good deal of wear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42975405690262536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b1cf787-3c0b-474f-80f1-040ba15597e1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.887031"}
{"text": "encouraging lots of different kinds of insects is the key to preventing crop damage, as the bug - munching insects will help you control the crop - munching insects. in high - traffic areas, covers that can take a good deal of wear are in order, such as annual ryegrass and white clovers. planting cover crops plant cover crops with as much care as your food crops. make a furrow for larger or more vigorous seeds, such as cowpeas or sorghum - sudangrass, sow thickly, and then cover with soil. for smaller seeds, such as clovers, crucifers and small grains, scatter, rake in, and tamp the bed with the back of a garden rake to ensure good soil contact. to speed germination, apply a light mulch and water occasionally. seeds of vigorous covers, such as annual ryegrass, oats and hairy vetch, will germinate if left on the surface, especially if broadcast just before a soaking rain. you can plant a food crop as soon as the cover crop is killed unless there could be a temporary problem of allelopathy or nitrogen tie - up ( keep reading for more information ). in such cases, wait about three weeks or so before planting. killing a cover crop it \u2019 s better to avoid deep mechanical tillage, which disrupts soil life and breaks down soil structure. tall, heavy stands of cover crops, such as rye and hairy vetch, are a nightmare to till in with a power tiller in any case. so what \u2019 s the best way to kill a cover crop so decomposer organisms can break it down to feed your soil? remember that a cover crop in the vegetative stage ( i. e., not flowering ) usually regrows after being cut. most cover crops in the reproductive stage ( i. e., flowering ), however, will die if cut. a complete no - till strategy that works for most covers is to cut the cover just above soil line after it has flowered, and transplant crops such as tomatoes, peppers or broccoli through the severed tops, leaving the cut tops and cover crop stubs as a mulch. for small areas, use a hand sickle for the cutting. ( we \u2019 ve found a used butcher knife also works well. \u2014 mother ) or, use a heavy field hoe to chop cover crop plants just below the soil surface to kill them without disturbing the soil deeper down. another option is to loosen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39372214365394426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b1cf787-3c0b-474f-80f1-040ba15597e1>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.888111"}
{"text": ". ( we \u2019 ve found a used butcher knife also works well. \u2014 mother ) or, use a heavy field hoe to chop cover crop plants just below the soil surface to kill them without disturbing the soil deeper down. another option is to loosen the soil with a broadfork and pull the cover plants out by the roots, again laying them on a bed as mulch. as your soil becomes more friable, the broadfork may not be necessary. my favorite way to till in a cover crop is to place a hardworking flock of chickens on the bed. allow them to roam inside a chicken tractor or temporary fencing. for a great example of how well this method works, check out these before - and - after photos of a garden planted with a lush mix of cover crops and the same garden two weeks later, after the chickens went to work on the area. thirsty rye may deplete available soil moisture enough to inhibit the following crop in a dry season. a few crops \u2014 small grains such as rye and sorghum - sudangrass hybrids \u2014 may temporarily release chemicals that will inhibit the growth and germination of other plants. though these allelopathic effects help with weed control, they can suppress germination and growth of food crops that follow, especially small - seeded ones, such as lettuce, spinach and onions. just wait a few weeks after killing a cover crop to plant your food crop and you won \u2019 t run into problems. cover crops susceptible to diseases, herbaceous insects or nematodes could serve as vectors if grown beside or followed by food crops with the same susceptibilities. if you allow cover crops to mature their seeds before being killed, they can later volunteer as weeds in following crops. however, the more diverse our gardening practices and the more complex our rotations, the less likely we will encounter such problems. and the more we learn about cover crop species, the more we discover management solutions to problems that could occur. for example, if rye has been allowed to mature, the high carbon content of its residues, both roots and top mass, can temporarily tie up nitrogen in the soil and inhibit growth of the following crop. but if you grow the rye in a mix with a compatible legume, nitrogen fixed by the legume will minimize nitrogen tie - up. begin experimenting with cover crop species in your garden today, and you \u2019 ll soon see that the enormous advantages far outweigh any problems that may crop up. ultimately, cover crops will lead to health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.395257245072302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b1cf787-3c0b-474f-80f1-040ba15597e1>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.889184"}
{"text": "twenty - eight years ago, arthur firstenberg had a dental x - ray. he ' s been on the run ever since. that x - ray, he says, made him excruciatingly sensitive to electromagnetic fields \u2014 the low - level radiation that emanates from power lines, microwaves, and, most vexingly, cell phones. now 58, firstenberg has spent more than a decade crisscrossing the country, trying to find the last unwireless spot in america. when cell phone towers came to new york city, he moved upstate. then he headed to mendocino, california. these days, he lives out of his ' 87 nissan station wagon in santa fe ; a house is too risky. \" your neighbor could get wifi, and then you have to leave and hunt for a new home. \" at first, i was inclined to chalk firstenberg ' s symptoms up to plain old paranoia. after all, the world health organization ' s website says \" no study [ on cell phone radiation ] has shown adverse health effects at exposure levels below international guideline limits. \" but doctors and scientists are starting to scrutinize how invisible electromagnetic fields affect human health, especially when it comes to cell phones, one of the most ubiquitous sources of microwave radiation. in 2006, a swedish study reported that 85 of 905 brain tumor patients had used mobile phones heavily for 10 years or more, and most of their tumors occurred on the side of their head where they usually held their phones. in march, after reviewing more than 100 studies on the link between cell phone use and brain cancer, a prominent australian neurosurgeon concluded that cell phones could have a broader public health impact than smoking. the list of conditions that researchers have associated with electromagnetic radiation includes trouble focusing, fatigue, headaches, sleep disturbances, and alzheimer ' s. ( and don ' t forget asthma, diabetes, cataracts, and honeybee colony collapse disorder, insists firstenberg. ) so far, no one has been able to explain exactly how these seemingly benign waves could lead to cancer, much less this laundry list of medical woes, and for that reason, few scientists are willing to say for sure that cell phone use will make you sick \u2014 or that it won ' t. the heating effect of electromagnetic waves is well understood ; it has been proved that they can burn human tissue if they ' re intense enough. ( think microwave oven. ) standards set by the federal communications commission ensure that cell phone emissions stay well below that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.521371207315211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efc651f4-44db-4f55-917c-7824f5f251a8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.894572"}
{"text": ". the heating effect of electromagnetic waves is well understood ; it has been proved that they can burn human tissue if they ' re intense enough. ( think microwave oven. ) standards set by the federal communications commission ensure that cell phone emissions stay well below that heating threshold. but joachim schuz, head of the department of biostatistics and epidemiology at the danish cancer society, suspects that heat isn ' t the only way radiation causes health problems. so far, no one has been able to prove definitively that its \" nonthermal \" properties have any detrimental effect on living tissue. \" you find one cell reacting, one not, \" he says. \" so you can ' t really say it ' s due to the radio waves. \" why is it easier to watch netflix movies on a pc than a mac? so you ' re about to use netflix ' s \" instant watching \" feature on your macbook, when suddenly an error message pops up : \" sorry, blame steve jobs. \" huh? wasn ' t the whole point of getting a mac to escape microsoft ' s monopolistic tentacles and have the freedom to do stuff like stream movies? the problem is that apple won ' t license its copyright - protection software to third parties like netflix. predictably, apple wouldn ' t emerge from behind its titanium curtain to answer our questions about why it won ' t let consumers use whatever video service they choose. john sullivan of the free software foundation suspects that apple wants you to buy movies only from itunes. that may keep steve jobs in black turtlenecks, but it ticks off dedicated mac users, many of whom have no doubt noticed that netflix movies play perfectly fine on a stodgy pc. \u2014 leigh ferrara have a problem? oh yes, you do. go to motherjones. com / consumer - retorts to vent about annoying products and corporate policies. selected entries will get mojo swag. since 1999, schuz has been a principal investigator for the interphone project, which has produced the largest body of epidemiological work on cell phones and cancer to date. the official results aren ' t ready yet, but 8 of the 13 countries involved have already released their initial data. several of these early studies show a strong correlation between long - term cell phone use and brain tumors, both malignant and benign. schuz cautions that the individual studies by themselves are too small to overcome some significant problems with the data. finding subjects who have brain tumors and who have used their cell phones for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5429491022111552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efc651f4-44db-4f55-917c-7824f5f251a8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.895665"}
{"text": "cell phone use and brain tumors, both malignant and benign. schuz cautions that the individual studies by themselves are too small to overcome some significant problems with the data. finding subjects who have brain tumors and who have used their cell phones for more than 10 years is difficult, especially considering that the tumors typically take 10 to 20 years to develop. what ' s more, people are notoriously bad at remembering how much they ' ve used their phones and which ear they hold their cell phone up to \u2014 especially if they ' re looking around for something to blame a brain tumor on. ben greenebaum, a retired physics professor and former president of the bioelectromagnetics society, an international group of radiation scientists and wireless - industry professionals, says that despite interphone ' s preliminary findings, \" i ' m not prepared to shut anything down on the basis of what i see now. \" but, he admits, \" i do think you have to be cautious and use these things when they make sense. \" he recommends using a headset whenever possible and warns that \" if you carry it on your belt, you ' ll get a higher field into your stomach, \" even when the device is turned off. \" so set it on the counter. \" don ' t try to make calls where your reception is poor \u2014 phones emit more radiation when they ' re searching for a signal. the german and french governments have recommended that parents limit children ' s cell phone use, since less is known about the effect of radiation on developing brains. of course, if you ' re really worried, you could ditch your cell phone for a quaint landline. just don ' t expect the rest of the world to follow suit. firstenberg has found that it ' s almost impossible to avoid the mobile - wielding masses. he used to ask strangers \u2014 politely \u2014 to stop talking on their phones in his presence until he got reprimanded in a grocery store for harassing a customer. \" people get offended, \" he says. \" they just don ' t know about microwave radiation. \" for the time being, the fcc is not considering any changes to its standards for cell phone radiation. yet some cell phone companies have started including a pamphlet about potential health risks with their packaging, perhaps to guard against future litigation. and schuz hasn ' t ruled out the possibility that as more data roll in, the scientific consensus could shift dramatically. \" if you ask me a year from now, \" he says, \" i might have changed my mind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5035892208442989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efc651f4-44db-4f55-917c-7824f5f251a8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.896786"}
{"text": "at the heart of materials science is an understanding of the microstructure of solids. \" microstructure \" is used broadly in reference to solids viewed at the subatomic ( electronic ) and atomic levels, and the nature of the defects at these levels. the microstructures of solids at various levels, especially the defects, profoundly influence the mechanical, electronic, chemical, and biological properties of solids. the phenomenological and mechanistic relationships between the microstructure and the macroscopic properties of solids are, in essence, what the materials science is all about. this is best represented by the \" materials science triangle \" : synthesis - microstructure - properties. materials engineering, on the other hand, is concerned with the design, fabrication, and testing of engineering materials. such materials must fulfill simultaneously the dimensional properties, quality control, and economic requirements. several manufacturing steps may be involved : ( 1 ) primary fabrication, such as solidification or vapor deposition of homogeneous or composite materials ; ( 2 ) secondary fabrication, including shaping and microstructural control by operations such as mechanical working, machining, sintering, joining and heat treatment and ( 3 ) testing, which measures the degree of reliability of a processed part, destructively or non - destructively. because the science of materials branches into other fields of study, the department offers joint fields of study in collaboration with other departments. a degree specializing in electronic materials is offered which provides a broad - based background in materials science, with the opportunity to specialize in semiconducting materials used in electronic and optoelectronic devices. the program incorporates several courses in electrical engineering in addition to those in the materials science curriculum. a joint major field, chemistry / materials science, is offered to students enrolled in the department of chemistry and biochemistry ( college of letters and science ). several courses in the undergraduate curriculum also play an important role in the manufacturing engineering program. the graduate program allows for specialization in one of the following fields : ceramics and ceramic processing, electronic and optical materials, and structural materials.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5957876005468488, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e208dae8-1b37-4cf8-9490-b8eb556972c8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.901519"}
{"text": "new south wales government gazette 1840 new south wales government gazette 1840. 1840. government gazettes are a unique, useful and extremely fascinating resource for local, family and social historians and researchers in other fields throughout australia. they were published by the government as a means of communication to officials and the general public and therefore contain information that is of great use in establishing an image of the colony of new south wales and its people in the past. issued weekly with occasional special issues, the new south wales government gazette contains information such as land transactions, court notices, notice of acts, tenders contracts, bankruptcies, dissolution of partnerships, police auctions of stolen property, statistics and much more... there is a large amount of information ( which include physical descriptions ) relating to convicts - absconders, those who were granted ticket - of - leave, deserters, apprehensions and more. the government gazettes have information covering a broad spectrum of the community with important details and facts on many thousands of people. this product provides a great tool for researching the history of new south wales, making information that is difficult to find, easily accessible on one cd. example entry taken from 8 january 1840 issue : state of the female factory, parramatta, on saturday, 4th january, 1839 : under - colonial sentence = 291in solitary confinement = 61confines by order of the matron = 36nursing children = 50number assignable = 370number not assignable = 81in hospital = 38total number of women = 921total number of children - 250s. bell, matron example entry taken from 8 january 1840 issue [ partial extract only - only two entries listed below, there are about fifty listed just in this one issue ] : the undermentioned prisoners having absconded from the individuals employments set against with stolen certificates and tickets of leave, all constables and others are hereby required and commanded to use their utmost exertion in apprehending and lodging them safe in custody. taylor thomas, alias henley thomas, minerva ( 5 ), 30, newcastle - upon - tyne, writing master, 5 feet 7 1 / 2 inches, sallow comp., brown hair, grey eyes, charged with forgery, from no. 7 road party, since february 27, 1833. jeffreys george ( 1 ), 34 - 758, 35, devonshire, seaman and farm labourer, 5 feet 3 1 / 2 inches, dark sallow comp., brown to grey hair, hazel eyes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4224073842308546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0661e18b-e931-42a3-9969-ea95fdecdad8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.905600"}
{"text": "for sophomore / junior level courses in theories of personality, personality, individual differences. using a theorist - by - theorist approach, this comprehensive introduction to personality theory gives students the history of psychology with practical information to help them understand their own lives and their relationships with others. primary sources, abundant biographical information and supporting research are used to descibe and detail each theorist, presenting the theories of personality in an accessible and unbiased way. table of contents chapter 1 : what is personality? chapter 2 : sigmund freud chapter 3 : carl jung chapter 4 : alfred adler chapter 5 : karen horney chapter 6 : erik h. erikson chapter 7 : gordon allport chapter 8 : raymond b. cattell and hans j. eysenck chapter 9 : b. f. skinner chapter 10 : john dollard and neal miller chapter 11 : albert bandura and walter mischel chapter 12 : david m. buss chapter 13 : george kelly chapter 14 : carl rogers chapter 15 : abraham maslow chapter 16 : rollo reese may chapter 17 : a final word with coursesmart etextbooks and eresources, you save up to 60 % off the price of new print textbooks, and can switch between studying online or offline to suit your needs. once you have purchased your etextbooks and added them to your coursesmart bookshelf, you can access them anytime, anywhere. introduction to theories of personality, an, coursesmart etextbook, 8th edition format : electronic book $ 75. 99 | isbn - 13 : 978 - 0 - 205 - 81001 - 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5365395270007449, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72136667-da8c-48ae-8549-53e3a2238e17>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.909103"}
{"text": "looking for a fun, kid - friendly activity to help your family appreciate the outdoors? backyard birding is a great way to get the kids outside and learning more about the beautiful birds in your area. here are a few helpful backyard birding tips to get started. educate with games start your birding adventures by learning which birds are native to your state. there are numerous online resources that include species listings, like the bird library from perky - pet. once you have your list, make it a game. print out the different types of birds and let your kids check them off as they see them. whoever spots the most species could win a prize, like a birdfeeder. making it a game will help motivate them to get outside and start bird watching. nature is full of sounds and smells. while outside, have your kids close their eyes and sit quietly for a few moments. discuss the sounds you hear and try to recreate bird sounds as you heard them. since our feathered friends are attracted to flowers, seeds and berries, identify which plants will invite birds. encourage your kids to research other plants that might attract new birds to your backyard. backyard birding is a great tool to encourage responsibility. if your birdfeeders are not cleaned weekly it ' s possible for dangerous bacteria to grow. this can have a disastrous effect on a community of birds. create a birdfeeder - cleaning calendar for your child and make note of days when the feeders should be refilled. depending on weather and the time of the year, your feeders may need to be filled with fresh seed daily. help with nesting birds appreciate being able to keep clean as well as being provided with nesting materials. help your kids collect lint or strips of fabric to set outside for birds to use when building their nests. as a family, set up a birdbath or bird waterer, like the new perky - pet droplet bird waterer, and take turns keeping it cleaned and filled with fresh water. attract new birds have your kids select a new bird species they would like to see and learn how to attract them to your yard. one fun choice for young birders is the hummingbird. hummingbird feeder kits, like the perky - pet oasis hummingbird feeder complete set, include all the essentials for feeding these tiny birds and will help your child become familiar with this species. have your child take notes on the hummingbird behavior they witness including the birds ' swift movements, territorial nature and whether they eat while", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4460056070599887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3862f7d8-fd53-4a44-aedc-c3d8dec3687d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.911792"}
{"text": "the ancient city of cerveteri ( latin : caere greek : agylia ) is located about 50 km north - west of rome and occupied an immense area protected by steep slopes and fortifications. the english word ceremony comes from the latin caeremonium, meaning \" pertaining to caere, \" and reflects the etruscan fascination with divination and prophecy. through its ports of pyrgi, alsium and punicum, the city became an important early trading centre. its name in etruscan has been variously represented as cisra, chaisra or some other variant. in the phoenician tablet from pyrgi, it is referred to as kisry. the earliest major settlements at cerveteri date from between the 9th and 8th centuries bce and are characteristic of the villanovan period. at least two villages were established during this time, as evidenced by the finds of biconical and hut shaped cinerary urns at the oldest necropolis areas of cava della pozzolana and sorbo. trading with the euboean greeks commenced in the mid 8th century bce with etrusco - geometric vessels becoming more common in the grave - goods. from the 7th century bce onwards, caere underwent rapid demographic development, becoming etruria ' s chief trading centre. by the beginning of the seventh century, euboean influence had been replaced by that of the corinthian and other greek colonies which had been established in southern italy and sicily. during the seventh century, local manufacture of pottery started to emulate the greek imports, with new traditions of early orientalising vase painting becoming established in cerveteri. an example of these are the works of the \" painter of the heptachord \". the craft of manufacturing bucchero ware also originated in caere during this period. trench type burials began to be replaced by the chamber tomb or hypogeum. the richness of grave - goods from the orientalising period are legendary, with examples being the regolini galassi and calabresi tombs, the contents of which are on display at the vatican etruscan museum. the gold jewellery and vases from this period are of particularly fine workmanship. in the 6th century bc, caere, at the height of its power, clashed, emerging victorious, with the phocaean greeks of italy who at the time were establishing their control on the tyrrhenian sea via the colony of alaria on corsica. following the so called", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38192837991644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eef1ef93-39af-42c5-816e-9b079444ee5d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.922844"}
{"text": "deepened to about 40 meters, to form a defensive trench and wall, integrated in some points with stone walls. all of these walls date to the first half of the 5th century bce. there were a series of at least 7 gates, providing outlets to the surrounding areas. the only one to have any visible structures is the so - called \" porta coperto \" ( covered gate ) ( a ), located on the narrow side of the plateau to the north - east. through this gate ran a road leading to the necropolis of cava della pozzolana, and beyond it towards the area of bracciano. of this gate there remains only descriptions, and a breach in the walls, which here have a width at the base of 5 meters. the second gate ( b ), opened out onto the north cliff, where a new modern cemetery is under construction. at a point where the cliffs open out into a natural amphitheatre. this gate was mostly intended to give access to the banditaccia necropolis. the third gate ( c ), was along the continuation of the via degli inferi, which entered the city area, and reached the manganello temple. the fourth ( d ), was located below the temple, and gave access to the sea road, and some of the stone blocks are still visible on the site. the fifth ( e ), was on the present site of the castle ( castello ruspoli ), and also opened towards the sea. the sixth ( f ), and the seventh ( g ), were both on the south cliff, giving access to the sorbo and monte abetone necropoli, as well as the areas to the south of the city. the etruscans built a significant network of roads between their cities, and most of these roads were improved by the romans, and are still in use today. both the via clodia and the initial part of the via aurelia were first laid out by the etruscans. the via clodia runs from the tiber crossings in rome to sovana, in the area of lake bolsena. the aurelia is the coastal road which became a consular road in the second century b. c. in the city area there have been no regular excavations carried out, but only sporadic probings, notably those done by mengarelli in the 20 ' s in the area of the sports field, where he found traces of a temple dedicated to hera, and on a cliff above", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4125550171940432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eef1ef93-39af-42c5-816e-9b079444ee5d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.925116"}
{"text": "been no regular excavations carried out, but only sporadic probings, notably those done by mengarelli in the 20 ' s in the area of the sports field, where he found traces of a temple dedicated to hera, and on a cliff above the manganello, where a structure was found, probably another temple, of unknown dedication. other excavations were carried out in the last century near the remains of the theatre, uncovering a number of marble slabs of the roman period, of enormous importance, with allegorical images of each of the major etruscan cities. these slabs are now preserved in the gregorian etruscan museum in the vatican. the structures in which they were found are classified as being roman. the necropolis areas the great development of ancient caere is shown by the number and wealth of the tombs discovered in its necropolis. the necropoli of cerveteri include the banditaccia, sorbo, cava della pozzolana, groppie di san antonio and monte abetone. the bandittacia represents one of the most interesting archaeological areas in the whole of the mediterranean. in the 5th century bce, a real city of the dead rose up with streets intersecting at right angles and areas devoted to worship. the tombs are more modest than in the previous period : the chambers are small and the style has become standardized. only in the last centuries was there a return to the underground tombs with a complex floor plan, the symbol of a return to power by the aristocracy. the tomb treasures include many bronze and silver objects, refined gold jewellery, vases of local production, including the famous bucchero ware and others imported from greece and painted terracotta objects including votive figures and heads. pyrgi was one of the ports of the city of caere, lying about eight miles away and was very famous for its sacred area, which was visited by phoenicians and etruscans alike. archaeological excavations have brought to light the remains of two sanctuaries dedicated to uni and the phoenician goddess astarte ( western form of ishtar ). the more ancient can be dated around the 6th century bc, whilst the more recent dates back to the middle of the 5th century bc. the pyrgi lamellae, a series of three inscriptions on rolls of gold foil ( two in etruscan and one on phoenician ) were discovered during the excavation of the older sanctuary, and describe a tyrant named thefarie velianas, who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4227340233675323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eef1ef93-39af-42c5-816e-9b079444ee5d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.926134"}
{"text": "##llae, a series of three inscriptions on rolls of gold foil ( two in etruscan and one on phoenician ) were discovered during the excavation of the older sanctuary, and describe a tyrant named thefarie velianas, who ruled over caere at this time. this was about the time of the great alliance between the etruscans and the phoenicians which led to the purging of the greeks from corsica, and the phoenician conquest of greek settlements in sardinia. the joint consecration of the temple by both sides of the alliance in the pyrgi inscriptions agrees well with historical traditions in that respect. the fragments of a mythological high relief which decorated the fronton of the more recent temple, and the three gold lamellae are on display in rome at the villa giulia museum. cerveteri is about 50 km north west of rome. from fiumicino airport, you can drive north along the highway ( allow about 20 minutes - toll section ). if you are relying on public transport, head for lepanto metro station and take a blue ' cotral ' bus ( destination ladispoli / cerveteri ). if returning to rome, buy a ' birg ' ticket, which will cost about 4 euros. the trip to cerveteri takes about 40 minutes. get off at cerveteri, which is the terminus. the terminus is next to the museum, located in the castello ruspoli, an imposing 11th century castle. there is accommodation available in cerveteri, ladispoli or civitavecchia ( further afield to the north ), contact details below. very few italian hotels have refrigerator or air conditioning. it is important to check. some will not accept credit cards, and will require a cash advance to confirm bookings. from the piazza in cerveteri, allow about 30 minutes ( hilly ) walk to the banditaccia necropolis, or there is a tourist bus which leaves infrequently. check with the tourist information centre. some useful contact numbers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42159688819421476, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eef1ef93-39af-42c5-816e-9b079444ee5d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.927007"}
{"text": "questions parents of gifted students should ask schools by james gallagher many parents dread the times they must meet their child ' s teacher. the thought of meeting the principal or superintendent sends chills up their spines. to many parents, the school is a \" castle on the hill, \" distant and foreboding, a feeling that can prevent parents from interacting with the school system on a constructive basis. however, there are questions that parents of gifted students should ask of their school system regarding the program or services for their children. their right to ask such questions matches the right of any parent. what services are available for gifted students in this school and school system, and what are the goals of such services? the representative of the school should be able to speak at length on the nature and purpose of the program or services the school and school system provide. the school system should have a comprehensive k - 12 set of services for gifted students and some special opportunities available to advanced students in all major content fields ( math, social studies, etc. ). he or she should be able to tell you why and how your child has been deemed eligible for these services and what they hope the outcome will be for your child. these statements should be more specific than \" we hope to improve her thinking skills. \" be sure to ask, \" how do you propose to do this? with what resources? \" how much time each week will my child spend in the gifted education program or receive services? this question is key since there is great variation among schools regarding the time provided for gifted students. time allotted to these programs can extend from one hour a week to all day or something in between. most specialists believe that anything less than five hours a week is unlikely to have a strong positive impact. if the school explains that the child ' s needs are being taken care of in the regular classroom, they should be able to detail what differentiated services are being applied in that setting, and by whom. have the teachers in the gifted education program received specialized training? all too often, teachers are assigned to gifted programs without any specific preparation. if they have not received training in educating gifted students they should at least have advanced training in the content field they are teaching. the school should also have a viable, articulate plan for helping teachers receive additional preparation if they are not currently certified or otherwise prepared. the regular classroom teacher should also have some special preparation, particularly if the primary responsibility for educating a gifted student depends on him or her. has my child received an assessment? since individual assessments cost schools money", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4632953578995037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7390a7e-1140-4f9b-b1b1-452b6b1f5513>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.934303"}
{"text": "if they are not currently certified or otherwise prepared. the regular classroom teacher should also have some special preparation, particularly if the primary responsibility for educating a gifted student depends on him or her. has my child received an assessment? since individual assessments cost schools money, some administrators would rather rely on general or group tests or on teacher judgment to decide who should be in a gifted education program. the school should tell you what test instruments or procedures are used in assessing your child and what has been learned from them. how far is the child ' s achievement from the average for his or her grade? are the results of the assessment being used to develop an education plan tailored for your child? are there specialized materials ( e. g., software ) used in the gifted education program or services? the school representative should be able to name any special curricula or advanced materials that are being used. these materials should be easily accessible to the student, and the media room should have samples of materials available for parents to review. how will the school know if the gifted education program or services are working? too few school systems are following a specific evaluation plan designed to tell the teacher what is working and what is not and for which children. the school representative should be able to state specifically what they will do to demonstrate the benefits of the program for your child. findings ( test results, analyses of portfolios, or student projects, etc. ) should be available to parents and shared on a regular basis. how can i help the program? parents can be valuable adjuncts to the special instruction schools provide, and schools should be able to make specific suggestions as to how parents can help. there may be times, however, when a school is reluctant to accept your input, and your best efforts to be cooperative are rebuffed. it is important for you to know that you are not alone. there are probably other parents who feel the way that you do, and they may already be in an organized group. ( you can check with your state gifted education association for names of other interested parents in your area ). groups of parents are invaluable in convincing school administrators that gifted and talented students have special education needs. it sometimes requires repeated efforts. parents often do not realize the various pressures that school administrators and teachers are under. schools must deal with unruly students, students who are failing or are unmotivated, and the school day is often filled with a variety of immediate crises that may keep them from a full appreciation of the needs of your child. under such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45283483920989315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7390a7e-1140-4f9b-b1b1-452b6b1f5513>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.936091"}
{"text": "the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. dri dietary reference intakes calcium vitamin d sources of calcium ingested calcium comes from food sources and dietary supplements. in this report dietary calcium refers to both food sources and supplements combined ( although some researchers reserve the term dietary calcium to mean only food sources ) and is most often referred to as total calcium intake for clarity. with more than one - half of the u. s. population ( bailey et al., 2010 ) \u2014 and between 24 and 60 percent of canadians ( 2004 canadian community health survey, personal communication, d. brule, health canada, april 29, 2010 ) \u2014 reporting use of dietary supplements of some type, dietary supplements must be taken into account when considering the sources of calcium in the diet and, in turn, estimating total calcium intake. current estimates from 2003 to 2006 indicate that the median total intake of calcium from all sources for persons > 1 year of age ranges from 918 to 1, 296 mg / day, depending upon life stage ( bailey et al., 2010 ). only small amounts of calcium are contributed by water, depending upon geographic location. chapter 7 of this report contains an assessment of quantitative calcium intake in the u. s. and canadian populations. calcium is classically associated with dairy products ; milk, yogurt, and cheese are rich sources of calcium, providing the major share of calcium from foods in the general diet in the united states and canada. in the united states, an estimated 72 percent of calcium comes from milk, cheese and yogurt and from foods to which dairy products have been added ( e. g., pizza, lasagna, dairy desserts ). the remaining calcium comes from vegetables ( 7 percent ) ; grains ( 5 percent ) ; legumes ( 4 percent ) ; fruit ( 3 percent ) ; meat, poultry, and fish ( 3 percent ) ; eggs ( 2 percent ) ; and miscellaneous foods ( 3 percent ). 1 similar data from canada are not currently available. fortification with calcium for a number of foods that do not naturally contribute calcium \u2014 such as orange juice, other beverages, and ready - to - eat cereals \u2014 is becoming commonplace in the united states ( calvo et al., 2004 ; rafferty et al., 2007 ; poliquin et al., 2009 ). these practices challenge the ability of national food composition databases, such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4852657846795441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0215c41-c4d9-478a-b0f3-3efd4e5d8224>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.941274"}
{"text": "the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. dri dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin d, and fluoride average of 61 mg [ 2 mmol ] / day or 5 percent of the total intake ) when intakes were calculated using usda ' s nutrient database ( pennington and wilson, 1990 ). because of the uncertainty about phosphorus values for processed foods in nutrient databases, trends in phosphorus intake may be difficult to ascertain. daily intakes of women aged 19 to 50 years from usda ' s national surveys averaged 965 mg ( 31. 1 mmol ) in 1977, 1, 039 mg ( 33. 5 mmol ) in 1985, and 1, 022 mg ( 33. 0 mmol ) in 1994 ( cleveland et al., 1996 ; usda, 1985 ). thus, it appears that intakes from foods increased about 8 percent between 1977 and 1985, but then decreased slightly between 1985 and 1994. food supply data show a larger increase in phosphorus consumption : 12 percent from 1980 through 1994 ( from 1, 480 to 1, 680 mg [ 47. 7 to 54. 2 mmol ] / day per capita ) ( usda, 1997 ). however, disappearance data may be unreliable for detecting trends because phosphate additives ( such as those in cola beverages ) are not included. disappearance data on phosphorus - containing additives show that the use of these additives has increased by 17 percent over the last decade ( calvo, 1993 ). these figures also do not reflect actual consumption, because not all phosphates included in disappearance data are actually consumed, ( for example, blends of sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate are used in brines for curing meat, but the brine is rinsed off and not consumed ). nevertheless, taken together, these data suggest a substantial increase in phosphorus consumption, in the range of 10 to 15 percent, over the past 20 years. food sources of phosphorus phosphates are found in foods as naturally occurring components of biological molecules and as food additives in the form of various phosphate salts. these salts are used in processed foods for nonnutrient functions, such as moisture retention, smoothness, and binding. in infants, dietary intake of phosphorus spans a wide range, depending on whether the food is human milk, cow milk, adapted cow milk formula", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5046800751171157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1127129-c0ac-4e85-96ae-011428fcd4ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.945277"}
{"text": "sts - 132 - - mission to the international space station the crew of space shuttle mission sts - 132 has completed its mission! six astronauts were on space shuttle atlantis for the sts - 132 mission. the sts - 132 crew took a new section to the space station. the new piece is from russia. the new room is called rassvet, which means dawn in russian. this gives the station more storage space and a new place for russian spacecraft to dock. astronaut ken ham was the sts - 132 commander. before becoming an astronaut, ham was a pilot in the u. s. navy. sts - 132 was his second trip to space. astronaut tony antonelli was the sts - 132 pilot. antonelli was a pilot in the u. s. navy before he became an astronaut. he flew his first mission in space as the pilot of sts - 119. michael good was a mission specialist. in 2009, good was part of the last space shuttle crew to visit the hubble space telescope. during that mission, he spent almost 16 hours working outside the space shuttle. the sts - 132 mission was his first trip to the international space station. sts - 132 was garrett reisman ' s second trip into space. in 2008, he spent over three months living aboard the international space station. he was a flight engineer for the expedition 16 and 17 missions. astronaut piers sellers is from the united kingdom. before he was an astronaut, he studied earth ' s climate. the sts - 132 mission was sellers ' third trip to space. he flew on space shuttle missions in 2002 and 2006. steve bowen is the first submarine officer chosen to be a nasa astronaut. sts - 132 was his second mission to space. in 2008, bowen went on three spacewalks during his first mission, sts - 126. the sts - 132 patch each crew designs a patch that highlights its mission. the sts - 132 patch has the names of the crew on a black border. the patch features atlantis flying off into the sunset. this shows there are only two more shuttle flights planned after sts - 132. to learn about other missions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4528228820307841, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d297cde-dede-4d91-aa45-c0ec25b63661>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.947490"}
{"text": "health officials on alert for tick fever by cindy yurth window rock, may 24, 2012 s ummer is almost here, which means the navajo nation veterinary and livestock program is once again bracing for an epidemic the navajo nation has managed to avoid for several years through, near as anybody can tell, sheer luck. since 2003, rocky mountain spotted fever has been identified in arizona. there have been 194 cases and 17 deaths - all native americans living on three reservations near phoenix, and mostly children under eight years old. glenda davis, head of the veterinary and livestock program, says it ' s no mystery why arizona ' s natives are most susceptible to the sometimes fatal disease. \" it ' s our culture, \" she said. \" we think we have to let our dogs run free. \" the bacterium that causes spotted fever, rickettsia rickettsii, is transmitted by ticks, and ticks are transmitted by dogs. for years, it was thought that only three species of tick - the deer tick, the rocky mountain wood tick and the lone star tick - carried the bacterium. but lately, it has turned up in the brown dog tick. that ' s the extremely common tick that, unless you regularly treat your dog for ticks and fleas, is probably sucking blood from him right now. if an infected tick bites your dog, davis explained, the bacterium gets into the animal ' s bloodstream, where it can infect the next tick that sucks its blood. if that tick then bites you or your child, it transmits the bacterium to you through its blood - thinning saliva. if you ' re lucky, you will soon exhibit the classic spotted rash that characterizes rocky mountain spotted fever. your physician will recognize it and give you doxycycline, and you will start to recover in a few days. but many victims don ' t exhibit the rash. instead, they will have flu - like symptoms such as body aches, respiratory problems and nausea. it ' s quite possible their doctor will tell them they have a flu virus, and send them home with a prescription of aspirin and bed rest. in eight days, their organs will start shutting down and they could die or be left with permanent neurological symptoms. since the phoenix area tribes are plagued by stray dogs and many pet owners don ' t believe in confining their pets, the disease has spread rapidly - from 13 cases in 2004 to around 50 last year. the only mystery, davis said, is why it hasn ' t shown up in humans", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4092336478034127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6194261b-bc18-48fa-ba45-fa119891f4e8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.954718"}
{"text": "dogs and many pet owners don ' t believe in confining their pets, the disease has spread rapidly - from 13 cases in 2004 to around 50 last year. the only mystery, davis said, is why it hasn ' t shown up in humans on navajo, where an estimated 250, 000 to 400, 000 dogs are running free, and most have ticks. according to davis, the centers for disease control sampled blood from dogs in all the navajo nation animal shelters in 2005, and found rickettsii in shiprock and crownpoint. that has given the navajo nation some lead time in preparing for a possible outbreak. davis said her program has alerted the ihs, the community health representatives and the navajo housing authority to be on the lookout for tick infestations and humans or animals exhibiting symptoms of the disease. but, as with any health problem, the bottom line is personal responsibility. \" this is a very, very preventable disease, \" she said, \" but we have to change our cultural outlook. \" the best thing an individual family can do, davis said, is to stay away from ticks. check yourself and your children daily for the insects and tweeze them out straight up if you find them. don ' t crush them to death with a thumbnail - if they ' re gorged with infected blood, you may just be spreading the bacterium. instead, drop them into a bottle of alcohol or bleach. once you ' ve been bitten, watch carefully for flu - like symptoms and rush to the doctor if you suspect tick fever. be sure to tell your physician you ' ve had a tick bite so he doesn ' t dismiss the symptoms as an ordinary flu. here are some other tips : treat all your dogs for ticks and fleas, and don ' t let them roam at large where they can mingle with strays wash pet and human bedding frequently and dry in dryer ( but be aware this isn ' t a cure - in some life stages, ticks can survive a trip through both the washer and dryer ) keep pet and human sleeping areas separate don ' t stack wood against your house use an insect repellent with deet when you go outdoors in the summer, or before handling tick - infested pets if you suspect you have a tick infestation in your home, have it professionally fumigated trim back thick vegetation around your home, and drain standing water ( ticks can go weeks without feeding on blood, but need regular drinks of water ) don", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39800139075861973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6194261b-bc18-48fa-ba45-fa119891f4e8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.955805"}
{"text": "stealth submarines. powerful aircraft carriers. the most imposing vessels in america \u2019 s navy rely on small - scale nuclear reactors to provide everything from basic propulsion to power generation. but they also depend upon an essential human element \u2013 skilled nuclear technicians, power plant operators and subsystems specialists. these highly trained, hands - on professionals perform the complex technical functions that are at the core of sub and carrier capabilities. in the nuclear operations area, you \u2019 ll have the opportunity to undergo training that \u2019 s among the most advanced the navy has to offer. not to mention the chance to work with and among some of the brightest technical professionals in the nuclear, technology and engineering fields. such are the challenges and rewards that go with being associated with one of the world \u2019 s top nuclear programs. as a member of the navy nuclear community, you \u2019 ll operate, control and maintain the state - of - the - art components that power navy aircraft carriers and submarines. that could involve doing anything from operating nuclear propulsion plant machinery to controlling auxiliary equipment that supports naval reactors to maintaining the electronic equipment used to send and receive messages, detect enemy planes and ships and determine target distance. you may also : - stand watch on generators, switchboards, control equipment and electrical equipment - repair gas turbine engines - control steam generators - operate pumps, turning gear, air compressors, air dehydrators, and engineering and control systems - inspect and maintain ship alarm systems a college degree is not required to become an enlisted member of the highly respected navy nuclear community, but an aptitude for math, science and problem solving is key \u2013 as is the ability to think fast, retain complex knowledge and work under pressure. responsibilities in the navy nuclear operations area depend upon the job rating or specialty you are in. machinist ' s mates ( mm ) operate and maintain steam turbines and reduction gears used for ship propulsion and auxiliary machinery such as turbogenerators, pumps and oil purifiers. they also maintain auxiliary machinery outside of main machinery spaces, such as electrohydraulic steering engines and elevators, refrigeration plants, air conditioning systems and desalinization plants. they may also operate and maintain compressed gas producing plants. nuclear - trained mms perform duties in nuclear propulsion plants operating reactor control, propulsion and power generation systems. electrician ' s mates ( em ) are responsible for the operation of a ship ' s electrical power generation systems, lighting systems, electrical equipment and electrical appliances. the duties include installation, operation, adjustment, routine maintenance, inspection, test and repair of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5036790269984208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72fe707c-3489-4c44-af18-8b0b52c547f2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.965134"}
{"text": "electrician ' s mates ( em ) are responsible for the operation of a ship ' s electrical power generation systems, lighting systems, electrical equipment and electrical appliances. the duties include installation, operation, adjustment, routine maintenance, inspection, test and repair of electrical equipment. em ' s also perform maintenance and repair of related electronic equipment. nuclear - trained ems perform duties in nuclear propulsion plants operating reactor control, propulsion and power generation systems. electronics technicians ( et ) are responsible for electronic equipment used to send and receive messages, computer information systems, long range radar, and calibration of test equipment. they maintain, repair, calibrate, tune, and adjust electronic equipment used for communications, detection and tracking, recognition and identification and navigation. nuclear - trained ets perform duties in nuclear propulsion plants operating reactor control, propulsion and power generation systems. beyond being capable of general duties, each of these specialized ratings requires additional \u201c a \u201d school training to earn required qualification in the nuclear field ( nf ). as an enlisted sailor working in nuclear operations, you \u2019 ll have the opportunity to work at sea or onshore. your assignment could place you aboard a nuclear - powered submarine or on board nuclear - powered aircraft carriers. whatever your specific responsibilities, you ' ll be operating, controlling and maintaining shipboard nuclear propulsion plants. working closely with industry - leading technology and highly specialized personnel in an intense, fast - paced environment with little room for error. training and advancement to work in navy nuclear operations, you will receive some of the most advanced job training the military has to offer. after your initial recruit training, you will report to \u201c a \u201d school for technical training that ' s based on your specific job rating, and then move on to acquire advanced nuclear training. navy nuclear field ( nf ) program to become a nuclear - trained mm, em or et qualified in the nuclear field ( nf ), you must complete : - \u201c a \u201d school requirements associated with your rating - training requirements at naval nuclear power school ( nnps ) - training requirements at nuclear power training unit ( nptu ) \u201c a \u201d school for mms \u2013 the three - month machinist \u2019 s mate ( mm ) course in charleston, sc, provides you with a basic knowledge of technical mathematics and a basic understanding of the theory and operation of a steam power plant. you will learn to operate tools, test equipment, and system components, read blueprints, practice rigging techniques, and perform maintenance procedures such as packing a valve or aligning a pump coupling. from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5374152934340491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72fe707c-3489-4c44-af18-8b0b52c547f2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.966919"}
{"text": "theory and operation of a steam power plant. you will learn to operate tools, test equipment, and system components, read blueprints, practice rigging techniques, and perform maintenance procedures such as packing a valve or aligning a pump coupling. from there, it \u2019 s on to nnps and nptu ( see description below ). \u201c a \u201d school for ems \u2013 the six - month electrician \u2019 s mate ( em ) course in charleston, sc, provides you with a basic knowledge of technical mathematics and a basic understanding of power distribution. you will solve basic equations using phasors, vector notations and basic trigonometry and analyze dc and ac circuits. you \u2019 ll have the opportunity to demonstrate working knowledge of dc and ac motors and generators. in addition, you will learn how to operate electrical equipment using controllers, and how to properly test, maintain, troubleshoot, and repair electrical circuits, motors, cables, circuit breakers, and other related electrical equipment for power distribution. from there, it \u2019 s on to nnps and nptu ( see description below ). \u201c a \u201d school for ets \u2013 the six - month electronics technician ( et ) course in charleston, sc, provides you with a basic knowledge of technical mathematics and a good working knowledge of electricity and electronics, solid - state devices, digital logic and systems, microprocessors, and instrumentation and control circuits. you will learn how to interpret schematic diagrams and use appropriate test equipment to isolate and correct faults in electronic systems. from there, it \u2019 s on to nnps and nptu ( see description below ). naval nuclear power school ( nnps ) \u2013 upon completion of \u201c a \u201d school training, mms, ems and ets then attend naval nuclear power school ( nnps ) in charleston, sc. here, you will learn theory and practical application of nuclear physics and reactor engineering. the six - month course will provide you with a comprehensive understanding of a pressurized - water naval nuclear power plant, including reactor core nuclear principles, heat transfer and fluid systems, plant chemistry and materials, mechanical and electrical systems, and radiological control. nuclear power training unit ( nptu ) \u2013 following nnps, mms, ems and ets begin prototype training in their rating specialty at one of two nuclear power training units ( nptus ) \u2013 located in charleston, sc, or ballston spa, ny. this six - month course will provide you the knowledge of the fundamentals of a naval nuclear power plant and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5446788093571029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72fe707c-3489-4c44-af18-8b0b52c547f2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.968185"}
{"text": "their rating specialty at one of two nuclear power training units ( nptus ) \u2013 located in charleston, sc, or ballston spa, ny. this six - month course will provide you the knowledge of the fundamentals of a naval nuclear power plant and the interrelationship of its mechanical, electrical, and reactor subsystems. here, you will develop oral communications skills, as well as obtain an understanding of the physical nature of nuclear radiation, its detection, interaction with matter and human health consequences, and gain knowledge of the safe operation of a complex naval nuclear power plant and its sophisticated subsystems with an emphasis on basic industrial safety principles. in addition, you will learn to identify, troubleshoot, and correct problems in nuclear mechanical, electrical, or reactor control systems at the component level with an emphasis on reactor systems, and apply earlier technical classroom knowledge gained to the practical, safe operation of naval nuclear power plants. the educational opportunities available to nuclear - and submarine - trained enlisted sailors range from college - level classes in physics, chemistry, mathematics, electrical engineering, circuit theory, systems maintenance, communications and thermodynamics to nuclear engineering training in nuclear power plant design, construction, instrumentation and operations. the american council on education ( ace ) has verified the extensive nature and unsurpassed quality of the navy \u2019 s nuclear propulsion training program by recommending up to 77 semester hours of college credit. upon selection for nuclear and / or submarine training, you will enter the navy in paygrade e - 3. if you complete all advancement - in - rate requirements, you may advance to paygrade e - 4. enlistment and reenlistment bonuses in addition to navy salary, special duty assignment pay, and allowances for food and housing are also available. if you volunteer and are selected to serve on nuclear submarines, you are eligible for added submarine duty incentive pay from the day you graduate from nuclear training. you are required to be a u. s. citizen and less than 25 years old at the time of your enlistment. you must be a high school graduate with a diploma and with successful completion of one year of algebra, and able to meet security clearance requirements. after the navy your knowledge of traditional and nuclear power will be an asset in high demand, whether with america \u2019 s navy or the civilian sector. your advanced understanding of the operation and maintenance of sophisticated electronics will put you at the top of any civilian job candidate list. your experience, ability to work under pressure and advanced skill level will lead to opportunities to work closely with specialists in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5151529031519795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72fe707c-3489-4c44-af18-8b0b52c547f2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.970503"}
{"text": "netwellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. netwellness is commercial - free and does not accept advertising. thursday, may 23, 2013 injury prevention and safety which color bruise is considered to be the worst? health professionals used to rely on bruise color to estimate how recently an injury occurred. however, it is well known now that bruise color is not at all a reliable measure of how bad a bruise is or when the injury occurred. large bruises over the abdomen and pelvis that may signal that serious damage has been done to the organs underlying the bruise. the bruise itself is deceptive because you can ' t see the underlying damage that is far more serious than the visible discoloration. this can be deadly, especially if organs rich in blood supply such as the liver and spleen are damaged and the person bleeds to death internally. of course, bruises over the bone can mean that a hemorrhage occurs under the bony covering called the periosteum and also may lead to a fracture of the bone underneath. these are certainly painful but do not lead to death very often. they can look worse because of the impact of the blood vessels onto the bone as compared to soft tissue bruising over the abdomen. bruises around the eyes and ears can damage vision and hearing if the force of the injury was significant. the bottom line is that color is not what is so important. it is much more important what the force of the injury was and what parts of the body are underneath the force of the injury. i hope this answers your question. mary m gottesman, phd, rn, cpnp, faan professor of clinical nursing college of nursing the ohio state university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4633885228279205, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56c72567-b87d-48b8-b87a-7aabda38c9fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.972467"}
{"text": "webmd medical news brunilda nazario, md jan. 25, 2012 - - working 11 - hour days may seem the norm in this economy, but regularly logging long hours can more than double a worker \u2019 s risk of depression. people who routinely put in more than 11 - hour days more than double their chances of major depression, compared to employees who typically work about eight hours a day, a new study suggests. long workdays take a physical toll on the body, but there ' s been mixed evidence of their effects on the brain. and little is known about the link between long work hours and depression. this research looked at more than 2, 000 british civil servants who had no mental health problems when the study began in 1991, and whose average age was 47. about six years later, 66 cases of major depression were found in the workers after they received mental health screenings. men and women who worked more than 11 - hour days had a more than twofold increased risk of depression, compared to public employees who spent less than eight hours at the office. the civil servants who were more likely to become depressed were typically younger females in lower job grades who used alcohol moderately and also had a chronic disease. the research appears in the online journal plos one. a variety of genetic, physical, and emotional factors can make a person vulnerable to depression. at the workplace, the prolonged stress felt by people with long hours is one of the contributing factors to depression. \" long working hours are likely to be related to less time to relax and less sleep, \" says study researcher marianna virtanen, phd. she is a team leader of the work and mental health team at the finnish institute of occupational health in helsinki. \" it is also possible that excessive working hours result in problems with close relationships, which in turn, may trigger depression, \" virtanen says. the current economic climate has millions of people working extremely long hours - - or holding two or three jobs just to make ends meet. many of us are working too much. so how can you tell if all those hours are affecting your mood? some warning signs for depression include trouble sleeping, feeling stressed, being irritable and dissatisfied, or lacking pleasure in those things that usually make you happy. you may also make more mistakes on the job, or have trouble getting organized or concentrating. workaholics are not immune to depression, but virtanen suspects it might take them longer to develop depression because they probably find their jobs more rewarding than people who may be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4442431090610686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4080e215-1ca4-4e22-ad88-0502301d9fa6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.976630"}
{"text": "mistakes on the job, or have trouble getting organized or concentrating. workaholics are not immune to depression, but virtanen suspects it might take them longer to develop depression because they probably find their jobs more rewarding than people who may be forced to put in longer hours. although this research was done in the 1990s, these days technology tethers us even closer to our jobs. \" work is no longer so much tied to time and place, \" virtanen says. \" this may make some people feel highly attached to their work tasks outside of their usual working hours. \" although the study only looked at public employees in white - collar jobs, it ' s unclear if similar results would be found in blue - collar or private - sector workers. of course, working long hours is not the only reason people become depressed, but the study raises awareness that it can play a role, says randy auerbach, phd, who researches depression at mclean hospital in belmont, mass. auerbach said the number of cases of depression found were reasonable for this population, and that the researchers did a good job accounting for other factors that may contribute to depression, such as economic status, alcohol use, social support, and gender. the reality is that employees are often driven to work more to hold on to the job and income they have. if it doesn ' t seem feasible to cut back on your hours, auerbach says, then ask yourself, \" what can i do to put my mental and physical well - being first? \" longer work hours could result in less time with your loved ones and less time to invest in your self - care. sleep often slides, as do plans to exercise and eat healthy foods. time with family and friends may take a back seat. yet these are many of the healthy ways that buffer against stress and let people blow off steam. \" it ' s important to have periods with less pressure at work and shorter hours, \" virtanen says. her other tips for work - life balance include making a distinction between work and leisure, not skipping your vacation time, and taking care of your health, especially sleep and exercise. sources : virtanen, m. plos one, published online jan. 25, 2012. marianna virtanen, phd, team leader, work and mental health team, finnish institute of occupational health, helsinki, finland. randy auerbach, phd, instructor, department of psychiatry, harvard medical school, boston. the health news section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4485826437812275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4080e215-1ca4-4e22-ad88-0502301d9fa6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.977765"}
{"text": "zen, japan and the art of democracy foreign observers have long been baffled by japan \u2019 s self - discipline in the face of multiple disaster western europe has experienced only one \" killer \" earthquake of similar magnitude to the one that struck japan on 11 march 2011. even so, the lisbon earthquake of 1755, also followed by a tsunami and fire, caused a profound though arguably short - lived crisis in western thought. the indiscriminate loss of life challenged both christian beliefs in god ' s benevolence and omnipotence and the enlightenment ' s new, humanist conception of a well - ordered universe ( the german philosopher gottfried leibniz ' s \" best of all possible worlds \" ) with man as its rational and progressive centre. leading intellectuals such as voltaire put god and nature on trial and found both guilty. believers in the wrathful old testament god argued, however, that the disaster was divine punishment for the sins of lisbon. at which voltaire thundered : \" was lisbon more sinful than london or paris? \" rousseau wrote a letter to voltaire in response, chiding him for his insults - not to god but to nature. if people had dispersed themselves throughout the natural world rather than being pent up in a crowded city, there would not have been so many deaths. the descendants of rousseau can be found among those environmentalists who see the recent catastrophe in japan as nature ' s revenge for the country ' s whaling. the lisbon earthquake was a one - off in european history. memories of it faded. god was soon back in heaven and all was right with the world. one can only imagine the effect on european thought and culture if such events had become a regular occurrence over the past two and a half centuries, as they have been in japan. since 1755, japan has experienced as many as two dozen major earthquakes, as well as countless smaller ones, reminding the people of the ever - present danger beneath their feet. but, as foreign observers always remark, the japanese accept these catastrophes with an uncomplaining stoicism and self - discipline, and without the slightest hint of theological or humanistic crisis. to understand why, we must first look at the two major religious traditions of japan, shinto and buddhism. modern shinto descends from the animistic beliefs of the ancient japanese, whose myths make clear that, like the pre - christian romans, they did not expect their gods to be unfailingly just or benevolent. the storm god in particular, susano - o ( whose name", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5416229418567005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d8e92ce-5a64-412c-836d-550357c0aa10>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:06.996563"}
{"text": "the flow of the river is ceaseless and its water is never the same. the bubbles that float in the pools, now vanishing, now forming, are not of long duration : so in the world are man and his dwellings. \" echoes of heraclitus. this sense of life as transient and fragile was elaborated into a more formal philosophy by dogen ( 1200 - 53 ), the thomas aquinas of zen buddhism. dogen ' s philosophy is one of impermanence and emptiness, or non - essentialism : it is not only nature that has no fixed or permanent identity ; neither does man. \" the thought of enlightenment... is the mind which sees into impermanence. \" or, more poetically : to what shall i liken the world? shaken from a crane ' s bill. impermanence ( mujo ) became a central theme of japanese art and literature and has permeated every other realm of the culture. it may seem paradoxical that, for all nature ' s savagery throughout their history, the japanese have devoted so much of their literature and art to extolling its beauty. how can one love a cruel, pitiless, indifferent nature that produces earthquakes and tsunamis? the haiku poet matsuo basho ' s answer to this conundrum comes from zen : if nature offends your ego, then transcend your ego by becoming one with nature. basho ' s life was full of loss and sorrow, but he turned to nature to transform, or \" refine \", that sorrow into what he called sabi ( literally a sense of loneliness ). this was an impersonal, ego - less state of oneness with nature and detachment from the self. for basho, poetic practice was an exercise in self - abnegation, rather like what john keats called \" negative capability \". as keats wrote : \" with a great poet, the sense of beauty overcomes every other consideration, or rather obliterates all consideration. \" the haiku poet \" empties \" himself to experience nature as it is, unfiltered through the human ego. in the work of an english nature poet such as wordsworth, poet and nature are equally present ( in \" daffodils \", he refers to himself eight times in 24 lines ). in the best of basho, the poet vanishes and only nature remains : pierce through rock. the japanese political response to disasters or unexpected national emergencies has been less inspiring. since", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5550529153805956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d8e92ce-5a64-412c-836d-550357c0aa10>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.000871"}
{"text": "manifestations of mu - incapable of taking a strong stand or any kind of independent action. fifteen prime ministers have served the emperor akihito, who is now in the 23rd year of his reign. this is a less salutary form of mujo, or impermanence, and not one that inspires in the japanese public much confidence in their leaders. in the enigma of japanese power ( 1989 ), the dutch journalist karel van wolferen describes japan as a \" stateless nation \", controlled by a faceless, unaccountable, oligarchic elite from behind the scenes. little has changed in the past 20 years. in ikiru ( 1952 ), akira kurosawa ' s film satirising bureaucracy, housewives in a poor neighbourhood of tokyo petition city hall to turn a mosquito - infested swamp into a playground. holding their children, the women are sent from one government department to another, in a dizzying round of bureaucratic buck - passing. after finally being sent back to where they started, they explode in anger : \" you ' re making a mockery of democracy! \" japan ' s postwar democracy was still in its infancy and kurosawa was trying to instruct his countrymen in a new way of thinking : that governments exist to serve their people. looking at the political establishment ' s sluggish response to crisis 60 years later, one might doubt whether they ever took the lesson to heart. two weeks after the catastrophe of 11 march, doctors in miyagi prefecture in north - eastern japan were complaining to the media that they and their patients were surviving on two balls of rice a day. the press was full of stories of citizens who had loaded their cars with noodles, rice or even restaurant food and had driven hundreds of kilometres to distribute these to victims throughout the coastal areas. they were able to do so because the roads were not clogged, as one might have expected, with military convoys distributing food and medicine and evacuating the wounded. trappings of modernity where was the government? the disaster had affected only a small part of the country ; surely a more efficient distribution of food could have been possible, given the immense resources at japan ' s command? many had asked the same question after the kobe earthquake - and that was not in an isolated region like tohoku, but in a major city in central japan. at that time, kobe ' s infamous yakuza gained considerable public esteem by distributing food to the needy and homeless far more efficiently than the state", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5072651928137886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d8e92ce-5a64-412c-836d-550357c0aa10>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.005997"}
{"text": "that was not in an isolated region like tohoku, but in a major city in central japan. at that time, kobe ' s infamous yakuza gained considerable public esteem by distributing food to the needy and homeless far more efficiently than the state was willing or able to do. despite its modern, democratic trappings, the japanese government does not seem to understand that it is a public service. people exist to serve the state, not the other way around. in the more psychologically powerful, symbolic terms preferred by the conservative establishment, the state is identified with the emperor. as the wartime slogan put it : \" one hundred million lives for the emperor! \" as recently as 2000, yoshiro mori, the then prime minister, assured his audience at a meeting with pro - shinto politicians, \" japan is a divine land centred on the emperor \" - abrogating the postwar constitution at a single stroke. similarly, after the tohoku catastrophe, the governor of tokyo, shintaro ishihara, caused outrage by declaring that the earthquake was \" divine punishment \" for japan ' s present - day materialism. to which one might respond : isn ' t tokyo a lot more materialistic than tohoku, one of the poorest regions of japan? the present constitution, enacted on 3 may 1947, stipulates that the people are sovereign, not the emperor, as in the 1889 meiji constitution. but many conservatives, it seems, still prefer the meiji version. as mori ' s remarks made clear, they feel nostalgia for the pre - war kokutai ( national polity ), which combined politics with shinto. again, such sentiments contravene the postwar separation of religion and state. to many right - wingers, the 1947 constitution is tainted because it was enforced by the allied ( mostly american ) occupation authorities following japan ' s defeat in the second world war. it is perceived as \" un - japanese \" and as an attempt to impose values that are alien to the country ' s culture and politics. as the writer yukio mishima once remarked, the emperor is the political establishment ' s \" joker \", or trump card, to play when the chips are down. this trump card has long enabled the far right to cloak itself in the sanctified aura of \" imperial tradition \" and also enabled the establishment to escape the self - inflicted debacle of the second world war almost miraculously intact, except for the token offering of a few sacrificial victims to the international military tribunal for the far east", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49474470934448644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d8e92ce-5a64-412c-836d-550357c0aa10>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.007131"}
{"text": "\" imperial tradition \" and also enabled the establishment to escape the self - inflicted debacle of the second world war almost miraculously intact, except for the token offering of a few sacrificial victims to the international military tribunal for the far east in 1946 - 48. this was in contrast to japan ' s fascist allies in europe, where the fall of hitler and mussolini forced a credible break with the older political systems in germany and italy. sure enough, now that the chips are down, the emperor has been despatched to visit earthquake victims, gracing his subjects with the divinity that \" doth hedge a king \". the people have welcomed his visits gratefully - but not so much those of the prime minister. when naoto kan visited the earthquake area three weeks after the event, one homeless 72 - year - old woman seemed underwhelmed. \" i don ' t expect anything from the government, \" she said. kan came into office in 2010 vowing to replace back - room rule by bureaucrats with a newly decisive politics. if the march earthquake was his first great test, however, one can hardly say that he has impressed. kan survived a no - confidence vote on 2 june by promising to resign in the near future ; by late june the opposition parties were demanding a firm date for his departure and, in protest at his tenure, delaying the implementation of a special budget for post - earthquake reconstruction. victims have expressed outrage that crucial work has been delayed even further because of these familiar factional squabbles. revolutions in japan have never originated with the people. they, too, have been imposed from above after power struggles among the ruling elite ( the so - called meiji restoration of 1868 is a good example ). the japanese are a profoundly conservative people, and for understandable reasons. if the ground beneath one ' s feet has a habit of shaking, cracking and convulsing, one would hope for social and political stability, at least. grumbling will follow the rumblings, but the shaky foundations of the state are likely to remain standing, however precariously. japan today desperately needs that leader who prince shotoku said appears only once a millennium - if not a shotoku, at least a sebastiao jose de carvalho e melo, prime minister of portugal at the time of the great lisbon earthquake, who, when asked by panicking officials what they should do, answered : \" feed the living and bury the dead. \" roy starrs teaches japanese studies at the university of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46126103550673814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d8e92ce-5a64-412c-836d-550357c0aa10>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.008528"}
{"text": "jared diamond, traditional societies and myths of the future civilisation \u2019 s gains and losses. the world until yesterday : what can we learn from traditional societies? allen lane, 512pp, \u00a320 from the standpoint of anthropology, a distinguished practitioner of the discipline once told me, modernity is an unnecessary concept. it was a striking observation. the idea that modern human beings are vastly different from those who came before is central to the way that many people now think of themselves and, for most of them, it seems obvious that being modern is an unmixed blessing. economists and some historians tell impressive - sounding stories of how humankind has struggled to leave behind the darkness and misery of pre - modern times to achieve its present level of wellbeing and enlightenment, while \u201c modernisation \u201d has been the rallying cry of generations of politicians. to be sure, the meaning of modernisation has changed over time. if practically the entire political class today understands being modern to mean that society must adapt itself to the market, many were equally convinced until only a few decades ago that no society could be truly modern until market forces had been replaced by collective planning. again, nowadays everyone equates being modern with acceptance of democracy and liberal values ; but during the interwar years fascism was perceived as a thoroughly modern movement. everybody celebrates modernisation and understands it as the passage to a better world but ideas of what it means to be modern are like the advertisements you watch on television \u2013 quickly dated and soon forgotten. \u201c \u2018 modern \u2019 conditions have prevailed, even just locally, for a tiny fraction of human history, \u201d writes jared diamond. \u201c all human societies have been traditional for far longer than any society has been modern. \u201d diamond begins his inquiry with the wise observation that no society is fully modern. \u201c billions of people around the world today still live in traditional ways, \u201d he writes, and traditional ways of life persist within the most modern societies. in the montana valley where diamond and his family spend their summer holidays, he tells us, \u201c many disputes are still resolved by informal social mechanisms rather than by going to court. \u201d many europeans who grew up in the 1950s had childhoods not unlike those diamond has studied in traditional new guinea villages : \u201c everyone knew what everyone else was doing and expressed their opinions about it, people married spouses born only a mile or two distant, people spent their entire lives in or near the village except for young men away during the world war years and disputes within the village had to be settled in a way that restored relationships or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4934470896957076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dda5fa8d-77cd-4552-845b-0f83f2ac79f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.023312"}
{"text": "it, people married spouses born only a mile or two distant, people spent their entire lives in or near the village except for young men away during the world war years and disputes within the village had to be settled in a way that restored relationships or made them tolerable, because you were going to be living near that person for the rest of your life. \u201d when a society becomes modern, older ways of living don \u2019 t altogether vanish. \u201c the world of yesterday wasn \u2019 t erased and replaced by a new world of today : much of yesterday is still with us. \u201d modernity isn \u2019 t, for diamond, a condition that should triumph completely but this is not because he romanticises traditional ways of living. much of the world until yesterday is an account of the drawbacks of life in traditional societies, some of it deriving from the author \u2019 s experience during periods of fieldwork. he describes vividly how on one of his first trips, when he spent a month with a group of new guineans studying birds on a forest - covered mountain, his companions became agitated and refused to sleep in a beautiful valley where he had selected a place to set up camp at the base of a giant tree. the campsite was dangerous, the new guineans explained, because the tree was dead and might fall over and kill them all. after a number of other incidents, including one in which he nearly drowned, diamond came to see their response as an example of what he calls \u201c constructive paranoia \u201d \u2013 a sense of danger that comes with living in environments that are chronically unsafe for humans. rightly, diamond thinks that we may have something to learn from this attitude ; but he underscores clearly how it is a response to living in a world that, in some important respects, is more insecure than the one that has been built in modern times. without modern medicine, accidents are more easily fatal or permanently disabling \u2013 and there is no place in traditional cultures for the severely impaired. as diamond notes : \u201c some traditional societies, especially nomadic ones or those in harsh environments, are forced to neglect, abandon or kill their elderly. \u201d the paranoia he describes has another source in how, in traditional communities, encounters with strangers are infused with peril. when new guinean highlanders had their first sight of a european in 1933, they wept in terror. reflecting this horror of outsiders, their relations with other tribal groups were governed by more or less continuous warfare. these are not the innocent primitives of rousseauesque mythology but nor are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5171557446886053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dda5fa8d-77cd-4552-845b-0f83f2ac79f7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.024884"}
{"text": "their first sight of a european in 1933, they wept in terror. reflecting this horror of outsiders, their relations with other tribal groups were governed by more or less continuous warfare. these are not the innocent primitives of rousseauesque mythology but nor are they the bloodthirsty savages of victorian imperialist folklore. living as everyone lived until around 11, 000 years ago, they are human beings in many ways like ourselves. when a 50 - year - old yahi indian from northern california gave up his huntergatherer life to live in san francisco, diamond tells us, he was deeply impressed by matches and glue, thinking them the most admirable modern inventions ( later he became attached to running water, flushing lavatories and railway trains, among other amenities ). the yahi admired these modern inventions for the same reason europeans invented them : they add to the ease and enjoyment of life. for diamond, the modern world is a patchwork of such inventions but their overall impact on human well - being has been complex and mixed. the domestication of plants and animals, the emergence of large human settlements along with formal systems of justice, the expansion of states, the spread of literacy, cumulative innovation in science and technology \u2013 these are some of the developments that together produced the way we live today. along with their undoubted benefits, modern societies have their distinctive disorders, including the epidemic spread of diseases such as diabetes and hypertension that are unknown in traditional societies, unremitting time - scarcity and the cultural and cognitive losses that go with vanishing languages ( one of the remaining 7, 000 languages that are still extant disappears every nine days, diamond tells us ). as he sees it, modernity is not a unique transition that some societies have experienced at various times during the past few centuries ; it is an ongoing process whose upshot is uncertain and insecure. the fragility of civilisation is a theme that runs through much of diamond \u2019 s work. his bestselling books guns, germs and steel ( 1997 ) and collapse : how societies choose to fail or succeed ( 2005 ) have given him the reputation of being something of a doommonger. this is only to be expected, since diamond points to an undeniable but unwelcome truth. modern societies are no more immune from environmental collapse than the many that have disappeared in the past \u2013 having become so closely interconnected, they are in some ways more at risk. yet diamond \u2019 s work is about much more than the vulnera", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5032589478379546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dda5fa8d-77cd-4552-845b-0f83f2ac79f7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.026543"}
{"text": ". modern societies are no more immune from environmental collapse than the many that have disappeared in the past \u2013 having become so closely interconnected, they are in some ways more at risk. yet diamond \u2019 s work is about much more than the vulnerabilities of advanced societies and it would be more accurate to describe him as inquiring into the environmental conditions that shape human communities. one way or another, most theories of human development privilege the kind of society in which the theorist lives. where 19th - century racial theories posited the biological superiority of europeans, the triumphal celebrations of unending economic advance that filled the airport bookstalls in the 1990s invoked the cultural superiority of american individualism \u2013 something of which we hear rather less now that the financial crisis has shown reckless debt rather than bourgeois virtue to be the chief source of america \u2019 s apparent economic outperformance in recent times. diamond \u2019 s divergence from such ways of thinking is bracing and deeply instructive. arguing that, \u201c the explanation for the differences in types of societies existing in the modern world depends on environmental differences, \u201d he suggests that human groups in the relatively few regions of the world with plants and animals suitable for domestication had a major advantage over others. food surpluses led to population growth, which in turn led to political centralisation and social stratification, the growth of cities and the rise of industrial production. rather than any built - in biological or cultural advantage, it was this environmental head start that eventually produced the modern societies we know today. diamond is one of our most consistently illuminating thinkers and the world until yesterday is a compelling account of the gains and losses that go with modern living. but if diamond is impressive in deconstructing simple - minded ideas about what it means to be modern, he does not explain why modernisation has become such a powerful myth. recent history is littered with vast political experiments aiming to impose models of modernisation on refractory societies, often incurring huge human costs. not only in russia and china in the communist era but also in many emerging countries, millions of lives have been lost or ruined by the imposition of crudely schematic plans of development. if nazism is included as a modernist ideology aiming to remake the world on a hideous new model, probably more human beings were killed in the 20th century for the sake of a vision of the future than for any other single reason. at this point, the scales tilt against modern societies. traditional cultures may live in a state of continuous warfare with each other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.526106526713289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dda5fa8d-77cd-4552-845b-0f83f2ac79f7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.027735"}
{"text": "probably more human beings were killed in the 20th century for the sake of a vision of the future than for any other single reason. at this point, the scales tilt against modern societies. traditional cultures may live in a state of continuous warfare with each other, while genocide is not unknown. no traditional people has attacked and murdered its own members on anything like the scale perpetrated by some modern states. no doubt one reason for this is that traditional societies lack a state apparatus, one of the preconditions of industrial - style killing. yet there may be a more fundamental reason why traditional peoples do not engage in large - scale slaughter of their own members. partly because of their non - linear, cyclical understanding of time, traditional cultures lack the idea that a new world can be brought into being by human action. to sacrifice the present generation of human beings for a hypothetical future would be literally inconceivable to them. traditional cultures have many disadvantages but it is silly to think of them as being simply backward when the belief that we are forever on the brink of a new world has led to so many disasters. think of the experiment in financial deregulation that resulted, only a few years later, in an unprecedented bust in the global banking system. undoubtedly, part of the pressure for deregulation came from selfinterest \u2013 if anyone has benefited, it is surely bankers and those with substantial financial assets. yet the experiment could not have been attempted if an ideology that envisioned the future in terms of a self - regulating global market had not been widely promoted and accepted by mainstream politicians. we had entered a \u201c great moderation \u201d, we were assured, in which the buffering institutions of earlier times \u2013 a welfare state, full employment policies \u2013 were obsolete. the results of chasing this fantasy can be seen all around us. as much as the inventions that diamond describes, it is myths of the future that have come to drive modern life. the self - regulating market was only the latest version of a dream in which the cycles of history have been left behind. if we \u2019 d retained some of the constructive paranoia of traditional cultures, we might still not have been able to prevent the neoliberal experiment ; but we would have been better prepared for the fiasco that has ensued. john gray is the new statesman \u2019 s lead book reviewer. his next book, \u201c the silence of animals : on progress and other modern myths \u201d, will be published by allen lane in february more from new statesman - online writers : - steven baxter - rowe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4572730615259587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dda5fa8d-77cd-4552-845b-0f83f2ac79f7>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.028951"}
{"text": "geneva conventions ( 1949 ) the geneva conventions consist of four treaties formulated in geneva, switzerland, that set the standards for international law for humanitarian concerns. they chiefly concern the treatment of non - combatants and prisoners of war. they do not affect the use of weapons in war, which are covered by the hague conventions of 1899 and 1907 and the geneva protocol on the use of gas and biological weapons of 1925. they were founded by two young men \u2014 henry dunant, founder of the red cross movement and gustave moynier, a co - founder \u2014 who cordially loathed each other. the role of the red cross and red crescent, a voluntary humanitarian organization as a non - state actor in monitoring the treatment of prisoners of war, and the conduct of war according to international law, is an example of how civil society, because it is sometimes more neutral than states, can play a pivotal part in helping to create a better, more humane world. the conventions were the results of efforts by henry dunant, who was motivated by the horrors of war he witnessed at the battle of solferino in 1859. the adoption of the first convention followed the foundation of the international committee of the red cross whose founder, henry dunant, initiated international negotiations that produced the convention for the amelioration of the wounded in time of war in 1864. because some belligerents in world war ii had abused the principles contained in earlier conventions, an international red cross conference in stockholm in 1948 extended and codified the existing provisions. the conference developed four conventions, which were approved in geneva on august 12, 1949. in the decades following world war ii, the large number of anticolonial and insurrectionary wars threatened to render the geneva conventions obsolete. after four years of red cross - sponsored negotiations, two additional protocols to the 1949 conventions, covering both combatants and civilians, were approved in 1977. as per article 49, 50, 129 and 146 of the geneva conventions i, ii, iii and iv, respectively, all signatory states are required to enact sufficient national laws that make grave violations of the geneva conventions a punishable criminal offense, this is what created the international criminal court. more than 180 states have become parties to the 1949 conventions. approximately 150 states are party to protocol i ; more than 145 states are party to protocol ii, though the united states is not. in addition, more than 50 states have made declarations accepting the competence of international fact - finding commissions to investigate allegations of grave breaches or other serious violations of the conventions or of protocol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4999203890406366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4551846c-77a0-4f84-99fe-ce7f22367b68>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.040969"}
{"text": "are party to protocol ii, though the united states is not. in addition, more than 50 states have made declarations accepting the competence of international fact - finding commissions to investigate allegations of grave breaches or other serious violations of the conventions or of protocol i. the conventions and their agreements - first geneva convention \" for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded and sick in armed forces in the field \" ( first adopted in 1864, last revision in 1949 ) - second geneva convention \" for the amelioration of the condition of wounded, sick and shipwrecked members of armed forces at sea \" ( first adopted in 1949, successor of the 1907 hague convention x ) - third geneva convention \" relative to the treatment of prisoners of war \" ( first adopted in 1929, last revision in 1949 ) - fourth geneva convention \" relative to the protection of civilian persons in time of war \" ( first adopted in 1949, based on parts of the 1907 hague convention iv ) in addition, there are three additional amendment protocols to the geneva convention : - protocol i ( 1977 ) : protocol additional to the geneva conventions of august 12, 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts. as of january 12, 2007, it had been ratified by 167 countries. - protocol ii ( 1977 ) : protocol additional to the geneva conventions of august 12, 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of non - international armed conflicts. as of january 12, 2007, it had been ratified by 163 countries. - protocol iii ( 2005 ) : protocol additional to the geneva conventions of august 12, 1949, and relating to the adoption of an additional distinctive emblem. as of june 2007 it had been ratified by 17 countries and signed but not yet ratified by an additional 68 countries. all four conventions were last revised and ratified in 1949, based on previous revisions and partly on some of the 1907 hague conventions ; the whole set is referred to as the \" geneva conventions of 1949 \" or simply the \" geneva conventions. \" later conferences have added provisions prohibiting certain methods of warfare and addressing issues of civil wars. nearly all 200 countries of the world are \" signatory \" nations, in that they have ratified these conventions. clara barton was instrumental in campaigning for the ratification of the first geneva convention by the united states ; the u. s. signed in 1882. by the fourth geneva convention some 47 nations had ratified the agreements. other geneva conventions other conventions of the united nations taking place in geneva and agreements signed there have become part of international and national laws, but are not to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48335912499770434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4551846c-77a0-4f84-99fe-ce7f22367b68>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.042024"}
{"text": ". s. signed in 1882. by the fourth geneva convention some 47 nations had ratified the agreements. other geneva conventions other conventions of the united nations taking place in geneva and agreements signed there have become part of international and national laws, but are not to be confused with the above - mentioned treaties though they may be referred to as \" geneva conventions. \" these include the convention on the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the convention relating to the status of refugees ( 1951 ) and protocol relating to the status of refugees ( 1967 ), and others. extent of provisions war on terror the war against terror following the attack on the twin towers of new york ' s world trade center on september 11, 2001, has raised issues regarding the classification of prisoners. the united states classified many detainees in its facility at guantanamo bay as \" illegal combatants \" and argued that the terms of the geneva convention apply only to those individuals who abide by the rules of law. the icrc, which has visited the camp and also amnesty international, have argued that the detainees deserve the full protection of the geneva conventions, but the u. s. ' s position was that that only some of the provisions of the convention apply. following a ruling by the supreme court of the united states in june 2006 rejecting the use of \" special tribunals \" to try detainees, and called for the application of the rule of law and conformity with the geneva conventions. subsequently, the u. s. government announced that it would treat all prisoners captured during the war on terror according to the geneva conventions. on the one hand, some argue that the war on terror requires a revision of international humanitarian law to deal with changed circumstances, in which non - state actors do not follow the rules of war. on the other hand, the supreme court ' s ruling has been hailed as a vindication of the geneva convention ' s effectiveness. west bank and gaza one of the most debated issues surrounds the applicability of the geneva conventions to the west bank and gaza strip following the israeli occupation. article two states that \" the convention shall also apply to all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a high contracting party, even if the said occupation meets with no armed resistance. \" the united nations determined in 1979 that the geneva conventions do apply but this has been rejected by israel, which hold that \" the fourth geneva convention is not applicable to the occupied territories. \" the international court of justice has ruled that the convention does apply, which again can be interpreted as a vindication of the extent of the provisions of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48447950322181293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4551846c-77a0-4f84-99fe-ce7f22367b68>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.043372"}
{"text": "rejected by israel, which hold that \" the fourth geneva convention is not applicable to the occupied territories. \" the international court of justice has ruled that the convention does apply, which again can be interpreted as a vindication of the extent of the provisions of the conventions. - human rights - red cross - laws of war - war crime - \u2191 the text is given at the icrc website, resolutions of the geneva international conference retrieved february 7, 2008. - \u2191 geneva conventions of august 12, 1949, state parties, signatories geneva conventions of august 12, 1949, parties / signatories retrieved february 7, 2008. - \u2191 texts of all related documents available at the icrc, 1949 conventions and 1977 protocols retrieved february 7, 2008. - \u2191 charles lane, \" high court rejects detainee tribunals. \" washington post, june 30, 2006, high court rejects detainee tribunals retrieved february 7, 2008. - \u2191 \" the question of the observance of the fourth geneva convention of 1949 in gaza and the west bank, \" united nations, january 1, 1979, the question of the fourth geneva convention of 1949 in gaza and the west bank retrieved february 7, 2008. - \u2191 \" consider geneva pact, israel told, \" bbc news, august 24, 2004, consider geneva pact, israel told retrieved february 7, 2008. - bennett, angela. 2005. the geneva convention the hidden origins of the red cross. stroud, gloucestershire : sutton. isbn 9780750941471 - diplomatic conference on the reaffirmation and development of international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts, and howard s. levie. protection of war victims protocol 1 to the 1949 geneva conventions. dobbs ferry, ny : oceana publications, 1979. isbn 9780379007862 - jinks, derek. 2005. the rules of war : the geneva conventions in the age of terror. new york : oxford university press. isbn 9780195183627 - levie, howard s. the law of non - international armed conflict protocol ii to the 1949 geneva conventions. scientific collection of the henry dunant institute. dordrecht : m. nijhoff, 1987. isbn 9789024734917 - roth, kenneth, minky worden, and amy d. bernstein. 2005. torture - does it make us safer? is it ever ok? : a human rights perspective. new york : new press. isbn 9781595580573 all links retrieved february 7,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4692863153170055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4551846c-77a0-4f84-99fe-ce7f22367b68>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.044592"}
{"text": "about this product : this graphic shows an approximate representation of coastal areas under a hurricane warning ( red ), hurricane watch ( pink ), tropical storm warning ( blue ) and tropical storm watch ( yellow ). the orange circle indicates the current position of the center of the tropical cyclone. the black line and dots show the national hurricane center ( nhc ) forecast track of the center at the times indicated. the dot indicating the forecast center location will be black if the cyclone is forecast to be tropical and will be white with a black outline if the cyclone is forecast to be extratropical. if only an l is displayed, then the system is forecast to be a remnant low. the letter inside the dot indicates the nhc ' s forecast intensity for that time : d : tropical depression \u2013 wind speed less than 39 mph s : tropical storm \u2013 wind speed between 39 mph and 73 mph h : hurricane \u2013 wind speed between 74 mph and 110 mph m : major hurricane \u2013 wind speed greater than 110 mph nhc tropical cyclone forecast tracks can be in error. this forecast uncertainty is conveyed by the track forecast \" cone \", the solid white and stippled white areas in the graphic. the solid white area depicts the track forecast uncertainty for days 1 - 3 of the forecast, while the stippled area depicts the uncertainty on days 4 - 5. historical data indicate that the entire 5 - day path of the center of the tropical cyclone will remain within the cone about 60 - 70 % of the time. to form the cone, a set of imaginary circles are placed along the forecast track at the 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h positions, where the size of each circle is set so that it encloses 67 % of the previous five years official forecast errors. the cone is then formed by smoothly connecting the area swept out by the set of circles. there is also uncertainty in the nhc intensity forecasts. the maximum 1 - minute wind speed probability table provides intensity forecast and uncertainty information. it is also important to realize that a tropical cyclone is not a point. their effects can span many hundreds of miles from the center. the area experiencing hurricane force ( one - minute average wind speeds of at least 74 mph ) and tropical storm force ( one - minute average wind speeds of 39 - 73 mph ) winds can extend well beyond the white areas shown enclosing the most likely track area of the center. the distribution of hurricane and tropical storm force winds in this tropical cyclone can be seen in the wind history graphic linked above.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5141433054455051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ce27885-3064-4fd9-bf45-8ddd0080f661>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.048426"}
{"text": "these are additional global health resources, and inclusion of the resources on this page does not imply endorsement by the nhlbi. see also partners in global health. the observatory of innovative practices for complex chronic disease management responds to the need to harness the power of information and communication technologies to support a global network of managers, researchers, health professionals, patients and caregivers interested in transforming the management of complex chronic diseases, thus facilitating continuous improvement of quality in health care, worldwide. c3 collaborating for health c3 brings together policy - makers, businesses, government, teachers, health experts, young professionals, academics and others to design ways to make it easier to be healthy, and to put these ideas into action. c3 seeks to promote 3 behaviour changes : stopping smoking, eating a better diet ( including avoiding the harmful use of alcohol ) and increasing physical activity. ncd action network ncd action and the young professionals chronic disease network ( yp - cdn ) address local and global non - communicable disease needs by building networks, campaigns, and projects that are both grassroots and globally focused. members are students and experts in their fields \u2013 including public health professionals, doctors, sociologists, anthropologists, philosophers, nutritionists, communicators, architects, and anyone else who is committed to addressing ncds. members are encouraged to share their ideas, passions, and expertise, and in doing so, help them turn their creative passion into real - world projects that have measurable impact on the local and global burden of ncds. 3four50. com is an awareness - raising and action - based online social network aimed at preventing chronic diseases. the name represents the oxford health alliance ' s key message : three risk factors, tobacco use, poor diet, and lack of physical activity, contribute to four chronic diseases : heart disease, type 2 diabetes, lung disease, and some cancers \u2014 which, in turn, contribute to more than 50 percent of deaths in the world. however, by addressing the risk factors, many of these deaths could be prevented. community interventions for health ( cih ) oxford health alliance ' s cih initiative acts upon the urgent need to design, implement, and assess cost - effective, comprehensive interventions for three risk factors for chronic diseases ( poor diet, tobacco use, lack of physical activity ), adaptable to different cultures and communities. the research is unique in its scale and scope \u2014 the interventions will be tracked across multiple countries and multiple settings : schools, health - care centers, work places, and local communities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47871181146376796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a32f0312-cd41-45f1-b838-9c8a954dec16>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.054765"}
{"text": "lack of physical activity ), adaptable to different cultures and communities. the research is unique in its scale and scope \u2014 the interventions will be tracked across multiple countries and multiple settings : schools, health - care centers, work places, and local communities. global development network ( gdn ) the gdn is an international organization that works with developing country researchers and policy research institutes to support the generation and sharing of world - class, policy - relevant research on development. institute of medicine, preventing the global epidemic of cardiovascular disease : meeting the challenges in developing countries the institute of medicine is convening an ad hoc committee to study the evolving global epidemic of cardiovascular disease and will offer conclusions and recommendations pertinent to its control and to a range of public and private sector entities involved with global health and development. procor is a global network promoting cardiovascular health in developing countries and other low - resource settings. procor is a program of the lown cardiovascular research foundation, a tax - exempt, nonprofit organization, based in brookline, massachusetts, usa. - 2008 - 2013 action plan for the global strategy for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. world health organization, geneva, 2008. ( pdf ) * - disease control priorities in developing countries, second edition. jamison dt, breman jg, measham ar, et al, eds. oxford university press and the world bank, washington, d. c., 2006. - preventing chronic diseases : a vital investment. who global report, world health organization, geneva, 2005. - public policy and the challenge of chronic noncommunicable diseases. adeyi o, smith o, robles s. the world bank, washington, d. c., 2007. ( pdf ) * * pdf files require adobe acrobat. nabel eg, stevens s, smith r. combating chronic disease in developing countries \u2014 partners in progress. lancet, 2009. - daar as, singer pa, persad dl, pramming sk, matthews dr, beaglehole r, bernstein a, borysiewicz lk, colagiuri s, ganguly n, glass ri, finegood dt, koplan j, nabel eg, sarna g, sarrafzadegan n, smith r, yach d, bell j. grand challenges in chronic noncommunicable diseases. nature. nov 22 : 450 : 494 - 6, 2007. - abegunde d, mathers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.515992524757994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a32f0312-cd41-45f1-b838-9c8a954dec16>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.055819"}
{"text": "sarrafzadegan n, smith r, yach d, bell j. grand challenges in chronic noncommunicable diseases. nature. nov 22 : 450 : 494 - 6, 2007. - abegunde d, mathers cd, adam t, ortegon m, strong k. the burden and costs of chronic diseases in low - income and middle - income countries. lancet 370 : 1929 - 38, 2007 asaria p, chisholm d, mathers c, ezzati m, beaglehole r. chronic disease prevention : health effects and financial costs of strategies to reduce salt intake and control tobacco use. lancet 370 : 2044 - 53, 2007. - beaglehole r, ebrahim s, reddy s, voute j, leeder s, on behalf of the chronic disease action group. prevention of chronic disease : a call to action. lancet 370 : 2152 - 7, 2007. gaziano t, galea g, reddy ks. scaling up interventions for chronic disease prevention : the evidence. lancet 370 : 1939 - 46, 2007. - horton r. chronic diseases : the case for urgent global action. lancet 370 : 1881 - 2, 2007. - lim ss, gaziano ta, gakidou e, reddy ks, farzadfar f, lozano r, rodgers a. prevention of cardiovascular disease in high risk individuals in low - income and middle - income countries : health effects and costs. lancet 370 : 2054 - 62, 2007. quam l, smith r, yach d. rising to the global challenge of the chronic disease epidemic. lancet 368 : 1221 - 3, 2006. - strong kl, mathers cd, leeder s, beaglehole r. preventing chronic diseases : how many lives can we save? lancet 366 : 1578 - 82, 2005. last updated : january 24, 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4893899360936558, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a32f0312-cd41-45f1-b838-9c8a954dec16>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.056764"}
{"text": "1. loopback test a loopback test can be used to troubleshoot serial communications. it can show problems in the serial port, the cable, or the software generating the messages without having to connect to third party hardware. by connecting the proper wires, a loopback test can verify the operation of serial communication. loopback tests can be used for rs - 232, rs - 422, and rs - 485 serial communication. for more information on rs - 232, rs - 422, and rs - 485 see the serial communication overview. note that not all serial devices, especially those with many connections on one card, allow hardware flow control on every serial output of the device. to perform a loopback test for rs - 232, the txd pin must be connected to the rxd pin. this allows the data to flow from the transmit to the receive pins. since the communication is differential for rs - 422 and rs - 485, the txd + connects to the rxd + and the txd - connects to the rxd - pins. a more advanced loopback test that allows hardware flow control will need more pins connected to allow the flow control signals to be properly passed. for rs - 232, the cts and rts pins must be connected along with the dtr and dsr pins. for rs - 422 and rs - 485, cts + should be connected to rts + and cts - should be connected to rts -. for more information about national instrument \u2019 s serial interfaces, visit ni. com / serial. de - 9 ( db9 ) connector the de - 9 connector is the most common serial connector. this connector is found on national instrument \u2019 s one and two port serial interfaces. figure 1 : pinout diagram for de - 9 connector to perform a loopback test with no hardware flow control, you will need to connect pins 2 and 3 for rs - 232 and pins 4 to 8 and 5 to 9 for rs - 422 / 485. these connections can be seen in red below ( figure 2 for rs - 232 and figure 3 for rs - 422 / 485 ). when using hardware flow control, you will need to connect pins 4 to 6 and 7 to 8 for rs - 232. pins 7 and 8 are used for rts / cts hardware flow control where pins 4 and 6 are used for dtr / dsr hardware flow control. for rs - 422 / 485, you will need to connect pins 2 to 3 and 6 to 7.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5081443713429313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bf52f27-bc9b-4e61-944a-44e54805be13>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.063285"}
{"text": "are used for rts / cts hardware flow control where pins 4 and 6 are used for dtr / dsr hardware flow control. for rs - 422 / 485, you will need to connect pins 2 to 3 and 6 to 7. both of these connections are required for rts / cts hardware flow control since rs - 422 / 485 have differential connections. these connections can be seen in blue below ( figure 2 for rs - 232 and figure 3 for rs - 422 / 485 ). figure 2 : rs - 232 female de - 9 plug with connections required for loopback test figure 3 : rs - 422 / 485 female de - 9 plug with connections required for loopback test this connector is not as common as the de - 9 connector. this connector can still be used to perform a loopback test with a method similar to the one used for the de - 9 connector. figure 4 : pinout diagram for db - 25 connector most of the pins on db - 25 connectors are not connected since only nine pins are used for rs - 232, rs - 422, and rs - 485 communication. to perform a loopback test with no hardware flow control with a db - 25 connector, connect pins 2 to 3 for rs - 232. for rs - 422 / 485 connect pins 5 to 20 and 7 to 22. the required connections can be seen in red on figures 5 and 6. for hardware flow control using rs - 232, pins 4 and 5 must be connected along with pins 6 and 20. when using rs - 422 / 485, pin 5 must connect to pin 20 and pin 7 must connect to pin 22. this will allow the loopback test to use the proper flow control lines. these connections can be seen in blue on figures 5 and 6. figure 5 : rs - 232 female db - 25 plug with connections required for loopback test figure 6 : rs - 422 / 485 female db - 25 plug with connections required for loopback test 10p10c ( rj50 ) connector this connector is most commonly found on national instrument \u2019 s 4 port serial interfaces. the national instrument 4 port serial interfaces come with 4 10p10c to de - 9 male converter cables. figure 7 : pinout diagram for rj50 connector it is not recommended to use the 10p10c connector by itself to perform a loopback test due to the small separation between pins. using a 10p10c to de - 9 connector ( part number 192190 - 01 ), a lo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46813534974011717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bf52f27-bc9b-4e61-944a-44e54805be13>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.064984"}
{"text": "it is not recommended to use the 10p10c connector by itself to perform a loopback test due to the small separation between pins. using a 10p10c to de - 9 connector ( part number 192190 - 01 ), a looback test can be performed using the methods described above. 3. performing a loopback test in hyperterminal 1. create a new connection with any name and icon. 2. select the communications port you would like to test 3. select the type of flow control you would like to use. note that xon / xoff is software flow control and will only require that the txd and rxd pins to be connected. 4. type a message using the computer ' s keyboard. any data that shows in hyperterminal is received from the device. 4. performing a loopback test in measurement & automation explorer 1. open measurement & automation explorer and select the communications port you would like to use. 2. ensure the proper settings are selected for flow control. 3. save the settings by selecting the save button then select the open visa test panel button 4. on the write tab, type the message you would like to send ( followed by a \\ n ) then select execute 5. on the read tab, select execute and verify the message 5. performing a loopback test in labview note : for a free evaluation copy of labview, visit ni. com / trylabview 1. start labview 2. select help \u00bb find examples... 3. browse to hardware input and output \u00bb serial \u00bb basic serial write and read. vi 4. ensure the proper settings are selected, enter the string you would like to write in the \" string to write \" box, and then select the white run arrow on the toolbar.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5097075539236507, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bf52f27-bc9b-4e61-944a-44e54805be13>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.066820"}
{"text": "view full version : preventitive health - food deficiencies jul 25, 2007, 12 : 10 am natural health ( http : / / www. guardiannewsngr. com / natural _ health / article08 ) how folic acid in flour slashes congenital problems dr. philippe de wals of universit laval ' s department of social and preventive medicine has published a study clearly indicating that the addition of folic acid to flours has led to a 46 per cent drop in the incidence of congenital neural tube deformation ( mainly anencephaly and spina bifida ) in canada. such deformations either result in the child ' s death or in major health problems, including physical and learning disabilities. de wals ' s work as head of a team of a dozen canadian researchers appears today in the new england journal of medicine. the neural tube is the basis of the embryo ' s nervous system. poor development of the neural tube, which is sometimes due to a lack of folic acid, can result in major health problems. folic acid is found in green vegetables, fruit, whole grains, and meat. however, even a balanced diet won ' t supply enough folic acid for a pregnant mother and the child she is carrying. before 1998, canadian medical authorities were already recommending that women in their child - bearing years consume vitamin supplements containing folic acid. \" canada decided to add folic acid to all flour produced in the country because formation of the neural tube in embryos is particularly intense during the first four weeks of pregnancy, which is before a lot of women even know they ' re pregnant. since half of canadian pregnancies are unplanned and the human body can ' t store folic acid, it is better to integrate folic acid into the food chain than to focus exclusively on taking vitamin supplements, \" stated de wals. health canada still recommends taking folic acid supplements to women in their child - bearing years. researchers de wals and fassiatou tairou of universit laval ' s faculty of medicine compared the incidence of neural tube deformations before and after the introduction of folic acid - - enriched flours for over two million births in canada. between 1993 and 1997, the incidence was 1. 58 per 1, 000 births. between 2000 and 2002, the rate dropped 46 per cent to 0. 86. the biggest improvement occurred in the parts of canada that had the highest rates of neural tube deformation before 1998 - newfoundland, prince edward island, and nova scotia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5079688352263763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21b5029c-570a-4805-9aab-b964ffdda5db>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.092558"}
{"text": ", 000 births. between 2000 and 2002, the rate dropped 46 per cent to 0. 86. the biggest improvement occurred in the parts of canada that had the highest rates of neural tube deformation before 1998 - newfoundland, prince edward island, and nova scotia. in qubec, the drop was also pronounced, but closer to the canadian average. currently, only canada, the united states, and chile require that folic acid be added to flour. the effectiveness of this practice, as demonstrated by de wals ' s team, could encourage other countries to follow suit. every year, approximately 200, 000 cases of spina bifida and anencephaly occur world - wide, adding folic acid to food could reduce that number by half. jul 25, 2007, 12 : 13 am thisday online ' glitteratti section ( http : / / www. thisdayonline. com / nview. php? id = 84230 ) a \u2013 z on foods \u2026 what you were never told about food and your heart. wellness & wellbeing with dr. bisola akindeko, 07. 22. 2007 beer ancient civilizations way back in about 5000 b. c. stumbled onto something : fermented wheat and barley. realizing that this was something good, people recorded it ; the world \u2019 s oldest known recipe, scribbled on a 4000 \u2013 year - old sumerian tablet, is for beer. as part of our heritage, beer is in a sense a dietary staple. but when it comes to heart health, beer should be viewed as a \u201c good - news bad - news \u201d food. in fact in nigeria, beers like gulder, star, stout etc actually form part of the staple daily diets of certain individuals. first, the good news : if drinking is kept \u201c light \u201d or moderate, the equivalent of one to two beers a day, studies show that alcohol has a protective effect against heart disease. alcohol \u2019 s benefit seems to be in raising the cholesterol good - guy hdls which help scavenge and eventually remove cholesterol from the body. but since women already have higher hdl levels than men, the protective action of alcohol seems to be more beneficial for men. the news for beer gets even better. because beer is made from fermented grains, some phytochemicals called flavonoids end up in a bottle of beer. these flavonoids are similar to the heart - healthy phytochemicals found in red wine. according to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4572047184985015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21b5029c-570a-4805-9aab-b964ffdda5db>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.093593"}
{"text": "made from fermented grains, some phytochemicals called flavonoids end up in a bottle of beer. these flavonoids are similar to the heart - healthy phytochemicals found in red wine. according to heart researchers, flavonoids keep blood cells called platelets from becoming sticky and clumping together to form a clot, risking heart attack or stroke. flavonoids found in beer also help protect artery - clogging ldls from damaging blood vessel walls. flavonoid content of beers varies. dark beers have more pigment, owing to a higher flavonoid content. largers or lighter beers contain less. now for the bad news : beer contains alcohol \u2013 about half an ounce in a 12 - ounce, 150 - calorie serving. alcohol spells trouble for those concerned about hypertension. my research studies clearly show that alcohol intake is directly associated with high blood pressure. people who consistently drink six or more drinks daily have a greatly increased risk of suffering from hypertension. heavy drinking also aggravates blood pressure in people who already have hypertension. so is beer a heart - healthy drink? if you keep beer drinking in moderation ( one to two drinks a week ) and don \u2019 t already have hypertension, go for it. but keep in mind that drinking any alcohol beverage to excess has its risks, such as driving under the influence and operating machinery while intoxicated. additionally, excessive alcohol can also increase risks for certain cancers, especially in women who also don \u2019 t seem to gain much heart - health benefit from alcohol in the first place. bell peppers ( or \u201c ata rodo \u201d ) for starters, bell peppers come in an array of colors that are sure to liven up any plate. and it \u2019 s their color \u2013 yellow, orange, red, green, and even purple \u2013 that determines the extent of their heart - protecting powers. bell peppers pack a good dose of the antioxidants vitamin c and carotenes, and research shows these antioxidants work together in protecting the heart. specifically, vitamin c and the carotenes found in bell peppers, lutein and zeaxanthin, help to keep ldls from becoming a menace to blood vessels. depending on a pepper \u2019 s color, the content of this antioxidant team varies. as a pepper ripens, it may change from green to red for example, and the vitamin c content increases along with the carotene levels. one green", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4358665322301365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21b5029c-570a-4805-9aab-b964ffdda5db>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.094672"}
{"text": "on a pepper \u2019 s color, the content of this antioxidant team varies. as a pepper ripens, it may change from green to red for example, and the vitamin c content increases along with the carotene levels. one green bell pepper contains about 140 percent of the daily value for vitamin c, but a red pepper has a whopping 280 percent. that \u2019 s not bad for only 30 calories per serving. the content of the carotenes, lutein and zeaxanthin, goes up nine times as the pepper changes color. yellow and orange peppers, along with purple, also have carotenes that protect the heart. in general, the more intense and brilliant the color, the better. bell peppers are best eaten raw for maximum vitamin c and carotene content. but since they \u2019 re so rich in these nutrients, cooking peppers, such as baking or microwaving, still leaves behind plenty of heart - healthy goodness. use a mix of freshly sliced peppers as a dipper for your favorite low - fat dip or in salsa. grilled peppers make a great addition to fish, chicken, lean beef, or grilled tofu. or why not chop some fresh pepper into your stew after cooking. no matter how you slice it, bread is good food. and it \u2019 s good for your heart, too. since biblical times, bread has been synonymous with nourishment. virtually all cultures around the world have some form of bread as a dietary staple. and while not all of these should come to you as a slice of bread, it still leaves a lot of room each day for enjoying the heart - warming goodness of bread and bread products. a serving of bread is one slice, about one ounce or 28 grams. be aware that when slicing your own from a freshly baked loaf you \u2019 re likely to serve up a hearty slice that may equal two or even three servings. a bagel, average frozen variety, equals two bread servings, while the king - sized variety may equal four. bread - like goodies including scones and doughnuts most often have added sugar and fat. if you are looking for whole grain, low - fat goodness, be careful when shopping amongst these treats. many of these baked goods come with unwanted fat, anywhere from one to five teaspoons in a croissant. a bran muffin, for example, while a good source of fiber may have over 15 grams of fat in one muffin - that \u2019 s 135 fat calories", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44042426445440264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21b5029c-570a-4805-9aab-b964ffdda5db>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.095744"}
{"text": "unwanted fat, anywhere from one to five teaspoons in a croissant. a bran muffin, for example, while a good source of fiber may have over 15 grams of fat in one muffin - that \u2019 s 135 fat calories! if you can purchase fat - free versions, by all means do. remember your heart loves bread, not fat. tops on my list of favorite foods is fresh baked whole - grain bread slathered with berry fruit spread. what \u2019 s your favorite way to eat bread? how about a hearty slice to mop a sauce off your plate, or toasted sourdough bread with a sprinkle of grated parmesan cheese, fresh basil, and a tomato slice? stuffed with an omelets maybe even tuna filling or crumbled into a bowl of steamy hot, vegetable soup? any way you slice it, bread is good, heart - healthy food. jul 25, 2007, 12 : 19 am i don ' t know how many people have been following the dangote nafdac bouhaha some of which was highlighted on this richest black man thread ( http : / / www. nigeriavillagesquare. com / board / articles - comments / 38780 - richest - black - person - world - dangote - interview - 2. html ). well, in the interest of fairness, i decided to follow this case since it deals with a public health issue and the complaince or lack of dangote group son commends dangote for sugar fortification thisday archives ( http : / / www. thisdayonline. com / archive / 2004 / 07 / 26 / 20040726bus15. html ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - dr. john akanya, the director general of standards organisation of nigeria ( son ) has commended the management of the dangote group for its efforts to meet the challenges of producing refined fortified sugar in nigeria. dr. akanya gave this commendation recently in lagos, shortly after leading a team of son officials to inspect dangote ' s sugar ref ~ nery in apapa. the inspection was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3987424070780581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21b5029c-570a-4805-9aab-b964ffdda5db>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.096852"}
{"text": "to meet the challenges of producing refined fortified sugar in nigeria. dr. akanya gave this commendation recently in lagos, shortly after leading a team of son officials to inspect dangote ' s sugar ref ~ nery in apapa. the inspection was to verify dangote ' s level of compliance with the directive to fortify locally refined sugar with vitamin a. vitamin a sugar fortification is meant to enhance efforts to eradicate diseases due to vitamin a deficiency in nigeria. the son boss said that dangote as an organization has encouraged son in the battle to ensure quality and standard in sugar production in nigeria. he said it is encouraging that dangote is not limiting its fortification efforts to sugar but also extends to other products. he noted that though fortification of refined sugar with vitamin a is a government policy, dangote as a stakeholder has shown a lot of determination towards its actualization. said he, \" we know because of the technicalities involved, there may be some hiccups, but we are very delighted at your efforts and what you have achieved. \" he stated further that dangote has demonstrated its interest in the sugar fortification. \" you have interest because you have invested, we are also interested because we want to protect interest that will make nigeria move forward and we need every nigerian to work with us, and we want to encourage you on what you are doing, \" he declared. also speaking after the factory inspection, mrs m. e. eshiett, the deputy director of son, commended dangote ' s efforts so far on the fortification of its sugar with vitamin a. she, however, advised the organization to do a post sale analysis of its sugar by collecting samples from the market for analysis in the laboratory to ascertain its vitamin level after exposure to light and air, two major ways through which vitamin can be lost. she also urged dangote to install a thermometer in its store, where imported vitamins are stored before use to be able to ascertain and maintain the appropriate temperature required for the vitamins. the general manager, dangote sugar refinery, mr maryould m. elsunni, while speaking after the factory inspection stated thit the dangote group took the challenge of sugar fortification with vitamin a seriously because of its importance to the health of nigerians. he said : \" when you gave us the challenge on sugar fortification, we took it and we are happy for what we have achieved, we probably have the best system for sugar fortification in the world today", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4510807184033795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21b5029c-570a-4805-9aab-b964ffdda5db>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.097920"}
{"text": "of its importance to the health of nigerians. he said : \" when you gave us the challenge on sugar fortification, we took it and we are happy for what we have achieved, we probably have the best system for sugar fortification in the world today, \" he boasted. he added that dangote pursued the sugar fortification with vitamin a seriously because the company is aware that the whole nation will benefit from the policy. \" if sugar fortification with vitamin a helps in the reduction of vitamin deficiency disease, the nation is a winner, our children are winners and dangote is a winner, \" he said. according to him, he will be personally delighted if dangote ' s efforts held in the eradication of blindness among children in nigeria because as a father, he loves children and will want to do anything to help protect their future. he disclosed that since the commencement of the fortification programme, dangote refinery has been training its staff to ensure that they know hoe to use the equipment for the fortification. mr knut ulvmoen, dangote group managing director assured the son inspectors that dangote is committed to sugar fortification with vitamin a as well as the fortification of its other food products with important micro nutrients. mr olakunle alake, executive director, strategic services, dangote group who was also present at the factory inspection assured the son team that dangote remained committed to sugar fortification with vitamin a. there were reports that dangote failed to meet the required compliance which lead to it ' s plant closure. dangote faults nafdac over mill closure daily champion ( lagos ) 22 may 2007 posted to the web ( http : / / allafrica. com / stories / 200705220891. html ) 22 may 2007 by ebere nwoji dangote group of companies yesterday reacted to the recent closure of its kano floor mills by the national agency for food drug administration and control ( nafdac ) describing the regulatory agency ' s action as a punitive rather than corrective measure. the company at a media briefing to state its position on the matter expressed surprises at the action of nafdac questioning the rationale behind closing its six factories for an offence committed in only one product danvita which is just one per cent of products manufactured in the dangote factories in kano state. dangote chief operating officer, mr olakunle alake at the briefing explained that danvita which is dangote ' s brand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45406246238998327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21b5029c-570a-4805-9aab-b964ffdda5db>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.100189"}
{"text": "s security personnel to watch over the assets of the company. according to him, neither the explanation to the agency that the product in question was produced from one of the six mills and that the company was prepared to suspend production from the mill until full compliance nor the company ' s request to be allowed to continue production of its flag product the dangote brand flour from the other five mills moved the agency. lamenting further the action of nafdac mr. alike stated \" our kano floor mills directors and management team were at nafdac for the meeting on may 18, 2007 adding even though some of their inferred effects of non - fortification left us in total shock, we as a company have business, nutritional and pharmaceutical expertise to know that there was no basis for the request by nafdac to recall our danita product, \" he explained. this issue and the controversy it generated obviously cost the nafdac dg, dr akunyili a ministerial slot... this was blogged about here ( http : / / nigeriahealthwatch. blogspot. com / ) and debated here ( http : / / www. nigeriavillagesquare. com / board / articles - comments / 38780 - richest - black - person - world - dangote - interview - 2. html ) in the articles section. stay tuned to this page for more information on this issue jul 25, 2007, 12 : 26 am thisday glitteratti ( http : / / www. thisdayonline. com / nview. php? id = 84234 ) benefits of tea health with vivian eyota, 07. 22. 2007 tea has antioxidant, anti - inflammatory and anticancer benefits. an antioxidant works against \u201c free radicals \u201d which are unbalanced molecules that oxidize skin and body cells leading to aging. the plant leaf known as camellia sinensis is where black tea, green tea, oolong tea and white tea are derived. drinking tea contributes to beautiful skin and a healthy body with additional benefits such as reducing the risk of heart attack and preventing osteoporosis. the teas derived from this plant differ in the way they are dried and fermented. they are rich sources of vitamin c and e and contain tannic acid. tannic acid helps clean the skin and eliminate odour causing bacteria. green tea also contains the amino acid l - theanine which has a calming effect against the caf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4398940812071965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21b5029c-570a-4805-9aab-b964ffdda5db>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.104284"}
{"text": "they are rich sources of vitamin c and e and contain tannic acid. tannic acid helps clean the skin and eliminate odour causing bacteria. green tea also contains the amino acid l - theanine which has a calming effect against the caffeine found in tea. there are also herbal teas made from dried plants, flowers and leaves such as hibiscus, chamomile, mint, rose petals and rosehips. black tea is fully fermented during processing and has the antioxidant benefits found in green and white tea but to a lesser extent. it doesn ' t taste as grassy as green tea because it is fermented. the fermentation process reduces the antioxidant effect. green tea is not fermented at all and oolong tea is in between black and green tea in processing. green tea probably is the most beneficial of all teas owing to its properties and availability. its proven anti - inflammatory properties are beneficial to the skin. it is also known to help strengthen teeth ( due to the fluoride content ), inhibit breast and ovarian cancer, burn fat, reduce insulin resistance and promote a healthy heart to mention a few. research has shown that the breast cancer risk in japanese women is significantly reduced in those who drink 6 - 10 small cups of green tea per day. white tea is the least processed of all teas and is similar to green tea. it tastes light and sweet and does not have the grassy taste of green tea. the white tea leaves are picked and harvested before the leaves fully open and the buds are covered with white hair hence the name. it has the most benefits of all the teas as it contains the most cancer fighting antioxidants and its scarcity makes it more expensive. there is considerably less caffeine in white tea ( 15mg per serving ) than the other varieties with black tea containing 40mg per serving and green tea 30mg per serving. white teas are produced mostly in china and japan. the darjeeling region of india also produces some fine white teas. health benefits of herbal teas there are several plants used for herbal teas and the health benefits are varied. the following are some commonly consumed herbal teas. \u2022 chamomile tea calms the nerves, induces sleep, eases cold symptoms and soothes the stomach. the flowers are used. \u2022 ginger root tea improves circulation, relieves cold and flu symptoms, eases stomach cramps and nausea, eases menstru", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4281325157356898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21b5029c-570a-4805-9aab-b964ffdda5db>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.106412"}
{"text": "from its leaves and not the fruit soothes the stomach, relieves diarrhoea, and helps ease arthritis and rheumatism. \u2022 nettle tea from its leaves is rich in vitamins a and c, cleanses the blood, improves liver and kidney function, eases cough and other respiratory problems, and relieves diarrhoea and constipation. \u2022 sage tea from its leaves calms nerves, improves digestion and eases lung congestion and cough. \u2022 fruit teas various fruits have also been used as infusions for tea. tea beauty tips \u2022 eye puffiness can be treated by applying cool moistened tea bags over them for about 10minutes. \u2022 soaking feet in black tea helps reduce odour because of its astringent and antibacterial properties \u2022 placing a moistened green tea bag over an insect bite or wound helps soothe the area and reduce itching and swelling. \u2022 a cooled strong cup of green tea may be used as an astringent for acne prone skin. \u2022 herbal tea could add colour to hair. sage will darken hair, chamomile lightens blonde hair and hibiscus tea gives red hair highlights. \u2022 using black or ceylon tea for mixing henna hair colour instead of water improves the intensity. \u2022 sunburned skin may be soothed by having a tea bath. run a tap over 4 to 5 teabags of green, jasmine or oolong tea to fill bathtub and soak in warm water. gently pat body dry and apply a soothing moisturiser. jul 28, 2007, 12 : 10 am july 24, 2007 is it safe to eat? president bush took a potentially useful step last week, appointing a cabinet - level committee to find ways to ensure the safety of imported food and other products. but his actions would be a lot more credible if the administration had not been cutting the staff and budget of food safety programs at the food and drug administration while also planning to eliminate half of the agency \u2019 s laboratories. hearings before a house oversight subcommittee raised serious questions about the f. d. a. \u2019 s ability to protect the public against contaminated or adulterated foods. william hubbard, a former top agency official who consults for a coalition of industry and consumer groups, told the committee that the f. d. a. has lost some 200 food scientists and 700 field inspectors over five years, exactly the wrong direction when food imports are skyrocketing. he also noted that the small budget increase the white", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.40448574334718246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21b5029c-570a-4805-9aab-b964ffdda5db>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.112120"}
{"text": "groups, told the committee that the f. d. a. has lost some 200 food scientists and 700 field inspectors over five years, exactly the wrong direction when food imports are skyrocketing. he also noted that the small budget increase the white house has proposed for food safety next year would be a decrease after accounting for inflation. as if that weren \u2019 t discouraging enough, the committee \u2019 s chief investigator described how porous the current safety shield is. agency personnel, he said, inspect less than 1 percent of all imported foods and conduct laboratory analyses on only a tiny fraction of those. overwhelmed entry reviewers at one field office have so many items to screen that they typically have less than 30 seconds to decide whether an import needs closer scrutiny. importers also learn to game the system by sending goods to lax entry points or mislabeling them. and they are allowed to take possession of suspect goods and arrange testing by private laboratories whose work is often shoddy or driven by financial concerns. the f. d. a. insists that its plan to close 7 of the agency \u2019 s 13 laboratories will actually improve its capabilities, by allowing greater investment in modern equipment and training at the six remaining laboratories. that could conceivably be true, but the house investigator worries that there could be a tremendous loss of talent when laboratory analysts resign rather than be relocated. congress and its research arm, the government accountability office, will need to determine if this is a genuine move toward modernizing some aging laboratories, or a step that could further weaken the f. d. a. powered by vbulletin\u00ae version 4. 2. 1 copyright \u00a9 2013 vbulletin solutions, inc. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41855316228684497, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21b5029c-570a-4805-9aab-b964ffdda5db>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.113139"}
{"text": "because you have chronic kidney disease, you should take steps to protect your kidneys. make changes to what you eat, manage your blood pressure, and manage your blood sugar if you have diabetes. you also need to be careful about all of the medicines you take. read this brochure to learn more, and talk with your pharmacist if you have questions. healthy kidneys filter wastes and extra water from your blood to make urine. the kidneys also help remove some medicines from your blood. why your pharmacist and provider need to know about your medicine and supplement use your kidneys do not filter as well as they did in the past. this can cause an unsafe buildup of medicines in your blood. some medicines also can harm your kidneys. your pharmacist and healthcare provider need to know what medicines you take so they can give you advice on how to protect your kidneys. these medicines include : you may be told to : if you take otc medicines for headaches, pain, fever, or colds, you may be taking nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ). nsaids are otc medicines that can be harmful to your kidneys. common nsaids include ibuprofen and naproxen. ask your pharmacist or provider if the otc medicines you take are safe to use. you also can look for nsaids on drug facts labels like the one below. active ingredients ( in each caplet ) purposes ibuprofen 200mg ( nsaid ) * pain reliever / fever reducer pseudoephedrine hci 30mg nasal decongestant * nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drug - sinus pressure - nasal congestion - minor body aches and pains remember that you can always talk with your pharmacist or provider about your medicines. page last updated : march 1, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40497392708766033, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6748202e-1832-40ca-b06a-ca61d887a0ba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.120091"}
{"text": "acoustic trauma is injury to the hearing mechanisms in the inner ear due to very loud noise. acoustic trauma is a common cause of sensory hearing loss. damage to the hearing mechanisms within the inner ear may be caused by : the health care provider will usually suspect acoustic trauma if hearing loss occurs after noise exposure. audiometry may determine how much hearing has been lost. the hearing loss may not be treatable. the goal of treatment is to protect the ear from further damage. eardrum repair may be needed. a hearing aid may help you communicate. you can learn coping skills, such as lip reading. hearing loss may be permanent in the affected ear. ear protection may prevent the hearing loss from getting worse. progressive hearing loss is the main complication of acoustic trauma. tinnitus ( ear ringing ) can also occur. call for an appointment with your health care provider if : injury - inner ear ; trauma - inner ear ; ear injury lonsbury - martin bl, martin gk. noise - induced hearing loss. in : cummings cw, flint pw, haughey bh, et al, eds. otolaryngology : head & neck surgery. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby elsevier ; 2010 : chap 151. o \u2019 handley jg, tobin ej, shah ar. otorhinolaryngology. in : rakel re, ed. textbook of family medicine. 8th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 19. updated by : linda j. vorvick, md, medical director and director of didactic curriculum, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, department of family medicine, uw medicine, school of medicine, university of washington. seth schwartz, md, mph, otolaryngologist, virginia mason medical center, seattle, washington. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. copyright 1997 - 2013, a. d. a. m., inc. duplication for commercial use must be authorized in writing by adam health solutions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4869204837230126, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d62b7fd-dcd0-4f76-94fc-0547223c03cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.124670"}
{"text": "the nobel peace prize 1990 award ceremony speech presentation speech by gidske anderson, chairperson of the norwegian nobel committee your royal highnesses, your excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, this year ' s nobel peace prize has been awarded to the president of the soviet union, mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev. the norwegian nobel committee has made this award in recognition of the leading role he has played in the radical changes that have taken place in east - west relations. president gorbachev has undoubtedly cooperated with other persons and other nations. but we recognise quite clearly that his manifold personal contributions and his efforts on behalf of the soviet union have proved decisive. for this reason the nobel committee has in 1990 decided to honour him. we are experiencing dramatic changes in a world that is still rent with conflict. nevertheless, we also have clear evidence that a peace process has started. east and west, the two mighty power blocs, have managed to abandon their life - threatening confrontation and have, instead, embarked on the long and patient road to cooperation on the basis of negotiation. the task now is to create a peaceful framework for the far - reaching transformation which will inevitably continue to take place in our part of the world. we have already seen the fruits of this new climate between east and west. ancient european nations, such as poland, czechoslovakia, hungary, and now east germany too, have regained their freedom and have, for better or for worse, assumed responsibility for their own national destiny. even though this process of detente still has its problems and is yet not terminated in all parts of our continent of europe, it is nevertheless possible today, maybe for the first time in many hundreds of years, to envisage a europe of the people and, we hope, also a europe at peace. this is due not least to the fact that the armaments race is ebbing out in our part of the globe. in mistrust and fear this race has been going on for close on half a century. the result has been a terrifying waste of intellectual and material resources on both sides of the iron curtain. here too, we now at last see a change. comprehensive negotiations, bilateral as well as multilateral, accompanied by concrete and realistic compromise, have led to a process involving substantial reductions in standing armies and death - dealing armaments. within the last few months disarmament agreements have been reached which are without parallel in our part of the world, in this or indeed in previous centuries. in making this year ' s award of the peace prize, the nobel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4789314261507868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:595a62e9-0ac5-479c-ac10-ea4785758260>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.139911"}
{"text": "- dealing armaments. within the last few months disarmament agreements have been reached which are without parallel in our part of the world, in this or indeed in previous centuries. in making this year ' s award of the peace prize, the nobel committee wishes to emphasise the tremendous potential which is now available for a more secure world, and for a more responsible and rational use of our resources. the way in which confrontation has been replaced by cooperation has also had its consequences in other parts of the world. several regional conflicts have been resolved, or at least come closer to a solution. the uncompromising attitude of the cold war has given way to a pattern of negotiation, in which the interests and responsibility of the regional communities themselves have replaced old ideological considerations, or the all - too - often ruthless laws of the balance of power. these changes have given the united nations a new lease of life : for the first time since its creation after the second world war this organisation has been able to play the role for which it was originally intended. it can now start to exercise its supremely important responsibility for the creation of an international community based on the rule of law and the establishment of peace between nations. the award this year of the peace prize to the president of the soviet union, mikhail gorbachev, is an historic event not least because some of the previous awards made by our committee - for example to the great champion of human rights andrei sakharov in 1975, and to the trade union leader lech walesa in 1983 - were received with cool hostility in the soviet union and in poland at the time, involving the rejection, in these countries, of all that the norwegian nobel committee stood for. on these grounds too the award constitutes a landmark. the norwegian nobel committee considers that there is thus a historical link between today ' s event and december 10th, 1975, and 1983, which augurs well for the future. the norwegian nobel committee is an independent organisation answerable neither to the government nor to the national assembly ( the storting ) of our country. the five members of the committee are only answerable to their own consciences, and their decisions are based on the personal political judgment and sound common sense of each one. the guidelines governing our work are nevertheless clearly set out : these are to be found in alfred nobel ' s testament, written nearly a hundred years ago. the award this year is very much in line with alfred nobel ' s own wishes and desires. nobel wanted the prize to be awarded to someone who had worked to promote", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5062170071715066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:595a62e9-0ac5-479c-ac10-ea4785758260>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.142166"}
{"text": "to be found in alfred nobel ' s testament, written nearly a hundred years ago. the award this year is very much in line with alfred nobel ' s own wishes and desires. nobel wanted the prize to be awarded to someone who had worked to promote \" fraternity between nations \". that was the expression generally used in his day to denote the substitution of international cooperation for conflict. nobel also wished his prize to be given to someone who had actively promoted a reduction in \" standing armies \" and worked for the \" holding of peace congresses \", what we today would call disarmament and negotiation. seldom has our committee felt more in tune with alfred nobel ' s wishes than this year. it is with a special sense of satisfaction that we award the peace prize to president gorbachev. each one of us, maybe in our different ways, has experienced the tension and threat of war that have cast a dark shadow over all the post - war years. the new - found openness and willingness to cooperate shown by the soviet union, and its readiness to accept realistic compromise, have created fresh hope under his leadership. we fully realise that the soviet union is undergoing a dramatic period of transformation within its own borders : dictatorship is to be replaced by greater democracy, centralisation by the right of each republic for self - determination, a command economy by a freer market. this transformation is inevitably a painful process, involving great sacrifice. but we should like the many peoples of the soviet union to know that the respect and expectation of the outside world for their great country have never been as profound as today. there has been nothing comparable since the \" great patriotic war \", which this country and our western allies fought together against the barbarism of national socialism. at that time the road that led from world war to cold war proved disappointingly short. it is our hope that we are now celebrating the end of the cold war. mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev was born in 1931 in a small village just outside stavropol, north of the caucasus mountains, in a region that forms part of the russian republic, adjoining the ancient non - russian countries of georgia, armenia and azerbaijan, with their profound christian and muslim roots. our laureate is in fact a native of the southern soviet union. he comes of peasant stock, and was born 14 years after the great revolution which shook not only the russian empire but the entire world. he was born during the dramatic collectivisation of soviet agriculture, and grew up on a collective farm, where his father worked at a tractor station.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.52678009157027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:595a62e9-0ac5-479c-ac10-ea4785758260>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.145250"}
{"text": "was born 14 years after the great revolution which shook not only the russian empire but the entire world. he was born during the dramatic collectivisation of soviet agriculture, and grew up on a collective farm, where his father worked at a tractor station. he was an eight - year - old schoolboy when the last world war broke out, and only 10 years old when germany attacked the soviet union. his schooling was both sporadic and limited by wartime conditions : he was forced to work as a replacement for soldiers fighting at the front. when peace came he was 14 years old, and was able to continue his education, but, in common with most young people of his age, worked during his summer holidays. he was soon involved in the communist party ' s youth organisation, and was rapidly promoted. as a matter of course he joined the communist party at the age of 21. two years before, he had left his native village in the northern caucasus, and made his way to the capital to embark on the study of law at the university of moscow. here he not only met raisa titorenko, who subsequently became his wife, but was also active in the communist party student movement, with responsibility for ideology and propaganda among fellow students in his faculty. he took a degree in law and then returned to stavropol, where he was employed full - time in the communist youth movement. by the age of 25 he was in fact a member of the establishment, with agricultural questions as his chief concern. in 1967, he took a second degree, this time in agriculture, and was rapidly promoted in the local party hierarchy. by the 1970s this year ' s laureate was active politically on the national scene : his breakthrough came in 1978, when at the age of 47, he was given joint responsibility for the entire agricultural set - up of the soviet union in the communist party ' s secretariat in moscow, which meant permanent residence in the capital. seven years later he was elected leader of the soviet union ' s communist party, the most influential post in the country. this was in 1985, by which time he was 54 years old. he is now a figure of international prominence. while still retaining the position of party secretary, he is also elected president of the soviet union by a reformed parliament. although mikhail gorbachev is a man of quite outstanding talent and ability, he insisted recently that the story of his own family is actually history itself or in other words the history of the soviet union. gorbachev is in fact a child of the revolution and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4602416548176059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:595a62e9-0ac5-479c-ac10-ea4785758260>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.152566"}
{"text": "hurricane sandy has churned northward through the northern caribbean, across cuba, and through the bahamas during the past three days, leaving in its wake plenty of mayhem. sandy ' s story may not yet be finished. while it is quite normal to see tropical cyclones rear their ugly heads across the caribbean during october and even into november, these storms normally will track northward for a short time before turning harmlessly off to the northeast, into the atlantic. the weather channel has this special coverage. thanks to a large roadblock in the upper atmosphere across the north atlantic and eastern canada during the next several days, it appears hurricane sandy will not make an escape away from the u. s. east coast. blocking high pressure at upper levels from atlantic canada to southern greenland and the north atlantic as well as a strong upper - level low - pressure area through the east - central atlantic will combine with a developing upper - level trough through the eastern u. s. to steer the storm into the northeast coast. the strong upper - level trough diving into the eastern u. s. will likely close off into an upper - level low through the mid - atlantic region by monday and capture sandy as it moves northeastward then northward through the western atlantic. thereafter, as sandy becomes a very intense post - tropical storm tuesday, most computer models move the storm northwestward well south of cape cod at first and then to the west south of new england to near the new jersey coast by tuesday evening. thereafter the intense north atlantic gale is expected to stall briefly before meandering off to the north or northeast across new england or new york state later next week. the aforementioned scenario is quite rare and could even become a historical event before all is said and done. the most recent event with any resemblance would be the now famous \" perfect storm \" of late october 1991. there were a couple of hurricanes during the past 150 years that have tracked northward toward the carolinas and then northwestward into the mid - atlantic states, most notably hurricane hazel in 1954. this storm has potential to outdo all of the above. sandy is expected to take a track northeastward over the warm gulf stream until it reaches a position well east of the mid - atlantic coast. only then will it be captured and turned to the northwest and west toward the northeast coast. this track will allow the storm to maintain tropical characteristics longer than normal. by the time sandy transitions to a post - tropical gale well south of new england monday night or tuesday it will then be able to tap into the enormous amount of upper - level jet - stream", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4446888163005573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08f1366c-edbb-4512-b5a3-29c1b54ccccf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.229423"}
{"text": "will allow the storm to maintain tropical characteristics longer than normal. by the time sandy transitions to a post - tropical gale well south of new england monday night or tuesday it will then be able to tap into the enormous amount of upper - level jet - stream energy supplied by the developing trough and upper - level low through the mid - atlantic states. this transformation could allow post - tropical sandy to be more intense than the tropical version was when it was moving from jamaica to cuba. the central pressure of the intense gale could produce some all - time low barometer readings for some locations. computer models are forecasting the central pressure to fall as low as 27. 80 inches by tuesday within this storm. a major difference from the tropical to the post - tropical sandy will be the wind field. the strong winds surrounding hurricane sandy were mostly within 150 miles of the center. the post tropical version of sandy should see the gale wind field expand outward to as much as 400 miles in all directions. this is why it is important not to focus on the center of post - tropical sandy because damaging winds could occur from as far north as maine to as far south as cape hatteras at the same time. the track of this storm may also bring a significant storm surge and coastal flooding and the associated damage into a large portion of the northeast coast from maine to new jersey. sustained easterly winds could reach as high as 40 to 60 mph along coastal areas with gusts exceeding 75 mph in exposed areas, and this will push ocean waters into the coast. while the exact track of the storm is yet to be set in stone, there appears to be a considerable threat to the new york city area for a large and possibly record storm surge. for this to happen, the post - tropical sandy would have to track west or northwestward into the central new jersey coast. a track a little different would probably spare new york city the worst. the full moon occurs monday and that only worsens the situation for coastal flooding by adding on a couple of feet of water to the storm surges. strong westerly to northwest winds to the south of the storm, possibly through the chesapeake bay and delaware bay regions, could lead to very low waters at times of low tide. this has been a problem in the past with some notable strong storms. other potential problems with this storm will be strong winds across inland areas that could bring down trees and power lines leading to widespread power outages. heavy rainfall of as much as 2 to 4 inches with local amounts exceeding 6 inches could lead to local flooding early and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43328220377874405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08f1366c-edbb-4512-b5a3-29c1b54ccccf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.249006"}
{"text": "- dietary supplements - health conditions - healthy nutrition - cardiovascular health - skin care - natural remedies blood sugar as one of blurred vision causes \u2013 updated article with extra information diabetes is a disease with many side effects. many people refer to diabetes as the \u2018 slow poison \u2019. it causes a lot misbalance in life, affecting the whole body of the sufferer. diabetes occurs when the sugar level in the blood is too high and remains untreated for a very long time. when the sugar level is too low, hypoglycemia may result. this usually occurs when a person is suffering from diabetes and has taken too many diabetic medicines or has injected too much insulin. hypoglycemia is more dangerous than hyperglycemia. the treatment for someone with hypoglycemia is typically address in a temporary situation, by providing the patient with something that contains higher glucose ( ie : orange juice ). blurred vision in diabetes is caused by hyperglycemia which is higher levels of sugar in the body. some of the symptoms of high blood sugar are frequent urination, increased hunger and thirst, lethargy and headache. if a person is suffering from any of these symptoms he or she should immediately contact the doctor. diabetes is a major culprit for blurred vision or even vision loss. studies have shown that if you are diabetic, you have 25 times more chance than a non sufferer of losing your sight. this disorder is known as diabetic retinopathy. retinopathy has two types ; non - proliferative and proliferative. non - proliferative retinopathy is associated with the early stages of the disorder. it causes the small retinal blood vessels to break and leak. it does not call for any medical action unless the central vision of a diabetic person becomes hazy, or if straight lines appear curved. proliferative retinopathy is a severe disorder. it causes the unusual growth of retinal blood vessels inside the eye which leads to bleeding. if not detected and treated in the early stages this disorder can even cause blindness. blood sugar is a chronic disease and it affects each and every organ of the body which is why it is referred to as the \u2018 slow poison \u2019. if diabetes has not been diagnosed yet in a person, then blurred eye vision may come and go as the sugar level will increase and decrease, but once a person experiences this he or she should not take it lightly. they should immediately consult a doctor and get", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5017671094782923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0ab75d6-8349-40f0-a18c-09bce25777e7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.270451"}
{"text": "ohmsantih yoga has developed yoga for kids program, with the intention to provide the children with a fun way to develop their critical skills in a non - competitive environment. the critical skills can be broken down into different levels ; physical, psychological and physiological. on a physical level, some asanas work on enhancing the child \u2019 s strength and flexibility and in some instances, the growth of the child can be enhanced through spine elongating asanas. on a psychological level, some asanas can deliver benefits such as increasing his / her self - esteem and thus improving their leadership skills and team work and also helps to release stress and anxiety, thus increasing the ability to relax. the ability of the child to concentrate and focus will also be enhanced through the asanas and the pranayama exercises. on a physiological level, asanas can help improve digestion and also to strengthen the immune system of the children and at the same time, increase their bodily resistance against invading bacteria and viruses, thus fending off various illnesses. on the other hand, we have also gathered evidence over the years that yoga for kids will benefit children with ailments such as asthma and sinusitis and also children with special needs, such as down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder and cerebral palsy. take for an example, in the case of autism spectrum disorder, the muscle tone can be improved and the flapping symptom can be minimzed. more importantly, the gentleness of yoga allows them to integrate their natural gift of enthusiasm with series of movements and breathe without having to face competition or stress. retrospectively, many of the parents out there may feel that to bring yoga into the child \u2019 s life may not seem viable ; however through the many years of teaching, it is undeniable that yoga indeed can improve a child \u2019 s life immensely and ohmsantih yoga is honoured to have witness many of such cases.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4748408136354352, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:623e75a0-aa1f-4850-aee6-48b59973b94d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.277652"}
{"text": "neha vapiwala, md updated by christine hill - kayser, md abramson cancer center of the university of pennsylvania last modified : march 22, 2012 sarcoma is a general medical term that refers to any cancer of the bone, muscle, or other connective tissue, such as cartilage and tendons. sarcoma has sometimes been defined as a \" tumor of fleshy consistence \", made up of cells similar to those of the growing fetus, but without proper development. sarcomas can occur in both children and adults, both males and females. in fact, there are many different types of sarcomas, depending on where the cancer cells grow and how they appear under a microscope. these different types are in turn associated with different clinical behavior, which naturally influences how they are treated. rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common type of soft tissue sarcoma found in children. it is still a rare cancer overall, accounting for about 3. 5 % of all childhood cancers. about 250 new cases of rhabdomyosarcoma are diagnosed in the united states every year. the name itself comes from a combination of 3 smaller words : rhabdo means \" rod - shaped \", myo is muscle, and sarcoma is the type of cancer, as described above. rhabdomysarcoma cells tend to look rod - shaped under a microscope, and they have several features of muscle cells. normally, as a fetus develops in the womb, cells called rhabdomyoblasts \" grow up \" to become the skeletal muscles of the body. when these cells do not mature correctly, but continue to multiply abnormally, a rhabdomyosarcoma results. rhabdomyosarcomas can occur essentially anywhere in the body, but usually occur in the head, neck, bladder, vagina, extremities and the trunk. over 85 % of all rhabdomyosarcomas occur in infants, children, and teenagers. there is no specific geographic location or racial background that has been associated with higher rates of rhabdomyosarcoma. however, asian and black children have a lower annual incidence than do white children. there also appears to be a male predominance, as boys are about 1. 5 times more likely than girls to get rhabdomyosarcoma. it is known that rhabdomyosarcomas are associated with specific chromosomal abnormalities. the exact cause of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5168233468928907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01a65560-7ccd-4832-afb5-aea64e42e14c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.293265"}
{"text": "##dominance, as boys are about 1. 5 times more likely than girls to get rhabdomyosarcoma. it is known that rhabdomyosarcomas are associated with specific chromosomal abnormalities. the exact cause of these mutations, however, is not known. some children who develop rhabdomyosarcomas also have congenital anomalies of various organ systems ( abnormal development of heart, gut, brain, etc ). the risk of rhabdomyosarcoma may be elevated for children who also have certain rare genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis type 1. unlike many adult cancers, there are no known definitive environmental conditions that increase the chance of a person developing rhabdomyosarcoma. no connection has ever been found between rhabdomyosarcoma and exposure to toxic substances, environmental pollution, radiation ( eg : x - rays during pregnancy ), or physical injury ( trauma ). not even tobacco smoke has been linked with development of this or any other childhood cancers, although cigarette smoke is clearly and certainly harmful to children in many other ways. no. just as there are different types of sarcomas, there are different types of rhabdomyosarcomas, as well. the 2 major types of rhabdomyosarcomas are described below. the classification is based on unique microscopic appearance, genetic mutations, and clinical behavior. this is the most common type of rhabdomyosarcoma. it tends to occur in the head and neck, bladder, vagina in girls, and around the prostrate and testes in boys. this type usually affects infants and young children. as the name implies, the cells, as the name implies, have an \" embryo - like \" appearance, meaning they resemble the developing muscle cells of a 6 - to 8 - week - old fetus. embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas have a relatively good to intermediate prognosis depending on other individual aspects of the disease. this type is found more often in large muscles of the trunk, arms, and legs, and typically affects older children or teenagers. it is called alveolar because the cancer cells form little hollow spaces, or \" alveoli \" ( latin for small hollow spaces ). alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells resemble the normal muscle cells seen in a 10 - week - old fetus. most alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas have specific genetic mutation, called a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46690265841105877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01a65560-7ccd-4832-afb5-aea64e42e14c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.295152"}
{"text": "small hollow spaces ). alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells resemble the normal muscle cells seen in a 10 - week - old fetus. most alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas have specific genetic mutation, called a 2 ; 13 translocation. tumor tissue is usually tested for this mutation before a diagnosis of alveolar disease is made. alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas may be more aggressive than embryonal tumors, and their treatment may be longer and more intense. again, this depends on individual disease aspects as well as the tumor diagnosis. the answer to this question really depends on the location of the tumor. as mentioned earlier, rhabdomyosarcomas can arise from any skeletal muscle in the body, but the most common sites are the head and neck region, the genitourinary organs ( gu ), and the extremities. tumors in the head and / or neck region can cause headaches, nausea, vomiting, visual problems ( double vision ), facial drooping, and airway obstruction, among other things. tumors in the gu area can cause blockage of the bladder or bowels, which can be a medical emergency depending on the degree of obstruction. growths on the extremities can be painful and limit the use and motion of the affected arm or leg. sometimes, the rhabdomyosarcoma is not diagnosed until after the tumor cells have spread to other parts of the body. the most common areas they spread to are the lungs, bones, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. the workup of these tumors typically includes the following studies : the staging system for rhabdomyosarcoma is very complicated. all rhabdomyosarcomas are assigned a group, a stage, and a risk category. in order for stage to be assigned, the disease must be determined to be in either a \" favorable \" or an \" unfavorable \" site. favorable sites include : all other sites of disease are classified as \" unfavorable. \" group assignments are made based on the amount of tumor, if any, that is removed surgically. the staging uses the classic tnm system, defined as follows : treatment of these tumors truly requires a multidisciplinary approach, with important contributions from all 3 major fields of cancer therapy : surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. however, general clinical guidelines that apply to the majority of cases are very difficult to make because rhabdomyosar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4699719239437423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01a65560-7ccd-4832-afb5-aea64e42e14c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.296258"}
{"text": "multidisciplinary approach, with important contributions from all 3 major fields of cancer therapy : surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. however, general clinical guidelines that apply to the majority of cases are very difficult to make because rhabdomyosarcomas behave extremely differently, depending on the type and location of involvement. chemotherapy has been studied extensively in rhabdomyosarcoma patients. some of the most active and studied chemotherapy drugs include : vincristine ( v ) ; actinomycin d ( a ) ; cyclophosphamide ( c ) ; and doxorubicin ( adr ). we know that, even when a rhabdomyosarcoma is completely removed, the child remains at high risk for development of metastatic disease. for this reason, chemotherapy is used for all patients to treat any microscopic cells that may be present in lymph nodes or the bloodstream. with use of aggressive chemotherapy, the risk of metastatic disease is reduced dramatically. in addition to chemotherapy, patients require surgery, radiation, or a combination of these two for a phase of treatment called \" ocal control. \" although all rhabdomyosarcomas are biopsied surgically at the time of diagnosis, some are then completely removed surgically. others are mostly or partly removed. still others can ' t be removed safely. if the tumor can be removed completely, often only surgery and chemotherapy are employed. if the surgeon or pathologist are concerned that microscopic cells may have been left behind after surgery, either at the tumor margin or in the lymph nodes, post - operative radiation will likely be recommended. if the tumor cannot be removed at all, higher - dose radiation is utilized. delivery of radiation may be done with x - rays, often using a technique called intensity modulated radiation treatment ( imrt ), or with proton therapy. proton therapy is available at some specialized centers around the world, and may offer advantages during treatment of rhabdomyosarcomas through reduction of radiation to normal, growing tissues. finally, here are some general facts and treatment guidelines on specific disease sites.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4486592464518634, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01a65560-7ccd-4832-afb5-aea64e42e14c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.297466"}
{"text": "| sponsored by the healthcaretraininginstitute. org providing quality education since 1979 | substance abuse : treating the addicted teen client there have been numerous reports that substance abuse is more prevalent among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents than among their heterosexual counterparts. for example, remafedi ( 1987 ) found that 58 % of his small sample of minneapolis gay and bisexual youth met criteria for substance abuse. another study found high rates of alcohol abuse ( 76 % ), marijuana use ( 42 % ), and cocaine / crack use ( 25 % ) among a sample of predominantly hispanic and african - american gay and bisexual males in new york city ( rotheram - borus et al., 1994 ). estimates for substance abuse in heterosexual youth vary widely ( and often include sexual minority youth because studies neglect to ask questions about sexual orientation ), but estimates are that 4 % of youth drink alcohol daily, 33 % have had 5 or more drinks at one time within the past two weeks, and more than 90 % of high school seniors have experimented with alcohol at some time in their life ( adger, 1991 ). a recent study that surveyed students in 59 schools in massachusetts found that gay, lesbian, and bisexual students ( who represented 2. 5 % of the population ) were more likely than students who did not report they were gay, lesbian, or bisexual to engage in 24 substance - use related behaviors including using alcohol before age 13 ( 59 % vs. 30 % ), binge drinking ( 46 % vs. 33 % ), using marijuana ( 69 % vs. 47 % ), using cocaine ( 33 % vs. 7 % ), and sharing needles ( 16 % vs. 1 % ) ( garofalo et al., 1998 ). minimal information exists for substance abuse patterns among lesbian and bisexual female adolescents. however, at least two reports have indicated that similar patterns exist among adult lesbians and adult gay men ( anderson, 1996 ; glaus, 1988 ). mckirnan & peterson ( 1989 ) found slightly lower rates of alcoholism in lesbians than gay men ( 9 % vs. 17 % ), rates which were similar to those for heterosexual women ( 7 % ) and men ( 21 % ). these statistics must be interpreted with caution because the youth included in the studies are not a representative sample of sexual minority youth. rather, they are youth that have been willing to identify themselves as gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender or questioning youth to researchers or participate in some organized activity for sexual minority youth. furthermore, the samples are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4570907259392013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fffb6778-58ff-4922-acce-f907a9eb1c67>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.311536"}
{"text": "not a representative sample of sexual minority youth. rather, they are youth that have been willing to identify themselves as gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender or questioning youth to researchers or participate in some organized activity for sexual minority youth. furthermore, the samples are predominantly male. it should be noted, as well, that youth with poor coping skills and poor networks of social support are at a greater risk of engaging in self - destructive behavior, regardless of their sexual orientation. thus, youth with good coping skills will be at less risk of succumbing to substance abuse, even though the stress of \" coming out \" is great. this is supported by research findings mat many sexual minority youth are engaged in healthy, positive activities ( e. g., jordan, vaughan, & woodworth, 1997 ). two additional life - threatening issues associated with drug and alcohol abuse are frequent unprotected sexual encounters and suicide attempts. both of these behaviors have been noted to increase when substance use is present ( e. g., rotheram - borus et al., 1994 ). gibson ( 1989 ) reported that as many as 20 % to 35 % of gay youth have experienced suicidal ideation. studies have found that substance abuse may be linked to higher levels of suicidal ideation and attempts ( roles, 1983 ) and that gay - related stressors are more common among adolescents who had attempted suicide than those who had not ( rotheram - borus, hunter, & rosario, 1994 ). use of drugs and alcohol may impair judgment and lead youth to engage in more risky sexual behaviors such as sex with multiple partners or unsafe sex practices ( rotheram - borus et al., 1994 ). school psychologists are in a unique position to respond to and affect this problem. one growing phenomenon is the presence of gay, lesbian, and bisexual groups or clubs in high schools, often supported by faculty and administration. these groups offer age - appropriate opportunities for socialization and for meeting other gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, questioning, or supportive teens thereby providing social support and furnishing opportunities for developing social skills. in addition, these programs may offer avenues for addressing the prevalent harassment of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and questioning teens in schools, thereby reducing stimuli for substance abuse. in one study of sexual minority youth in the chicago area, gay, lesbian, and bisexual high school students reported that school - based groups or clubs for gay, lesbian and bisexual students and straight supportive allies, with administrative support and assistance, were an important part", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49849386525404477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fffb6778-58ff-4922-acce-f907a9eb1c67>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.312656"}
{"text": "william h. rehnquist william h. rehnquist ' s service on the supreme court allowed him to witness - and direct - a dramatic transition in political ideology. from associate justice in 1972 through his role as chief justice in 1986, rehnquist struggled against liberal colleagues brennan, marshall, and blackmun. later, as the leader of a conservative court, rehnquist enjoyed the luxury of sitting in the majority. and as chief justice, rehnquist often attracted the support of the liberal remnant of the court. a highly practical man, rehnquist found inspiration in charles evans hughes ' practice of compromising to secure the broadest majority. in many ways, rehnquist ' s desires to maintain high credibility for the court and the law, the result of a general perception of judicial unity, has contributed greatly to his success in mobilizing the court ' s conservative shift. thus, despite the current return of the court to a more moderate balance, rehnquist ' s conservative vision and influence will no doubt stay strong during his tenure. william hubbs rehnquist was born in milwaukee, wisconsin on october 1, 1924. he enjoyed a relatively undistinguished childhood in his middle - class suburban home. the son of a paper salesman, rehnquist grew up in a heavily conservative household in which popular republican leaders such as alf landon, wendell wilkie, and herbert hoover were idolized. world war ii erupted before rehnquist had a chance to complete his education and the future chief justice enlisted in the air force branch of the army as a weather observer. he served in north africa. like many americans in his generation, rehnquist attended college after world war ii with the support of scholarship money from the gi bill. at stanford, he earned both a bachelor and a master of arts degree in political science. a distinguished student, rehnquist was elected to phi beta kappa in 1948. he continued his education at harvard where he received another master of arts degree - - this time in government - - two years later. rehnquist returned to stanford law school in 1950 ; he graduated at the top of his class. ( sandra day o ' connor, who would eventually serve with him on the supreme court, graduated third from that same class. ) at law school, rehnquist started down the path that would eventually take him to the supreme court. having already established a reputation among his instructors and peers as a brilliant legal thinker and an able scholar, rehnquist impressed one professor sufficiently to earn a private", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41492735003107084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af777708-800b-49cf-99ab-33c0dca09d0d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.322748"}
{"text": ", rehnquist started down the path that would eventually take him to the supreme court. having already established a reputation among his instructors and peers as a brilliant legal thinker and an able scholar, rehnquist impressed one professor sufficiently to earn a private interview with supreme court justice robert jackson, who was visiting the law school. rehnquist ' s professor, a former clerk for jackson, arranged the meeting in hopes that his favored student could convince jackson of his qualifications for a clerkship. rehnquist walked away from that meeting feeling he had failed to impress jackson in the slightest. however, his fears proved false as jackson eventually selected him for clerkship that year. rehnquist ' s clerkship under the moderate jackson did not alter his conservative beliefs in any noticeable manner. instead, his exposure to the other clerks may have served only to confirm his conservativism. rehnquist married natalie cornell, whom he had met during his law school years, after his completing his clerkship. he also moved to phoenix, arizona to work for a law firm there. rehnquist chose phoenix for its pleasant weather and favorable political leanings. the next few years passed uneventfully for rehnquist. he, together with his wife, raised a son and two daughters. following advice given to him by justice felix frankfurter, rehnquist began his participation in the republican party. he became a republican party official and achieved prominence in the phoenix area as a strong opponent of liberal initiatives such as school integration. rehnquist campaigned for republican presidential candidate barry goldwater during the 1964 elections. during that time, he befriended richard kleindienst, another attorney from phoenix. when richard nixon rose to the presidency a few years later, he appointed kleindienst deputy attorney general of his administration. kleindienst sought rehnquist for the position of deputy attorney general in the justice department ' s office of legal counsel. when justice john marshall harlan retired in 1971, the nixon administration chose rehnquist as harlan ' s replacement. a democratic senate overwhelmingly confirmed his nomination. on january 7, 1972, rehnquist - - and fellow nominee, lewis powell - - took their oaths of office. in his early days on the court, rehnquist was outspoken as the court ' s lone dissenter despite the presence of three other republican appointees. he battled against the expansion of federal powers and advocated a strong vision of state ' s rights. rehnquist also differed from the majority ' s view that the fourteenth amendment applied to non -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.449942106391508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af777708-800b-49cf-99ab-33c0dca09d0d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.323824"}
{"text": "dissenter despite the presence of three other republican appointees. he battled against the expansion of federal powers and advocated a strong vision of state ' s rights. rehnquist also differed from the majority ' s view that the fourteenth amendment applied to non - racial issues such as the rights of women, children, and immigrants. although his dissents at the time influenced very little of the court ' s conclusions, rehnquist provided the future court many valuable ideas which inspired the later conservative shift. rehnquist ' s views led him to oppose the majority in several important decisions. in his opinion, the liberal faction of the court too often tried to shape public policy by expanding the scope of the law beyond its original meaning. by 1986, rehnquist held significant persuasive power. after chief justice burger retired from the court, president reagan nominated rehnquist to replace him. liberals howled in protest. many painted rehnquist as a racist and conservative extremist. opponents alleged racist behavior ( an old charge ) when rehnquist was a republican official in phoenix. others charged that he had mishandled a family trust. in the end, however, these accusations remained unproved and the senate confirmed rehnquist by a solid majority. as chief justice, rehnquist won the respect of his colleagues through his efficient management of court affairs. rehnquist has also revealed a moderation in his views by voting with liberals to protect gay rights and free speech. a widower, rehnquist engaged his free time with quiet hobbies. he maintained the tradition of a christmas carol party, which he hosted every year. in 2004, rehnquist was diagnosed with anaplastic thyroid cancer. though his physical condition declined, he continued in his role as chief justice and died on september 3, 2005, a month shy of his 81st birthday. | clerk | | law school | | terms clerked | | charles j. cooper | | alabama ( 1977 ) | | 1978 | | michael j. meehan | | arizona ( 1971 ) | | brett l. dunkelman | | arizona ( 1980 ) | | 1981 | | kevin r. boyle | | arizona ( 1997 ) | | 1999 | | william r. lindsay | | berkeley ( 1985 ) | | 1986 | | jeffrey l. bleich | | berkeley ( 1989 ) | | 1990 | | william s. eggeling | | boston ( 1974 ) | | 1975 | | john c. englander | | boston ( 1983 ) | | 1984 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4560142612895428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af777708-800b-49cf-99ab-33c0dca09d0d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.324882"}
{"text": "ankle - brachial index test this test is done by measuring blood pressure at the ankle and in the arm while a person is at rest. measurements are usually repeated at both sites after 5 minutes of walking on a treadmill. the ankle - brachial index ( abi ) result is used to predict the severity of reference peripheral arterial disease opens new window ( pad ). a slight drop in your abi with exercise means that you probably have pad. this drop may be important, because pad can be linked to a higher risk of heart attack or stroke. why it is done this test is done to screen for peripheral arterial disease of the legs. it is also used to see how well a treatment is working ( such as medical treatment, an exercise program, angioplasty, or surgery ). the abi result can help diagnose peripheral arterial disease ( pad ). a lower abi means you might have pad. a slight drop in the abi with exercise, even if you have a normal abi at rest, means that you probably have pad. a normal resting ankle - brachial index is 1. 0 to 1. 4. this means that your blood pressure at your ankle is the same or greater than the pressure at your arm, and suggests that you do not have significant narrowing or blockage of blood flow. reference 1 an abnormal resting ankle - brachial index is 0. 9 or lower. if the abi is 0. 91 to 0. 99, it is considered borderline abnormal. reference 1 what to think about you may experience leg pain during the treadmill portion of the test if you have peripheral arterial disease ( pad ). undiagnosed arterial disease in the arms can cause inaccurate test results. blood pressure readings may not be accurate when the blood vessel being measured is hardened by calcium ( calcified ). arteries may calcify more than usual if you have reference diabetes opens new window or kidney problems ( renal insufficiency ). a very abnormal abi test result may require more testing to determine the location and severity of pad that might be present. rooke tw, et al. ( 2011 ). 2011 accf / aha focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease ( updating the 2005 guideline ) : a report of the american college of cardiology foundation / american heart association task force on practice guidelines. journal of the american college of cardiology, 58 ( 19 ) : 2020 \u2013 2045. | by :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4735991476384593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d14f124-f8e2-4256-ae3d-34c41c2f2ca7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.327490"}
{"text": "what is craniosynostosis? craniosynostosis ( say \" kray - nee - oh - sih - noh - stoh - sus \" ) is a problem with the skull that causes a baby ' s head to be oddly shaped. in rare cases it causes pressure on the baby ' s brain, which can cause damage. it is also called craniostenosis. a baby ' s skull is not just one bowl - shaped piece of bone. it is made up of five thin, bony plates that are held together by fibrous material called reference sutures opens new window reference opens new window. the sutures let the skull expand as the brain grows. over time, the sutures harden and close the skull bones together. when a baby has craniosynostosis, one or more of these sutures close too soon. how the problem affects your baby depends in part on how many of the sutures close too soon : - if only one suture closes too soon, the baby ' s brain usually develops normally, but the head has an odd shape. this is what happens in most cases. - if more than one suture closes too soon, the baby ' s brain may not be able to grow as fast as it should. if severe pressure builds up around the brain, it may cause brain damage, seizures, blindness, and reference developmental delays opens new window. but this severe pressure is rare. what causes craniosynostosis? experts aren ' t sure what causes this problem. in some cases, it runs in families. if you ' ve had a baby with craniosynostosis and are planning another pregnancy, you may want to talk to your doctor about genetic counseling. craniosynostosis is more likely in : - babies who lie in a reference breech position opens new window while in the uterus. - babies whose mothers smoke or live at a high altitude during pregnancy. - babies who are twins. what are the symptoms? the most common sign is an oddly shaped head at birth or by the time the child is a few months old. for example, the skull may become long and narrow. or it may be very flat and broad in front or back or on the sides. the baby may have a misshapen nose or jaw. an oddly shaped head may be the only sign of craniosynostosis. in rare cases, the disease causes pressure to build up on the baby ' s brain. this can cause", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48729601008853324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:75404082-214d-4526-8796-9e6046aced27>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.334917"}
{"text": "the baby may have a misshapen nose or jaw. an oddly shaped head may be the only sign of craniosynostosis. in rare cases, the disease causes pressure to build up on the baby ' s brain. this can cause brain damage and can make the baby develop more slowly than other children. if you know that your baby has this condition, call your doctor right away if your baby : - starts vomiting. - becomes sluggish and sleeps more and plays less. - becomes crankier than usual. - has swollen eyes or has problems moving the eyes or following objects. - has problems hearing. - breathes noisily or doesn ' t breathe for short periods of time. how is craniosynostosis diagnosed? you or your doctor may notice that your baby has an odd - shaped head at birth, shortly after birth, or later at a well - child checkup. just because your baby has an oddly shaped head doesn ' t mean that he or she has craniosynostosis. head shape may be affected by how your baby was positioned in your uterus, the birth process, or your baby ' s sleep position. talk to your doctor if you are concerned about the shape of your baby ' s head. your doctor will : - look at each side of your baby ' s face and head. - measure your baby ' s head. - feel the sutures and soft spots ( reference fontanelles opens new window ) on the skull. - feel the top and sides of the head, where sutures are located, for unusual ridges or bumps. how is it treated? surgery is the usual treatment to correct craniosynostosis. it ' s usually done in the first year of life. the surgeon removes strips of bone in the skull to create artificial sutures. this surgery prevents or relieves pressure on the brain and allows the skull to expand normally. it also corrects the shape of your baby ' s head. the earlier your child has surgery, the better the results. if there is pressure on the brain, your child needs surgery right away. if your baby doesn ' t seem to have pressure on the brain, your doctor may advise you to wait and see if the head shape returns to normal without surgery. your child may wear a special helmet or other device to help reshape the skull. but your child may still need surgery later. if your child needs surgery, talk with your doctor about what to expect. it may help to see some before - and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4419987758278525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:75404082-214d-4526-8796-9e6046aced27>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.337558"}
{"text": "synonyms : tibia vara blount ' s disease is a disorder of the tibial growth plate ( usually the medial aspect ) leading to changes in the angle at the knee. this results in bowing of the leg ( usually the lower leg ). however, unlike bow legs it is pathological and progressively worsens. clinically it is difficult to distinguish between simple bowlegs and blount ' s disease. however, bow legs should resolve between the ages of 2 - 4 years - if not then one should suspect blount ' s disease. infantile blount ' s disease presents at age 2 - 4 years repetitive trauma to a knee with an already varus abnormality - add notes to any clinical page and create a reflective diary - automatically track and log every page you have viewed - print and export a summary to use in your appraisal - usually bilateral - bony prominence over the medial tibial condyle ( nontender ) - feet held in pronation - shortening of the involved leg - medial angulation and internal rotation of the proximal tibia - gait - painless varus thrust seen plain radiographs show increased angulation between the metaphysis and the longitudinal axis of the tibia. - physiological bow legs - ollier ' s disease - metaphyseal chondrodysplasia - focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia - braces - these are long - legged and lock the knee and need to be worn whilst weight bearing. - however, if by the age of 4 - 5 years the condition has not corrected then surgery is usually required. - surgery usually involves osteotomy of the tibia and realignment of the lower leg. - bracing is usually unsuccessful in girls and in those with obesity. - if treatment is successful there is usually no residual disability or cosmetic abnormality. adolescent blount ' s disease usually the adolescent variety is less severe than infantile blount ' s disease. - bow legs - afro - caribbean ethnicity - walking at an early age - possible family preponderance - commonly unilateral - varus deformity - shortening of the involved leg by up to 3 - 4 cm - pain at the medial prominence of the proximal tibia - medial tibial torsion may also be present plain radiographs, as for infantile blount ' s disease. high tibial osteotomy is usually the procedure of choice. this is attractive, as limbs are not shortened", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4229408558829836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36e9a641-d2b8-4d97-b535-cb575c8d83b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.341709"}
{"text": "tibia - medial tibial torsion may also be present plain radiographs, as for infantile blount ' s disease. high tibial osteotomy is usually the procedure of choice. this is attractive, as limbs are not shortened ; however, it requires the wearing of an external fixator for several months. further reading & references - blount ' s disease ; e - radiography. - infantile blount ' s disease ; paediatric genu varum ; wheeless ' textbook of orthopaedics - s. r. boyea and j. r. bowen ; clinical case presentation on blount ' s disease ; june 1996. - blount ' s disease ; medical encylopedia ; apr 2006. - adolescent blounts disease, wheeless ' textbook of orthopaedics | original author : dr gurvinder rull | | current version : dr gurvinder rull | | last checked : 20 / 04 / 2010 | | document id : 8601 version : 2 | | \u00a9 emis | disclaimer : this article is for information only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions. emis has used all reasonable care in compiling the information but make no warranty as to its accuracy. consult a doctor or other health care professional for diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. for details see our conditions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3932366115137857, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36e9a641-d2b8-4d97-b535-cb575c8d83b9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.342287"}
{"text": "pbs kids\u00ae hosts \u201c share the earth \u201d celebration in honor of earth day new eco - focused episodes and classic favorites airing april 18 \u2013 22 arlington, va \u2013 march 16, 2011 \u2013 pbs kids will host its sixth annual pbs kids \u201c share the earth \u201d celebration in honor of earth day by featuring new and favorite episodes encouraging children to care for and respect the environment. from april 18 \u2013 22, families can view brand new eco - friendly episodes on - air from sid the science kid, curious george\u00ae, martha speaks, wild kratts, and arthur, while learning about recycling, habitats, alternative energy and more. in addition, favorite earth - focused episodes from super why!, wordgirl\u00ae, and more will also be airing throughout the week. \u201c as a leader in educational children \u2019 s media, pbs kids offers many resources to get kids excited about exploring science and the natural world around them, \u201d said lesli rotenberg, senior vice president, children \u2019 s media, pbs. \u201c this year, we \u2019 re celebrating earth day with content on - air, online, and beyond to help families discover that their next learning adventure could be as close as their own backyard. \u201d the \u201c share the earth \u201d celebration continues online for both kids and parents. pbsparents. org will feature a special \u201c simple ways to protect the earth \u201d page with new ideas for activities parents can do with their kids in celebration of earth day, such as gardening and craft ideas. an earth day channel on both pbskids. org / video and pbskidsgo. org / video will feature earth - themed episodes from favorite shows such as the cat in the hat knows a lot about that! and wordgirl from april 15 through 22. in addition, a new web exclusive episode of design squad nation, \u201c sustainable south bronx, \u201d will run on pbskidsgo. org, along with accompanying eco activity ideas for kids. following is a listing of the episodes airing the week of april 18 - 22 ( check local listings for air dates and times ). sid the science kid new \u201c where did the water go? \" ( \" what happens to water that goes down the drain? \" ) while brushing his teeth, sid wonders what happens to all the dirty water when it goes down the drain. at the science center, sid and his friends explore how water travels in and out of our homes through pipes. and here ' s something sid and his friends never realized : there ' s lots of water in the world, but you can ' t drink it all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4251906311336109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8faefe37-70dd-408e-998e-c86acda5d5ca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.354684"}
{"text": "science center, sid and his friends explore how water travels in and out of our homes through pipes. and here ' s something sid and his friends never realized : there ' s lots of water in the world, but you can ' t drink it all! we can only use fresh water, and there aren ' t a lot of fresh water sources in the world. that ' s why it ' s important not to waste water! new \" clean air! \" ( \" why does sid ' s dad wear a mask when he paints? \" ) sid the roving reporter is investigating something strange in his backyard - - his dad is wearing a mask while painting. sid discovers that his dad is protecting his face so he doesn ' t breathe in the dirty fumes. at school, sid and his friends discover that people and animals on earth need to breathe clean air, and when we pollute the air around us, it affects the air that everyone breathes. the kids also discover that trees have a really important role in keeping our air clean! new \u201c reused robot \" ( \" where does trash go when we throw it away? \" ) sid ' s toy robot is broken, so he wants to throw it \" away. \" sid ' s mom tells him there is no such thing as \" away, \" and when we put something in the trash, we are actually creating waste. sid and his friends explore the idea that everything we throw away goes somewhere. this leads to an investigation of how to recycle and reuse items so that we make less trash. new \u201c save the stump \" ( \" can an old stump be a home for tiny creatures? \" ) sid is super excited because his dad is clearing out space in the yard for a basketball court! while sid and dad are surveying the land, sid notices a big stump teeming with little creatures! during a special field trip to the science center, sid and his friends discover that there are animal habitats all around us, even in old stumps, and if one habitat is destroyed, all of the other habitats and animals are affected. new \u201c wagstaff races \u201d / \u201c the missing metal mystery \u201d \u201c wagstaff races \u201d - wagstaff city ' s environmental club is having a \" go green go - cart race, \" fueled by alternative energy. using sun, wind, and pond scum, the gang gathers at the starting line. who will win the trophy \u2014 and most importantly, how? \u201c the missing metal mystery \u201d - who \u2019 s been stealing things from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5084816485898824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8faefe37-70dd-408e-998e-c86acda5d5ca>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.355844"}
{"text": "fueled by alternative energy. using sun, wind, and pond scum, the gang gathers at the starting line. who will win the trophy \u2014 and most importantly, how? \u201c the missing metal mystery \u201d - who \u2019 s been stealing things from the local junkyard? when detective td announces the identity of his main suspect, everyone is shocked. new \u201d falcon city \u201d the kratt brothers are itching to fly with the world \u2019 s fastest animal, the peregrine falcon, which can hit top speeds of 240 mph. but their efforts are side - tracked when the rest of the wild kratts team challenges them to find the falcon in the city instead of in the wild, and chris \u2019 creature power suit is accidentally activated with pigeon powers! but then they discover that zach is sending his zachbots to clean off a building that has a peregrine falcon nests with chicks. martin and chris must activate their peregrine falcons powers and harness the force of gravity to pull off a high flying creature rescue! new \u201c the blue and the gray \u201d martin and chris are absorbed in a hilarious competition to discover who is the best acorn planter, blue jays or gray squirrels, when a strange creature power suit malfunction transforms martin into an acorn and grows him into an oak tree! chris activates the squirrel powers of his creature power suit, but gets waylaid by a bobcat and goshawk, and aviva, koki, and jimmy can \u2019 t find them. it \u2019 ll take some animal - loving wild kratts kids to get them out of this mess new \u201c follow the bouncing ball \u201d / \u201c buster baxter and the letter from the sea \u201d \u201c follow the bouncing ball \u201d - alberto molina \u2019 s beloved soccer ball, signed by his favorite ecuadorian soccer star, el boomerang, is lost! is it the same soccer ball bouncing all over town, eluding potential captors?! this kicks off the first of 10 stories which follow the incredible journey of \u201c el boomerang \u201d around the world! come, follow the bouncing ball! \u201c buster baxter and the letter from the sea \u201d - while on vacation with the read family, buster discovers a message in a bottle on the shore. could it be an urgent message from the people of the lost city of atlantis? buster is determined to find out and sends them a message back \u2026 by throwing his own bottles in the ocean! will he learn that keeping the beach and waters clean is the real message? \u201c the cherry tree \u201d muffy will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4455121030054622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8faefe37-70dd-408e-998e-c86acda5d5ca>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.357007"}
{"text": "lost city of atlantis? buster is determined to find out and sends them a message back \u2026 by throwing his own bottles in the ocean! will he learn that keeping the beach and waters clean is the real message? \u201c the cherry tree \u201d muffy will do anything to have a gigantic dream bouncy castle at her party, or so she thinks. when her favorite cherry tree is cut down to make room for the castle in her yard, she starts to have regrets. then to make matters worse, she learns that cutting down trees hurts the environment, too. what can muffy do to fix the damage she \u2019 s done? new \u201c follow that boat \u201d / \u201c windmill monkey \u201d \u201c follow that boat \u201d \u2013 steve needs an a to pass his history class and his model papyrus boat is sure to make the grade. george helps him test the boat in endless park \u2019 s pond, but a sudden rainstorm sweeps it down the sewer grate! while searching for the boat, steve and george learn that debris from the street ends up in the ocean. will they ever find steve \u2019 s little boat in the big ocean or will he be taking history again next year? \u201c windmill monkey \u201d \u2013 george proudly finishes planting his rooftop garden when he turns around to find that compass and his friends have eaten all the seeds. the scarecrow overlooking the garden didn \u2019 t scare them at all! while buying more seeds, george spots a windmill and learns how the wind can power just about anything. the inspired monkey sets out to create the world \u2019 s first wind powered scarecrow in hopes that will keep his seeds safe. but some things are more easily planned than done! \u201c tiddalick the frog \u201d whyatt \u2019 s mom tells him that he \u2019 s wasting water. this is a really big problem and he ' s not sure how to fix it. so the super readers dash into the australian folk tale of tiddalick the frog and make the acquaintance of a funny amphibian whose puddle jumping is using up all the water and leaving his neighbors in the dust \u2013 literally! as the super readers help tiddalick and his dry friends, they learn how important water is to the planet, along with a valuable lesson about conservation. all is not well in perfectamundo, a dome - enclosed cybersite, when orange spots are discovered building up on the dome \u2019 s interior surface, blocking the site \u2019 s precious sunlight. what source could be responsible for the spots multiplying so fast? is it hacker \u2019 s new factory that pours out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4726554378620495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8faefe37-70dd-408e-998e-c86acda5d5ca>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.358026"}
{"text": "as working together for the whole community. barney & friends\u2122 \u201c home sweet earth : the rainforest \u201d it \u2019 s earth day, a great time for everyone to learn how to help take care of our world, but ben is wasting paper while bj isn \u2019 t too concerned about cutting down a tree to make room for a new playground. after a trip to the rainforest and a meeting with mother nature, everyone learns the importance of taking care of our world. as earth day comes to an end, barney reminds us all that taking good care of our earth is the natural thing to do for the people we love. about pbs kids pbs kids, the number one educational media brand for kids, offers all children the opportunity to explore new ideas and new worlds through television, online and community - based programs. more than 21 million children watch pbs kids on tv, and more than 21 million engage with pbs kids online each quarter. for more information on specific pbs kids programs supporting literacy, science, math and more, visit pbs. org / pressroom, and follow pbs kids on twitter and facebook. curious george is a production of imagine, wgbh and universal. curious george and related characters, created by margret and h. a. rey, are copyrighted and trademarked by houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company and used under license. licensed by universal studios licensing lllp. television series : ( c ) 2011 universal studios. all rights reserved. # # #", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4821117556431957, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8faefe37-70dd-408e-998e-c86acda5d5ca>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.359695"}
{"text": "use these simple activities to get beyond the bubble and into some cool science. 1. blow bubbles : take your bubble stuff outside or into the tub. play around and notice what catches your child ' s interest. watch, wonder, and experiment together. 2. observe bubbles : look carefully at a bubble on your child ' s wand. ask : how does the shape change as you blow? what shape is the bubble when it floats into the air? what happens when the bubble lands? 3. chase and catch bubbles : notice how bubbles move in the air. are they all moving in the same direction? invite your child to blow at a bubble or fan it. what happens? let your child try to catch a bubble on a bubble wand. ask : can you catch a bubble on top of another bubble? what happens when two bubbles touch each other? gather items with holes to use as bubble wands : slotted spoons, funnels, fly swatters, plastic soda can six - pack holders, etc. wave or blow through the \" wands \" and look at the bubbles. ask : how are the bubbles from each wand the same? how are they different? are the bubbles connected or single? does the size of the openings in the wand make a difference in the size of the bubbles? age range : 3 - 5 curious george is a production of imagine, wgbh and universal. curious george and related characters, created by margret and h. a. rey, are copyrighted and trademarked by houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company and used under license. licensed by universal studios licensing llc. television series : \u00a92013. universal studios. all rights reserved. the pbs kids logo is a registered mark of pbs and is used with permission. proud sponsors of curious george\u00ae on pbs kids\u00ae are stride rite children ' s group, llc., and abcmouse. com. for promotional use only. for more fun and games, check out curiousgeorge. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4719198550620658, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:591d52b2-d345-4df0-a0f0-7a13bca9294f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.361870"}
{"text": "ray tracing and gaming - quake 4 : ray traced project quake 4 : ray traced an algorithm was invented for this work that uses rays for collision detection ( cd ). a polygon - exact cd is quite easy for direct weapons. only one ray is needed to determine the target. shooting this ray works through the exact same mechanisms and data structures as shooting a ray to get a color value in rendering. ( polygon exact collision detection using ray tracing ) for the player model a bounding sphere was approximated through many rays like in a radar system. ( bounding sphere approximated through rays ) an interesting special effect which i want to present here in more detail is water. as we expect it from nature water should reflect the surrounding environment and it should be possible to look through the water with some refractions going on. water in motion should not look flat ; there should be some visible height differences in the waves. i want to present you some examples of water in games that we have seen the last years. of course these ' optimizations ' had to be done to make the game render fast enough, so this should not be a critic of the game or company itself. it should just show how water looks today in some games, what it lacks and how it could look in ray tracing games. ( ' far cry ' ( 2004 ) : the reflection in the water shows only the mountains, not the trees. ) ( ' far cry ' : taking a close look at the reflections you see that the resolution is lower then the rest of the world. ) ( ' gothic 3 ' from 2006 : quite unspectacular water without any reflections ) the water in ' quake 4 : ray traced ' ( http : / / www. q4rt. de / ) uses an animation set of many normal maps to simulate the height differences from the waves. one ray is used for reflection on that normal maps, one ray is used to get the refraction through the water. the result is nice looking water. ( ' quake 4 : ray traced ' : the water reflects the environment and the player ) samples from q4rt in action can be seen in this video :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5301653301933626, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66434d82-fa1d-46e1-bec2-495a6fcc3f25>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.367357"}
{"text": "are you taking your ppi consistently, but still not having complete relief of your symptoms? maybe it ' s what you \u2019 re putting in your mouth. your diet and eating habits can actually make your digestive condition worse. there are a couple of ways certain foods can cause problems. some may relax the lower esophageal sphincter ( les ) \u2014 a muscle that acts as a valve between your esophagus and stomach. if this muscle relaxes and doesn \u2019 t close properly, acid can reflux back up into the esophagus. also, some foods may irritate the damaged lining of the esophagus or stomach. learn about foods and ways of eating that may be causing you to reach for those extra antacids. you may want to think twice before sitting down for a big pasta dinner or an all - you - can - eat pizza buffet. tomato - based products, such as sauces, are acidic foods that may increase reflux symptoms and cause stomach irritation. other acidic culprits include citrus fruits like grapefruits, lemons, oranges, and their juices. eating large portions of food can lead to indigestion and increase the pressure in the stomach, pushing acid into the esophagus. to avoid this discomfort, eat smaller, more frequent meals. spearmint and peppermint extracts are used in many foods, but unfortunately, they may exacerbate the symptoms of gerd. mint may relax the muscles in the gastrointestinal tract, including the les. but don \u2019 t put away your mint - flavored gum just yet! studies show that chewing gum for one hour after a meal reduces acid reflux. gum is thought to work by increasing saliva production, which helps to neutralize acid. caffeine and carbonation that morning cup of coffee or afternoon soda may be causing you discomfort. caffeine is thought to increase acid levels and relax the les, which can aggravate an existing ulcer or worsen acid reflux. some studies show that even decaf coffee may relax the les. carbonated beverages, such as sodas or carbonated waters, may lead to acid reflux by increasing the pressure in your stomach. fatty foods trigger reflux symptoms by decreasing the pressure of the les. eating too many fatty foods can increase digestive symptoms and may lead to weight gain. there is a link between being overweight and gerd. studies show that obese people with gerd who lose weight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4216385682606449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4efc2f0-fa23-4d86-b763-0e9b3336093b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.377146"}
{"text": "symptoms by decreasing the pressure of the les. eating too many fatty foods can increase digestive symptoms and may lead to weight gain. there is a link between being overweight and gerd. studies show that obese people with gerd who lose weight have significant improvement in their symptoms. if you have recently gained weight and your clothes are too tight, this too may be making your symptoms worse. tight - fitting clothes put pressure on the stomach, causing acid to flow into the esophagus. hot, hot, hot! spicy foods can make your heartburn and stomach pain sizzle. foods with a little kick are often responsible for gerd symptoms. although spicy fare may irritate the stomach of people with ulcers, it does not cause ulcers. actually, people with ulcers do not need to follow a bland diet, as previously thought. however, if a specific spicy item does cause problems, it may be a good idea to avoid that food. are you a chocoholic? be careful, because those little treats you are allowing yourself could wreak havoc on your esophagus. chocolate aggravates gerd by relaxing the les. that chocolate snack may be particularly problematic at night time. snacking late may increase the risk of nighttime heartburn. to avoid this nocturnal discomfort, don \u2019 t eat two to three hours before lying down to sleep. raising the head of your bed may also help to keep the acid in your stomach where it belongs. having a few drinks this weekend? before mixing that martini, think about the consequences. alcohol may trigger gerd symptoms in three ways : - increasing acid secretion - relaxing the les - slowing the movement of food through the gut one study showed that men who drank alcohol and smoked were more likely to have gerd. smoking contributes to digestive problems by increasing acid secretion, relaxing the les, and decreasing saliva ( saliva neutralizes acid ). smokers are more prone to ulcers, and smokers and drinkers may take longer to heal when they have an ulcer. know yourself and communicate with your doctor we are all individuals. not everyone will have the same reaction to each food. the best way to determine your food triggers is to keep a food and symptom journal - - write down what you eat, how much you consume, and how you feel afterward. you may soon be able to identify the foods or habits causing you to take those extra antacids. make sure to talk to your health care provider if you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4141304003914697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4efc2f0-fa23-4d86-b763-0e9b3336093b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.378757"}
{"text": "some of our nation \u2019 s costliest social problems \u2014 like child abuse and neglect \u2014 are rooted in early childhood. april is national child abuse prevention month, a time to recognize the proven policies that help break the cycle of abuse and that promote the social and emotional well - being of children and families. voluntary home visiting matches parents with trained professionals to provide information and support during pregnancy and throughout their child \u2019 s early years \u2014 a critical developmental period. increasingly, states are turning to evidence - based home visiting programs in an effort to prevent abuse and neglect. learn more about how home visiting gives families a solid foundation and helps states save money. the annie e. casey foundation, kids count data center, national kids count program, \" children who are confirmed by child protective services as victims of maltreatment by age group ( percent ) \u2013 2009, \" accessed february 28, 2012. olds dl, eckenrode j, henderson cr, kitzman h, powers j, cole r, sidora k, morris p, pettitt lm, luckey d, \u201c long - term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect : 15 - year follow - up of a randomized trial, \u201d journal of the american medical association. 1997 ; 278 ( 8 ) : 637 - 643. u. s. department of health and human services ( usdhhs ), administration on children, youth and families, \" child maltreatment 2008, \" accessed february 28, 2012. fang x, brown ds, florence cs, mercy ja, \" the economic burden of child maltreatment in the united states and implications for prevention, \" child abuse & neglect. 2012 ; in press. olds dl, eckenrode j, henderson cr, kitzman h, powers j, cole r, sidora k, morris p, pettitt lm, luckey d, \u201c long - term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect : 15 - year follow - up of a randomized trial, \u201d journal of the american medical association. 1997 ; 278 ( 8 ) : 637 - 643 ; lowell di, carter as, godoy l, paulicin b, briggs - gowan mj, \u201c a randomized controlled trial of child first : a comprehensive home - based intervention translating research into early childhood practice, \u201d child development. 2011 ; 82 ( 1 ) : 193 - 208. lee e, michell - herzfeld sd, lowenfels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4584133926572519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:733fd407-8fda-4953-8657-78d6094a193e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.387029"}
{"text": "gamma ray bursts are believed to be the most energetic phenomena in the universe. in one second they can emit more than 100 times the energy that the sun does throughout its entire 10 billion year life. this energy output is short lived, however, and within days the burst has faded forever beyond the reach of our telescopes. 3000 bursts having been detected through their gamma ray emission, only 30 have been seen with ground - based telescopes, and only one of these has been observed within an hour. in an ambitious project to detect the gamma ray bursts in the crucial first minute of their occurence, the school of physics has entered a collaboration with the university of michigan, los alamos national laboratories, and lawrence livermore national laboratory, to place a robotic telescope, rotse - iii, at siding spring observatory. triggered into action by a signal relayed through the internet from an earth - orbiting satellite. the specially designed mounting for rotse - iii allows it to point to any position in the sky and take an image within 5 - 10 seconds. the images are then automatically analysed for any new or rapidly varying sources, and this information is made available to other observatories throughout the world within minutes. the precise positions provided by rotse - iii are essential to allow the worlds largest telescopes to observe the gamma for the new telescope occurred in march 2001. the enclosure and weather station were installed in april 2001, with the telescope itself to be delivered in mid - 2002.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5837720467656276, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41af5c95-84cb-4b31-990a-6fbb28055062>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.392522"}
{"text": "during this tutorial you will be asked to perform calculations involving trigonometric functiions. you will need a calulator to proceed. | the purpose of this tutorial is to review with you the elementary properties of the trigonometric functions. facility with this subject is essential to success in all branches of science, and you are strongly urged to review and practice the concepts presented here until they are mastered. let us consider the right - angle triangle shown in panel 1. the angle at c is a right angle and the angle a we will call \u03b8. the lengths of the sides of the triangle we will denote as p, q and r. from your elementary geometry, you know several things about this triangle. for example, you know the pythagorean relation, q\u00b2 = p\u00b2 + r\u00b2. that is, the square of the length of the side opposite the right angle, which we call the hypotenuse, is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides. we know other things. for example, we know that if the lengths of the three sides of any triangle p, q and r are specified, then the whole triangle is determined, angles included. if you think about this for a moment, you will see it is correct. if i give you three sticks of fixed length and told you to lay them down in a triangle, there ' s only one triangle which you could make. what we would like to have is a way of relating the angles in the triangle, say \u03b8, to the lengths of the sides. it turns out that there ' s no simple analytic way to do this. even though the triangle is specified by the lengths of the three sides, there is not a simple formula that will allow you to calculate the angle \u03b8. we must specify it in some new way. | to do this, we define three ratios of the sides of the triangle. one ratio we call the sine of theta, written sin ( \u03b8 ), and it is defined as the ratio of the side opposite \u03b8 to the hypotenuse, that is r / q. the cosine of \u03b8, written cos ( \u03b8 ), is the side adjacent to \u03b8 over the hypotenuse, that is, p / q. this is really enough, but because it simplifies our mathematics later on, we define the tangent of \u03b8, written tan ( \u03b8 ), as the ratio of the opposite to the adjacent sides, that is r", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5377610871046692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00f865ac-a066-4877-8d69-479bd1350ad2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.415561"}
{"text": "that is, p / q. this is really enough, but because it simplifies our mathematics later on, we define the tangent of \u03b8, written tan ( \u03b8 ), as the ratio of the opposite to the adjacent sides, that is r / p. this is not an independent definition since you can readily see that the tangent of \u03b8 is equal to the sine of \u03b8 divided by the cosine of \u03b8. verify for yourself that this is correct. all scientific calculators provide this information. the first thing to ensure is that your calculator is set to the anglular measure that you want. angles are usually measured in either degrees or radians ( see tutorial on dimensional analysis ). the angle 2\u00ba is a much different angle than 2 radians since 180\u00ba = \u03c0 radians = 3. 1416... radians. make sure that your calculator is set to degrees. now suppose that we want the sine of 24\u00ba. simply press 24 followed by the [ sin ] key and the display should show the value 0. 4067. therefore, the sine of 24\u00ba is 0. 4067. that is, in a triangle like panel 1 where \u03b8 = 24\u00ba, the ratio of the sides r to q is 0. 4067. next set your calculator to radians and find the sine of 0. 42 radians. to do this enter 0. 42 followed by the [ sin ] key. you should obtain a value of 0. 4078. this is nearly the same value as you obtained for the sine of 24\u00ba. using the relation above you should confirm that 24\u00ba is close to 0. 42 radians obviously, using your calculator to find values of sines is very simple. now find sine of 42\u00ba 24 minutes. the sine of 42\u00ba 24 minutes is 0. 6743. did you get this result? if not, remember that 24 minutes corresponds to 24 / 60 or 0. 4\u00ba. the total angle is then 42. 4\u00ba | the determination of cosines and tangents on your calculator is similar. it is now possible for us to solve the simple problem concerning triangles. for example, in panel 2, the length of the hypotenuse is 3 cm and the angle \u03b8 is 24\u00ba. what is the length of the opposite side r? the sine of 24\u00ba as we saw is 0. 4067 and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5093064152850161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00f865ac-a066-4877-8d69-479bd1350ad2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.418587"}
{"text": ", in panel 2, the length of the hypotenuse is 3 cm and the angle \u03b8 is 24\u00ba. what is the length of the opposite side r? the sine of 24\u00ba as we saw is 0. 4067 and it is also, by definition, r / 3. so, sine of 24\u00ba =. 4067 = r / 3, and therefore, r = 3 x 0. 4067 = 1. 22 cm. | conversely, suppose you knew that the opposite side was 2 cm long and the hypotenuse was 3 cm long, as in panel 3, what is the angle \u03b8? first determine the sine of \u03b8 you should find that the sine of \u03b8 is 2 / 3, which equals 0. 6667. now we need determine what angle has 0. 6667 as its sine. if you want your answer to be in degrees, be sure that your calculator is set to degrees. then enter 0. 6667 followed by the [ inv ] key and then the [ sin ] key. you should obtain a value of 41. 8\u00ba. if your calculator doesn ' t have a [ inv ] key, it probably has a [ 2ndf ] key and the inverse sine can be found using it. | one use of these trigonometric functions which is very important is the calculation of components of vectors. in panel 4 is shown a vector oa in an xy reference frame. we would like to find the y component of this vector. that is, the projection ob of the vector on the y axis. obviously, ob = ca and ca / oa = sin ( \u03b8 ), so ca = oa sin ( \u03b8 ). similarly, the x - component of oa is oc. and oc / oa = cos ( \u03b8 ) so oc = oa cos ( \u03b8 ). | | there are many relations among the trigonometric functions which are important, but one in particular you will find used quite often. panel 1 has been repeated as panel 5 for you. let us look at the sum cos\u00b2 + sin\u00b2. from the figure, this is ( p / q ) \u00b2 + ( r / q ) \u00b2, which [ ( p\u00b2 + r\u00b2 ) / ( q\u00b2 ) ]. the pythagorean theorem tells us that p\u00b2 + r\u00b2 = q\u00b2 so we have [ ( p\u00b2 + r\u00b2 ) /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4843633859300929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00f865ac-a066-4877-8d69-479bd1350ad2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.420409"}
{"text": "q ) \u00b2, which [ ( p\u00b2 + r\u00b2 ) / ( q\u00b2 ) ]. the pythagorean theorem tells us that p\u00b2 + r\u00b2 = q\u00b2 so we have [ ( p\u00b2 + r\u00b2 ) / q\u00b2 ] = ( q\u00b2 / q\u00b2 ) = 1. therefore, we have ; our discussion so far has been limited to angles between 0 and 90\u00ba. one can, using the calculator, find the the sine of larger angles ( eg 140\u00ba ) or negative angles ( eg - 32\u00ba ) directly. sometimes, however, it is useful to find the corresponding angle betweeen 0 and 90\u00ba. panel 6 will help us here. | in this xy reference frame, the angle \u03b8 is clearly between 90\u00ba and 180 \u00ba, and clearly, the angle a, which is 180 - \u03b8 ( a is marked with a double arc ) can be dealt with. in this case, we say that the magnitude of sine, cosine, and tangent of \u03b8 are those of the supplement a and we only have to examine whether or not they are positive or negative. for example, what is the sine, cosine and tangent of 140\u00ba? the supplement is 180\u00ba - 140\u00ba = 40\u00ba. find the sine, the cosine and the tangent of 40\u00ba.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5190736098853446, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00f865ac-a066-4877-8d69-479bd1350ad2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.421383"}
{"text": "| may20 - 06, 05 : 24 pm | | # 1 | stuck on couple related rates problems.. 1. a ship with a long anchor chain is anchored in 11 fathoms of water. the anchor chain is being wound in at a rate of 10 fathoms / minute, causing the ship to move toward the spot directly above the anchor resting on the seabed. the hawsehole ( the point of contact between ship and chain ) is located 1 fathom above the water line. at what speed is the ship moving when there are exatly 13 fathoms of chain still out? for this problem i started with this drawing.. http : / / img. photobucket. com / albums / v4... n / untitled. jpg and then from there, i had no idea where to go... there hawsehole being 1 fathom above the water really gets to me, perhaps making the above drawing void. another thing i don ' t understand is that it says it ' s anchored in 11 fathoms of water.. how could the question be asking what speed the boat would be moving if it were at 13 fathoms? 2. a ladder 41 feet long was leaning against a vertical wall and begins to slip. its top slides down the wall whilte its bottom moves along the level ground at a constant speed of 4ft / sec. how fast is the top of the ladder moving when it is 9 feet above the ground? for this one.. i didn ' t even know what to do.. of course i drew a triangle, hypotenuse of 41 and the vertical side of 9 feet.. and then.......? mainly, i think problems such as these are really easy, but i have a really hard time picturing the problem or drawing it out. i don ' t know which numbers apply to dx / dt and dy / dt.. | may20 - 06, 05 : 48 pm | | # 2 | and tehy are asking what is the speed when there is 13 fathoms of * chain * still out, which is the length of the hypothenuse on your triangle. of course this length will be larger or equal to 12 fathoms ( it will be equal to 12 fathom when the boat will be right above the anchor ) if we call \" l \" the length of the hypothenuse, then what you want is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5485554557365537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db125f45-2e18-420f-93eb-28e0f5ee7577>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.427089"}
{"text": "hops is native to a great part of the northern half of the world, customarily located in northern european, west central asian, and north american regions. the earliest reported case of growing hops was in central europe in 736, with the ensuing centuries seeing hops grown extensively in bavarian, bohemian and slovenian regions, and later in england. hops was first cultivated in north america in 1629 ; cultivation began in japan, china and korea in the 1860s. hops is produced in many different regions these days, but roughly three quarters of all hops originates from germany, north america, and china. traits and properties : the most widely recognized use of hops is to flavor beer, leading to its significance globally as a commercial agriculture product. while hops is a comparatively minimal component of beer, quantity - wise, it is a significant one since it imparts the unique bitter taste of beer, a property possessed uniquely by hops. initially, hops was utilized in making beer since it not only imparts taste, but acts to naturally preserve beer, keeping it from turning sour and increasing its shelf life dramatically. this permitted beer to be shipped a long way, instead of having to be used near the brewery, allowing brewers to greatly expand operations. the earliest reported use of hops for medicinal purposes was by ancient egyptians and babylonians who were convinced it safeguarded against leprosy and plague. european medicinal use of hops goes as far back as its ninth century use to treat ' melancholy ', acquiring the name vermifuge and effective for eradicating parasites. when the twelth century rolled in hops were recognized as an aperitif, a depurative, and a laxative and was applauded for its properties of sedating and relaxing. later this was used as a treatment for people with liver problems and any general digestive complaints. on the north american continent, hops was widely utilized in native remedies, especially among cherokee people who used it to treat rheumatism, swelling, pain, breast and female reproductive organ issues, kidney stones, and so on. in traditional chinese medicine, hops is used for all sorts of different ailments like sleeplessness, restlessness, and for bad cramps ; it is also used to treat lack of appetite. chinese lab research has documented effective results with hops for treating conditions of tb, leprosy, bacillary dysentery, silicosis as well as asbestosis. the ayurvedic ph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45119603913012674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02741903-2e99-4b5e-a674-21963d7137ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.442566"}
{"text": "to treat lack of appetite. chinese lab research has documented effective results with hops for treating conditions of tb, leprosy, bacillary dysentery, silicosis as well as asbestosis. the ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of india suggests the use of hops for anxiousness related to nervous stress, headache, and poor digestion, reporting it works primarily for sedation, hypnosis, and fighting bacteria. nowadays, hops is used most often for its relaxing effect on nerves, and its properties of sedation to improve sleep habits. positive effects on the female endocrine system have been noted, specifically in europe, from hops. there is a high content of flavonoids, which is a form of phytoestrogens, and this has become a very common ingredient for natural breast enhancements. clinical studies have shown that consumption of hops alone promotes breast development. in fact, beer which has a high hop content, has even been touted by some doctors as being a breast enhancer if consumed in large quantities. yet other contemporary uses for hops are to treat ibs and premature ejaculation, along with its characteristics as a diuretic to help those retaining water or suffering excessive uric acid. hops tea is apparently a wonderful remedy for delirium tremens, and you can add honey to it to ease the symptoms of bronchitis. in order to reduce the pain due to the inflammation of abscesses, boils, swellings, and neuralgic and rheumatic complaints including easing skin infections, eczema, herpes, and ulcers, hops tea is used as an external application in the form of a poultice. dried hops has long been sewn into pillows to combat insomnia and nightmares. hops is used in shampoos to treat dandruff and oiliness due to its anti - septic and sebhorrheic traits, and has lately been considered beneficial for growing and conditioning hair and scalp, leading to its use in a lot of hair growth items. hops is actually good for the skin in general as it stimulates the cutaneous metabolism, so you ' ll often find it listed as an ingredient in toiletries and cosmetics. natural breast enhancement without surgery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4585682865088026, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02741903-2e99-4b5e-a674-21963d7137ec>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.445226"}
{"text": "email : email @ example. com pinguicula can be found in north, central and south america, in greenland, in most parts of europe, at the very north - western tip of africa and in some scattered areas in asia. they are not present in many parts of asia, the middle east, most parts of africa and southern asia including oceania. the two main centres of diversity are found in central america / caribbean and in europe. north and east siberia as well as far north east asia are home to a small group of species which are either endemic ( p. algida, p. ramose and p. variegata ) or widespread ( p. villosa, p. alpina, p. macroceras and p. vulgaris ). the himalaya in southern asia is also hosting p. alpina. large stretches of land in canada and the north eastern and western coats of the usa are colonised by 3 species that can also be found in europe or asia ( p. vulgaris, p. villosa and p. macroceras ). the south eastern tip of the usa is also host to a group of related and endemic species. a few additional and endemic species are scattered on the slopes of the andes mountains of south america from columbia to terra del fuego in argentina. even though pinguicula can be found on many continents, most species have very restricted distribution ranges and can actually exist as just a few isolated colonies. on the same way, plant density may be high on a limited surface of land but individual colonies may be separated by large distances. few species make exception to this rule. p. vulgaris has the largest distribution range, covering most of northern america, greenland, iceland, many parts of europe and north western russia. a closely related species, p. macroceras, covers the coats of north eastern asia and north western america. p. villosa can be found on most of the arctic circle ( except in western canada ). finally p. alpina can be found in several parts of europe, the himalaya, north western russia and northern siberia. species with mid - size distribution ranges include p. lusitanica and p. grandiflora in western europe. most pinguicula species originate from cold to very cold habitats at high latitudes or altitudes. only the south eastern usa and caribbean species live under warm climatic conditions. p. lusitanica on the western coast of europe, p. crystallina on the northern part of the mediterranean", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4401541586327473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e180ebc2-3ee0-4c9b-8eaf-5496d3fb5005>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.461264"}
{"text": "cold to very cold habitats at high latitudes or altitudes. only the south eastern usa and caribbean species live under warm climatic conditions. p. lusitanica on the western coast of europe, p. crystallina on the northern part of the mediterranean ocean and some mexican species will be intermediate in their temperature requirements since they will need non - freezing winters and will appreciate warmer conditions during the summer. the only climatic conditions that are common to all pinguicula are a very humid air, air temperatures that do not change too fast and a very wet soil during their growing season ( often with flowing rather than standing water ). most pinguicula will be found growing in calcareous and rocky soils. however, some species are found in acidic bogs ( p. lusitanica, p. corsica ), some in sphagnum moss ( p. villosa ) and some on tree branches ( p. casabitoana, p. lignicola ). previously published groupings of pinguicula species distinguished species on their ability to form an hibernaculum in the winter ( temperate versus tropical types ). the species of each type were subsequently divided into two subgroups on their ability to produce different leaves early in the spring and in the summer ( homophyllous versus heterophyllous ). recent genetic studies do not totally support such views. nevertheless, such clustering of species translates well into individual growing requirements. the rosette of temperate species ( homophyllous and heterophyllous ) reduces to a tight bud made of scale - like non - carnivorous leaves in the winter. such buds bear no roots with the exception of p. alpina ( asian species still need to be examined for this criterion ). they should all be kept near or below freezing temperatures as long as they are formed. they indeed need to stay cold for a certain time before being able to sprout in response to higher temperatures. they are also sensitive to rotting if in contact with a non - frozen damp organic substrate. tropical species can either form carnivorous leaves all year long ( homophyllous group ) or develop a more or less compact winter bud made of succulent, non - carnivorous leaves ( heterophyllous group ). most tropical homophyllous species experience cold, even near, or periodically below freezing, temperatures in the winter. however, such cold periods do not last long and are quickly replaced by warmer conditions. rosette sizes rarely diminish during such times. growth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48239798627985203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e180ebc2-3ee0-4c9b-8eaf-5496d3fb5005>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.462484"}
{"text": "homophyllous species experience cold, even near, or periodically below freezing, temperatures in the winter. however, such cold periods do not last long and are quickly replaced by warmer conditions. rosette sizes rarely diminish during such times. growth may simply cease to resume as soon as temperatures warm up. plants keep their roots all through the winter season and need to be kept wet all year long. prolonged near - freezing conditions never result in healthy individuals. tropical heterophyllous species only form carnivorous leaves in the warm seasons. in the winter, they form more or less tight hibernacula made of succulent leaves. winter hibernacula contain few or no root. they are very sensitive to rotting and should be kept dry until they resume growth. they should also be kept cold ( below 10\u00b0c ) and can stand below freezing temperatures is their substrate is totally dry. carnivorous pinguicula leaves exhibit many tiny glands on their surface to glue, digest and eat insects and plant debris that are small enough not to escape. after catching a prey, the leaf rolls slowly around its catch to form a bowl below it or increase contact. pinguicula leaves harbour 2 types of glands : pedunculate glands that bear a drop of mucilaginous secretion ( these are the tiny ones we see on the surface of the leaves and that generate rainbows when the sun shines on them ), and sessile glands that lay flush on the leaf surface. the peduncles are made of only one cell and are therefore very small. the sessile glands do not generate large enough bodies of liquids to be seen by the human eye. for most species, the glands are only present on the upper surface of the leaves. but, in a few examples, they can be found on both sides of the leaves ( p. gigantea, p. longifolia subsp longifolia ). in that later case, the leaves are permanently erect or hanging in the air to prevent contact of the carnivorous underside of the leaves with the substrate. the density of glands on a leaf surface is purely related to the species and not to the state of feeding of the plant. the pedunculate glands are involved in mucilage production ( to glue preys ). they secrete few digestives enzymes that are mostly produced by the non - mucilaginous sessile glands. upon prey capture, the movement of the prey will trigger a large secretion of fluid from the peduncula", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48481446997026373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e180ebc2-3ee0-4c9b-8eaf-5496d3fb5005>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.463580"}
{"text": "epiphany can be defined as the sudden realization of the essence or meaning of something, as well as the understanding of the truth of certain situations or one \u2019 s life as a whole. in death in venice, gustav von auschenbach \u2019 s recognition of his love for and obsession with tadzio is a kind of epiphany that, while not exactly beneficial or positive marks a point in which the character experience complete clarity and begins to express honesty about his previously rejected desires. gustav von auschenbach, having led a life of dedication to his craft, prides himself on disciplined perfectionism and dignity. his life up to the point at which the novel takes place has been largely uneventful. many ominous occurrences help to illustrate gustav \u2019 s state of mind at the story \u2019 s opening. his exchange with a strange gondola rower who turns out to be a criminal, as well as his sighting of a disturbing old man dressed to look youthful are both v aguely perilous encounters which serve to establish gustav \u2019 s uneasiness. upon discovering tadzio, gustav slowly allows his principles and dignity to erode as his obsession expands. tadzio seems to tap into the lifelong desires that gustav has repressed in the interest of being fully committed to his work. the end result of this obsession, however, is the writer \u2019 s death. while not necessarily in the dark before this epiphany, von auschenbach was certainly very repressed. after feeling a vague need for a vacation, he travels to venice completely unaware of what waits for him. the obsession is something that, given his principles, is extremely hard to verbalize. however, when he finally declares, \u201c i love you, \u201d it is clear that he has accepted the truth about his feelings and desires. though neither overtly religious or spiritual, von auschenbach \u2019 s epiphany marks a change in his profound change in his state of mind and worldview and could therefore be seen as spiritual. this epiphany was solely brought on by the travel experience, before which von auschenbach had lived a stable and principled life. his deeply ingrained longings were awakened through his trip to venice and his sighting of tadzio. while von auschenbach \u2019 s venetian experience led him to a greater freedom and honesty, which is not to be ignored, his travels ultimately resulted in his mental torture and death. epiphany is not always positive, as indicated by death in venice. discovery, especially self - discovery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5826077150939015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7e673fb-153e-404a-aca3-541516115d61>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.494028"}
{"text": "experience led him to a greater freedom and honesty, which is not to be ignored, his travels ultimately resulted in his mental torture and death. epiphany is not always positive, as indicated by death in venice. discovery, especially self - discovery, can be quite painful and sometimes thoroughly detrimental. gustav von auschenbach, having lived a monotonous and increasingly stagnant life was unable to process the hard truths of his dangerous desires, considering them foreign, unpleasant, and sinful ; his inability to ever speak or reach out to tadzio being proof of this. while it was certainly a moment of complete honesty, von auschenbach \u2019 s revelation and declaration of his love led him to further introversion. the downward spiral that began with the first time he laid eyes on the young boy grew from a preoccupation to a complete obsession leaving him unable to focus on anything else and changing his worldview and philosophy to suit his festering desires. this epiphany of his uncontrollable lust led to his bizarre death but allowed him to gain a deeper knowledge of himself. in the biography of naguib mahfouz it is mentioned that the 1919 revolution in egypt greatly affected the author. while mahfouz wrote a novel more directly related to the revolution ( palace walk ) elements of revolution can be seen in the journey of ibn fattouma. ibn fattouma sets out on his journey to find gebel, a promise land of sorts. he makes his way through different societies along the way, and encounters many different lifestyles. he flees his home city because of the corruption that exists there, but as he travels through the different lands, he finds that problems exist in all societies. the idea of revolution can easily be seen in the first place fattouma settles, mashriq. the whole society is based on a free love, free thought foundation, a stark contrast to more rigid societies. even though this culture is open and free spirited, it is not without rules and regulations, and fattouma rebels against these guidelines by trying to raise his family in the ways of islam. the other lands reflect revolution through their insistence on upholding freedoms and security, and in the final land that he enters, the importance of self awareness. the majority of ibn fattouma \u2019 s resistance is passive, relating directly to the egyptian revolution, which was a non - violent effort to stop the british occupation of the country. the interesting aspect of the story lies in the final pages when ibn fattou", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5397639203052708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7e673fb-153e-404a-aca3-541516115d61>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.495298"}
{"text": "majority of ibn fattouma \u2019 s resistance is passive, relating directly to the egyptian revolution, which was a non - violent effort to stop the british occupation of the country. the interesting aspect of the story lies in the final pages when ibn fattouma finally catches a glimpse of the land of gebel and the book \u2019 s ending before we learn about the secrets the place may hold. gebel is ibn fattouma \u2019 s chance to create a better existence for the people in his homeland. he travels for years in order to find this elusive land, and we never find out if he finds what he \u2019 s looking for. people travel to see new places and things and gain new experiences that will help them change their view of the palce they call home. fattouma travels for exactly this reason, to find something in a distant land that will change the place he came from. as readers we don \u2019 t see the final leg of his journey because this secret that he seeks is unattainable. there is no one secret to perfection in life, and we do not see gebel because ibn fattouma has already learned what he needs to know to make his homeland a better place. through his travels he has learned to accept other cultures and is able to embrace their strengths and weaknesses. it is the skill, not the instant life perfection supposedly housed in gebel, that will potentially help him make his home a better place. i really like ian mcewan \u2019 s novels. before reading the comfort of strangers i had read atonement, and found both to be interesting and engaging. mcewan \u2019 s stories are often dark and sinister, turning everyday moments into tragic events. there is something about the way he describes chaos and violence that is almost poetic, however disturbing the situation might be. as i began reading the comfort of strangers, i was instantly drawn in by mcewan \u2019 s style, but i was waiting to stumble across the story - altering twist, the piece of information that would drastically change the meaning of everything before it. with twelve pages left in the book, the twist came on page 115 when caroline shows mary the wall of pictures of colin. i \u2019 m not usually the type of person to yell at the characters in horror movies or books, i don \u2019 t usually tell them to leave the dark, scary basement, but mcewan made me care about colin and mary, and as mary saw the pictures on the wall, i wanted her to run as fast as she could away from the crazy woman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4671892391152878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7e673fb-153e-404a-aca3-541516115d61>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.496615"}
{"text": "\u2019 t usually tell them to leave the dark, scary basement, but mcewan made me care about colin and mary, and as mary saw the pictures on the wall, i wanted her to run as fast as she could away from the crazy woman next to her. even though i had expected things to go badly for colin and mary, when everything went downhill i wasn \u2019 t expecting how horribly wrong it would become. i was expecting some sort of confrontation between robert, caroline and colin, but i was not expecting it to end in death, or at least not death in such a gruesome manner. colin \u2019 s murder removes any of the romanticism that sometimes accompanies death in fiction ; there are no dramatic final words, no tearful goodbyes. because the story shifts to mary \u2019 s perspective, we drift in and out of consciousness with her and miss colin \u2019 s final breath, making his death even more sinister. i think mcewan \u2019 s main accomplishment in the comfort of strangers is the message he presents regarding the dangers of travel. his characters go off to italy to rediscover the strength in their relationship, and instead find themselves facing down death. it is this idea, that any traveler at any time in any place could easily fall victim to a dark and sinister death at the hands of someone more familiar with their surroundings that adds a truly chilling overtone to the entire story. anyone could take a wrong turn and end up in a dark alley with an unsavory character, but that \u2019 s not exactly highlighted in any of the travel brochures that promise fun times and beautiful scenery. colin and mary wanted an authentic experience so much that they were unable to see the danger their new authentic acquaintances represented. i took a trip to england once. i had always wanted to travel there, and i had finally gotten my chance with a trip through school. i was very excited, ready to see all the sights and hear all the british accents. without actually visiting, i had decided that england was my favorite country, though i couldn \u2019 t tell you why. perhaps it was something about the way the rolling hills looked in pictures of the english countryside, although it could just as easily been the funny hats the queen \u2019 s guards wear, i was always intrigued by the little things. in any case i had never been so excited for a trip in my life. after a plane ride that seemed to take forever we landed at heathrow airport in london. we stumbled out of the terminal and onto our little bus, perfect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45135350735219154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7e673fb-153e-404a-aca3-541516115d61>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.499013"}
{"text": "little things. in any case i had never been so excited for a trip in my life. after a plane ride that seemed to take forever we landed at heathrow airport in london. we stumbled out of the terminal and onto our little bus, perfect for our group of ten people. i \u2019 m not sure how long it took, be we ended up in the tiny town of frome. our hotel was small, but the sliding door in my room opened onto the lawn overlooking a perfect set of rolling english hills. we spent the next ten days taking day trips on our bikes to all sorts of beautiful and exciting places like stonehenge and the historic bathhouses in bath. we saw caves and monuments and lots of rolling hills. i actually spent some time getting very lost on one of those hills, surrounded by tall grass and sheep. all these experiences were enjoyable and interesting, but they weren \u2019 t as life altering as i had wanted them to be. about halfway through the trip we spent a day off schedule. this was the first day that we didn \u2019 t have every moment planned out, and it turned out to be the most interesting. our bike trip for the day took us to a beach. it was july, but the air was cool and the water was cooler and the beach was deserted. instead of sand the entire beach was made up of smooth, beautiful rocks and pebbles. we spent about two hours just having fun, running around over the shining rocks, trying to skip stones and some of us even dared to brave the chilling water. it was on that rocky beach that i began to feel like this trip was going to be something unbelievably important in my life. there was something about sitting on the smooth rocks, staring out to the horizon that spoke to me better than a guided tour of stonehenge ever could. i can \u2019 t say exactly why that moment was so important to me, but it was the moment my trip really began. i sat on that beach and stared out at the ocean, thinking that if only i could see far enough, i could see america, i could see the east coast that i called home. to be fair if i had seen any big mass of land it most likely would have been ireland, but the idea of seeing my home from a completely different angle was fascinating to me. we left the beach, but i took a part of it with me, using the feeling of looking at things in different ways to enhance the rest of my trip. i \u2019 ll never forget the feel of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47266990510582574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7e673fb-153e-404a-aca3-541516115d61>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.500400"}
{"text": "a completely different angle was fascinating to me. we left the beach, but i took a part of it with me, using the feeling of looking at things in different ways to enhance the rest of my trip. i \u2019 ll never forget the feel of those wet rocks beneath my bare feet, and i \u2019 ll never forget how my trip to england forever changed the way i travel. while many of the novels we read had elements of epiphany, there were a few that stood out the most. i think that the epiphany in sputnik sweetheart is perhaps the most unique epiphany that we read about. when sumire realizes that in order to be happy with miu, she has to seek out a part of miu that no longer exists in their current reality. in many ways this relates directly to why most people travel in the first place. in many cases, travel is a tool for discovering another part of or way of life that is not evident in one \u2019 s everyday life. people travel to escape the banality of the day - to - day, and they go searching for something more. in comfort of strangers for example, colin and mary go to italy to search for a new strength that will help them improve their relationship. they too, embark into an alternate type of reality, a reality parallel to their own that is only accessible to them because they are traveling. the realization that sumire comes to is life altering, not only for sumire, but for miu and the narrator as well. by seeking out something completely different and leaving behind everything she knows, sumire leaves the people she cares about in the dark. they are greatly affected by her departure and go to great lengths trying to find her. the question is, was sumire \u2019 s epiphany a good thing or a bad thing? because we don \u2019 t follow sumire on her journey, we aren \u2019 t really aware if she found what she was looking for, but we do see the damage her disappearance does in the lives of miu and especially the narrator. in the comfort of strangers, colin and mary experienced a moment that seems to help them realize a goal of their trip. much of this class has been based around the idea of finding the authentic experience through travel. while in the bar with robert, colin and mary \u201c began to experience the pleasure, unique to tourists, of finding themselves in a place without tourists, of making a discovery, finding somewhere real \u2026 they in turn asked the serious, intent questions of tourists", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5271055418751196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7e673fb-153e-404a-aca3-541516115d61>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.502368"}
{"text": "while in the bar with robert, colin and mary \u201c began to experience the pleasure, unique to tourists, of finding themselves in a place without tourists, of making a discovery, finding somewhere real \u2026 they in turn asked the serious, intent questions of tourists gratified to be talking at last to an authentic citizen. \u201d ( mcewan, 29 ) they manage to find a small sliver of authenticity amid the normal tourist culture, and while this is important in the story, what comes of this discovery is perhaps more pertinent. later in the story, the couple realizes that their authentic encounter with robert has actually caused a great detriment to their ability to completely enjoy their trip. they spent so much time searching for something authentic that once they found it failed to notice how dangerous it could be. the epiphany here lies in the idea that while authentic experiences are welcome, it is important to realize that the safety and familiarity of tourist experiences are indispensably valuable. i don \u2019 t believe in god. not the god of my catholic school classmates, the one who didn \u2019 t exist when they were out partying on saturday nights, drinking and sleeping around, but who loved them on sunday mornings and forgave them for their sins, even if they were still hung over. this god hasn \u2019 t appealed to me since i was twelve, when i decided i didn \u2019 t want to be confirmed in my parents \u2019 church. i guess i believed in god before that, but i can \u2019 t remember. i know i liked going to church on sundays and baking the bread for communion in my sunday school class. i have never been to europe and been inside the duomo in florence, or the siena cathedral or walked around the cathedral complex at pisa, but i do study art history, so i know what they look like. they are impressive, especially when you think about how they were built. they didn \u2019 t have modern technology. these immense buildings, all the more impressive as they move towards high gothic, towards the sky, were built by hand. many workers, stonemasons and artists and sculptors, put their entire life into a building that wasn \u2019 t completed in their lifetime. the first time i walked into the cathedral of st. john the divine in morningside heights, near columbia, i got goosebumps. it is huge ( it is, after all, the largest cathedral in the world, and the third largest church ). like, jaw - dropping huge. bobst is overwhelming in its own", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4916584143875804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7e673fb-153e-404a-aca3-541516115d61>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.503892"}
{"text": "he is seen as a role model, and many teenagers and young adults have the desire to embody his lifestyle and to go on the road as he did. i think what is missing here is what he discovers at the end. how do his journeys change him, or inspire him to change ; what does he learn? i read the book before, and i remembered nothing about it. i think that says something. the novels we love the most we may forget, but when we start to read them again it comes back to us. on the road stayed a mystery all the way through. i didn \u2019 t learn anything from sal or his friends, except maybe what not to do. a concise chinese - english dictionary by xiaolu guo suggests a kind of epiphany very different from what an epiphany is traditionally thought to be. the oxford english dictionary defines epiphany as \u201c a manifestation or appearance of some divine or superhuman being, \u201d and this is typical : a religious experience. but xiaolu guo makes the idea of an epiphany a very ordinary, everyday experience, without removing the sacred from it. in the novel zhuang is living in a foreign country, learning about both the culture she is trying to become a part of and about love. the book is set up as both a dictionary and a journal. each entry is a new word : it contains the definition, provided by a dictionary, and her experiences of the word. each new word, and each new entry, is a kind of epiphany. she is not just learning words but she is learning what they mean, and how their meaning affects her life. in learning these new words and their meanings she is learning the difference between her culture at home in china and the western culture. one entry is entitled \u201c future tense, \u201d and in it she discusses love, as a chinese concept and as a western concept : \u2018 love, \u201d this english word : like other english words it has tense. \u2018 loved \u2019 or \u2018 will love \u2019 or \u2018 have loved. \u2019 all these specific tenses mean love is a time - limited thing. not infinite. it only exist in particular period of time. in chinese, love is ( ai ). it has no tense. no past and future. love in chinese means a being, a situation, a circumstance. love is existence, holding past and future. if our loved existed in chinese tense, then it will last for ever. it will be infinite. she explains that chinese does not have past", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5711217613881134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7e673fb-153e-404a-aca3-541516115d61>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.506207"}
{"text": "love in chinese means a being, a situation, a circumstance. love is existence, holding past and future. if our loved existed in chinese tense, then it will last for ever. it will be infinite. she explains that chinese does not have past, present, or future tenses. everything is in one tense : this makes learning english very difficult because the chinese speaker must learn that things exist \u201c in a particulr period of time : \u201d she must learn this about love as well, but not in the abstract way in which she learns is school. she is not learning about love from a teacher in a classroom, but from a lover in the world. she must learn as she experiences. every new experience she has and every new word she learns is an epiphany. even though these epiphanies become commonplace, i think they are sacred experiences, if not in a religious sense. love is a sacred thing, and so is everything else that she learns about. everything she learns is taken for granted by those who already know it, but for her each word is something completely new, and her joy in learning words is expressed to other people. frank took my hand. \u201c thank you god \u2026 \u201d i tried to keep my eyes closed, but the urge to examine the table, the people, brian \u2013 who i had looked at many times before, but was somehow different \u2013 was overwhelming. the prayer droned on and i closed my eyes again and waited for something terrible to overtake me. the plane ride had been filled with admonitions about what i shouldn \u2019 t say and shouldn \u2019 t do and shouldn \u2019 t be. without saying anything at all, he had transmitted these fears through the stale, chilled air of the coach cabin. my hair felt too short against my neck. i couldn \u2019 t free my hands to adjust my sweater to hide my androgyny. i was stuck exposed with what i was sure was atheist, feminist whore written on my forehead. an itch began to creep up my arm. i breathed deeply and practiced acceptance. jesus looked down from above the mantle, chiding me for my feeble attempt at buddhist practice. \u201c \u2026 and thank you jesus for bringing brian and marisa safely from new york to be with us on this special day. amen. \u201d brian squeezed my hand. it was the first time he had acknowledged my presence since we \u2019 d arrived. the drive from milwaukee was the first indication that i would be spending the holiday alone with his family. his mother", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5649419653401807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7e673fb-153e-404a-aca3-541516115d61>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.507470"}
{"text": "special day. amen. \u201d brian squeezed my hand. it was the first time he had acknowledged my presence since we \u2019 d arrived. the drive from milwaukee was the first indication that i would be spending the holiday alone with his family. his mother nervously asked him to drive. the humming silence of the engine and the tires on the road was broken only occasionally by church gossip and exits fast approaching on the left and right. i sat quietly passing judgment about the infrequency of his calls home and the wayward brother he never talked about and the religion he had so wholeheartedly forsaken in exchange for anger and regret. his childhood home was unassuming. the siding matched the sparse lawn and said nothing of the trauma contained within its boxy four walls. i couldn \u2019 t remember why we \u2019 d come here. i thought maybe after five years some of the pain would have washed away. selfishly, i wanted to see where he \u2019 d come from. i wanted to tell him that it actually wasn \u2019 t so bad. i wanted to erase his memories. f rank finished eating and got up without a word. the television flickered back on and, beer in hand, he faded away. i asked margie about her job and about the renovations in the basement, but the words seemed hollow. i washed the dishes while they looked up cell phone plans and black friday sales on the internet. the kitchen felt cold. rather than argue in the house, we went out and cranked up the heat in the car. i wanted to tell him to come back. i wanted him to know how much it hurt to be in the same room with him and feel alone. i wanted to shake him and see the light come back on behind his eyes. but we didn \u2019 t speak. we didn \u2019 t say a word. the radio clicked on and we sat staring straight ahead listening to the christmas music they erroneously play before thanksgiving. i glanced over at him and he was looking back. the tears ran down his face. i took his hand and we waited for the words that could, however inadequately, express the moment. several days and at least 3 or 4 drafts later, i ' m still struggling to communicate my ideas. i was quite interested in the \" inexpressibility topos \". hence the struggle. i actually picked up a book about montale by clodagh brook that specifically tackles the inexpressibility topos in montale ' s work. while much of it was irrelevant, it developed a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4800221897393062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7e673fb-153e-404a-aca3-541516115d61>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.508723"}
{"text": "all these down on paper, i realize something vital is missing. it doesn \u2019 t crystallize \u2013 no crystals, just pebbles. \u201d in response, k recounts the story of the chinese gates built with the bones of soldiers who had died in war. \u201c when the gate was finished they \u2019 d bring several dogs over to it, slit their throats, and sprinkle their blood on the gate. \u201d the ritual was thought to revive the soldiers \u2019 souls and complete the gate. although murakami returns several more times to the baptismal blood bath, its meaning is never revealed. through his use of metaphor, murakami extends the practice of elevating the ineffable. the very thing that would make sumire ' s writing complete and perhaps, because of her sense of the inextricable link between her idea of self and her capacity to express, would sumire herself whole is \" some form of truth harboured beyond the word \" ( brook 1 ). ( 3 ) all of these themes come to a head with sumire \u2019 s last words, so to speak. sumire \u2019 s epiphany at the end of the document that k reads on her computer is simultaneously revelatory and dissatisfying for the reader. it on the one hand offers an acknowledgment of the coexistence of two worlds and hints at an explanation for sumire \u2019 s disappearance ( which would be an epiphany for the reader ) and on the other hand denies the reader closure by ending with an unanswered and perhaps unanswerable question. \u201c i \u2019 m in love with miu. with the miu on this side, needless to say. but i also love the miu on the other side just as much. the moment this thought struck me it was like i could hear \u2013 with an audible creak \u2013 myself splitting in two. as if miu \u2019 s own split became a rupture that had taken hold of me. one question remains, however. if this side, where miu is, is not the real world \u2013 if this side is actually the other side \u2013 what about me, the person who shares the same temporal and spatial plane with her? who in the world am i? \u201d there is an incapacity of language to answer the question of her own reality. the novel is ultimately just an ellipsis, a sort of meta - aposiopesis, \u201c pointing towards it without voicing it \u201d (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.560013115025064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7e673fb-153e-404a-aca3-541516115d61>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.512934"}
{"text": "singapore, the tropical city - state situated off the southern tip of the malaysian peninsula, is a carefully managed combination of western progress and eastern and colonial history. clusters of skyscrapers and malls dominate the island ' s downtown but restored colonial buildings lay beneath singapore ' s modern veneer. singapore ' s downtown core is the colonial district, where public buildings, hotels and cricket grounds were the domain of british residents. singapore ' s appealing ethnic quarters of little india, chinatown and arab street retain their own distinct flavor. equatorial singapore ' s high humidity, abundant rainfall and uniform temperature of 27\u00bac - 31\u00bac, ( 81\u00baf - 88\u00baf ) encourages the abundance of tropical greenery found throughout the island and in it ' s first - rate nature and wildlife reserves. shaped like a flattened diamond, singapore is 42km / 26mi across and 23km / 14mi north to south. most of the four million inhabitants are descended from those arriving from china, india, malaysia and europe. singapore thrives financially and has minimal unemployment ; a result of singapore ' s compliant population agreeing with their government to put the interest of society ahead of the interest of the individual, in return for once unimaginable levels of prosperity. some of the ensuing regulations seem extreme : jaywalking, chewing gum and eating on public transit all carry significant fines. the outcome is that singapore is a clean, safe place to visit, and its public places are smoke - free and hygienic. since the 13th c the island has been named singapore ( singapura ) or lion city when a sumatran sultan sheltering on the island sensed that the lion he sighted was a good omen and decided to build a new city. singapore remained a sultanate until 1819, when the astute stamford raffles of the british east india company arrived and quickly struck a treaty with local rulers to set up a british trading post. an influx of malays, chinese, indians, arabs and europeans arrived at the british port and singapore ' s population grew. singapore ' s progress declined during world war ii when the island fell into the hands of the japanese. after the war citizens started lobbying for independence from britain, achieving it in 1965. singapore receives over a million visitors annually. international cruise - ships call at the singapore cruise centre on the south end of the island. changi international airport is situated in the east. singapore is connected by causeway to malaysia. well - paved roads, on which drivers stay left, connect all parts of the island. singapore has an excellent public transportation system", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4644435353524052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9476c3ae-d70e-4b2a-9326-642695a73684>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.518983"}
{"text": "let ' s talk about : cosmic collisions share with others : it has been almost 100 years since edwin hubble measured the universe beyond the milky way galaxy. today, astronomers believe that as many as 100 billion other galaxies are sharing the cosmos. most of these cosmic islands are classified by shape as either spiral or elliptical, but stargazing scientists have discovered galaxies that don ' t quite fit these molds. common to this \" irregular \" category are galaxies that interact with other galaxies. these gravitational interactions are often referred to as mergers, and their existence invites the question : is the milky way collision - prone? to evaluate the probability, look to the andromeda galaxy. located more than 2. 5 million light - years away, andromeda appears as a small fuzzy patch in the sky. however, there is nothing miniature about it. similar to the shape ( spiral ), size and mass of the milky way, andromeda is home to a trillion other stars. astronomers have known for decades that our galactic neighbor is rapidly closing in on us - - at approximately 250, 000 miles per hour. they know this because of blueshift, a measured decrease in electromagnetic wavelength caused by the motion of a light - emitting source, in this case andromeda, as it moves closer to the observer. recently, data collected from the hubble space telescope has allowed astronomers to predict a merger with certainty, in 4 billion years. our sun will still be shining, and earth will most likely survive the impact. reason being, galaxies, although single units of stars gravitationally tied together, are mostly gigantic voids. one can compare a galaxy - on - galaxy collision to the pouring of one glass of water into another. the end result is a larger collection of water, or in the case of a cosmic collision, a larger galaxy. future earth inhabitants, billions of years from now, could look up and observe only small portions of such an event because it will take 2 billion years for these cosmic islands to become one. first published november 29, 2012 12 : 00 am", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5331574080865741, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ebb1ace8-11cc-4b0f-87f2-0f8f23923491>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.522998"}
{"text": "modeling is the process of taking a shape and molding it into a completed 3d mesh. the most typical means of creating a 3d model is to take a simple object, called a primitive, and extend or \u201c grow \u201d it into a shape that can be refined and detailed. primitives can be anything from a single point ( called a vertex ), a two - dimensional line ( an edge ), a curve ( a spline ), to three dimensional objects ( faces or polygons ). using the specific features of your chosen 3d software, each one of these primitives can be manipulated to produce an object. when you create a model in 3d, you \u2019 ll usually learn one method to create your model, and go back to it time and again when you need to create new models. there are three basic methods you can use to create a 3d model, and 3d artists should understand how to create a model using each technique. 1. spline or patch modeling : a spline is a curve in 3d space defined by at least two control points. the most common splines used in 3d art are bezier curves and nurbs ( the software maya has a strong nurbs modeling foundation. ) using splines to create a model is perhaps the oldest, most traditional form of 3d modeling available. a cage of splines is created to form a \u201c skeleton \u201d of the object you want to create. the software can then create a patch of polygons to extend between two splines, forming a 3d skin around the shape. spline modeling is not used very often these days for character creation, due to how long it takes to create good models. the models that are produced usually aren \u2019 t useful for animation without a lot of modification. spline modeling is used primarily for the creation of hard objects, like cars, buildings, and furniture. splines are extremely useful when creating these objects, which may be a combination of angular and curved shapes. when creating a 3d scene that requires curved shapes, spline modeling should be your first choice. 2. box modeling : box modeling is possibly the most popular technique, and bears a lot of resemblance to traditional sculpting. in box modeling, one starts with a primitive ( usually a cube ) and begins adding detail by \u201c slicing \u201d the cube into pieces and extending faces of the cube to gradually create the form you \u2019 re after. people use box modeling to create the basic shape of the model. once practiced, the technique is very quick to get acceptable results. the downside is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5824338367544029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbdd5ef3-8a0e-4e76-9220-168c785b09a8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.529687"}
{"text": "the cube into pieces and extending faces of the cube to gradually create the form you \u2019 re after. people use box modeling to create the basic shape of the model. once practiced, the technique is very quick to get acceptable results. the downside is that the technique requires a lot of tweaking of the model along the way. also, it is difficult to create a model that has a surface topology that lends well to animation. box modeling is useful as a way to create organic models, like characters. box modelers can also create hard objects like buildings, however precise curved shapes may be more difficult to create using this technique. 3. poly modeling / edge extrusion : while it \u2019 s not the easiest to get started with, poly modeling is perhaps the most effective and precise technique. in poly modeling, one creates a 3d mesh point - by - point, face - by - face. often one will start out with a single quad ( a 3d object consisting of 4 points ) and extrude an edge of the quad, creating a second quad attached to the first. the 3d model is created gradually in this way. while poly modeling is not as fast as box modeling, it requires less tweaking of the mesh to get it \u201c just right, \u201d and you can plan out the topology for animation ahead of time. poly modelers use the technique to create either organic or hard objects, though poly modeling is best suited for organic models. a workflow that works the workflow you choose to create a model will largely depend on how comfortable you are with a given technique, what object you \u2019 re creating, and what your goals are for the final product. someone who is creating an architectural scene, for example, may create basic models with cubes and other simple shapes to create an outline of the finished project. meshes can then be refined or replaced with more detailed objects as you progress through the project. this is an organized, well - planned way to create a scene ; it is a strategy used by professionals that makes scene creation straightforward. beginners, on the other hand, tend to dive in headfirst and work on the most detailed objects first. this is a daunting way to work, and can quickly lead to frustration and overwhelm. remember, sketch first, then refine. likewise, when creating an organic model, beginners tend to start with the most detailed areas first, and flesh out the remaining parts later, a haphazard way to create a character. this may be one reason", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5389683419554041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbdd5ef3-8a0e-4e76-9220-168c785b09a8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.530887"}
{"text": "sketch first, then refine. likewise, when creating an organic model, beginners tend to start with the most detailed areas first, and flesh out the remaining parts later, a haphazard way to create a character. this may be one reason why box modeling has grown to be so widely popular. a modeler can easily create the complete figure before refining the details, like eyes, lips, and ears. perhaps the best strategy is to use a hybrid workflow when creating organic models. a well planned organic model is created using a combination of box modeling and poly modeling. the arms, legs, and torso can be sketched out with box modeling, while the fine details of the head, hands, and feet are poly modeled. this is a compromise professional modelers seek which prevents them from getting bogged down in details. it can make the difference between a completed character, and one that is never fleshed out beyond the head. beginners would be wise to follow this advice. another aspect of proper workflow is creating a model with an ideal 3d mesh topology. topology optimization is usually associated with creating models used in animation. models created without topology that flows in a smooth, circular pattern, may not animate correctly, which is why it is important to plan ahead when creating any 3d object that will be used for animation. the most frequently discussed topology is the proper creation or placement of edgeloops. an edgeloop is a ring of polygons placed in an area where the model may deform, as in the case of animation. these rings of polygons are usually placed around areas where muscles might be, such as in the shoulder or elbow. edegeloop placement is critical when creating faces. when edgeloops are ignored, models will exhibit \u201c tearing \u201d when animated, and the model will need to be reworked or scrapped altogether in favor of a properly - planned model. the next step to creating great models is simply to practice and examine the work of artists you admire. some of the best 3d modelers are also fantastic pencil - and - paper artists. it will be well worth your time to practice drawing, whether you \u2019 re a character creator or a wanna - be architect. good modeling requires a lot of dedication. you \u2019 ll need to thoroughly understand the software you \u2019 re using, and the principles of good 3d model creation laid out above. character artists will need to learn proportion and anatomy. by understanding these basics of modeling you \u2019 ll save yourself a lot of frustration and discouragement, and you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49929553219643896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbdd5ef3-8a0e-4e76-9220-168c785b09a8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.533671"}
{"text": "is there such a thing as too much money? by fred e. foldvary, senior editorwhat is inflation? there are two economic meanings of inflation. the first meaning is monetary inflation, having to do with the money supply. to understand that, we need to understand that the impact of money on the economy depends not just on the amount of money but also on its rate of turnover. we all know that money circulates. how fast it circulates is called its velocity. for example, suppose you get paid $ 4000 every four weeks. you are circulating $ 4000 13 times per year. then suppose you instead get paid $ 1000 each week. your total spending is the same, but now you are circulating $ 1000 52 times per year. the velocity of the money is 52, but the money you hold has been reduced to one fourth its previous amount, although the money held times the velocity is the same. the effect on the economy is the money supply times the velocity. monetary inflation is an increase in the money supply, times the velocity, which is greater than the increase in the amount of transactions measured in constant dollars. simply put, if velocity does not change, monetary inflation is an increase in money that is greater than the increase in goods. price inflation is an on - going increase in the price level. the level of prices is measured by a price index, such as the consumer price index ( cpi ). usually, price inflation is caused by monetary inflation. so let \u2019 s take a look at recent monetary inflation. the broadest measure of money is mzm, which stands for money zero maturity, funds which can be readily spent. the federal reserve bank of st. louis keeps track of various measurements of money. its data show that on an annual basis, mzm increased by 13 percent in january 2008, 36 percent in february, and 23 percent in march. these are huge increases, since gross domestic product, the total production of goods, increased at an annual rate of only. 6 percent during these months. in 2006, mzm grew at an annual rate of only 4 percent. high monetary inflation results in high price inflation. indeed, in may 2008 the consumer price index rose by 4. 2 percent from the level of may 2007. for the month, the increase for may was. 6 percent, an annual rate of 7. 2 percent. the \u201c consumer price index for all urban consumers \u201d ( cpi - u ) increased 0. 8 percent in may, before seasonal adjustment, for an annualized", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.556108325459396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:accf12a7-8aaf-4627-9f32-8cccc672aeeb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.541309"}
{"text": ", the increase for may was. 6 percent, an annual rate of 7. 2 percent. the \u201c consumer price index for all urban consumers \u201d ( cpi - u ) increased 0. 8 percent in may, before seasonal adjustment, for an annualized increase of 9. 6 percent. the \u201c consumer price index for urban wage earners and clerical workers \u201d ( cpi - w ) increased 1. 0 percent in may, prior to seasonal adjustment, for a whopping annual increase of 12 percent. the rapid rise in oil prices fueled the increase in the price of gasoline, while the greater demand for grains made food prices rise, but beneath these rises is the monetary inflation that creates a higher demand for goods in general. the government reports that \u201c core inflation, \u201d not counting gasoline and food, is lower, but what counts for people is everything they buy, including food and fuel. if you have to pay much more for food and gasoline, there is less money for other things, so of course these will not rise in price as much. in making monetary policy, the federal reserve targets the federal funds interest rate, which banks pay when they borrow funds from one another. during the financial troubles during the first few months of 2008, the fed aggressively lowered the federal funds rate to 2 percent and also indicated that it would supply limitless credit to banks that borrowed directly from the federal reserve. the fed lowers the interest rate by increasing the supply of money that banks have to lend ; to unload it, banks charge borrowers less interest. to start, the fed buys u. s. treasury bonds from the public. the fed pays for the bonds not by using old money it has lying around but by increasing the reserves held by the banks in their accounts at their local federal reserve bank then using that new money. this increase in reserves or bank funds is a creation of money out of nothing. actually, this does not violate the law of conservation, because this creation of money is at the expense of the value of all other money holdings. every extra dollar created by the fed decreases the value of the dollars you hold by a tiny amount. most monetary reformers stop there, but that is not enough. the current financial instability is also caused by the real estate boom - bust cycle, since even with sound money, an economic expansion would spark a speculative boom in land values. in a competitive market, when produced goods rise in price, producers usually supply more, bringing the price back down or limiting the rise. but land is not produced, so with increased demand,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45379247632570263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:accf12a7-8aaf-4627-9f32-8cccc672aeeb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.542611"}
{"text": "an economic expansion would spark a speculative boom in land values. in a competitive market, when produced goods rise in price, producers usually supply more, bringing the price back down or limiting the rise. but land is not produced, so with increased demand, the price has nowhere to go but up. speculators drive the price of land based on expectations of even higher future prices, but at the peak of the boom, the price becomes too high for those who want to use the land. real estate stops rising and then falls, and that brings the financial system down with it, as we have witnessed during the past year. to prevent the inflation in land prices, we need to remove the subsidy, the pumping up of land value from the civic benefits paid by returns on labor and capital goods. we can remove the land subsidy by tapping the land value or land rent for public revenue. land - value tapping or taxation plus free - market money and banking would provide price and financial stability. only the free market can know the right money supply. some people think the government could just print money and spend it. that is what is happening in zimbabwe, which has an inflation rate of one hundred thousand percent. much of the population has fled the country. once government can create money at will, there is really no way to limit it, and if there is some limiting rule, then the money supply becomes too rigid. only free market competition and production can combine price stability with money - supply flexibility. - - fred foldvary copyright 2008 by fred e. foldvary. all rights reserved. no part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, which includes but is not limited to facsimile transmission, photocopying, recording, rekeying, or using any information storage or retrieval system, without giving full credit to fred foldvary and the progress report. part iii, the trouble with money and its cure a better way to pay for railways? how economic systems really work email this article sign up for free progress report updates via email what are your views? share your opinions with the progress report : page one page two archive discussion room letters what ' s geoism?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4716784173116613, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:accf12a7-8aaf-4627-9f32-8cccc672aeeb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.543726"}
{"text": "the most romantic way i have ever heard chaos theory described is, \u201c there are patterns, and even great beauty, in seemingly chaotic events. \u201d formally, chaos theory is defined as a sub - discipline of mathematics that studies complex, or dynamic, systems. these complex systems contain so many moving parts that it takes computers to calculate and model all of the movements of the system. in fact, it has been said that the emergence of this theory could not have happened without the invention and proliferation of the computer. up until what is called the quantum mechanical revolution, \u201c people believed that things were directly caused by other things. \u201d in latin it is referred to as post hoc ergo propter hoc, or after, therefore, because of it. in essence, if one thing follows another, it must have been caused by it. it is the basis of freudian psychoanalysis, \u201c a belief that malfunctions in the mind are the results of traumas suffered in the past \u201d and that regression therapy \u2014 pinpointing when and how these traumas occurred \u2014 would allow us to heal. it is called linear cause and effect. chaos theory, however, tells us that it is less about linear effect and more the existence and production of patterns caused by many different forces, the most important of which are initial conditions, popularly referred to as the butterfly effect. the butterfly effect posits that the flapping of a butterfly \u2019 s wings in south america could affect the weather in texas, meaning that the smallest, seemingly inconsequential part of a system can have a huge effect on all the other parts. simply said, \u201c unless all factors can be accounted for, large systems would be impossible to predict with total accuracy because there are too many unknown variables to track. \u201d the study of chaos theory has helped us understand simple, or everyday, phenomena such as water boiling on a stove and complex events such as how birds migrate, how vegetation spreads and the structure of stars in the night sky, but its origins stem from the study of weather systems. it all started in 1960 when edward lorentz created a weather - model on his computer at the massachusetts institute of technology. lorentz \u2019 s weather model consisted of an extensive array of complex formulas that successfully modeled, and later helped predict, the weather and turned a large, unpredictable system into one of those everyday phenomena, the daily weather forecast. this month \u2019 s quality continues in the tradition of mr. lorentz with michelle bangert \u2019 s analysis of our annual spending study, \u201c quality spending stays strong", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6092306855306087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ba90793-fbf1-4bce-950c-7da7b7cd1c1f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.546996"}
{"text": "a world first study has found smoking prevention advertisements sponsored by tobacco companies targeted at parents do not work and may encourage teenagers to take up smoking. the study published online today by the american journal of public health in the united states examined youth exposure to tobacco company television advertising campaigns and how that exposure influenced smoking - related beliefs and behaviour. the study ' s lead author, professor melanie wakefield, from the cancer council victoria and an nhmrc principal research fellow, began the u. s. funded research while working at the university of illinois at chicago ( uic ). professor wakefield and her team of researchers from bridging the gap, a policy research program based at the university of illinois at chicago ( uic ) and the university of michigan, found that among 16 to 18 year olds, higher youth exposure to parent - targeted ads was, on average, associated with lower perceived harm of smoking, stronger approval of smoking, stronger intentions to smoke in the future, and a greater likelihood of having smoked in the past 30 days. they also found that 14 to 18 year olds were generally not influenced by increasing exposure to tobacco industry youth - targeted ads, which stressed that it is not cool for young people to smoke. the final sample size for the report was 103, 172 students. \" this research provides the clearest evidence to date that tobacco industry - sponsored smoking prevention ads don ' t work and that they are acting as a marketing smokescreen to promote tobacco to youth, \" professor wakefield said. \" tobacco - sponsored ads targeted at youth have no impact and those targeted at parents seem to have an adverse effect on students who are in their middle and later teenage years. the ads give the impression that youth should not smoke because they are too young - and that ' s not a good enough reason. there is no mention in these ads of the serious health risks of smoking, \" she said. quit and vichealth centre for tobacco control director, mr todd harper, said despite the tobacco industry ' s attempts at an image makeover, they remain the perennial wolf in sheep ' s clothing. \" the tobacco industry claim to do all they can to discourage youth smoking, but these tobacco industry sponsored advertisements appear to be priming teens to take up a habit that will eventually kill two out of three lifetime smokers. \" the tobacco industry admit they are simply trying to delay youth smoking as opposed to preventing uptake all together, implying young people are fair game in a deadly recruitment drive for customers. \" we must not forget that this is an industry whose objective is to sell more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4027248384767633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d196e2b3-e157-4b0f-b3d6-62d28dee6929>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.552686"}
{"text": "the danone fund for nature after a 10 - year partnership with ramsar, another major environmental milestone was achieved in 2008. during the conference of the parties to the ramsar convention in changwon, south korea, the ramsar convention, iucn and danone signed an agreement : the \u201c danone fund for nature \u201d. this agreement is intended to combat climate change through field projects for the restoration of specific wetlands that make a non - negligible contribution to carbon sequestration. this restoration programme focuses on mangroves, plants with a strong potential for carbon capture and which play a vital role for biodiversity. indeed, in addition to absorbing co2, mangroves act as fish \u201c nurseries \u201d, produce fruit, honey, etc. they are also a source of ecotourism, filter water, and provide protection against flooding. a pilot mangrove replanting project was initiated in senegal. four years later, three further field projects in india and indonesia demonstrated the success of this initiative and, in their wake, a new collaboratively developed methodology was approved by the united nations framework convention on climate change ( unfccc ). photos \u00a9 j - f. hellio and n. van ingen for more information about this methodology, which evaluates the impact of mangrove restoration on efforts to combat climate change, see : http : / / cdm. unfccc. int / methodologies / db / cksxp498iaciqhxzpevrjxqkz3g5wq. from the \u201c danone fund for nature \u201d to the \u201c livelihoods fund \u201d thanks to the \u201c danone fund for nature \u201d the danone group has developed a new approach to the carbon economy by creating the \u201c livelihoods fund \u201d, an investment company with variable capital ( icvc ) enabling it to develop carbon sequestration ( like the mangrove restoration project ) or energy efficiency projects in developing countries. this fund works by using the carbon absorption capacity of certain ecosystems, such as mangrove wetlands, to finance economic development of village communities through the restoration of these key environments. watch the video clip : http : / / www. youtube. com / watch? v = cjaeqeajht4 the livelihoods fund includes the following components : livelihoods venture : a company which includes all the operational project management, engineering, economic and sustainable development skills. it mission is to identify local programmes with strong ecological, economic and social potential, and replicability ; and to implement them in collaboration with local ngos and rural communities. livelihood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4510523370259097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25c6779c-fe4c-4478-8fa6-debcbc12ee34>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.556055"}
{"text": "slavery ' s effects live on as of the 1860 census, the last before the american civil war, 2. 3 million slaves lived in the lower southern states \u2014 nearly 50 percent of the entire lower southern population at that time. the numbers for the upper south didn \u2019 t fare much better, with 1. 2 million slaves, about a third of the population. all told, southern and border states totaled four million slaves, or half the population of today \u2019 s new york city. these mind - boggling numbers reveal the tremendous effect of slavery on the african population in the 19th century. slavery continues to effect today \u2019 s african american population, as dr. patricia newton \u2019 s presentation for african - american heritage month on post - traumatic slavery disorder will attest. newton wants to explore the long - term effects of the chattel slavery experience on african populations. chattel, as defined on dictionary. com, is \u201c another form of cattle ; any item of movable or immovable property except the freehold. \u201d while post - traumatic slavery disorder may be a new term to many of us, newton is an expert on the topic and makes an interesting case for the correlation between the disorder and emerging patterns in african - american life. with control groups in the caribbean and the north american continent, newton explores clinical case histories and makes comparisons between the trauma experienced by africans forced into the united states and slavery, jewish holocaust victims, and veterans of the gulf and vietnam wars. in addition, neurological data relative to the effect of trauma on the brain, psyche, and body will also be explored. identification of the problems and suggestions for healing will be discussed in an attempt to clarify the direction that african - americans must take in the 21st century. newton \u2019 s speech is a prestigious one during african - american heritage month and investigates an important and timely topic. but slavery in its many forms occurs around the world each day, and must be recognized and fought against year round. dr. patricia newton will present on post - traumatic slavery disorder on tuesday, february 19 at 7pm at uva \u2019 s clark hall, room 147. the event is free and open to the public and is sponsored by the office of african - american affairs. please call la tasha levy at 924 - 7923 for more information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4554510758083985, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:90e35a8d-c9b3-4664-bf74-b8e8630cbf29>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.559274"}
{"text": "network with us join us on facebook to get the latest news and updates. lauren boulden ' s story using think - alouds to get inside langston hughes ' head over my past few years of teaching, there have been multiple occasions where i have been stumped on how to present a particular concept to my students. i ' ve always been able to turn to readwritethink. org for hands - on, engaging lessons. for example, i knew i wanted my students to develop their skills when it came to interacting with text, particularly with poetry. while searching through the myriad options on readwritethink, i came upon \" building reading comprehension through think - alouds. \" at first, i planned to use the lesson exactly as written : read langston hughes ' s poem \" dream variation \" and model a think - aloud with students ; then have the students try their hand at some think - alouds using other poetry. after working out all of the details, i realized i could develop some additional skills, which would fit perfectly into the scope and sequence of my class. after completing the think - aloud to \" dream variation, \" i broke students into selected groups. each group was given a different langston hughes poem and asked to complete a think - aloud. the next day, the students were put into a new jigsaw group where they were solely responsible for sharing what their langston hughes poem conveyed. based on the meanings behind their group mates ' poems, along with using the knowledge of both their poem and \" dream variation, \" students were asked to figure out who langston hughes was as a man. what did he stand for? what were his beliefs? what did he want out of life? students used clues from the various poems to fill in a head - shaped graphic organizer to depict their understanding of who hughes could be. this simple lesson of working with poems and think - alouds turned into a few days of group communication, text deciphering, inferences, and even an author study! without great lessons available on readwritethink. org, such as \" building reading comprehension through think - alouds, \" my students would never have been able to tackle so many key reading strategies in such a short amount of time. grades 6 \u2013 8 | lesson plan | standard lesson students learn components of think - alouds and type - of - text interactions through teacher modeling. in the process, students develop the ability to use think - alouds to aid in reading comprehension tasks. lauren describes how she used readwrite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5531795684550478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d55ba202-34fa-4fe6-b6ae-698c282eb244>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.562351"}
{"text": "from spoiled sausage to faces in 200 years : happy birthday, botox! makenzie on 25 apr 2012 at 3 : 30pm botox turned 10 years old on april 15th. or rather, the fda approval for cosmetic use had its 10 year anniversary. however you want to look at it, this injectable, reverser - of - time has transformed the medi - beauty industry. the number of botox procedures has jumped 67 % since 2002, according to statistics from the american society for aesthetic plastic surgery. and 6. 4 out of 10 reviewers say it ' s worth a shot. in honor of this occasion, the folks over at in your face, a column for the orange county register, created an in - depth timeline of the origins of botox. from being discovered in spoiled sausages to inhabiting the faces of huge hollywood stars, it has come a long way. 1820s : german doctor justinus kerner identifies a toxin in spoiled sausages that causes food poisoning. the paralytic illness caused by kerner ' s \" sausage poison \" earns the name \" botulism, \" from a latin word ( \" botulus \" ) for sausage. kerner speculates that small doses of the toxin might be used to treat nerve disorders and excessive sweating. 1895 : belgian bacteriologist emile pierre van ermengem discovers that clostridium botulinum bacteria produce the botulism toxin. 1920s : botulinum toxin type a is first isolated from the clostridium botulinum bacteria in a purified form as a stable acid precipitate by dr. herman sommer at the university of california, san francisco. 1940s : during world war ii, american scientists explore potential use of botulinum toxin as a weapon. the u. s. produces botulinum toxin capsules for chinese prostitutes to drop into the food of high - ranking japanese officials. the plan is not put into effect because the military found it to be ineffective as a weapon. 1946 : researcher edward j. schantz, ph. d. succeeds in purifying botulinum toxin type a into crystalline form, for the first time providing scientists with the raw material necessary to study the molecule in greater detail. 1949 : researcher dr. arnold burgen and colleagues in london discover that botulinum toxin blocks communication between nerves and muscles. 1960s : ophthalmologist alan scott in san francisco injects botulinum toxin into monkeys to see whether it relaxes muscles that cause crossed eyes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44692931436351624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec975484-d253-4fc7-94b6-f898a1166e61>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.570100"}
{"text": "the book of job, especially chapter 39, implies that god created the nephesh creatures ( \u201c soulish \u201d animals like birds and mammals ) to serve and / or to please human beings. they are termed soulish because god has endowed each of them with a mind, a will, and the capacity to express and experience emotions. these animals are equipped and motivated to emotionally bond with and to nurture, serve, and please other members of their species and human beings. moreover, these nephesh species were evidently endowed with this capacity before any human even existed, a characteristic that appears problematic for evolutionary or naturalistic scenarios. recently, a british team of research psychologists has published a paper announcing the discovery of a new bonding feature between humans and nephesh creatures. their study demonstrates for the first time that human yawns are contagious to domestic dogs. for their experiment they tested twenty - nine dogs from twenty - four different breeds spanning ages two to fifteen. 1 twenty - one of the dogs yawned when they observed a human do so. some dog breeds were better at catching human yawns than others. for example, the labrador breeds, known to form especially strong bonds with humans, seemed especially adept. such behavior indicates that dogs possess the capacity for empathy towards humans. however, the yawning response may reveal more. in human - human interactions contagious yawning is known to modulate levels of arousal. thus, in the words of the researchers, \u201c yawn contagion [ between humans and dogs ] may help coordinate dog - human interaction and communication. \u201d the study provides yet one more piece of scientific evidence that birds and mammals really were pre - designed before humans even existed to form emotional relationships with human beings in such a manner that they could enhance humanity \u2019 s well being. these animals serve and please us. more amazing still, each soulish species appears designed to serve and / or please us in a manner distinct from all others. - m. ramiro et al., \u201c dogs catch human yawns, \u201d biology letters 4 ( october 23, 2008 ) : 446 - 8.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5281917039354387, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e21b69d8-d562-4507-9d3f-0d8826313a9b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.575606"}
{"text": "\u00a9infothe british red cross has supported health clinics offering life - saving advice and treatment in balochistan, northern pakistan since 2000. these clinics, run by the pakistan red crescent society, are in areas that lack access to even the most basic health services. many people live in semi - desert, rural communities where coal mines provide the main source of income. the mines offer little protection to workers, so breathing problems and injuries related to mining are common. saving lives and changing minds the british red cross supports two mobile clinics operating from the towns of quetta and mastung, and two static health centres in quetta and nushki. in the first six months of 2012, these four clinics provided basic health care services to over 35, 000 vulnerable people, with a special focus on helping women and children. the clinic teams include male and female doctors and health workers, as well as nurses and a pharmacist. a lot of the clinics \u2019 work is related to pregnancy. in some areas, literacy levels are low and cultural values don \u2019 t encourage women to make independent decisions. counselling sessions tackle the beliefs that stop some people using family planning services \u2013 3, 955 took place in the first six months of 2012. in the same period, 1, 984 children were immunized against serious diseases and 7, 467 people took part in health and hygiene education sessions \u2013 most of them women. what do the clinics offer? family planning services these include advice, counselling and check - ups as well as access to contraceptives. treatment for diseases people can get help for illnesses like pneumonia and malaria, and referral to other clinics and hospitals for tuberculosis treatment. help during and after pregnancy support includes check - ups and home visits. sessions cover issues like hygiene, the importance of boiling water, breast feeding and vaccinations. people also learn about health problems like worms and diarrhoea, and first aid for emergencies like broken bones, burns and snake bites. find out about our health care work in sierra leone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43219590371080635, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67ad599b-f10b-46d7-b039-64c23f99162e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.578249"}
{"text": "adopting a new flight plan whooping crane migration route shifted west into safer air space by len wells courier & press correspondent ( 618 ) 842 - 2159 or firstname. lastname @ example. org the route of the annual 1, 250 - mile migration of endangered whooping crane juveniles, led by an ultralight aircraft, has been shifted this fall to a more westerly route because of concerns about pilot and bird safety. the route, from the necedah national wildlife refuge in central wisconsin to a closed area of the chassahowitzka national wildlife refuge on the west coast of florida, will bring the birds through parts of the tri - state. it will take the birds the entire length of illinois and across western kentucky, with overnight stops in wayne county, ill., and union county, ky. \u201c the route was shifted west because the easterly route was pretty scary, \u201d said liz condie, director of communications for operation migration, the group that works to ensure the birds \u2019 survival. \u201c going over the cumberland ridge, there was no place to set down to retrieve a bird if there had been a problem, \u201d she said. officials hope, too, for better weather along the westerly route by picking up more favorable winds. \u201c for the safety of the birds, we cannot divulge the exact location of each stopover other than down to the county level, \u201d condie said. \u201c at each stop, the birds will be housed overnight in portable pens to protect them from predators and to keep them far away from human contact. \u201d while the stopover locations are kept secret, operation migration officials try to schedule gathering sites for local residents to catch a glimpse of the birds as they lift off to continue their southerly trek. \u201c a few days before the scheduled stopover, we try to alert the local residents of where they can congregate to watch a flyover, \u201d condie said. because of fluctuating weather conditions, those interested in tracking the birds should check operation migration \u2019 s web site at www. operationmigration. org for a more specific date and time. the whooping crane chicks that take part in the reintroduction project are hatched at the u. s. geological survey \u2019 s patuxent wildlife research center in laurel, md. there, imprinting begins with the chicks still inside their eggs being exposed to ultralight aircraft sounds. once hatched, the young chicks are reared in total isolation from humans. to ensure the impressionable cranes remain wild, each handler and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41481674651424383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fea6546-1d45-4f80-b956-022db1d4eed7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.585612"}
{"text": ", md. there, imprinting begins with the chicks still inside their eggs being exposed to ultralight aircraft sounds. once hatched, the young chicks are reared in total isolation from humans. to ensure the impressionable cranes remain wild, each handler and pilot wears a crane puppet on one arm that can dispense food, or by example, show the young chicks how to forage as would their real mother. at 45 days of age, the young birds are transported by air, in individual containers, to the reintroduction area at the necedah national wildlife refuge in wisconsin. because of differing age ranges, the birds usually are moved in three shipments and housed at three separate locations within a closed area of the refuge. over the summer, the operation rescue crew of pilots, biologists, veterinarians and interns conditions the birds to follow the aircraft, which, along with its pilot, has been accepted as a surrogate parent. once the birds \u2019 dominance structure has been established and their endurance is sufficient, the migration begins, typically in october. using four ultralight aircraft, operation migration \u2019 s pilots, along with a ground crew consisting of biologists, handlers, veterinarians and drivers, cover up to 200 miles a day, depending on weather conditions. this year \u2019 s migration to florida has been scheduled to begin oct. 17. the shortest migration has taken 48 days to complete. the longest, 97 days, was recorded last year. because of destruction of habitat and overhunting, whooping cranes were on the verge of extinction in the 1940s when their population was reduced to only 15 birds. since falling under the protection of the endangered species act of 1973, the only naturally occurring population of migrating whooping cranes has grown to more than 200 birds. named for their loud and penetrating unison calls, whooping cranes live and breed in wetland areas where they feed on crabs, clams, frogs and aquatic plants. an adult whooping crane stands 5 feet tall, with a white body, black wing tips and a red crest on its head. anyone encountering a whooping crane in the wild is asked to avoid approaching it, staying back at least 600 feet. in all cases, officials ask that people remain concealed and not speak loudly enough for the birds to hear them. especially during the migration, residents are warned not to trespass on private property in an attempt to view the cranes. ( c ) 2008 evansville courier & press. provided by proquest llc. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4270568348702377, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fea6546-1d45-4f80-b956-022db1d4eed7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.586943"}
{"text": "internal displacement : global overview of trends and developments in 2010 - timor - leste | publisher | | internal displacement monitoring centre ( idmc ) | | publication date | | 23 march 2011 | | cite as | | internal displacement monitoring centre ( idmc ), internal displacement : global overview of trends and developments in 2010 - timor - leste, 23 march 2011, available at : http : / / www. refworld. org / docid / 4d932e121e. html [ accessed 23 may 2013 ] | | disclaimer | | this is not a unhcr publication. unhcr is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of unhcr, the united nations or its member states. | | number of idps | | undetermined | | percentage of total population | | undetermined | | start of current displacement situation | | 2006 | | peak number of idps ( year ) | | 150, 000 ( 2006 ) | | causes of displacement | | generalised violence | | human development index | | 120 | an estimated 150, 000 people were displaced in 2006 within timor - leste, as their homes and property in the capital dili were seized or destroyed during violence between rival army and police factions and among the wider population. they sought refuge either in the city, in government buildings, schools or churches and subsequently in makeshift camps, or else with families or friends in rural districts. the causes included political rivalries and land disputes dating back to the struggle for independence from indonesia, divisions between \" easterners \" and \" westerners \", and also chronic poverty and the lack of prospects of the youth population. in 2008, around 30, 000 idps were still in the camps, and the government distributed cash compensation to people agreeing to leave. partly due to the lack of available land, the government only supported idps returning home. during 2010, a last group of 1, 000 idps received the compensation and the last transitional shelters were closed. most land and property disputes involving returnees were usually resolved locally, with squatters often agreeing to leave in exchange for some of the idps ' compensation money ; but cases involving conflicting ownership claims could not be resolved in the absence of a national framework. a new land law has been drafted, but some civil society organisations have highlighted the potential of further conflict, as the law does not enable people who have moved into homes abandoned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41937713318155523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7372d15a-36d2-4013-92b1-dd01411089a5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.590254"}
{"text": "the federal budget and appropriations process the budget and appropriations process are the steps through which the u. s. decides annual spending. learn about these inter - related process. federal budget process step 1 : president \u2019 s budget request the budget process begins with the president \u2019 s submission to congress of the administration \u2019 s proposed budget for the coming fiscal year, which begins on october 1. the budget must be submitted by the first monday in february. the president \u2019 s proposal does not have the force of law, but includes detailed spending levels for all programs. though only input to the budget process, it generally sets the tone for the process in three ways : - it reveals the president \u2019 s beliefs about how much money the federal government should spend ( not only in the coming fiscal year, but also in the following five years or more ) as well as how much it should tax. - it sets the president \u2019 s priorities for spending, such as how the president would like to fund issues including education, defense, and health. - it suggests changes to spending and tax policies. the president \u2019 s proposal is formally written up by the white house \u2019 s office of management and budget ( omb ), and it usually includes thousands of pages of supporting information, such as historical tables of past budget statistics. step 2 : congressional action the congressional budget act of 1974 directs that, following the submission of the president \u2019 s budget proposal, the house and senate budget committees ( with assistance from the congressional budget office, a nonpartisan body ) create the budget resolution. a budget resolution serves as the general framework within which congress will make its decisions about specific spending and taxing levels. budget resolutions are concurrent congressional resolutions \u2014 they do not have the force of law and they do not require the president \u2019 s signature. they do not directly provide funding to any organization or program, but establish the structure of the budget. to create a budget resolution, the budget committees gather reports and hold public hearings to question administration officials about the budget as a means of gaining input. they also receive \u201c views and estimates \u201d from congressional committees regarding details on budget issues that relate to each committee \u2019 s particular area of focus. this information usually takes the form of letters submitted to the chairman and ranking member of the budget committee within 6 weeks of the president \u2019 s budget proposal ; these letters provide the budget committees with general direction and advice. each budget committee then compiles all of this information to formulate the budget resolution, which it does in a series of meetings called \u201c markup \u201d sessions ; these sessions allow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4633201500189968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:739d6ead-43e3-4d07-a226-8f59d95cc5b7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.609788"}
{"text": "proposal ; these letters provide the budget committees with general direction and advice. each budget committee then compiles all of this information to formulate the budget resolution, which it does in a series of meetings called \u201c markup \u201d sessions ; these sessions allow for discussion and consideration of the information, while committee members may offer their own input into the budget framework being created. upon completion of the markups, the budget committee will present its budget resolution to its respective house, \u201c on the floor. \u201d a rule under the congressional budget act of 1974 requires the full senate to consider the budget resolution by april 1 each year. the house and senate independently proceed to debate, offer amendments, and vote upon their respective budget resolutions ; amendments may be enacted by a majority vote. the house and senate pass budget resolutions that differ from each other, so the two versions of the resolution go to a conference committee that meets to resolve differences and formulate a single budget resolution. the committee sends this version back to the house and senate as a conference report. both chambers consider the report, and once they have agreed to it through a majority vote ( which they generally do, without making changes ), the final version of the budget resolution takes effect. this is supposed to happen by april 15, but the process often takes longer to complete. step 3 : the budget resolution \u2014 a closer look the budget resolution is a crucial component of the budget process because it lays out the plan for spending and taxes for the following fiscal year. while the president \u2019 s budget proposal is very detailed, the budget resolution simply consists of a set of numbers dictating the specific amounts of money that congress is permitted to spend in each of the 20 \u201c budget functions \u201d or \u201c functional allocations, \u201d categories of spending including transportation, agriculture, and health. thus, the budget resolution does not set the annual spending levels for specific programs ( this is done by the committees on appropriations \u2014 see the appropriations process ), but rather sets targets. the budget resolution also distributes among the congressional committees the total spending figures that it has laid out for each budget function. the budget resolution lists these figures in a table called the 302 ( a ) allocation. within the budget resolution, congress also includes directions as to how it wishes to appropriate ( spend ) the money, either through discretionary or mandatory spending : discretionary spending refers to the funds allocated each year in the annual appropriations bills that are set by congress for the purpose that it chooses. results global focuses most of its efforts upon influencing discretionary spending through the appropriations process.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.490223183525082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:739d6ead-43e3-4d07-a226-8f59d95cc5b7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.611125"}
{"text": "discretionary or mandatory spending : discretionary spending refers to the funds allocated each year in the annual appropriations bills that are set by congress for the purpose that it chooses. results global focuses most of its efforts upon influencing discretionary spending through the appropriations process. see the next step in the federal budget process, discretionary spending and the appropriations process, for more information. the discretionary budget accounts for about one - third of the federal government \u2019 s total spending. money in this category of spending is generally used for such programs as housing, education, and foreign aid. the president and congress must act each year to ensure that spending on these programs continues. the house and senate appropriations committees determine the discretionary spending levels for the programs funded by the federal government on an annual basis. mandatory spending is enacted by law and does not depend on any annual appropriations bill. this type of spending makes up two - thirds of the total federal budget per year. it mostly includes entitlement programs that are consistently funded each year based upon the rules set forth by them. when congress creates a program, such as medicaid, it determines who will be eligible to receive financial benefits under the program, often determined by such criteria as age or income. congress then estimates the number of people each year that will be eligible for the program, using this number to formulate its spending for the program. the president and congress can change the level of mandatory spending for a program by altering the criteria for eligibility or the formula for payment. however, the government does not need to take action annually to ensure that the program continues to be funded. the committees that set policy and the maximum funding levels allowed for these types of entitlement programs are called authorizing committees. measuring federal spending : the government measures the amount of money it spends each year in two ways : budget authority and outlays. budget authority ( ba ) refers to the amount of money that congress will authorize the government to spend on certain activities or programs. outlays, also known as expenditures, are what the government actually spends in any given year. for instance, a bill could be passed that appropriates $ 75 million to build a hospital \u2014 this $ 75 million is provided in budget authority. however, the hospital may take several years to build and therefore, the money would not all be spent in the year during which it was originally appropriated. thus, $ 75 million in outlays would not be used until the following year or more, when the hospital is built. note : in addition to setting spending levels,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4905830991131415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:739d6ead-43e3-4d07-a226-8f59d95cc5b7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.612280"}
{"text": "would not all be spent in the year during which it was originally appropriated. thus, $ 75 million in outlays would not be used until the following year or more, when the hospital is built. note : in addition to setting spending levels, the budget resolution determines how much money the government will collect in revenue ( the income of the government from taxation and other sources ) for the following five years. the difference between the spending and revenue levels resolves whether there will be a surplus or a deficit, for which the budget resolution sets target levels as well ; these targets are detailed in the \u201c budget aggregates \u201d section of the resolution. step 4 : discretionary spending and the appropriations process after the plan for the budget has been laid out in the president \u2019 s budget request and the budget resolution, the appropriations process \u2014 whereby money is finally distributed through appropriations bills \u2014 must take effect. appropriations bills provide the funding that governmental programs such as national defense, education, homeland security, and foreign aid need to continue their activities. thus, while the budget resolution has set goals for spending levels, appropriations bills actually provide this money to agencies. spending through the appropriations process is considered discretionary spending. appropriations bills are created by the house and the senate appropriations committee under the general direction of the budget resolution. there are 12 appropriations bills considered annually in the committees on appropriations for fy 2008 ( this number can change from year to year ). both the house and the senate committees on appropriations include 12 subcommittees, each of which has the responsibility of developing one appropriations bill. the appropriations committee determines its spending levels for its appropriations bills based upon the 302 ( a ) allocation it receives from the budget resolution ( the budget resolution divides the money it is appropriating to each of the 20 budget functions among the congressional committees ). in other words, the allocation sets the limit of the funding level allotted to the appropriations bills. the 302 ( a ) allocation is mandated in section 302 ( a ) of the congressional budget act of 1974. the congressional budget act of 1974 also includes a section 302 ( b ), termed the 302 ( b ) sub - allocation. under this section, the house and senate appropriations committees must divide among its 12 subcommittees the total funding allotted to its programs ; i. e., it must sub - allocate the money it has received in the 302 ( a ) allocation. view the sub - allocations for the appropriations process of fy 2010. subcommittees on appropriations set funding levels for the 12 appropriations bills when the subcommittees have received directions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49494079412562475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:739d6ead-43e3-4d07-a226-8f59d95cc5b7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.613608"}
{"text": "allocate the money it has received in the 302 ( a ) allocation. view the sub - allocations for the appropriations process of fy 2010. subcommittees on appropriations set funding levels for the 12 appropriations bills when the subcommittees have received directions about the total amount of money that has been sub - allocated to them, they may proceed with work upon their respective appropriations bill. the subcommittees base their determinations of funding levels upon information gathered through public hearings, while also considering the previous year \u2019 s funding levels and the president \u2019 s budget request. the appropriations subcommittee members weigh in on their priorities and provide essential input to their subcommittee \u2019 s key decision makers \u2014 the chairman and ranking minority member \u2014 through \u201c wish list \u201d letters. the chairman and ranking minority member use these letters to determine funding levels for the agencies under their subcommittee \u2019 s jurisdiction. the subcommittee proceeds to vote upon these levels. when its members have come to an agreement, the subcommittee sends these bills to its appropriations committee ( either for the house or the senate ). this committee begins a markup session to discuss, consider, and offer amendments ( alterations ) to the bill. appropriations committees send bills to full chambers ( the house or the senate ) once the appropriations committee has completed its work upon a bill, this legislation must be sent to its full chamber, either the senate or the house. traditionally, the consideration of the appropriations bills begins in the house of representatives. therefore, the appropriations committee will present the appropriations bill along with its report to the house of representatives for floor consideration. the budget act of 1974 sets june 10 of each year as a target date to have completed the house appropriations committee \u2019 s work on its appropriations bills ; however, the committee usually begins to report its bills in may or june, finishing all or most of the bills by july or by the annual recess in august ( the senate \u2019 s committee on appropriations works to follow the same timetable ). when the appropriations bill is \u201c on the floor, \u201d representatives debate the bill and offer amendments after hearing opening statements from the chair and the ranking minority member of the subcommittee for which the bill applies. after the bill is passed in the house, it is sent to the senate, which also considers the bill and amendments it wishes to make. once the senate has made its changes, a conference committee must be formed to reconcile the differences between the house and the senate versions of the bill. these negotiations usually take place between the chair and ranking minority members of the full appropriations committees, as well as the members of the subcommittee with jurisdiction over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.418995024986613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:739d6ead-43e3-4d07-a226-8f59d95cc5b7>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.614865"}
{"text": "a conference committee must be formed to reconcile the differences between the house and the senate versions of the bill. these negotiations usually take place between the chair and ranking minority members of the full appropriations committees, as well as the members of the subcommittee with jurisdiction over the bill. upon reaching an agreement, the bill is once again sent to the chambers, both of which generally accept the conference report. congress sends reconciled appropriations bills to the president just as for any bill, the president may : - approve the bill by signing it so that it becomes a law - veto ( or strike down ) the bill - take no action for ten days ; if congress is in session, it automatically becomes a law ; if congress has adjourned its second session, the bill has been \u201c pocket - vetoed \u201d and dies. should the president veto the bill, congress can attempt to override the veto ( which would enable the bill to become a law ) with at least a two - thirds majority vote by a quorum, i. e., a minimum number of members that need to be present in order for congress to do business. congress must pass and the president must sign every appropriations bill before october 1, which is the start of the federal fiscal year. often, congress and the president are unable to complete action on every bill before this date. thus, a continuing resolution ( cr ) must take effect. a continuing resolution will continue to fund the appropriations bills from the previous year as a temporary solution, so that funding is not completely cut off to a program or agency. [ emergency ] supplemental appropriations bills at times, the government must respond to an unanticipated circumstance that arises during the middle of a fiscal year and requires funding. in this case, a supplemental appropriations bill ( or an emergency supplemental appropriations bill ) is employed. for example, a supplemental spending bill might be needed in order to respond to natural disasters such as hurricane katrina. these emergency supplemental spending bills were once a rarity but have now become much more common, especially since the u. s. military invasion of iraq. many criticize these spending bills, as they have grown dramatically in size and often include money for unrelated programs that do not appear urgent ; because they have been used for predictable, as opposed to emergency, spending ; and because they reduce transparency of the overall budget process. omnibus appropriations bills at the end of the legislative cycle, the appropriations committee may decide to consolidate several appropriations bills into one, which is known as an omnibus appropriations bill. the committee will generally create this type of bill when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4423399687252231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:739d6ead-43e3-4d07-a226-8f59d95cc5b7>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.618754"}
{"text": "transparency of the overall budget process. omnibus appropriations bills at the end of the legislative cycle, the appropriations committee may decide to consolidate several appropriations bills into one, which is known as an omnibus appropriations bill. the committee will generally create this type of bill when they are struggling to pass all the appropriations bills by october 1, perhaps due to disagreements among congressmen or to a large amount of work being done on another spending bill. federal appropriations process the appropriations process is critical to the creation of a budget in congress each year \u2014 it provides the money! specifically, there are 12 annual appropriations ( spending ) bills that must be passed annually to keep programs and agencies of the government running ; each is considered by a different appropriations subcommittee. by working to influence these bills, results can influence the funding of the programs related to our issues of focus. the steps that results takes to influence the appropriations process are illustrated by this example of the basic education funding requests in the foreign operations appropriations bill for fiscal year ( fy ) 2005. january through may : appropriations bills are considered by the appropriations subcommittees results \u2019 work began immediately in january 2004, when the house and senate appropriations committees began consideration of the following year \u2019 s budget ( fy 2005 ). the president submitted his budget request in the beginning of february, which the house and senate budget committees used to create a budget resolution ( a blueprint for government spending levels ). from january through may, the appropriations committees compiled their own requests for the funding levels of the twelve appropriations bills, using input from civil society. the appropriations committees then finalized these funding levels after receiving directions from the budget resolution. specifically, the budget resolution determines the amount of money to be allocated to each committee ( called \u201c 302 ( a ) allocations \u201d ). once the committees on appropriations receive their overall spending level, the \u201c 302 ( b ) sub - allocations \u201d then direct the chairmen of the appropriations committees to decide how much each of their twelve subcommittees should receive. these twelve subcommittees in turn must determine how to distribute their money among the programs funded within their appropriations bills. funding for basic education is included in the appropriations bill of the subcommittee on state, foreign operations, and related affairs ( \u201c foreign ops \u201d ). first, the house foreign ops subcommittee would consider funding requests for basic education. therefore, results urged members of this subcommittee to include our funding requests in their \u201c wish lists \u201d letters to their chairman and ranking minority member ( the key decision - makers ). wish list letters allow members to weigh - in on their key funding priorities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.472942689912252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:739d6ead-43e3-4d07-a226-8f59d95cc5b7>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.620316"}
{"text": "therefore, results urged members of this subcommittee to include our funding requests in their \u201c wish lists \u201d letters to their chairman and ranking minority member ( the key decision - makers ). wish list letters allow members to weigh - in on their key funding priorities. we asked our grassroots volunteers to meet with or write letters to their members of congress on the subcommittee, passing along a draft wish list letter provided by results staff that included our requests. when determining funding levels, the chairman and ranking minority member will consider input not only from their subcommittee members but also from those congressmen not on their subcommittee. therefore, results also asked all of its grassroots volunteers to meet with or write to their members of congress, urging their member to send a letter to the chairman or ranking minority member to bring attention to our issues ( these letters are not called \u201c wish lists, \u201d since the congressmen are not part of the subcommittee itself ). depending on the representative that writes, these letters can be of great importance to the chairman and ranking member, and they can reinforce the requests made by subcommittee members. another way for members of congress to express their support for an issue is by adding their name to a congressional sign - on letter. results generates sign - on letters to be sent to key decision - makers, for instance, of the committee on appropriations or one of its subcommittees. in general, our best chance to influence legislation is at this stage, when it is being considered by a subcommittee of appropriations. mid - may through june : appropriations committees complete work and send bills to full house and senate the state, foreign operations, and related affairs subcommittee completed its work and set the funding level request for basic education at $ 400 million. the subcommittee then sent the bill to the full committee on appropriations. during this stage, results re - emphasized our requests to the chairman and ranking minority member of the committee on appropriations, who determine final appropriations levels among the different foreign affairs accounts and programs ( though the committee on appropriations and the full house usually do not change the subcommittee \u2019 s recommended funding level ). the committee on appropriations passed the basic education funding request, and the bill was sent to the full house of representatives for consideration on the floor. following the recommendations of the committee on appropriations, the house approved the subcommittee \u2019 s $ 400 million funding level request for basic education. the bill was then considered in the senate by its committee on appropriations, specifically its subcommittee on state, foreign operations, and related affairs ( \u201c foreign ops \u201d ). results next worked with senate members of this committee to request an even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4664104101918113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:739d6ead-43e3-4d07-a226-8f59d95cc5b7>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.621758"}
{"text": "for basic education. the bill was then considered in the senate by its committee on appropriations, specifically its subcommittee on state, foreign operations, and related affairs ( \u201c foreign ops \u201d ). results next worked with senate members of this committee to request an even higher level of funding for basic education funding than the amount requested by the house. after june 30, but before october 1 : conference committee reconciles both versions of the bill, and it is sent to the president for final approval after consideration by the senate appropriations committees and subsequently the full senate, the senate set its level of funding for basic education at $ 335 million. a conference committee was then formed to reconcile the differences between the house and senate versions of the bill. at this point, results again went to members of both chambers, asking the house to continue to support the $ 400 million it had originally requested while also asking the senate to support $ 400 million ( since the house had proposed a larger level of funding than the senate ). ultimately, the conference committee settled on the house \u2019 s request of $ 400 million for basic education funding ; this was a great success, since the funding level was set at the higher house level. the conference committee sent the final version back to both the house and the senate for one last approval before it was presented to and signed by the president. what is the foreign operations appropriations bill? the foreign operations appropriations bill is perhaps the most relevant appropriations bill for our global work to end hunger and poverty. this bill is considered in the subcommittee on state, foreign operations, and related affairs and provides funding to basic education, hiv / aids, child survival programs, tuberculosis, unicef, microfinance programs, and other foreign assistance activities. within the foreign ops appropriations bill, basic education and microenterprise are funded under the development assistance account ( da ), while most of our health programs are funded within the child survival and health programs fund. * results also works to influence the appropriations bill considered by the subcommittee on labor, health, and human services, education, and related agencies ( \u201c labor hhs \u201d ) because domestic tb programs are funded through this subcommittee \u2019 s appropriations bill ; for fy 2008, president bush requested money for the global fund to fight aids, tb, and malaria in this bill as well ( the global fund is usually funded through the foreign ops subcommittee ). * the development assistance account ( da ) and child survival and health programs fund ( csh ) are two of the many accounts within a bill to which money is allotted to support specific programs. another such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4465097978691636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:739d6ead-43e3-4d07-a226-8f59d95cc5b7>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.623024"}
{"text": "graffiti vandalism in riverside winners were recognized at a city council meeting on may 21, 2013. view the winning poster contest entries here. view the winning video contest entries here. take back the wall the city of riverside spends more than $ 1. 3 million each year for graffiti abatement. in addition, money is spent by other public agencies, utility companies, and private property owners to remove graffiti from their properties. nationwide, the american public spends nearly $ 12 billion each year to fight graffiti. what is graffiti? graffiti consists of inscriptions, slogans and drawings scratched, scribbled or painted on a wall or other public or private surface. today, graffiti is a sign of urban decay. james q. wilson, shattuck professor of government at harvard university and author of \u201c thinking about crime, \u201d together with george l. kelling, a research fellow at the john f. kennedy school of government harvard, first introduced the world to the broken window theory. the theory contends that if a broken window is left unfixed it can quickly encourage more crime and vandalism to the neighborhood because it sends a message of indifference to observers. graffiti is one element of the broken window theory. once graffiti shows up somewhere, if left untreated, generally more graffiti follows. graffiti has become everyone \u2019 s eyesore and everyone \u2019 s problem. it generates fear of neighborhood crime and instability. it is costly, destructive, lowers property values and sends a message that people of the community are not concerned about the appearance of their neighborhood. it is against the law, and in cases where the cost of clean - up equates to $ 400 or more, is punishable as a felony. graffiti is not art ; it is vandalism and criminal. parents may be liable for up to $ 25, 000 for each graffiti incident pursuant to civil code 1714. 1.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44909862326762323, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96ac251b-42b1-418b-9442-447fb859f314>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.626639"}
{"text": "wind energy technology photo of judith gap wind project by pat judge harnessing the wind for our power is cost - competitive today. the region has a good start in develooping wind projects, but we could be doing much more with very little effort. download this wind fact sheet here. ( 536kb pdf file ) as the above table shows, the pacific northwest has the potential to generate over 137, 000 amw of electricity from wind power. this is enough to provide nearly four times the current electricity consumption in the region. the majority of the region \u2019 s potential wind resources are in montana, which alone has enough potential wind resources to supply one quarter of the electricity needs of the united states. 2 nearly 2, 300 mw of nameplate wind power capacity is currently generated at northwest wind farms and projects currently in development could triple that figure over the next several years. 3 texas leads the united states in wind development with over 4, 350 mw of currently installed capacity each. california, has nearly 2, 500 mw of installed capacity and colorado, minnesota, and iowa are also making rapid investments in wind power, with over 1, 000 mw currently in service in each state. 4 between 2001 and 2007, the u. s. wind generating capacity expanded at a remarkable rate of 49 % per year on average. by the end of 2007, the u. s. had over 16, 800 mw of wind capacity online, enough to power over 1. 5 million homes for the entire year! 5 however, europe currently remains far ahead of the u. s. in wind development, with 56, 535 mw of wind capacity online as of the end of 2007. 6 advances in technology and increased experience have made wind power competitive with many traditional sources of electricity, especially when factoring in risk factors for traditional generation resources such as fuel volatility and future environmental regulation. the price of wind - generated electricity has decreased approximately 90 % from the early 1980s ; modern wind farms now generally have levelized costs in the range of 4 - 7 cents per kilowatt - hour over the life of a project ( excluding any tax credits ) making them competitive with many new coal or natural gas facilities. costs for individual projects vary and depend on the strength and consistency of the wind, financing terms, and transmission infrastructure. all else being equal, the cost effectiveness of wind farms generally increases with the turbines \u2019 capacity factor, the size of the turbines, and number of turbines installed. 7 tapping our domestic wind resources brings a host of economic benefits. since the strongest wind resources", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47132901483481215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c83d7f9-9c9b-4e6b-85d3-8805c84ba9d8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.696417"}
{"text": "all else being equal, the cost effectiveness of wind farms generally increases with the turbines \u2019 capacity factor, the size of the turbines, and number of turbines installed. 7 tapping our domestic wind resources brings a host of economic benefits. since the strongest wind resources are often located in rural areas, rural counties and landowners can benefit from wind power. wind farms are capital intensive, infusing money into the local economy during construction phases and paying property taxes to the host county and royalties to local landowners during operation. at the 24 mw klondike phase i wind farm in sherman county, oregon, the wind project contributes 10 % of the county \u2019 s property tax base. wind turbines are also compatible with rural land uses like farming and ranching and can provide extra income to property owners via power sales or royalty payments. on average, landowners make between $ 2, 000 and $ 7, 000 annually for each modern wind turbine located on their land. in contrast, a natural gas plant drains an estimated $ 200, 000 - $ 350, 000 per mw of capacity out of the regional economy annually for fuel imports. additionally, wind energy produces 27 % more jobs per kilowatt - hour than coal plants, and 66 % more jobs than natural gas plants. 9 wind energy is clearly a homegrown energy source that strengthens the economy and increases the nation \u2019 s energy security. turbine blades, modeled after airplane wings, rotate due to a pressure differential caused by air moving over the surface of the blade. the blades cause a rotor to turn, which drives an electrical generator. turbines can adjust so that they always face toward the wind. wind turbines can be designed to operate either at variable speeds or at a single, fixed speed. the variable speed designs are more complex but they convert wind power into electricity more efficiently. most wind turbines are designed to use wind blowing anywhere from 8 to 56 mph. sizes for new u. s. utility - scale turbines for onshore sites range from 850 kw to 2. 5 mw and turbines rated 3. 5 mw and larger are being used in offshore wind projects. while variable, wind energy can be integrated into a utility system using existing load - matching capabilities for a minimal cost of 0 - 0. 5 cents / kwh. 10 weather forecasting can predict wind power output with a fair degree of confidence. additionally, multiple wind sites in different locations can be combined to create a relatively stable power supply curve. wind turbines generate electricity without producing any pollutant emissions. in contrast, fossil fuel plants emit toxic mercury, ni", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.488039184804973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c83d7f9-9c9b-4e6b-85d3-8805c84ba9d8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.697603"}
{"text": "a fair degree of confidence. additionally, multiple wind sites in different locations can be combined to create a relatively stable power supply curve. wind turbines generate electricity without producing any pollutant emissions. in contrast, fossil fuel plants emit toxic mercury, nitrous oxides that cause smog, sulfur dioxide that causes acid rain and large quantities of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas. although wind is one of the most benign power sources, if not properly sited, it too may have environmental impacts. wildlife and avian impacts are often the greatest concern. new tower, blade and turbine designs and careful siting help minimize environmental impacts. the federal production tax credit offers an important tax credit to new wind production. each state in the region offers several additional incentives for wind development, from residential projects to utility - scale developments. oregon, for example, provides personal and business tax credits and low - cost financing for renewable energy projects, while washington provides small wind turbine owners a strong production incentive and grants sales tax exemptions for renewable energy equipment. idaho offers a residential tax deduction and a sales tax exemption for renewable energy sys - tems as well as low - interest loans for small - scale wind installations and state - backed bonds for utility - scale wind projects. finally, montana offers corporate income and property tax incentives and a residential tax credit for renewable energy installations. additional incentives are offered as well. see awea ' s map of wind projects in the us : updated february 19, 2008 sources and notes : 1. wind potential from renewable energy atlas of the west, land and water fund of the rockies, et al. ( july 2002 ). - installed capacity from rnp ' s list of northwest renewable energy projects, ( ( add link to project list here ) ). - capacity factor from fifth northwest electric power and conservation plan, northwest power and conservation council ( nwpcc ) ( may, 2005 ). see appendix i. - levelized costs include transmission and integration costs and the federal produc - tion tax credit. 2. 2005 northwest consumption from nwpcc, op. cit. note 1. - 2004 total u. s. electricity generation from annual energy outlook 2006, energy information administration ( feb. 2006 ). see table a8. 3. installed capacity and projects in development from rnp, op. cit. note 1. 4. \u201c u. s. wind energy projects \u201d. american wind energy association ( awea ) ( jan 16, 2008 ). www. awea. org / projects / accessed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48462004449540647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c83d7f9-9c9b-4e6b-85d3-8805c84ba9d8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.699192"}
{"text": "development from rnp, op. cit. note 1. 4. \u201c u. s. wind energy projects \u201d. american wind energy association ( awea ) ( jan 16, 2008 ). www. awea. org / projects / accessed 2 / 19 / 08 5. annual growth figures from \u201c wind power, u. s. installed capacity \u201d, awea, www. awea. org / faq / instcap. html, accessed 2 / 19 / 08. - 2007 year - end installed capacity from \u201c installed us wind power capacity surged 45 % in 2007 \u201d, awea ( jan 17, 2008 ). 6. \u201c statistics \u201d, european wind energy as - sociation, www. ewea. org / index. php? id = 180, accessed 2 / 19 / 09. 7. cost trends from \u201c the economics of wind energy \u201d, awea ( feb 2005 ). - levelized costs include transmission and integration costs and the federal production tax credit. 8. graphic from \u201c renewable energy \u201d, new south wales department of energy, utilities and sustainability. www. seda. nsw. gov. au / ren _ wind _ body. asp, accessed 9 / 27 / 06. 9. natural gas fuel cost assumes a 55 % efficient combined cycle plant with a 90 % capacity factor using natural gas at $ 4 - $ 7 / mmbtu. - jobs figures from \u201c wind energy for rural economic development \u201d, us department of energy, eere ( 2003 ). 10. wind taskforce report, western governor \u2019 s association ( march 2006 ). 11. u. s. from \u201c u. s. installed capacity \u201d, awea. nw from rnp, op. cit. note 1. \" montana \u2026 alone has enough potential wind resources to supply one quarter of the electricity needs of the united states. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4758043112404089, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c83d7f9-9c9b-4e6b-85d3-8805c84ba9d8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.702022"}
{"text": "would it really be so difficult to determine how chapter divisions are marked in all surviving ancient books? the question of chapter divisions and headings in ancient literary and technical texts is a long term interest of mine, as anyone who chooses to look may discover by clicking on the tag at the end of this post. we find, in later medieval texts, that these ancient texts are often divided, not merely into books, but also into chapters, with chapter headings. it does not seem well known or classified, just how often we find this. chapter divisions and titles are a cinderella subject, largely ignored or treating in passing. in my last post, i looked at what chapter divisions and titles there were in a renaissance manuscript of pliny the elder \u2019 s natural history. the nh is an interesting work to investigate, for this subject, since the author states in the preface that book 1 of the work is a list of capituli. so we do know that these items existed in the autograph, whereas we generally have no such certainty in other works. capituli, or \u201c subject headings \u201d, are perhaps just a list of topics covered, in the order in which they appear in the text. there is no necessity to suppose that the text was formally divided into \u201c chapters \u201d, in the manner of a modern work \u2013 indeed some of the capituli refer to no more than a handful of lines of text, before the next capitulum appears in the margin, so we might better say \u201c sections \u201d \u2014 and we can see that in the pliny ms. it is not. so while the english word \u201c chapter \u201d perhaps derives from the latin capitulum \u2014 or does it? do we know this, and if so, how? \u2014 the term is perhaps one that is rather different. perhaps we need a word study of the appearance of the english word, and how it was originally used, and how it came to mean what it means today. is it used to translate capitulum in medieval english texts? there is clearly a research project here. likewise we ought to locate all uses of the term capituli in ancient literature \u2014 and likewise the greek kephalaia \u2014 and from this determine its meaning or meanings, and any change that they underwent during the ancient and medieval period. this might begin with an electronic search, and it really should not take more than a couple of weeks to do. but finally \u2026 we need to look at ancient books themselves, and see just what is in the margins, or gathered at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44742110398940815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:941a2c2b-59b5-4746-b563-6a2e62ad47d3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.711237"}
{"text": "medieval period. this might begin with an electronic search, and it really should not take more than a couple of weeks to do. but finally \u2026 we need to look at ancient books themselves, and see just what is in the margins, or gathered at the start of books, or whatever. do we have chapter titles marked? are they numbered? are there collections of them at the start of the book, in a multi - book history? or is it a case that the early mss just have a list of topics at the start of each book, and that these are mirrored in the body of the work, gradually, by subsequent readers and copyists? which works have these elements? it sounds like a large task. but is it? a commenter on my last post pointed out that, in some ways, it is a superficial task. all we have to do is look through the manuscript at a high level. and that may not be so hard to do. for the number of actual ancient books is not that great. the codices latini antiquiores of e. a. lowe lists all the fragments of ancient latin books. the number of codices which are more or else intact is probably not that great. i don \u2019 t know about greek mss from antiquity, but surely there is a list somewhere? nor does it necessarily involve a lot of travel. the irht in france has a huge collection of microfilms of manuscripts. admittedly this is not nearly as good as colour images \u2014 and whether a link is in red ink or black might well be important here \u2014 but a couple of weeks work at a microfilm reader in orleans might well answer many of these questions, and provide a base of data from which some solid conclusions might be drawn. it sounds like a solid piece of work for a phd thesis, for a student who is prepared to work hard. i feel tempted myself ; but of course i am not an academic, and i don \u2019 t have the time. sadly, i fear, i don \u2019 t have the energy any more either! but the whole question of chapter divisions, titles, etc, is one that simply needs a pioneer to go into it. it \u2019 s not that hard to do ; just that no - one has really attacked it. i \u2019 ve always thought of the task of working out the history of the chapter titles for endless different literary and technical works was one that would require an army of scholars. indeed a great manuscript scholar once wrote to me that it would require scholarly collaboration.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45298300854556967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:941a2c2b-59b5-4746-b563-6a2e62ad47d3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.713289"}
{"text": "king james ii of england ( who was also james vii of scotland ) inherited the throne in 1685 upon the death of his brother, charles ii. james ii was unpopular because of his attempts to increase the power of the monarchy and restore the catholic faith. deposed in the \" glorious revolution \" of 1688 - 89, he fled to france. his daughter and son - in - law succeeded him as queen mary ii and king william iii. james ii died in 1701. unless otherwise noted, these books are for sale at amazon. com. your purchase through these links will help to support the continued operation and improvement of the royalty. nu site. james ii by john miller. biography from the yale english monarchs series. james ii : the triumph and the tragedy by john callow. charts james ' life using little - known material from the uk national archives. includes james ' own description of the battle of edgehill, his reasons for his conversion to catholicism, and his correspondence with william of orange. a court in exile : the stuarts in france, 1689 - 1718 by edward corp. after james ii was deposed, he established his court in france. the book describes his court and the close relationships between the british and french royal families. king in exile : james ii : warrior, king and saint by john callow. reassesses james ' s strategy for dealing with his downfall and exile, presenting a portrait of a man who planned for great political rewards and popular acclaim. james ii and the trial of the seven bishops by william gibson. the trial of seven bishops in 1688 was a prelude to the glorious revolution, as popular support for the bishops led to widespread welcome for william of orange ' s invasion. the making of king james ii by john callow is about the formative years of the fallen king. out of print, but sometimes available from alibris. the countess and the king : a novel of the countess of dorchester and king james ii by susan holloway scott. novel about katherine sedley, a royal mistress forced to make the most perilous of choices : to remain loyal to the king, or to england. the crown for a lie by jane lane. novel about how james ii lost his throne. out of print, but sometimes available from alibris.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40222512648993036, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be22c535-4fcb-4d7e-9507-2ace71b51909>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.719189"}
{"text": "tip of the week this winter, millions of americans will be hitting the roads and facing cold temperatures, along with the snowy and icy conditions winter weather brings. these factors are not only a nuisance, but at times, very dangerous, even for the most confident and experienced drivers. simple driving maneuvers, such as starting, stopping and making turns can become very challenging if vehicles are not properly prepared for inclement weather. to prepare vehicles for the winter months ahead, here are some simple tips to help you arrive safely at your destination. - traction is key : the economy has forced many to postpone tire purchases, but with wet weather and unpredictable winter conditions ahead, now is not the time to have low tread on your tires. your tires need good traction to help keep your car on the road. it ' s important to have the correct tire tread and in particularly cold climates, drivers should consider investing in winter tires. - feel the pressure : as temperatures change, so does tire pressure. proper tire inflation is essential for increased automotive safety, optimum driving performance and even good fuel mileage. tires should be inflated to the vehicle manufacturer recommendations printed on the vehicle door placard or in the glove box and should be checked at least monthly. over - inflation can lead to premature or irregular tire wear and under - inflation reduces a vehicle ' s fuel efficiency by an average of 3. 3 percent. - keep it clean : consumers ' cars, trucks or suvs are likely weathering the harsh conditions and corrosive elements associated with winter, including freezing rain, snow, ice, sand and salt. keeping vehicles clean will help protect them from the chemicals and dirt that may attack the car ' s finish and undercarriage. be sure to use quality cleaners and waxes specifically designed for handling a car ' s finish. - keep it flowing : oil is the lifeblood of the engine, helping to keep it running efficiently and effectively. not sure what oil to use? defer to a professional or use the grade of motor oil recommended by the vehicle manufacturer to achieve optimum engine protection and fuel efficiency. - be prepared : keep a survival kit handy. a flashlight with fresh batteries, a blanket, water bottles, cellphone charger, jumper cables, flares, a \" help \" sign, and a first aid kit will prepare you for emergency situations or unexpected breakdowns. according to cnn money, here are 10 james bond cars you might be able to afford : 2002 aston martin vanquish 1980 lotus esprit turbo 1996 bmw z3 1977", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4506003032658631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:178f038c-1f5a-4b63-8188-e90a8f2e1d8b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.722913"}
{"text": "the santa clara valley transportation authority ( vta ), known at that time as \" county transit, \" was on its way towards the goal of building a mass transit system that would serve the ever - growing urbanized area, becoming an alternative to the automobile and a driver of economic development. it began with the federal government supporting that vision with a $ 2 - million grant in 1982 to fund preliminary engineering of the first phase. construction of the line officially commenced with the light - rail maintenance facility. the guadalupe light rail division, located in downtown san jose on younger street, was completed in 1986 and is used to store, clean and repair light - rail vehicles. the second phase of construction and first segment of in - street track installation began in 1985. although the initial tracks only spanned 1. 5 miles, they were essential for testing the light - rail vehicles as they were delivered. today, santa clara vta ' s light - rail service spans 42. 2 miles and 62 stations, connecting with santa clara vta buses, caltrain, altamont corridor express, capitol corridor intercity rail service and one day, bay area rapid transit. santa clara vta currently operates 99 low - floor vehicles. more than 10 million trips were taken in fiscal year 2012 and the system is on track to carry 11 million riders in fiscal year 2013. \" as light rail hits its stride, i know the best years are ahead for our system, \" said santa clara county supervisor and vta board chair ken yeager. \" like silicon valley, light rail has evolved and changed through the decades. as our economy continues to grow, and as we look for ways to reduce congestion and air pollution, light rail is needed more now than ever. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41942044857847083, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c77bbf3-f705-4276-bc83-a7d4719e2953>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.724847"}
{"text": "coincidentally, 2012 saw the largest acreage of corn in the u. s. planted since ww ii, and subsequently the worst drought since the 1950 \u2032 s, affecting 80 % of agricultural land. this will cause price increases in meat and dairy, ethanol, and to a much lesser extent processed foods, since that is what virtually all of the cropland land is used for. government subsidies and crop insurance go primarily to commodity crops, not human food ones, so the u. s. government will be paying along with us for that drought. in the u. s. 45 % of all land is pasture or cropland. cropland = 408 million acres. of this : commodity crops \u2013 corn and soybeans, 170 million acres ; wheat 57 million acres, oats 16 million acres, cotton 10 or more million acres, less for rice, oats and sorghum and others. specialty crops \u2013 vegetables, fruits and nuts, flowers, christmas trees, etc. 14 million acres, most of these for food crops. ( until recent farm bills, these food crops were not subsidized, farmers were even penalized for growing them. now a small percentage of subsidies goes towards them. ) this is why a salad costs more than a big mac.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4275897950937985, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1347ca12-e5df-46b5-b800-bdb7c2cae2c5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.730126"}
{"text": "the financial aid process can be a daunting one. if you don \u2019 t get a primer from a guidance counselor or older sibling who is already on a college campus somewhere, it could be difficult to figure out where to start. the good news is, we \u2019 re here to help. with a little research and an introduction to the basics, you \u2019 ll be using even the most obscure financial aid acronyms with ease. your starting point should always be the free application for student aid, or as you \u2019 ve probably already heard before, the fafsa. that step will determine what you do next, as once your application is processed you \u2019 ll know exactly how much free money you \u2019 re going to get from federal assistance programs and grants, how much you \u2019 ll be able to borrow through federal loans, and how much of your package you may need to supplement through private lending agencies. the process is the same for graduate students, although you may not be eligible for all the programs available to undergraduates, including federal pell grants, a free gift from the government with a current maximum of up to $ 5, 550. once you \u2019 ve done that, you begin weighing your options, and potentially looking for ways to cut your college costs. scholarships are an excellent source of financial aid, and if you apply early and often enough, you \u2019 ll have a better chance of landing a good amount of free money to supplement your financial aid package. below, you \u2019 ll find more information and tips on navgating the financial aid process, including articles on the latest news from the ever - changing financial aid industry. the best way to supplement your financial aid package is to apply for ( and win ) college scholarships. while it will take some initiative, research and time on your part, the payoff is worth it if it decreases your total student loan debt. these days you don \u2019 t have to be a star athlete or valedictorian to land scholarships. many are based on characteristics like need, community service and your intended field of study, or if you dig even deeper, you \u2019 ll find a wide array of awards based on more specific characteristics. what makes you unique could be what lands you a generous college scholarship. chances are you qualify for more scholarships than you thought you did, so conduct a free scholarship search or browse through our site to see awards you may be eligible for and start earning money toward college. if you \u2019 re lucky, your parents have been saving up for your transition from high school to college with one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4026240376129415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b30b8f95-0d69-438d-82c4-185feb241c44>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.742831"}
{"text": ", so conduct a free scholarship search or browse through our site to see awards you may be eligible for and start earning money toward college. if you \u2019 re lucky, your parents have been saving up for your transition from high school to college with one of the popular college saving accounts options. from 529 plans, which vary by state but offer significant tax savings over taxable accounts, to coverdell accounts, which are a good option for families who don \u2019 t want to invest more than $ 2, 000 a year for their college - bound children, every parent should be able to find a college saving account to meet their budgets and their needs. a good start for families unsure of where to begin or how much they should strive to save is estimating how much college will cost by using a college financial aid calculator. it \u2019 s fine to start with a conservative number, as some of the college saving accounts come with stipulations that the funds must be used for college expenses, which could hurt parents whose children don \u2019 t end up going to college or go for a low - cost option like community college. federal aid, which is subject to changes in funding levels made by the government, comes in the form of federal grant programs, federal student loans and federal work - study programs. the best indicator of your eligibility for all federal aid is the fafsa, which is also available online to speed up processing and is ready for you to fill out starting jan. 1 of each year. unless you plan on paying for your college expenses out - of - pocket or through your parents \u2019 college savings accounts, the fafsa will answer most questions of how much funding you \u2019 ll be receiving and which federal funding programs you qualify for. worst case scenario, you find that you \u2019 re only eligible for stafford loans, which although they \u2019 re not as desirable as scholarships and grants that you won \u2019 t need to pay back, they \u2019 re lower interest than any private loan you \u2019 d qualify for. a little bit of research will not only help you to understand financial aid information better, but help dispel popular misconceptions about the process. many students think they \u2019 re not eligible for many forms of aid, or that applying will not only be tedious but futile. the truth is, the financial aid process is one of the most important if not the most important step you \u2019 ll take toward getting yourself into college. more than $ 130 billion is awarded to college - bound students annually, and while it certainly helps to supplement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3974600120681677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b30b8f95-0d69-438d-82c4-185feb241c44>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.744256"}
{"text": "truth is, the financial aid process is one of the most important if not the most important step you \u2019 ll take toward getting yourself into college. more than $ 130 billion is awarded to college - bound students annually, and while it certainly helps to supplement your application with an impressive academic record, much of the funding is also needs - based or based on criteria that have nothing to do with your gpa or high school course load. once you \u2019 ve filled out your fafsa, conduct a free scholarship search to find awards you may have never known you were eligible for otherwise, and pad your financial aid package with as much free money from scholarships and grants as you can. the best way to know what to expect of your financial aid process is to do your research. lucky for you, we \u2019 ve done it for you, and will continue to update our site with the latest news on financial aid happenings that could affect how much you get from the government. check out our links for financial aid news to determine not only what higher education institutions are doing to affect students \u2019 financial aid packages, but moves the government is making that will make it easier \u2013 or harder \u2013 for you to take out loans, get awarded grants, and pay for college. while college is supposed to be one of the most rewarding times in your life, you don \u2019 t want to be faced with a monthly payment post - graduation that takes over a high percentage of your salary, or worse yet, one you \u2019 d be forced to default on, hurting your credit score. find money for college by educating yourself on the options available and taking advantage of the millions of dollars being awarded to college - bound high school students each year. and if you \u2019 re faced with a bigger tuition bill than you thought, consider your options to keep your college costs low.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41220815942798616, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b30b8f95-0d69-438d-82c4-185feb241c44>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.745304"}
{"text": "5 october 2011 | en | fr the east africa famine calls into question the wisdom of investing in early warning systems without improving take - up, writes linda nordling. when the un declared a state of famine in the horn of africa in july, one group of scientists was not surprised. in august 2010, the usaid - funded famine early warning systems network ( fews net ) had issued a prediction of poor march \u2013 may rains this year. the tens of thousands of people that have died since then in east africa, and the millions that remain hungry, are a harsh indictment of the ability of science - based early warnings of disaster to make a difference to the continent ' s most vulnerable people. as more and better african science data make predictions easier, more effort will be needed to understand and improve the uptake of early warnings at local, national and international levels. why warnings fail so why did the rainfall warning fail to avert the disaster in the horn of africa? the problem is multifaceted, and not easy to address. writing in nature, fews net scientist chris funk lists a number of reasons, from conflicting climate research predicting wetter conditions in east africa, to political obstacles ( especially conflict in somalia ) and the region ' s rapid population growth outpacing agricultural yields. funk believes the answer is more science and better agricultural practices to improve yields in areas at risk of drought and food shortages. working towards a more sustainable long - term strategy for feeding the region ' s population will limit the need for emergency response, he says. while most media reports have focused on the international community ' s failure to respond, funk focuses on what must be done in africa to improve uptake. he is right to do so. the failure of warnings to filter down into african policy at all levels is a graver problem than that of mobilising emergency aid, criticised by many observers for creating a dependency culture in formerly self - sufficient regions. data poor no more the past decade ' s strong science push in africa has boosted the understanding of its climate, diseases, and political and economic systems. this data flood has produced a wealth of mathematical models, and systems are now in place \u2014 or being set up \u2014 for predicting food price variability, malaria outbreaks, floods and even armed conflicts. they are all being billed as tools that can revolutionise the continent ' s response to emergencies. but it is not just fews net that is struggling to live up to expectations. last month, nigeria ' s emergency management agency accused state governments of ignoring early warnings of floods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47840193808263626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e359426-55f1-4f0a-ae6d-43ee3c6950c2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.753835"}
{"text": "billed as tools that can revolutionise the continent ' s response to emergencies. but it is not just fews net that is struggling to live up to expectations. last month, nigeria ' s emergency management agency accused state governments of ignoring early warnings of floods that killed more than an estimated 140 people and left tens of thousands homeless. in nigeria, the problem was a failure of state governments to act upon warnings by clearing drains and evacuating people living in flood plains. the weakest link similar barriers held back the famine warning in the horn of africa. \" there is a weak link between early warning and response, \" says gideon galu, a scientist with fews net based in nairobi, kenya. although fews net works with decision - makers in the national government to highlight its findings, the link - up to local authorities and rural communities relies on national government structures, he says. kenya, for example, has a food security steering group that passes scientific information on to decision - makers. nongovernmental organisations and other partners can attend meetings and get a consensus on the scale and magnitude of a problem. but the final link in the flow of information is problematic in kenya, and in ethiopia ; and it ' s particularly weak in countries like somalia where governance is fragile. there are scant resources and information dissemination networks to make sure that messages reach the local level. these failures illustrate a key obstacle that many african countries must overcome. the impact of science - based early warning systems hinges on governments ' capability ( and perhaps willingness ) to turn warnings into readiness on the ground. avoiding warning fatigue in time, the early warning community will learn from its mistakes as it establishes strong networks that reach down to the community level \u2014 an activity that fews net is working on. the organisation is also working to address the underlying vulnerability to food crises via the us feed the future programme, a us $ 3. 5 billion investment in strengthening agriculture in ethiopia, kenya and other countries. better links to local government and rural communities will also improve fews net ' s capability to collect data on variables such as rainfall and temperature, making prediction more of a two - way street, adds gulu. \" they are now able to provide us with additional data about what is happening in the field, \" he says. but there is a downside : the explosion in early warning systems means that individual warnings could grow into a cacophony of calls to emergency action that compete for policymakers ' attention and scarce resources. such ' warning fatigue ' would make it harder to discern credible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5020957637771442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e359426-55f1-4f0a-ae6d-43ee3c6950c2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.755053"}
{"text": "downside : the explosion in early warning systems means that individual warnings could grow into a cacophony of calls to emergency action that compete for policymakers ' attention and scarce resources. such ' warning fatigue ' would make it harder to discern credible alerts and act on them. in that future, a warning system well - connected to decision - makers with functioning lines of communication with local officials is likely to be more effective than one where all the money has gone to improving the science while neglecting the capacity to put the evidence to good use. journalist linda nordling, based in cape town, south africa, specialises in african science policy, education and development. she was the founding editor of research africa and writes for scidev. net, nature and others. funk, c. we thought trouble was coming, nature, 476, 7 ( 2011 ) susan fm lwec ( living with environmental change | united kingdom ) 5 october 2011 this in some ways is a chilling article. however, i had a good insight into early warning fatigue at a humanitarian vision / nerc workshop to bring climate scientists into better dialogue with ngos. we role played how we ' d manage early warning of flood and it gave fascinating first hand insights into risk perception and how it varied in the room. strikes me that this is very relevant in this context all scidev. net material is free to reproduce providing that the source and author are appropriately credited. for further details see creative commons.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5070169615913587, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e359426-55f1-4f0a-ae6d-43ee3c6950c2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.755672"}
{"text": "la jolla, calif., july 18, 2012 \u2013 in their quest to treat cardiovascular disease, researchers and pharmaceutical companies have long been interested in developing new medicines that activate a heart protein called apj. but researchers at sanford - burnham medical research institute ( sanford - burnham ) and the stanford university school of medicine have now uncovered a second, previously unknown, function for apj \u2014 it senses mechanical changes when the heart is in danger and sets the body on a course toward heart failure. this means that activating apj could actually be harmful in some cases \u2014 potentially eye - opening information for some heart drug makers. the study appears july 18 in nature. \" just finding a molecule that activates apj is not enough. what ' s important to heart failure is not if this receptor is ' on ' or ' off, ' but the way it ' s activated, \" said pilar ruiz - lozano, ph. d., who led the study. ruiz - lozano, formerly assistant professor at sanford - burnham, is now associate professor of pediatrics in the stanford university school of medicine and adjunct faculty member at sanford - burnham. stretching the heart apj is a receptor that sits on the cell surface in many organs, where it senses the external environment. when a hormone called apelin comes along and binds apj, it sets off a molecular chain reaction that influences a number of cellular functions. many previous studies have shown that apelin - apj activity directs beneficial processes such as embryonic heart development, maintenance of normal blood pressure, and new blood vessel formation. according to ruiz - lozano ' s latest study, however, apj can also be activated a second, more harmful, way that doesn ' t involve apelin. in this pathway, apj senses and responds to mechanical changes in the heart. to better understand these mechanical changes, let ' s look at a person with high blood pressure. in this case, the person ' s heart has to work harder to pump the same amount of blood at the same rate as a healthy person. to meet the increased demand, individual heart muscle cells start making more proteins, making the cells bigger. eventually, cell membranes stretch and each cell begins to pull away from its neighbor. this leads to an enlarged heart \u2014 a condition known as hypertrophy. in pathological ( disease ) conditions, hypertrophy can lead to heart failure. apj and heart failure the best way to determine the role a protein plays in a particular cellular process is to see what happens when it ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5387538570663543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4725320-b74c-4bef-863a-2db403eff06f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.758702"}
{"text": "mar. 20, 2007 an overexpressed protein protects human pancreatic cancer cells from being forced to devour themselves, removing one of the body ' s natural defenses against out - of - control cell growth, researchers at the university of texas m. d. anderson cancer center report in the march issue of molecular cancer research. the protein tissue transglutaminase, known by the abbreviation tg2, previously has been found by researchers at m. d. anderson and elsewhere to be overexpressed in a variety of drug - resistant cancer cells and in cancer that has spread from its original organ ( metastasized ). \" in general, you rarely see overexpression of tg2 in a normal cell, \" says kapil mehta, ph. d., professor in the m. d. anderson department of experimental therapeutics, who began 10 years ago studying tg2 as an inflammatory protein. mehta and colleagues in the past year have connected tg2 overexpression to drug - resistant and metastatic breast cancer, pancreatic cancer and melanoma. expression of tg2 is tightly regulated in a healthy cell, mehta says, and is temporarily increased in response to certain hormones or stress factors. \" however, constitutive expression of this protein in a cancer cell helps confer protection from stress - induced cell death, \" mehta says. \" we are developing tg2 as a pharmaceutical target and are now working with a mouse model to that end. \" the mechanisms by which tg2 might promote drug - resistance and metastasis have remained elusive, the researchers note. in this paper, the m. d. anderson team shows in lab experiments that inhibiting the protein in pancreatic cancer cells leads to a form of programmed cell suicide called autophagy, or self - digestion. tg2 was inhibited in two separate ways. first, the researchers blocked another protein known to activate tg2. secondly, they also directly targeted tg2 with a tiny molecule known as small interfering rna tailored to shut down expression of the protein. in both cases, the result was a drastic reduction of tg2 expression ( up to 94 percent ) and telltale signs of autophagy in the cancer cells, which became riddled with cavities called vacuoles. when autophagy occurs, a double membrane forms around a cell organ, or organelle. this autophagosome then merges with a digestive organelle called", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5045167631152914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1e31880f-d209-4de3-b6de-94c48186608e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.763148"}
{"text": "cancer cells, which became riddled with cavities called vacuoles. when autophagy occurs, a double membrane forms around a cell organ, or organelle. this autophagosome then merges with a digestive organelle called a lysosome and everything inside is consumed, leaving the vacuole and a residue of digested material. if enough of this happens, the cell dies. gabriel lopez - berestein, m. d., professor of experimental therapeutics and study co - author, notes that the research also shows that the self - consuming cell death prevented by tg2 is independent of a prominent molecular pathway also known to regulate autophagy called the mammalian target of rapamycin. \" targeting tg2, or its activating protein pkc, or both, presents a novel and potentially effective approach to treating patients with pancreatic cancer, \" lopez - berestein said. research in the mouse model remains in the early stages, the researchers caution. the researchers also show that the tg2 pathway also is separate from another, better known, form of programmed cell death called apoptosis. apoptosis, like autophagy, is a normal biological defense mechanism that systematically destroys defective cells by forcing them to kill themselves. in apoptosis, the cells die via damage to their nucleus and dna, with other cellular organelles preserved. autophagy kills by degrading those other organelles while sparing the nucleus. mehta ' s lab reported in a cancer research paper last september that tg2 overexpression also activates a protein called nuclear factor - kb known to play a role in regulating cell growth, metastasis and apoptosis. this pathway, mehta explained, could make tg2 an attractive target for other forms of cancer as well. co - authors with mehta and lopez - berestein are : co - first authors ugur akar, ph. d., and bulent ozpolat, m. d., ph. d., and jansina fok, all of the department of experimental therapeutics, and yasuko kondo, m. d., ph. d, of the m. d. anderson department of neurosurgery. funding for this research was provided by the national cancer institute of the national institutes of health. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5222470808430214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1e31880f-d209-4de3-b6de-94c48186608e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.764098"}
{"text": "mar. 4, 2013 behind locked doors, in a lab built like a bomb shelter, perry gerakines makes something ordinary yet truly alien : ice. this isn ' t the ice of snowflakes or ice cubes. no, this ice needs such intense cold and low pressure to form that the right conditions rarely, if ever, occur naturally on earth. and when gerakines makes the ice, he must keep the layer so microscopically thin it is dwarfed by a grain of pollen. these ultrathin layers turn out to be perfect for recreating some of the key chemistry that takes place in space. in these tiny test tubes, gerakines and his colleagues in the cosmic ice lab at nasa ' s goddard space flight center in greenbelt, md., can reproduce reactions in ice from almost any time and place in the history of the solar system, including some that might help explain the origin of life. \" this is not the chemistry people remember from high school, \" says reggie hudson, who heads the cosmic ice lab. \" this is chemistry in the extreme : bitter cold, harsh radiation and nearly non - existent pressure. and it ' s usually taking place in gases or solids, because generally speaking, there aren ' t liquids in interstellar space. \" the cosmic ice lab is one of a few laboratories worldwide where researchers have been studying the ultracool chemistry of cosmic ice. with its powerful particle accelerator, the goddard lab has the special ability to mimic almost any kind of solar or cosmic radiation to drive these reactions. and that lets them dig deep to study the chemistry of ice below the surface of planets and moons as well as ice in space. recipe for disorder in a vacuum chamber about the size of a lunchbox, gerakines recreates a little patch of deep space, in all its extremes. he pumps out air until the pressure inside drops to a level a billion times lower than normal for earth, then chills the chamber to minus 433 degrees fahrenheit ( 15 kelvins ). to get ice, all that remains is to open a valve and let in water vapor. the instant the sprightly vapor molecules enter the chamber they are literally frozen in their tracks. still pointing every which way, the molecules are transformed immediately from their gaseous state into the disorderly solid called amorphous ice. amorphous ice is exactly the opposite of the typical ice on earth, which forms perfect crystals like those that make up snowflakes or frost needles. these crystals are so orderly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.564935431738845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74190acf-e8c7-4820-8247-7a59a228b7ac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.772494"}
{"text": "gaseous state into the disorderly solid called amorphous ice. amorphous ice is exactly the opposite of the typical ice on earth, which forms perfect crystals like those that make up snowflakes or frost needles. these crystals are so orderly and predictable that this ice is considered a mineral, complete with a rating of 2. 5 on the mohs scale of hardness - - the same rating as a fingernail. though almost unheard of on earth, amorphous ice is so widespread in interstellar space that it could be the most common form of water in the universe. left over from the age when the solar system was born, it is scattered across vast distances, often as particles no bigger than grains of dust. it ' s also been spotted in comets and icy moons. the secret to making amorphous ice in the lab, gerakines finds, is to limit the layer to a depth of about half a micrometer - - thinner than a strand of spider ' s silk. \" water is such a good insulator that if the ice gets too thick, only the bottom of the sample, closer to the cooling source, will stay sufficiently cold, \" says gerakines. \" the ice on top will get warm enough to crystallize. \" the superthin ice can be spiked with all kinds of interesting chemicals found in space. one set of chemicals that gerakines works with is amino acids, which are key players in the chemistry of life on earth. researchers have spent decades identifying a whole smorgasbord of amino acids in meteorites ( including some involved in life ), as well as one found in a sample taken from a comet. \" and because water is the dominant form of frozen material in the interstellar medium and outer solar system, \" says gerakines, \" any amino acids out there are probably in contact with water at some point. \" for his current set of experiments, gerakines makes three kinds of ice, each spiked with an amorphous form of an amino acid ( either glycine, alanine or phenylalanine ) that is found in proteins. the real action begins when gerakines hits the ice with radiation. earlier studies by other researchers have looked at ice chemistry using ultraviolet light. gerakines opts instead to look at cosmic radiation, which can reach ice hidden below the surface of a planet or moon. to mimic this radiation, he uses a proton beam from the high - voltage particle accelerator, which resides in an underground room lined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5498219881789554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74190acf-e8c7-4820-8247-7a59a228b7ac>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.773654"}
{"text": "view the sky and celestial bodies just as galilieo did 400 years ago the galileoscope is 400 years of product development in the making - this high - quality telescope kit was developed by leading astronomers, optical engineers, and science educators to showcase how early astronomers made their discoveries. once assembled, the telescope will offer views of lunar craters and mountains, four moons circling jupiter, the phases of venus, saturn ' s rings, and countless stars invisible to the unaided eye. the 50mm diameter telescope offers 25x to 50x magnification. the kit is easy - to - assemble and includes standard components such as a base that fits most tripods and a 1. 25 focuser. educational activities and observing guides for use with your galileoscope are available for free at www. teachingwithtelescopes. org. \u201c the father of modern observational astronomy, \u201d galileo galilei was an italian physicist and astronomer whose ideas and inventions were an important part of the scientific revolution. supporting copernicus \u2019 s heliocentric theory of the earth \u2019 s revolution around the sun, galileo made several contributions to modern astronomy, with his telescopic observations warning : use with adult supervision only. warning : do not look at the sun with the galileoscope ; severe eye damage will occur.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4827544205704158, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:034cffed-2c0a-4b55-9693-20d9d63d0682>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.776859"}
{"text": "as the use of technologies becomes less of an issue and approaches such as the use of sms for mobile learning become ubiquitous \u2013 our attention must now move to an increased focus on pedagogy. how will the use of these technologies affect learners \u2019 abilities to learn? how will teachers and facilitators need to change their existing practice? as individual access and control of content explodes, the higher education institutions that move toward the integration of services such assessing learning, helping students organize what they know into meaningful packages and then credential that learning will get the cheese. there will be new are the new institutions that build on what is currently happening and some will remake themselves. mobile learning at oum started with the formation of an research team on m - learning in august 2008. its first task was to determine how ready oum learners would be for mobile learning. we surveyed almost 3, 000 learners throughout malaysia and found that more than 80 percent of the learners said they would be ready for learning through their mobile phones. we first experimented with podcasts and moved on to using sms to support the blended mode of learning at oum and found that the latter worked extremely well. when it comes to changes in formal and informal learning, we may need to think about the pedagogy involved, where there may also be a shift from collaborative learning in institutions to cooperative learning in networks. there may also be a shift from cooperative learning in networks to collaborative learning in institutions when mooc is formally institutionalized and accreditated in institutions. does it address the difference between cooperation and collaboration learning in the networks / groups? in other words, these moocs are set up by one or more individuals. they are created not collectively, as we go along, but usually by one or more ( less than 5? ) individuals working as a group. as creators and conveners of the mooc, what responsibility do they have for their creation and the resultant learning that takes place in the mooc? where does their responsibility begin and end? does it matter? after seeing several moocs ( massive open online courses ) come and go over the past couple of years, i ' ve decided to play a part in a new one being facilitated by dave cormier, george siemens and stephen downes. is assessment always necessary in learning ( in particular informal learning or social learning )? can people learn effectively without being assessed? may be not, under a formal education system. but if we argue that it is growth of a person as a product of learning ( refer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4922981744658531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:90f32e7b-01c0-4ce5-a739-1087f343ff7d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.782744"}
{"text": "always necessary in learning ( in particular informal learning or social learning )? can people learn effectively without being assessed? may be not, under a formal education system. but if we argue that it is growth of a person as a product of learning ( refer to stephen \u2019 s slides on connectivism ), and based on connectivism and transculturality, then the assessment would be embedded in the \u201c growth of knowledge, skills and competency \u201d, which could be reflected in the performance in study or that at work, and that comes naturally also in network conversation. information literacy has been defined by the american library association in the following way : to be information literate, a person must be able to recognize when information is needed and has the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information. digital literacy seems to be very similar : in wikipedia it starts with a definition that is almost word for word identical to ala definition of information literacy but adds on three new words : digital literacy is the ability to locate, organize, understand, evaluate and analyze information using digital technology. digital citizenship refers to the use of these skills to interact with society. today, with the proliferation of tablet computers such as the ipad and galaxy tab, oum is considering using them as a learning device on oum course modules can be easily downloaded into. still at the planning stage, the idea of using tablet computers makes sense as through these devices, not only will course information and learning materials be more easily accessible, the learner will also benefit from other useful applications supported by such devices. in addition, with wi - fi facilities available in most, if not all classrooms in the oum learning centers, the learners will be better engaged with oum as a whole and with their facilitators in particular. it will be seamless and ubiquitous learning at its best. i think one education ' s challenges in the 21st century is going to be whether they can change and adapt to new technology. moreover, whether education can embrace new forms of technology to drive different types of learning and increase international collaboration. i think # change11 is going to be a fascinating experiment for all involved. this mooc guide based on the experience of the mobimooc ( ourse ) which was a course that ran from 2 april until the 14 may 2011 and had 580 participants that hooked up to its resources. the course resulted in collaborations transcending the duration of the course. the course focused on the subject of mobile learning and was delivered over 6 weeks, each of which had a different angle :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4896999462876067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:90f32e7b-01c0-4ce5-a739-1087f343ff7d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.786071"}
{"text": "our bodies create a tremendous amount of internal heat. we normally cool ourselves by sweating and radiating heat through our skin. under certain circumstances, such as unusually high temperatures, high humidity, or vigorous exercise in hot weather, this natural cooling system may begin to fail, allowing internal heat to build up to dangerous levels. the result may be heat illness, which can come in the form of heat cramps, heat exhaustion, or heatstroke. heat cramps are brief, severe cramps in the muscles of the legs, arms, or abdomen that may occur during or after vigorous exercise in extreme heat. the sweating that occurs with vigorous exercise causes the body to lose salts and fluids. and the low level of salts causes the muscles to cramp. children are particularly susceptible to heat cramps when they haven ' t been drinking enough fluids. although painful, heat cramps aren ' t what to do : most heat cramps don ' t require special treatment. a cool place, rest, and fluids should ease your child ' s discomfort. massaging cramped muscles may also help. heat exhaustion is a more severe heat illness that can occur when a person in a hot climate or environment hasn ' t been drinking enough fluids. symptoms may include : - clammy skin - nausea and / or - hyperventilation ( rapid breathing ) what to do : - bring your child indoors or into the shade. - loosen or remove your child ' s clothing. - encourage your child to eat and drink. - give your child a bath in cool ( not cold ) water. - call your child ' s doctor for further advice. if your child is too exhausted or ill to eat or drink, intravenous fluids may be necessary. if left untreated, heat exhaustion may escalate into heatstroke, which can be fatal. the most severe form of heat illness, heatstroke is a life - threatening medical emergency. the body loses its ability to regulate its own temperature. body temperature can soar to 106 degrees fahrenheit ( 41. 1 degrees celsius ) or even higher, leading to brain damage or even death if it isn ' t quickly treated. prompt medical treatment is required to bring the body temperature under control. factors that increase the risk for heatstroke include overdressing and extreme physical exertion in hot weather with inadequate fluid intake. heatstroke can also happen when a child is left in, or becomes accidentally trapped in, a car on a hot day. when the outside temperature is 93 degrees fahrenh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5369677312960529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e40550a2-a75f-4728-8f5e-c62b28eebcc1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.792263"}
{"text": "and extreme physical exertion in hot weather with inadequate fluid intake. heatstroke can also happen when a child is left in, or becomes accidentally trapped in, a car on a hot day. when the outside temperature is 93 degrees fahrenheit ( 33. 9 degrees celsius ), the temperature inside a car can reach 125 degrees fahrenheit ( 51. 7 degrees celsius ) in just 20 minutes, quickly raising a child ' s body temperature to dangerous levels. what to do : call for emergency medical help if your child has been outside in the sun exercising for a long time and shows one or more of the following symptoms of heatstroke : - flushed, hot, dry skin with no sweating - temperature of 105 degrees fahrenheit ( 40. 6 degrees celsius ) - severe, throbbing headache - weakness, dizziness, or confusion - sluggishness or fatigue - decreased responsiveness - loss of consciousness while waiting for help : - get your child indoors or into the shade. - undress your child and sponge or douse him or her with cool an ounce of prevention some ways you can prevent your child from experiencing heat - teach your child to always drink plenty of fluids before and during an activity in hot, sunny weather - even if he or she - make sure your child wears light - colored loose clothing. - make sure your child only participates in heavy activity outdoors before noon and after 6 pm. - teach your child to come indoors immediately whenever he or she feels overheated. updated and reviewed by : steven dowshen, md date reviewed : march 2007 note : all information is for educational purposes only. for specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. \u00a9 1995 - 2009 the nemours foundation / kidshealth. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4754220812847425, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e40550a2-a75f-4728-8f5e-c62b28eebcc1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.792925"}
{"text": "what ' s in a name? well, if you ' re the weather channel, today ' s winter storm is called winter storm nemo. and if you ' re wfsb channel 3, the storm is called charlotte. prior to the weather channel ' s announcement last fall that it would be naming winter storms, channel 3 touted on its website that it was the only station in the nation to name them. the national weather service, an arm of the federal national oceanic and atmospheric administration, is in charge of officially naming tropical storms, which retain their names if the systems turn into full - fledged hurricanes. in a statement, the weather service said, \" the national weather service does not name winter storms because a winter storm ' s impact can vary from one location to another, and storms can weaken and redevelop, making it difficult to define where one ends and another begins. while the national weather service does not name winter storms, we do rate major winter storms after the fact. \" today ' s storm is expected to end saturday afternoon and leave behind 16 to 26 inches of snow for shoreline towns and 17 to 29 inches inland. not every storm gets a name, channel 3 notes. at least 6 inches of snow and / or significant ice accumulation of at least half an inch must be forecast for most of the state. \" in other words, a major snow or ice storm, \" channel 3 says. the tradition of naming winter storms began with channel 3 and the travelers weather service in 1971. the first storm was arthur, on thanksgiving day that year, according to channel 3. the weather channel says naming storms raises awareness, makes it easier to follow a weather system ' s progress, and in today ' s social media world, makes it easier to reference in communication. the weather channel notes that there is no national center to coordinate and communicate information on winter storms, so it decided to take on that role. the naming of winter storms is limited to no more than three days before impact to ensure there is moderate to strong confidence the system will produce significant effects on a populated area, the weather channel says. in any event, whether you call it nemo, charlotte or joe shmoe, be careful. a storm by any other name could be equally as dangerous.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42791096062921863, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2559e346-d7f4-44b5-ae55-af08081c842e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.797029"}
{"text": "indian removal had been taking place in the united states since the 18th century as more americans made the move westward. in the early 19th century, andrew jackson and the majority of white americans like him, wanted the indians to move west of the mississippi, out of the way from white expansion. popular thought was that the indians were savages who could not be civilized, and integration with the white culture was not a possibility. through the next several years, indian tribes all over the eastern front were forced to reservations of proportional inequality compared with land once owned. the united states bought the land from the indians while using its brute power to force unruly tribes west. no matter how much they tried, the indians were no match for the strength of the united states. indians of the sauk and fox tribes tried to take back land that was ceded to the united states wrongfully. when they inhabited the vacant land, americans saw them as a threat to the white settlements close - by. illinois state militia was sent in to destroy the so - called \" invaders. \" the indians retreated back and the militia continued to attack until most had been killed. were americans justified in the mass movement of indian tribes? i would have to say they were not. i cannot see the logic in their assumptions of the indians. for the most part, little interaction took place with the indians. yet, americans still believed they were uncivilized. perhaps the problem was in terms of envy. indians had been capable of adapting to land and using the land efficiently for years at a time. i think americans saw how the indians were able to do this, and became jealous of their superior farming abilities. land was becoming useless in the east, and indians had been able to use their land repeatedly. americans saw this fertile land as rich in potential profit and were willing to go to any length in acquiring it. evidence of the two cultures working together in a society was apparent in new mexico, texas, and california. if these people were able to survive and live off each other, i would have to assume that had the united states made an effort, they could have resolved this situation in an easier manner. unless it was jealousy that was driving them to take the indian land. something tells me it was exactly that which caused such a debacle. superior in farming techniques and land use, the indians efficient ways were the downfall of their land availability.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4531385745253482, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:323ada14-c2ab-40ad-a3b6-39c9c51e30e5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.803402"}
{"text": "can be seen in flocks in the millions. \u201c inquisitive and sometimes mischievous, crows are good problem learners and problem - solvers, often raiding garbage cans and picking over discarded food containers, \u201d read the cornell description. \u201c they \u2019 re also aggressive and often chase away larger birds including hawks, owls and herons. \u201d the birds might even scare off a small dog or cat, especially when trying to steal food that might have been left out. fenimore said crows travel in family groups with the young learning from parents and extended families, often spending more than a year with family groups, learning how to make a living. fenimore thinks the changing human use of the land in davis county might be helping crows increase their numbers. in davis county, land that used to be agricultural has been converted into subdivisions and shopping centers. \u201c that provides resource food for the crows, \u201d he said. \u201c they are adept at utilizing human disturbances and settlements to make a living. they hang out with us and utilize our scraps. \u201d it is sometimes easy to mistake a crow and a raven. ravens, another smart black bird, are the larger of the two species. parrish said ravens tend to stay in higher elevations than crows, though it is not unusual to see a raven in town as well. so, if you are a northern utah resident and you think you are seeing more murders of crows in than in the past, chances are your observations are correct.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.37184582582559833, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33bdff68-095b-43d3-b797-4d4c7b1ae2e8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.809637"}
{"text": "your baby \u2019 s skin has become opaque ( it had been see - through ), but it is still immature. the retina of the eye continues to form, but that also is not mature yet. the circulation to the lungs is forming, and the lungs are beginning to develop surfactant ( a substance that keeps the lungs from sticking to themselves ), however the lungs will be one of the last parts of your baby to fully mature. his body has caught up with his head, and although the head is still large compared to an adult, your baby \u2019 s body and head are in the right proportions for a newborn. his brainwaves also resemble those of a full - term newborn. he is developing a sleep - wake pattern and may be developing an active time that is pretty regular from day to day. at the end of the 24th week your baby will be around 10 inches from crown to rump and weigh 2 pounds. for most women the second trimester has brought some welcome changes. the uterus is too large for the pelvis, so there is less pressure on the bladder, but the uterus is not quite large enough to cause real problems with eating and breathing. you should have more energy than you did in the first trimester, along with an increased libido. you should also be feeling the baby move every day. weight gain should be pretty steady now, meaning only that you continue to gain weight, not lose it. the growing uterus may be causing stretch marks across your lower abdomen and sides. the pressure of the uterus may also be causing some constipation and heartburn. your thyroid gland is more active during pregnancy, which may cause an increased perspiration. some women find that the increased blood volume during pregnancy causes their gums to bleed and nosebleeds. although still early, some women begin to have leaking fluids from their breasts. it is normal for the breasts to leak, and normal for the breasts not to leak. it will have no effect on your ability to breastfeed. these symptoms are commonly experienced during this month. heartburn and indigestion shortness of breath", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4406748772787815, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:557d8caa-7a21-400a-87a3-528be8f8011a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.813580"}
{"text": "china to launch 3 astronauts to space lab this month china will launch its first manned mission to an orbiting space laboratory in mid - june, according to state media reports and the country ' s human spaceflight agency. a long march 2f rocket will launch three astronauts aboard a shenzhou 9 capsule for china ' s first manned space docking at the mini - space station tiangong - 1. the space lab module has been circling earth unmanned since its launch last year. \" the shenzhou 9 will perform our country ' s first manned space docking mission with the orbiting tiangong 1 space lab module, \" the xinhua news agency quoted zhou jianping, chief designer of china ' s manned space program, as saying today ( june 9 ). zhou ' s comments came as he accompanied the rocket set to launch the shenzhou 9 mission to a pad at china ' s jiuquan satellite launch center in the country ' s northwest region. the mission, zhou told xinhua, will be a major milestone for china ' s space exploration program. \" it means china ' s spacecraft will become a genuine manned shuttle tool between space and earth. it can send human beings to space stations or space labs, \" zhou told xinhua. \" this will be a significant step in china ' s manned space flight history. \" [ gallery : tiangong 1, china ' s first space lab ] china ' s shenzhou 9 mission will mark the fourth human spaceflight for the country, which has been making steady advances since the launch of chinese astronaut yang liwei in 2003 on shenzhou 5, the country ' s first human spaceflight. china is the third country to achieve human spaceflight after russia and the united states. since its first flight, china has launched two more manned missions, the two - man shenzhou 6 flight and three - person shenzhou 7 mission. last september, china launched the tiangong 1 module \u2014 a prototype for a future space station \u2014 into orbit. that launch was followed in november by the unmanned shenzhou 8 mission, which successfully docked a capsule with the space laboratory twice during the test flight. the shenzhou 9 mission will mark china ' s first human spaceflight to an orbiting module. earlier this year, space program officials said the mission could also mark the first launch of china ' s first female astronaut, but a final decision on that is pending, xinhua reported. a translation of an announcement released online by the china manned space engineering office ( cmse ), which oversees china ' s human spaceflight program,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44930458689486796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9f0fd6e-9479-42e1-b6fc-272dbc4c35d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.821511"}
{"text": "china ' s first female astronaut, but a final decision on that is pending, xinhua reported. a translation of an announcement released online by the china manned space engineering office ( cmse ), which oversees china ' s human spaceflight program, stated that preparations of both the rocket and shenzhou 9 astronaut crew are going smoothly. a series of spacecraft and rocket tests, as well as final mission training, are underway ahead of the planned spaceflight, cmse officials said. china ' s shenzhou ( or \" divine vessel \" ) spacecraft are three - module space capsules with a design originally based on russia ' s soyuz space capsules, but the chinese vehicles carry substantial modifications. like the soyuz, shenzhou vehicles carry up to three astronauts and consist of a propulsion module, a crew capsule and an orbital module. but unlike russia ' s soyuz, the orbital module of shenzhou spacecraft carries its own solar arrays and can remain in space after its crew returns to earth in the crew capsule. china ' s tiangong 1 ( \" heavenly palace 1 \" ) space laboratory module, meanwhile, is a prototype space station designed to test the technologies required for a much larger space station complex currently under development. the tiangong 1 module is 34 feet long ( 10. 4 meters ), 11 feet wide ( 3. 35 m ) and weighed about 8. 5 metric tons. chinese space officials have said the country is developing a larger, 60 - ton space station that will consist of several modules. that space station is slated to be launched in 2020. china is currently following a three - step space exploration program that ultimately aims to land an astronaut on the moon. according to a white paper released by the chinese government in december, the country plans to launch a series of robotic moon landers and a lunar sample - return mission by 2016. you can follow space. com managing editor tariq malik on twitter @ tariqjmalik. follow space. com for the latest in space science and exploration news on twitter @ spacedotcom. we ' re alsoon facebook and google +. about the author more from space. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48795897885665784, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9f0fd6e-9479-42e1-b6fc-272dbc4c35d5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.822383"}
{"text": "the value of farm land in southeast missouri has always fluctuated ; usually the price moves along with the financial health of the national economy. that was certainly the case beginning in the late 1920s. for southeast missouri, and especially new madrid county the bad times began with the flood of 1927. with the ebb of the waters came the rise in business failures, ruined farms, and bank closings - - all two years before financial disaster struck the rest of the country with the stock market crash in october 1929. this was the beginning of the great depression. land and commodity prices fell, but property and drainage taxes did not. many farms were sold on the east steps of the new madrid county courthouse by foreclosure or sheriff ' s sale for taxes due. depressed land prices would continue through the next decade. the bargain - basement prices of land gave rise to one of the most successful partnerships in county history. walter s. edwards sr. ran the edwards land and title company in new madrid. because many farms were \" entailed, \" that is tied up with life estates or owners yet to be born, knowing which farms had a good title and those that did not was key to the decision of which farm to bid on. edwards knew a lot about land titles, but he didn ' t have the capital needed to buy large tracts. e. b. gee sr. was a successful merchant in blytheville, ark. gee had acquired some land in southeast missouri before 1927 according to the deed records, but he had limited knowledge of what was for sale and the history of the title. what he did have was capital. edwards and gee formed a partnership and began buying land - - lots of land. edwards selected the land ; gee provided the money. john bailey, who was from sikeston, graduated from law school at the university of missouri in 1940. john married a member of the gee family and in 1941 began working for e. b. gee farms in portageville. much of gee ' s farm operation was the land farmed and managed by the edwards and gee partnership. as partnerships go, this one was very successful. but, as is often the case, the circumstances of the partners evolve and change. edwards decided that it would be best that they divide the lands and go their own ways. he had a map drawn up with a proposed division of some tens of thousands of acres between the two. one half was colored red and the other half colored blue. he presented the map to gee. gee looked it over and then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4531634328477109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff3a225a-644b-47cf-9ff4-10de1a0c933d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.825699"}
{"text": "there was no change in the status of respect for religious freedom during the period covered by this report, and government policy continued to contribute to the generally free practice of religion. the government and the religious communities historically have had good relations ; however, as in previous years, the government was critical of and harassed religious leaders who spoke out against the government ' s ongoing campaign of violent intimidation against opposition supporters. church leaders and members who criticized the government faced arrest and detention. the generally amicable relations between the various religious communities contributed to religious freedom. the u. s. government discusses religious freedom issues with the government in the context of its overall dialog and policy of promoting human rights. section i. religious demography the country has a total area of 240, 122 square miles, and its population is estimated at 11. 6 million. between 60 and 70 percent of the population belong to the mainstream christian denominations, with between 17 and 27 percent of the population identifying themselves as roman catholic. there are no reliable statistics on the exact number of christian churches or religious movements in the country. the evangelical denominations, mostly pentecostal churches, and apostolic groups are the fastest growing religious groups in the country. they appeal to large numbers of disillusioned members from the established churches who reportedly are attracted by promises of miracles and messages of hope at a time of political, social and economic instability. the country ' s small muslim population is estimated at 1 percent. the remainder of the population consists of practitioners of greek orthodoxy, judaism, and traditional indigenous religions and indigenous syncretistic religions that mix christianity and traditional african culture and beliefs ; there also are small numbers of hindus, buddhists, baha ' is, and atheists. the dominance of christianity dates to the early contact of portuguese traders and jesuit priests with africans in the region in the late 1500s. the jesuits established churches and educational institutions in the zambezi valley at that time. several centuries later, catholic, methodist, anglican, dutch reformed, and salvation army missionaries began to compete aggressively for territorial and spiritual monopolies throughout the country, resulting in \" areas of interest \" for each of these churches. as a result, many persons identify with the christian denomination that has had the longest historical connection to their area. president robert mugabe is a roman catholic who professes to practice his faith actively, and many of those who make up the elite of society tend to be associated with one of the established christian churches, especially the anglican and methodist churches. due to the country ' s colonial and apartheid - like history, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4642611352582891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be8c7088-1c9b-4497-98f9-9dc27430a2b7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.851971"}
{"text": "to practice his faith actively, and many of those who make up the elite of society tend to be associated with one of the established christian churches, especially the anglican and methodist churches. due to the country ' s colonial and apartheid - like history, the vast majority of the country ' s black population was prevented from attending government schools, which were restricted to white students. christian mission schools taught the few blacks who were able to obtain a formal education. consequently the vast majority of the country ' s liberation war leadership, who later became the government ' s senior officials, were instructed by christian educators. the muslim community consists primarily of south asian immigrants ( indian and pakistani ), migrants from other southern and eastern african countries ( mozambique and malawi ), and a very small number of north african and middle eastern immigrants. there are mosques located in nearly all of the larger towns, and there are a number of mosques in rural areas. there are 18 mosques in the capital harare and 8 in bulawayo. the muslim community generally has been somewhat insular ; however, in the past several years, the islamic community has expanded its outreach efforts, and is having increasing success proselytizing among the majority black indigenous population. a variety of indigenous churches and groups have emerged from the mainstream christian churches over the years. some, such as the zimbabwe assembly of god ( zaog ), continue to adhere strictly to christian beliefs ; in fact, they oppose the espousal of traditional religions. other indigenous groups, such as the seven apostles, combine elements of established christian beliefs with some beliefs based on traditional african culture and religion. these latter groups tend to be centered on a prophetic figure, with members of the congregation identifying themselves as \" apostles. \" these church members wear long white robes and head coverings. many of these churches date from the early 1920s, when there was widespread racial and religious segregation. many of the founders of african indigenous churches broke away from christian missionary churches, and some of their teachings incorporate what has become known as \" black consciousness. \" to a large extent, these churches grew out of the christian churches ' failure to adapt to traditional african culture and religion. these indigenous churches have proliferated as a result of splits among the followers of the different \" prophets. \" many persons continue to believe, in varying degrees, in traditional indigenous religions. these persons may worship in a westernized christian church on sundays but consult with traditional healers during the week. belief in traditional healers spans both the rural and urban areas. traditional healers are very common", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48988907349649236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be8c7088-1c9b-4497-98f9-9dc27430a2b7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.853618"}
{"text": "in varying degrees, in traditional indigenous religions. these persons may worship in a westernized christian church on sundays but consult with traditional healers during the week. belief in traditional healers spans both the rural and urban areas. traditional healers are very common and are licensed and regulated by the zimbabwe national african traditional healers ' association ( zinatha ). foreign missionaries operate in the country, including members of the roman catholic church and the anglican church. section ii. status of religious freedom the constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respects this right in practice ; however, a law that criminalizes both purporting to practice witchcraft and accusing persons of practicing witchcraft reportedly was viewed as restrictive by some practitioners of indigenous religions. there is no state religion. the government generally recognizes all religions. the government does not require religious institutions to be registered. religious organizations that operate schools or medical facilities are required to register those specific institutions with the appropriate ministry regulating those areas. similarly, religious institutions may apply for tax - exempt status and duty - free privileges with the customs department, which generally grants such requests. the government permits religious education in private schools. there are islamic and hebrew primary and secondary schools in the major urban areas, primarily harare and bulawayo. the country has had a long history of catholic, anglican, and methodist primary and secondary schools. since independence there also has been a proliferation of evangelical basic education schools. the christian schools constitute one - third of the schools in the country, with the catholic church having the majority. in addition there are several institutions of higher education that include religious studies as a core component of the curriculum. christian missions provided the first hospitals to care for black citizens. there are 126 hospitals and clinics in the country that fall under the zimbabwe association of church related hospitals ( zach ), an association that consists largely of mainstream christian churches. the individual churches are the predominant source of funding for maintaining these hospitals because of the government ' s increasing inability to provide essential services. the government does provide small subsidies to cover some hospital staff salaries, but these make up only a small percentage of the hospitals ' operating budgets. restrictions on religious freedom witchcraft - - widely understood to encompass attempts to harm others not only by magic but also by covert means of established efficacy such as poisons - - traditionally has been a common explanation for diseases of which the causes were unknown. although traditional indigenous religions generally include or accommodate belief in the efficacy of witchcraft, they generally approve of harmful witchcraft only for defensive or retaliatory purposes and purport to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48281805829824975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be8c7088-1c9b-4497-98f9-9dc27430a2b7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.855040"}
{"text": "traditionally has been a common explanation for diseases of which the causes were unknown. although traditional indigenous religions generally include or accommodate belief in the efficacy of witchcraft, they generally approve of harmful witchcraft only for defensive or retaliatory purposes and purport to offer protection against it. in the past several years, interest in healing through traditional religion and through prayer reportedly has increased as hiv / aids has infected an estimated one - third of the adult population, and affordable science - based medicines effective in treating hiv / aids have remained unavailable. the witchcraft suppression act ( wsa ) criminalizes purporting to practice witchcraft, accusing persons of practicing witchcraft, hunting witches, and soliciting persons to name witches ; penalties include imprisonment for up to 7 years. the law defines witchcraft as \" the use of charms and any other means or devices adopted in the practice of sorcery, \" and provides punishments for intending to cause disease or injury to any person or animal through the use of witchcraft. since 1997 zinatha has proposed amendments to the law that would redefine witchcraft only as the practice of sorcery with the intent to cause harm, including illness, injury, or death ; however, mainstream christian churches reportedly have opposed such legislation. human rights groups also generally supported the existing wsa ; the act has been used since independence primarily to protect persons, primarily women, who have been accused falsely of causing harm to persons or crops in rural areas where traditional religious practices are strong. in march 2002, the traditional medical practitioners council, formed from members of zinatha to oversee traditional healers, called for amendments to the wsa that would authenticate the existence of witches and wizards and remove penalties for accusing persons of practicing witchcraft. there is some tension between the government and some indigenous african churches because of the latter ' s preference for prayer over science - based medical practices that result in the reduction of avoidable childhood diseases and deaths in those communities. some members of the indigenous churches and groups believe in healing through prayer only and refuse to have their children vaccinated. the ministry of health has had limited success in vaccinating children against communicable childhood diseases in these religious communities. human rights activists also have criticized these indigenous churches for their sanctioning of marriages of underage girls. president mugabe has expressed skepticism about the increasing membership in evangelical and indigenous churches and has indicated that he believes that they could be subversive. according to press reports, he has refused to meet with bishops from indigenous churches since 1997. the government maintains a monopoly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5341792316977925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be8c7088-1c9b-4497-98f9-9dc27430a2b7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.856136"}
{"text": "augustine chihuri. on february 14, police arrested and detained a blind roman catholic nun in harare along with thirty - nine other women for participating in a valentine ' s day march for peace sponsored by women of zimbabwe arise! ( woza ). police also beat and arrested a priest, fr. nigel johnson, for filming a similar march on the same day in bulawayo. on february 13, police prevented a public meeting at the northside community church in harare, which was supposed to address churches ' role in the country ' s political crisis. police arrested the president of the evangelical fellowship of zimbabwe ( efz ), bishop trevor manhanga, along with seven other people and detained them for several hours. in late may 2002, local government minister ignatius chombo prompted war veterans in binga district, matabeleland north province, to close down the food distribution efforts of the catholic commission for justice and peace ( ccjp ), which was the only source of food for many rural residents in the binga district. chombo criticized the ccjp for establishing local structures parallel to the government ' s structures. war veterans continued to block the food from leaving ccjp ' s warehouse at the end of the period covered by this report, preventing food deliveries to hospital patients and school children. in february 2002, police arrested father kevin o ' doherty and eight others participating in a prayer processional to police headquarters in bulawayo. they were charged with contravening the newly - passed public order and security act, but the charges later were dropped. during the 2002 presidential election campaign, the state - controlled daily newspaper in bulawayo printed false accusations against archbishop pius ncube, including that he distributed sexually explicit material to prisoners, following his remarks criticizing the government ' s violent campaign tactics. at a campaign rally in february 2002, president mugabe claimed ncube had \" political tentacles \" and supported the opposition after the archbishop resisted government attempts to take over the catholic - run st. luke ' s hospital. during the period covered by this report, ncube reportedly received anonymous death threats, and intimidating visits by suspected officers from the central intelligence organisation ( cio ). in august 2001, gabriel mcguire, an irish catholic priest in harare, was declared a prohibited person and deported. no official reason was given ; however, church members speculated that the government took exception to his sermons in which he made generic statements about citizens ' \" right to have a voice. \" paul andrianatos, a greek orthodox priest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41984568779833514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be8c7088-1c9b-4497-98f9-9dc27430a2b7>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.858645"}
{"text": "person and deported. no official reason was given ; however, church members speculated that the government took exception to his sermons in which he made generic statements about citizens ' \" right to have a voice. \" paul andrianatos, a greek orthodox priest with south african citizenship who was ordered to leave the country in march 2001, remained outside the country at the end of the period covered by this report. there were no reports of religious prisoners or detainees. forced religious conversion there were no reports of forced religious conversion, including of minor u. s. citizens who had been abducted or illegally removed from the united states, or of the refusal to allow such citizens to be returned to the united states. section iii. societal attitudes the generally amicable relations between the various religious communities contributed to religious freedom. the muslim, jewish, hindu, baha ' i, and buddhist religious communities are relatively small and generally are not in competition with christian denominations for converts. catholic church officials say that they welcome interfaith dialog with muslims. there are at least four umbrella religious organizations primarily focused on interdenominational dialog among christians and other inter - religious activities. muslims are not represented in any of these organizations, and there is no vehicle for formal christian - muslim dialog ; however, informal dialog occurs from time to time. a few muslims have complained of discrimination by private employers who refuse to allow them sufficient time to worship at their mosques on fridays. the zimbabwe council of churches ( zcc ) is an umbrella organization of all non - catholic ecumenical christian missionary churches except for evangelical organizations. it maintains a secretariat in harare, conducts development programs, has a justice and peace desk, and collaborates with the much older ccjp. the catholic church and the zimbabwe catholic bishops ' conference have observer status within the zcc, and relations generally are cooperative. some members of the christian community are hesitant to support catholics joining the zcc because of memories of the inability of religious leaders to work together during the liberation war era, and they fear a repeat of that experience. the zcc also has worked with other church groups and civil society organizations on social issues. the zcc traditionally was supportive of president mugabe, but it has become more critical as a result of the government ' s politicization of food distribution and campaign of violent intimidation against opposition supporters. the heads of denominations ( hod ) is a pragmatic association of catholic and other christian denominations that has no spiritual or theological emphasis. it was created to enable collaboration among christian groups and the government in the operation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48225037185888336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be8c7088-1c9b-4497-98f9-9dc27430a2b7>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.859771"}
{"text": "of violent intimidation against opposition supporters. the heads of denominations ( hod ) is a pragmatic association of catholic and other christian denominations that has no spiritual or theological emphasis. it was created to enable collaboration among christian groups and the government in the operation of religious schools and hospitals. the hod provides a vehicle for christian churches to speak to the government with a common voice on policy issues and includes the catholic church, which operates a significant number of the rural hospitals and schools in the country. the hod has a loose structure and no office. the hod ' s secretarial support is provided by the general secretariat of the zimbabwe catholic bishops ' conference ( zcbc ), and its secretary general holds the same position in the zcbc. the education secretaries of the various churches work together under the hod, as does the religious advisory board to the zbc. this broad grouping of churches under the hod also collaborates on a wide range of social issues including hiv / aids education, and, in conjunction with the zcc, the christian churches have addressed the declining economic conditions affecting their members across the country. the hod continues to deliberate over the role religious institutions should play in combating the hiv / aids crisis. many churches already operate programs designed to help the victims of hiv / aids ; for example, the catholic church and other religious and lay persons operate a center for persons infected with hiv / aids called \" mashambanzou \" in harare. the evangelical fellowship of zimbabwe ( efz ) is an umbrella organization of loosely affiliated evangelical churches that was established in the early 1980s. the fellowship has observer status with the hod but in general does not work closely with either the zcc or catholic church. however, the evangelical and catholic churches do collaborate in the broadcasting of religious programs. during the period covered by this report, the zcc, zcbc and efz issued public statements strongly critical of the government for its campaign of violent intimidation against opposition supporters, campaign to politicize food distribution, corruption, and failure to guide zimbabwe out of crisis, also calling for leadership and a spirit of tolerance and reconciliation. privately the leaders of those organizations lamented that the government prevented them from using existing regional church structures to import and distribute food aid in the midst of a famine. several key church leaders and organizations strongly criticized the state - sanctioned, politically motivated crimes and violence during the period before and after the march 2002 presidential election and urged the government to restore peace in the country. since the 2000 parliamentary elections, church", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4843682922877112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be8c7088-1c9b-4497-98f9-9dc27430a2b7>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.860997"}
{"text": "a famine. several key church leaders and organizations strongly criticized the state - sanctioned, politically motivated crimes and violence during the period before and after the march 2002 presidential election and urged the government to restore peace in the country. since the 2000 parliamentary elections, church groups throughout the country gradually have become more vocal in their criticism of the government for the continuation of politically motivated violence. in a july 30, 2001, address to regional catholic bishops, president mugabe stated that the roman catholic church should support the government ' s land acquisition program and criticized it for \" equivocating in the face of racial injustice. \" in january 2002, zimbabwe council of churches general - secretary denison mafinyane severely criticized the government for unleashing a \" reign of terror \" against innocent citizens. in a may 5, 2002, address to the 10th synod session of the anglican diocese of manicaland, bishop sebastian bakare criticized politicians who say there is peace in the country when citizens continue to suffer from political violence at the hands of ruling party supporters. in late 2000 and early 2001, pius ncube, the roman catholic archbishop of bulawayo, stayed in germany for several months after receiving numerous death threats for writing public letters accusing the government of fueling political violence and urging citizens to exercise their right to vote. the vatican reportedly demanded that the government take steps to ensure the archbishop ' s safety. in 2000 anglican priest tim neill of harare received a death threat letter signed by ngonidzashe mutasa, the secretary general of the revival of african conscience, a previously unknown organization with no established following or platform. the police later apprehended mutasa, who was tried and found guilty in september 2000 ; however, mutasa was released in october 2000 under a general presidential amnesty for politically motivated crimes. father neill left the priesthood in july 2001 after the government forced him to resign as vicar general of harare and bypassed canonical law to install norbert kunonga, a staunch mugabe supporter, as anglican bishop of harare. other priests reportedly have left the diocese because of kunonga ' s sermons supporting mugabe ' s reelection and the sometimes violent expulsion of mostly white commercial farmers from their land. in late february 2002, zanu - pf supporters beat three catholic priests, two catholic nuns, and a catholic brother in zaka after they met with u. s. officials. the perpetrators said the fact that the religious figures had met with u. s. diplomats suggested they were opposition supporters. although local ruling party officials", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42453021831377596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be8c7088-1c9b-4497-98f9-9dc27430a2b7>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.862160"}
{"text": ", two catholic nuns, and a catholic brother in zaka after they met with u. s. officials. the perpetrators said the fact that the religious figures had met with u. s. diplomats suggested they were opposition supporters. although local ruling party officials later apologized to the victims, the perpetrators were not charged with any crime. several prominent evangelical, roman catholic and protestant bishops, however, did collaborate in an attempt to bring the ruling and opposition parties back to the negotiating table to re - start dialog aimed at resolving the country ' s political crisis during the period covered by this report. another area of ecumenical collaboration has been translation of the bible into the majority language, shona. several priests and ministers have worked on this project since 1987. fambidzano, which means \" walking together, \" is a relatively new grouping of indigenous churches. a south african dutch reformed church theologian and social anthropologist, inus daneel, who has researched these churches in south africa and zimbabwe, founded the organization in the mid - 1970 ' s. fambidzano was created to give the leaders of these churches more theological and biblical education, according to daneel. there is little dialog between fambidzano and the catholic church ; however, the two organizations are discussing the need to work with the indigenous churches, to which many persons are turning because of their emphasis on physical healing and spiritual salvation. zinatha is an organization that represents traditional indigenous religions. the head of that organization is a university professor and vocal anglican who is working to increase interreligious dialog between zinatha and mainstream christian churches. in 2002 zinatha members formed the traditional medical practitioners council to certify and oversee traditional healers. there were continuing reports of tensions between mainstream christian churches and practitioners of traditional indigenous religions. a notable feature of some of the indigenous churches is the acceptance of polygamy among some of its members. sexual abuse, the spread of hiv / aids, and the avoidance of modern medicines also are growing problems within these churches. in addition leaders of the christian churches reportedly opposed the repeal or modification of the wsa sought by practitioners of traditional indigenous religions. there were no reports of ritual murders associated with traditional religious practices during the period covered by this report, and the government generally enforces the law against murder in the case of ritual murders. gordon chavanduka, chairman of zinatha, reportedly has stated that the black - market demand for human body parts used in making potions has increased greatly in recent years. during the period covered by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5028811802611413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be8c7088-1c9b-4497-98f9-9dc27430a2b7>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.865556"}
{"text": "murder in the case of ritual murders. gordon chavanduka, chairman of zinatha, reportedly has stated that the black - market demand for human body parts used in making potions has increased greatly in recent years. during the period covered by this report, there were no reports that persons killed children for body parts for use in healing rituals associated with traditional religions. in 1999 faber chidarikire, a zimbabwe african national union - patriotic front ( zanu - pf ) official and mayor of the northern town of chinhoyi, was charged with murdering a 13 - year - old girl in 1987, but he was released on bail shortly thereafter following intervention by the attorney general. chidarikire was tried for the murder of the girl in june 2001, and on july 22, 2002 the high court acquitted him. section iv. u. s. government policy the u. s. government discusses religious freedom issues with the government in the context of its overall dialog and policy of promoting human rights. the u. s. government further supports religious and other constitutionally protected freedoms through demarches to the government ; nondenominational financial support for community development projects, which often are associated with religious institutions ; and regular dialog with and support for civil society organizations that advocate and monitor respect for human rights, including freedom of religion. the embassy meets regularly with leaders of religious communities, including minority groups, and with nongovernmental organizations that work on issues of religious freedom.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44393857139580783, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be8c7088-1c9b-4497-98f9-9dc27430a2b7>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.867078"}
{"text": "a geological tour of tumbledown mountain on any given fine - weather day in any of the four seasons, tumbledown mountain in township 6 north of weld ( figure 1 ), is visited by scores of people ; most in pursuit of the excellent views afforded by the bald peaks, and perhaps a few mistakenly seeking the solitude of a wilderness experience. while a few individuals may come specifically to look at the beautifully exposed bedrock here, over the course of an outing almost every visitor will develop some interest in the rocks if for no other reason than its near constant exposure along some of the popular summit trails. it is easy to guess the origin of the name \" tumbledown \" simply by viewing the south side of the mountain from any of the trails that lead to the summit. cliffs of several hundred feet bear the scars, old and new, of rock slides that have left piles of rubble ( talus ) at their bases ( figure 2 ). western maine is underlain by a regular sequence of layered metamorphic rocks which began their existence as layers of sand and mud on the edge of an ocean basin about 430 million years ago. as these sediments accumulated over millions of years, through a number of processes they gradually hardened into sandstone and shale. during the last great mountain building event that helped form the northern appalachians about 415 million years ago, these layers were folded, thrust upward, and heated. great masses of molten rock formed at depth and moved upward through the contorted layers of rock, cooling into solid rock some distance below the surface. hundreds of millions of years of erosion have now exposed the resulting granites and granodiorites at the surface of the earth. | let ' s look at some examples of these rocks. figure 3 is a photograph showing some of the thinner layers of schist and granofels that can be found near tumbledown pond. the lighter layers are quartz - feldspar granofels, and the darker layers are andalusite schist. note that while each light layer begins with a very sharp boundary on the right, there is only a gradual change to the corresponding dark layer on the left. this is a characteristic carried over from the sedimentary origins of the rock and is referred to as graded bedding. when the sediments that formed this rock were deposited, the actions of water flow were such that the coarser sand grains ( quartz and feldspar ) fell to the bottom first, followed by progressively smaller grains. deposited last during each sedimentary event were very small grains of clay, before the next slug of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5107274324817535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6ae7a1e-3a24-4520-a58a-c6f42b35f68c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.874463"}
{"text": "the actions of water flow were such that the coarser sand grains ( quartz and feldspar ) fell to the bottom first, followed by progressively smaller grains. deposited last during each sedimentary event were very small grains of clay, before the next slug of sediment came down and the process began anew. geologists use graded beds to determine which direction was originally up in the layers. this is important in determining which are the younger rocks in a sequence. through the process of metamorphism, the quartz and feldspar grains changed little, but the clay grains changed into a variety of minerals including micas, staurolite, and andalusite, the coarsest grains in the rocks today. so, while the grain size of the sediment originally changed from coarse to fine as one moved from right to left in each bed, the grain size change of the metamorphic minerals is just the opposite. there is a good deal of variability in the thickness of layers at tumbledown. figure 4 shows some of the most striking layering exposed near the summit. in many places the layers are several feet thick and continuous for hundreds of feet. in several places on the mountain, large folds are exposed. one of the best examples is between tumbledown pond and the eastern summit of tumbledown mountain ( figure 5 ). these folds developed at the time the northern appalachians were forming, when the rocks today at the surface were at considerable depth and subject to higher temperatures and pressures which were not uniform in all directions. both sides ( limbs ) of the fold are inclined in the same direction in what geologists term an overturned some who have ventured to tumbledown have interpreted the shape of the mountain and the pond nestled among the peaks to be volcanic in origin. while this certainly is an exciting idea, it simply isn ' t true. as we ' ve already explained, the rocks were formed in a sedimentary basin and are not at all volcanic in nature. the landscape or topography is also not of volcanic origin but formed through the interaction of several processes. | the first important factor in defining the topography is the nature of the bedrock, here composed of metamorphic rocks and granite intrusions. from the top of tumbledown, a most striking feature of the landscape is the ring of mountains the completely encircle webb lake to the south ( figure 6 ). webb lake is underlain by granite while the ring of mountains is underlain by metamorphic rocks. in particular, these metamorphic rocks were subjected to even greater heat as the originally molten granite was intruded into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5114661936425104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6ae7a1e-3a24-4520-a58a-c6f42b35f68c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.875616"}
{"text": "the south ( figure 6 ). webb lake is underlain by granite while the ring of mountains is underlain by metamorphic rocks. in particular, these metamorphic rocks were subjected to even greater heat as the originally molten granite was intruded into them. one consequence of this process is that the metamorphic rocks immediately surrounding the granite are slightly more resistant to erosion than any of the other rocks. granite, with its large crystals and abundant feldspar, is actually fairly susceptible to erosion. the result of all this is the ring of mountains underlain by metamorphic rocks, and the basin of webb lake, underlain by easily eroded granite. at the mount blue state park visitor ' s center there is a plaster model of the landscape which illustrates this ring of mountains well. | the greatest agent of erosion is the glaciers which swept over the landscape just a few tens of thousands of years ago and represent the second most important factor in defining the topography. as the glaciers progressed across the landscape in a southeasterly direction, they scraped soils and weathered rock off the less erodable rock units and deeply gouged the earth in the more erodable rock units. due to the complex processes of glacial flow, in many places the glaciers polished the northern slopes of mountains into rounded shapes, while they plucked broken rock without any polishing on the southern slopes of mountains. this is readily apparent in the landscape at tumbledown. on the summit the rocks are well polished, and there are numerous knobs with smoothly rounded surfaces facing north and steep, unrounded surfaces facing south ( see figure 4 ). tumbledown pond itself ( figure 7 ) was produced by this gouging and plucking action. in many places on the summit, scratches formed by rocks imbedded in the base of the glacier as it advanced across the landscape, point to the northwest from whence the | many trails ( figure 8 ) provide free public access to the summit and tumbledown pond through the auspices and stewardship of the hancock timber resources group, inc. originally published on the web as the april 1998 site of the month. last updated on april 19, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5267547388312489, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6ae7a1e-3a24-4520-a58a-c6f42b35f68c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.876617"}
{"text": "millions of americans travel abroad each year. safety should be a prime consideration for anyone traveling outside the united states. there are certain precautions that travelers can take to improve their safety while abroad. motor vehicle safety while traveling injuries from motor vehicle crashes pose the greatest risk of injury to international travelers, according to the cdc. the risk of death from motor vehicle crashes is many times higher in other countries than in the u. s. inadequate roadway design, hazardous conditions, lack of appropriate vehicles and vehicle maintenance, unskilled or inexperienced drivers, inattention to pedestrians and cyclists, and impairment due to alcohol and drugs all contribute to the increased risk of being involved in a vehicle - related crash while visiting other countries. important safety measures you can take include the following : request a vehicle with safety belts and use them. inspect cars and trucks to make sure that tires, windshield wipers, brakes, and headlights are in good condition. request a vehicle equipped with air bags, where available. avoid nonessential night driving, alcohol, and riding with persons under the influence of alcohol. sit in the back seat, whenever possible, to minimize the risk of death if an accident should occur. bring a car safety seat when traveling with young children. use a safety helmet when riding a bicycle or motorcycle. avoiding animal - or insect - associated hazards in areas where rabies is endemic ( constantly present ), domestic dogs, cats, or other animals should not be petted. wild animals should always be avoided. bites and stings from insects can cause unpleasant reactions, and medical attention should be sought immediately for any bite or sting that causes redness, swelling, bruising, or persistent pain. take extra precautions when camping or staying in rustic or primitive areas by using insect repellents, protective clothing, and mosquito netting. poisonous snakes are another hazard in certain parts of the world, although death from snake bites are rare. never attempt to handle, harass, or kill a snake because bites often occur as a snake ' s defensive reaction. avoiding swimming hazards for infectious disease prevention, only swimming pools that contain chlorinated water are considered safe for swimming. swimming in contaminated water can result in skin, eye, ear, and certain intestinal infections. in certain areas, a fatal form of encephalitis has occurred after swimming in warm, dirty water. other infectious diseases can develop from swimming in freshwater streams, canals, and lakes. to avoid drowning accidents, avoid swimming alone or in unfamiliar waters.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.411264455232712, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:954a0151-f450-459b-9aa8-2cfb69ffcdea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.879611"}
{"text": "pancreatic carcinoma is cancer of the pancreas. pancreatic cancer ; cancer - pancreas causes, incidence, and risk factors the pancreas is a large organ located behind the stomach. it makes and releases enzymes into the intestines that help the body absorb foods, especially fats. hormones called insulin and glucagon, which help your body control blood sugar levels, are made in special cells in the pancreas called islet cells. tumors can also occur in these cells, but they are called islet cell tumors. the exact cause of pancreatic cancer is unknown. it is more common in : - people with diabetes - people with long - term inflammation of the pancreas ( chronic pancreatitis ) pancreatic cancer is slightly more common in women than in men. the risk increases with age. a small number of cases are related to genetic syndromes that are passed down through families. a tumor or cancer in the pancreas may grow without any symptoms at first. this means pancreatic cancer is often advanced when it is first found. early symptoms of pancreatic cancer include : - dark urine and clay - colored stools - fatigue and weakness - jaundice ( a yellow color in the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes ) - loss of appetite and weight loss - nausea and vomiting - pain or discomfort in the upper part of the belly or abdomen other possible symptoms are : signs and tests this disease may also affect the results of the following tests : because pancreatic cancer is often advanced when it is first found, very few pancreatic tumors can be removed by surgery. the standard surgical procedure is called a pancreaticoduodenectomy ( whipple procedure ). this surgery should be done at centers that perform the procedure often. some studies suggest that surgery is best performed at hospitals that do more than five of these surgeries per year. when the tumor has not spread out of the pancreas but cannot be removed, radiation therapy and chemotherapy together may be recommended. when the tumor has spread ( metastasized ) to other organs such as the liver, chemotherapy alone is usually used. the standard chemotherapy drug is gemcitabine, but other drugs may be used. gemcitabine can help about 25 % of patients. patients whose tumor cannot be totally removed, but who have a blockage of the tubes that transport bile ( biliary obstruction ) must have that blockage relieved. there are two approaches : - placement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44879335282126087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99d27760-ed7f-48f4-a123-d14aaf48600d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.886781"}
{"text": "working out when to exercise in the cold and flu season is exercising outside in winter months a good idea? ( erik unger, chicago tribune / february 11, 2013 ) health and fitness experts advise to starve a fever of exercise. but feeding a cold moderately, with a brisk walk, may not be a bad idea. \" the classic line from every sports medicine doctor is, aif you can do it, do it. if you can ' t, don ' t, ' \" said dr. lewis g. maharam, author of \" running doc ' s guide to healthy running. \" usually if symptoms are confined to above the neck, exercising is ok, he explained. but if you ' re running a fever of 101 degrees fahrenheit ( 38. 3 degrees celsius ) or higher, skip it. body heat rises during exercise due to increased metabolism, explained maharam, who practices medicine in new york city. if you start high, your body ' s way of cooling you down is out of balance. \" if fever gets too high, you break down proteins, maybe in the kidneys or liver, \" he said. the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention estimates that more than 425 million case of colds and flu occur annually in the united states. the average person has about three respiratory infections per year. dr. david c. nieman, a professor of health sciences at appalachian state university, north carolina research campus, said research shows that regular, moderate aerobic exercise strengthens the immune system, and that people who exercise report fewer colds than their inactive peers. nieman said five days or more of aerobic activity per week was found to be a powerful factor in lowering the number of sick days. \" even three to four days was effective. to be avoided was being sedentary, \" he explained. but when animals infected with a systemic virus are forced to exercise in fever and pain, studies show that their symptoms are exacerbated, prolonged, and sometimes life - threatening. \" it ' s very dangerous. \" said nieman, who has written about the impact of exercise on the common cold. \" if you have flu or virus with fever and pain, the best remedy is bed rest. the worst thing is to sweat it out with exercise. \" he said common cold and flu viruses can stay on objects, such as door handles, treadmills and computer keyboards, for hours. the main route to infection is through touching one ' s mouth or nose with unwashed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4691353453761521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f4aef51-4628-4bbe-8503-d3e6994aec5b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.891783"}
{"text": "it out with exercise. \" he said common cold and flu viruses can stay on objects, such as door handles, treadmills and computer keyboards, for hours. the main route to infection is through touching one ' s mouth or nose with unwashed hands. patrick strait, of snap fitness, a franchiser of gyms with locations worldwide, said this time of year fitness centers step up cleaning efforts because they see a lot more traffic and so many people catch colds and the flu. \" it ' s a public place where a lot of people are sweating, \" said strait. \" we tell manager / owners to clean once an hour, wash down the equipment with bleach, etc. \" he urged clients to wipe down equipment and wash hands often. \" and if you ' re sick, don ' t come to the gym, \" he said. jessica matthews, an exercise physiologist with the american council on exercise, said some days symptoms dictate scaling back your workout or, if you ' re contagious, skipping the gym entirely. \" always listen to your body, \" she said. \" it might be a good idea to exercise at home or privately. \" nieman said that while moderate exercise strengthens the immune system, elite athletes will experience a rise in stress hormones and a dip in immunity after about 90 minutes of high - intensity activity. maharam said the immunity of marathoners is decreased for up to 72 hours after a race. during that time, the athletes are more susceptible to colds, flu, and, most commonly, the so - called \" marathon sniffles. \" he said symptoms usually subside within 48 hours. \" at the end of a race, when you ' re all sweaty and they ' re all sweaty, you don ' t need to be hugging and kissing people, \" maharam said. \" your immune system isn ' t as strong as it was. \" ( editing by patricia reaney and xavier briand )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4902163101485745, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f4aef51-4628-4bbe-8503-d3e6994aec5b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.892597"}
{"text": "the purpose of this section is to provide a broad overview of the methodology used to construct the four separate indices of deprivation. those wishing to access more detailed information should follow the links to the indices ' technical reports shown in the ' useful links ' section. the methodologies used to derive the separate indices of multiple deprivation are broadly similar. in each case, the index measures the level of multiple deprivation experienced by individuals in small areas. firstly, levels of deprivation are measured for a number of separate dimensions or ' domains '. the number and title of domains varies between each index but each measures deprivation across key themes of income, employment, education and health. for each domain, deprivation is calculated according to a series of summary statistics or ' indicators '. these indicators are designed to measure key features of a particular deprivation theme. the choice of indicators is agreed through consultation and varies between each index. typically there are between two and six indicators per domain. for each index, the indicators are combined in broadly the same way to provide a domain level measure of deprivation. where possible and most notably in the income and employment domains, indicators are summed and divided by the ' at risk population ' ( for example, the number of income support claimants as a proportion of the total population ) to give an overall area rate of deprivation. where rates are not possible, appropriate weights for combining indicators into a single deprivation score are selected using a range of techniques including maximum likelihood factor analysis. the domain level scores which represent specific dimensions of deprivation are then ranked and transformed to an exponential distribution. weights are then applied to provide the overall index of multiple deprivation for each country in the uk. the weights are selected according to a number of criteria which are used to assess the level of importance attached to each domain theme in the overall measurement of deprivation. as each index uses different indicators and domains, the weights applied to aggregate domain scores are different.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.489891135241454, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59f29932-d11c-4c79-a142-ec1b53d42d82>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.897579"}
{"text": "mapping the disease devil facial tumour disease ( dftd ) is one of only three recorded cancers that can spread like a contagious disease. the cancer is passed from devil to devil through biting. the live tumour cells aren \u2019 t rejected by the animal \u2019 s immune system because of a lack of genetic diversity among tasmanian devils. for this reason, cases continue to occur in areas where the disease had not previously been recorded. as at february 2011, there has been an 84 % decline in average sightings of devils across tasmania during the annual spotlight surveys. in the north - east region, where signs of dftd were first reported, there has been a 96 % decline of average sightings. while the majority of diseased populations studied have shown a standard response to dftd ( loss of abundance, loss of older age classes, females breeding earlier ), there is a population that has been studied for the past 5 years by a phd student that is showing a different pattern of responses to the disease. although dftd has spread through this population at the same rate that it is spreading elsewhere, abundance throughout the population has not plummeted, the full age structure is still intact and tumours appear to grow slower, regress and take longer to kill the animal. the stdp, in collaboration with utas, will begin trapping a neighbouring and similar population to determine whether this atypical response occurs in more than one population and whether it is the disease or the devil population that is different. disease front and dftd distribution as at june 2012 the stdp continues to monitor devil populations across tasmania to determine how far dftd has spread and the impact that it is having. the disease now affects 75 % of the state. in november 2011 stdp staff and volunteers spent 10 days in the forestry coupes around takone for this annual activity. 65 animals were caught during the trip, including 63 devils and 2 spotted tailed quolls. there were 38 new devils and 25 recaptured devils. the 63 devils were made up of 37 females and 26 males. more than half of the females were lactating. three devils were caught with tumours consistent with dftd, and were given a dftd score of 5. all 3 animals tested positive. it seems that the disease is moving further into the population but prevalence ( 0. 05 % ) is still very low, suggesting the fairly recent arrival of the disease into the area. the disease front trapping work supports a range of activities including planning for saving populations,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45999728696764375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1a2c01b-c25c-450f-8b14-3d969f9449d3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.910679"}
{"text": "that the disease is moving further into the population but prevalence ( 0. 05 % ) is still very low, suggesting the fairly recent arrival of the disease into the area. the disease front trapping work supports a range of activities including planning for saving populations, managing diseased populations and monitoring any changes in the disease. disease front and dftd distribution - 2010 following the success of the \u2018 snapshot ' surveys conducted in 2009 to find the westerly extent of dftd ( see below ), further surveys were conducted in october and november 2010 to update our knowledge on where the disease front currently lies. some lessons were learnt about the efficacy of snapshot - type surveys in areas of varying devil abundance, so the surveys this year were concentrated in an area to the west of the murchison highway, between wynyard in the north and just below waratah in the south where devil abundance was high. areas of low devil abundance will be targeted with the use of remote - sensing cameras. four teams conducted 7 - day trapping trips, following the same protocol used in 2009. all animals caught with a possible dftd tumour had the disease confirmed using histology. a total of 234 individual animals were caught and inspected for dftd, with 8 animals confirmed with the disease. a single animal with a high probability of carrying dftd was located 5km due - west of the most westerly confirmed disease from 2009, but this could not be confirmed. unfortunately this animal was located at the most westerly extent of the front, suggesting that the disease may have moved as much as 7km in the past year. the program hopes to set sentinel cameras on the disease front in the coming months so that disease spread on the front can be monitored throughout the year. locating the western extent of devil facial tumour disease - 2009 during september and october 2009, surveys were conducted in western tasmania with the objective of locating the western extent of tasmanian devil facial tumour disease ( dftd ). knowing the location of the disease \u2018 front ' is essential to inform other management projects aimed at preserving the species in the long term, including the potential fencing off of disease free areas and the development of free range captive enclosures. prior to these focused trips, there had been no intensive, focused trapping trips to find the location of the disease front. six teams surveyed sites between burnie in the north and kelly basin in the south. a roving veterinary team responded to reports of potential disease in captured animals, and collected biopsies and blood samples for confirmation of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4582582198655309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1a2c01b-c25c-450f-8b14-3d969f9449d3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.912011"}
{"text": "the location of the disease front. six teams surveyed sites between burnie in the north and kelly basin in the south. a roving veterinary team responded to reports of potential disease in captured animals, and collected biopsies and blood samples for confirmation of the disease. as the principle aim of these trips was to catch as many unique animals as possible, it was decided to use a \u2018 snapshot ' technique where traps would be moved to a new site each day to maximise the number of new devils caught and reduce the number of re - captures. in sites of high devil abundance two nights trapping maximised the chances of catching any possible diseased animals. likewise, in sites of very low devil abundance trapping was extended to two nights to maximise chances of catching any devils in the area. prior to the beginning of the disease front trips, two 5 - day reconnaissance trips were conducted to determine the best areas to locate transects. map 1 indicates the locations of traps deployed by each team. a total of 231 individual tasmanian devils were captured and inspected for presence of devil facial tumour disease. of these at least thirteen devils have been confirmed as diseased by histology. three devils were captured by remote cameras clearly showing signs of what appeared to be dftd - however these cannot be confirmed by histology. the most western extent of dftd recorded in this survey was approximately 15km west of the last known location of dftd ( surrey hills, recorded in 2008 ). however, the high prevalence of dftd at surrey hills in 2008 suggests that dftd will have been present further to the west at that time, and the distance travelled from 2008 to 2009 would not have been as great as 15km. the current most westerly point of confirmed disease is just to the east of the murchison highway. to date no confirmed cases of dftd have been recorded west of the murchison hwy. there was an obvious gradient of devil abundance from the north to the south, with 50 devils caught by one team in the north and 11 by another team over the same period of time in the south. the very different habitat and the difficulty of access in the southern regions makes it difficult to catch devils and even harder to locate the disease. our \u2018 snapshot ' method of trapping for these trips will need to be revised for these areas of lower devil abundance before we re - trap in any of these areas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4564330471507424, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1a2c01b-c25c-450f-8b14-3d969f9449d3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.912944"}
{"text": "all property taxes real, public utility and tangible personal property taxes assessed value and taxes levied for taxes payable in calendar year 1988, by county table pd - 30 shows total assessed value of, and taxes levied on, real, public utility personal, and tangible personal property for taxes payable in calendar year 1988. taxes for real and public utility personal property were levied in tax year 1987, but payable in calendar year 1988. special assessments were also levied in tax year 1987 and payable in calendar year 1988. in contrast, personal property taxes ( excluding public utility personal property ) are levied and payable in the same year - in this case 1988. total taxes levied on the three categories of property were $ 6. 6 billion on a total assessed value of $ 106. 7 billion. special assessments totalled $ 107. 9 million. total real property taxes levied were $ 5. 0 billion, while public utility personal property and tangible personal property taxes totalled $ 613. 4 million and $ 1. 0 billion, the value of real property was $ 78. 9 billion compared to $ 10. 8 billion and $ 17. 0 billion for public utility personal and tangible personal property, respectively. real property taxes shown in the table are prior to application of \" tax reduction factors \" and are prior to subtracting the 10 percent property tax rollback for all real property, the 2. 5 percent rollback for residential real property, and the homestead exemption deduction. among all ohio counties, cuyahoga county had the highest property value ( $ 14. 8 billion of which real property accounted for $ 11. 3 billion ) and the highest amount of taxes levied ( $ 929. 5 million in real property taxes and $ 1. 2 billion in total property taxes ). vinton county had the lowest value of real property ( $ 57. 4 million ) and the lowest total property value ( $ 99. 1 million ) ; cuyahoga county also levied the lowest amount of taxes ( $ 2. 1 million in real property taxes and $ 3. 6 million in total lucas county led all ohio counties in the amount of special assessments levied, with $ 21. 8 million. four counties - adams, morgan, pike, and vinton - recorded no special data for this table were taken from abstracts filed by county auditors with the ohio department of taxation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41509867304224546, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a65295c-9691-4fd1-9c21-d639a27f613d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.917470"}
{"text": "quantum teleportation leaps to new distance record a new record of roughly 60 miles has been set in the field of qubit transmission. \" this is just a transmission method, so it could have wide utility, though i expect the cost will initially make it best for huge data streams, \" said analyst rob enderle. \" something like this could turn us into a saas world. \" scientists in china have transmitted quantum bits, or qubits, over a record distance of 97 km, or roughly 60 miles. this is more than six times the distance of the previous record of 16 km, set by another team of chinese researchers in may of 2010, as reported in nature. com. the results represent a step toward the establishment of a global quantum network, and the methods used in the experiment could be utilized for satellite - based quantum communications, the scientists said. \" this is just a transmission method, so it could have wide utility, though i expect the cost will initially make it best for huge data streams, \" rob enderle, principal analyst at the enderle group, told technewsworld. this technology \" could end up changing much of the world \" because it ' s both potentially higher bandwidth and lower latency, approaching zero, and these factors \" could drive massive computer centralization on a world scale and force a massive shakeout of security, networking and computer companies, \" enderle continued. \" something like this could turn us into a saas ( software as a service ) world. \" the theory behind the experiment the latest experiment demonstrated quantum teleportation of an independent unknown state between two optical free - space links 97 km apart with multi - photon entanglement. quantum teleportation is a process for transmitting information using quantum physics to, in effect, encrypt the data transmitted. it ' s also known as entanglement - assisted teleportation. in quantum teleportation experiments, beams of lights are used to encode qubits. the encoded beam of light, which is described as quantum entangled, is split into two and transmitted. when a qubit at one receiver is observed and take a defined form, the other half of the qubit at the other receiver takes the same defined form. quantum entanglement results when particles such as photons or electrons interact physically and then become separated but remain in the same quantum state. a quantum state is a set of mathematical variables, including position, momentum and spin, that fully describes a quantum system", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.7260801404246024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e0ed9cf-7ff0-4c4d-ae4c-98d6e5f83d62>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.921792"}
{"text": "even with these advances, the fuel cell wouldn \u2019 t come on instantly, and turning it on and off with every short trip in the car would cause a lot of wear and tear, reducing its lifetime. instead, it would be paired with a battery pack, as a combustion engine is in the volt, wachsman says. the fuel cell could then run more steadily, serving to keep the battery topped without providing bursts of acceleration. the researchers achieved their result largely by modifying the solid electrolyte material at the core of a solid - oxide fuel cell. in fuel cells on the market, such as one made by bloom energy, the electrolyte has to be made thick enough to provide structural support. but the thickness of the electrolyte limits power generation. over the last several years, researchers have been developing designs that don \u2019 t require the electrolyte to support the cell so they can make the electrolyte thinner and achieve high power output at lower temperatures. the university of maryland researchers took this a step further by developing new multilayered electrolytes that increase the power output still more. the work is part of a larger u. s. department of energy effort, over the past decade, to make solid - oxide fuel cells practical. the first fruits of that effort likely won \u2019 t be fuel cells in cars \u2014 so far, wachsman has only made relatively small fuel cells, and significant engineering work remains to be done. the first applications of solid oxide fuels in vehicles may be on long - haul trucks with sleeper cabs. equipment suppliers such as delphi and cummins are developing fuel cells that can power the air conditioners, tvs, and microwaves inside the cabs, potentially cutting fuel consumption by 85 percent compared to idling the truck \u2019 s engine. the delphi system also uses a design that allows for a thinner electrolyte, but it operates at higher temperatures than wachsman \u2019 s fuel cell. the fuel cell could be turned on monday, and left to run at low rates all week and still get the 85 percent reduction. delphi has built a prototype and plans to demonstrate its system on a truck next year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5224475573353369, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0120cbcc-924b-4bf1-b8b1-77be778d2e1f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.924633"}
{"text": "identity theft occurs more frequently in the united states than people want to believe. according to the u. s. department of justice, identity theft and identity fraud are referred to as \" all types of crime in which someone wrongfully obtains and uses another person ' s personal data in some way that involves fraud or deception for economic gain. \" the federal trade commission compiles a report every year for identity theft complaints in the united states. these complaints increased more than 78 percent between 2009 and 2011. with identity theft becoming an increasing problem, professor duanne j. thompson, the acting program chair of criminal justice at argosy university, atlanta, offers some advice for consumers to take in order to protect themselves from identity theft : 1. protect your identity like you would protect your house. 2. don ' t give out sensitive information such as social security information. in most states it is illegal for a business to ask for your social security number for transactions. 3. if purchasing on the web, make sure you know who you are buying from and that the site is secure. 4. don ' t fall for phishing scams. legitimate websites will never ask for your password or account information. if in doubt contact the vendor before you send your information. thompson also says that consumers should be aware that they have a right to have one free credit report from every credit clearing house, such as equifax, transunion and experian, at least once a year. in some states, consumers are allowed a free credit report at least twice a year. consumers should look at the information from their reports and ensure that the information is correct and accurate. they should look specifically at each credit statement every month for suspicious fraudulent activity. the bigger question is what a consumer should do if they find themselves victims of identity theft. thompson suggests to first notify your credit vendor that your card has been compromised and that there is an individual acting as you. consumers should then call their local police department and file a report. afterward, gather as much information as possible about your accounts and all transactions to help aid the investigator in the case. once the police report is obtained, file an identity theft claim with all three credit clearing houses ( equifax, transunion and experian ). all three credit clearing houses will require a copy of the local police report and all the information you have supporting the theft. with the rise of online trends such as social media and online banking, consumers must be more vigilant about their identity as these trends", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44438442711306264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb79fce1-98f0-4e5d-9369-c679f1c404f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.938807"}
{"text": "exclusive : medical experts explain how to treat spinal defect before a child is even born editor \u2019 s note : this is the second in a five part series where the blaze has looked into a newer treatment for children diagnosed with spina bifida. while most would have the hole exposing his or her spine closed after birth, more than a decade ago surgeries that were considered controversial at the time began where the hole was closed in utero in the hopes of reversing some of the disabling effects of the disorder. the first results of a federally funded human trial were released in 2011, showing the success seen in the new treatment thus far. we \u2019 ve talked to families who had the elective surgery before it ever entered a formal human trial and those who more recently have had the surgery since the period trial ended. we \u2019 ve timed this series to specifically run close to glenn beck \u2019 s restoring love as the parents of children who underwent the surgery, many of whom still have some disability, want the world to know the blessing of celebrating differences. dr. scott adzick, the department of surgery chief at the children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia ( chop ), says the best decision he ever made was to head to the university of california - san francisco 30 years ago in order to be on the cutting edge of fetal medicine. adzick wanted to research surgery before birth and san francisco was the mecca at the time. \u201c i was frustrated taking care of babies with life - threatening problems, and when the baby was born, we were too late, \u201d he said. it was out of this frustration of not being able to treat disorders early enough that adzick and a few others decided they wanted to operate on the fetus through the mother \u2019 s womb as a treatment \u2014 a treatment specifically for spina bifida. at the time, fetal surgeries were reserved for only babies in life - or - death situations. spina bifida wasn \u2019 t necessarily life threatening to the infant, but still very debilitating \u2014 and research prior to actually beginning the surgeries on human fetuses showed they could be a benefit. spina bifida is a congenital disorder that occurs when the backbone and spinal canal do not close. what causes spina bifida varies, but it can be genetic or result from low levels of folic acid early in pregnancy. the most severe and most common cases of spina bifida where the hole doesn \u2019 t close in the lower half of the spine, known as myelo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45734710291791447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1c46a7f-ce8f-4cd5-98ca-e094e1933540>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.954297"}
{"text": "but it can be genetic or result from low levels of folic acid early in pregnancy. the most severe and most common cases of spina bifida where the hole doesn \u2019 t close in the lower half of the spine, known as myelomeningocele, occurs in 1 in every 800 infants. more than 1, 500 babies are born with spina bifida in the united states each year, making it the most common birth defect of the central nervous system. it is estimated 64 percent of fetuses diagnosed with spina bifida are aborted. with myelomeningocele, the membranes and the neural tube will protrude from the back forming a sack. a nurse described it as looking about the size of a small mellon. the mother can learn of the condition around 18 to 22 weeks, generally when the she goes in for her an ultrasound. watch this video from chop explaining what spina bifida is : the treatment \u2014 still the most common treatment for those with the disorder today \u2014 is closure of the hole after birth. more often than not, depending on the child \u2019 s \u201c lesion level \u201d \u2014 the location where the spinal canal failed to close in the womb \u2014 the child would have hydrocephalus ( water on the brain ) and could require a shunt ( a pump that would drain the fluid from the brain ). they could be paralyzed from the waist down or, if they \u2019 re lucky, could walk with a walker or braces on their legs. they frequently don \u2019 t have proper nerve formation for normal bowel and bladder function and would need to be catheterized first by the parents and at an older age by themselves. before fetal surgery could even be considered to correct the spines of human fetuses, research was done to define what adzick called the disorder \u2019 s \u201c natural history. \u201d essentially, this means tracking the disorder back to when it begins to form and what occurs in the womb after the hole fails to close. a husband - and - wife team, dr. martin meuli and dr. claudia simmen - meuli, conducted reviews of aborted fetuses that had myelomeningocele and found the exposed spinal cord would go through varying degrees of injury within the womb, which was the cause of the symptoms after birth. dr. g. m. hutchins, who was also involved with these initial reviews, with the meuli \u2019 s conducted an experiment using fetal sheep, where the fetal lamb \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4772519471125432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1c46a7f-ce8f-4cd5-98ca-e094e1933540>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.956403"}
{"text": "womb, which was the cause of the symptoms after birth. dr. g. m. hutchins, who was also involved with these initial reviews, with the meuli \u2019 s conducted an experiment using fetal sheep, where the fetal lamb \u2019 s spine was exposed in the womb, creating a spina bifida - like defect. at birth, the lambs exhibited similar symptoms to children with myelomeningocele. in some lambs though, were operated on again to correct the lesion. adzick, who was also involved in this research, said the results on lambs that had the spinal correction were \u201c phenomenal. \u201d \u201c there was some distortion but they were remarkably protected, \u201d he said. in this video, adzick and other doctors explain how fetal surgeries came about : after these findings and strict procedural regulations, adzick and others began offering this as an option for parents who wanted to prevent some of the effects of the most severe forms of spina bifida. eventually, a clinical trial was instituted to establish if there was in fact a significant benefit in the outcome of those with spina bifida who had fetal surgery compared to the more traditional, after - birth treatment. three hospitals were involved in the trial : the chop, vanderbilt university medical center and the university of california - san francisco. the management of myelomeningocele study ( moms ) was a randomized trial that began in 2001 where some fetus underwent fetal surgery while others had the traditional treatment after birth. watch an overview video from chop on the study here. just last year, after 10 years, the trial stopped accepting patients because those evaluating the data found they had enough information to show that fetal surgery was more successful at reducing the need for a shunt, reversing the chiari malformation and other more minor effects. \u201c in spite of an increased risk for preterm birth, children who underwent surgery while in the uterus did much better, on balance, than those who had surgery after birth, \u201d alan e. guttmacher, m. d., director of nichd, which funded the study said in a feb. 2011 press release on the findings. \u201c however, caution is advised. because the surgery is highly specialized, it is best undertaken in facilities with staff having experience in the procedure. \u201d \u201c this was very exciting, \u201d adzick said referring to when the results of the study became apparent. \u201c [ the ] results basically matched what we had seen at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46864255706533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1c46a7f-ce8f-4cd5-98ca-e094e1933540>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.958142"}
{"text": ", it is best undertaken in facilities with staff having experience in the procedure. \u201d \u201c this was very exciting, \u201d adzick said referring to when the results of the study became apparent. \u201c [ the ] results basically matched what we had seen at chop before the [ moms study ] began. \u201d the time period from when a woman finds out her child has spina bifida to when she is considered for the surgery and goes under the knife is very short. although procedures vary slightly among hospitals at the moment, most will not perform the surgery after 26 weeks of gestation. the lesion in the fetuses back needs to be at a certain level, and the fetal candidate cannot have any other genetic abnormalities. these are just a few requirements for the fetus \u2014 the mom has some as well. the mother will not be accepted for surgery if she doesn \u2019 t meet a range of criteria. not to mention the mental and ethical evaluation parents are put through. lori howell, a nurse working with families of children with birth defects for more than 30 years who is currently the executive director of chop \u2019 s center for fetal diagnosis and treatment, explains that the process for choosing candidates is rigorous. the candidates tour the neonatal intensive care unit, seeing all the extremely premature and sick babies. a place where their child could potentially end up. they also meet with a ethics board who asks them several questions, many of which are hard to hear but are meant to prepare the mother for every possible outcome. one mother told the blaze that the board asks questions like \u201c if you didn \u2019 t have this surgery, your child will most likely be born healthy considering their condition and the surgery performed after birth to fix the hole in his or her back is routine. this fetal surgery is elective, there is the potential your child \u2014 or you \u2014 could die as a result of this procedure. would you still want to go through with it for this risk? \u201d watch this video explaining the surgery and the process : \u201c it \u2019 s not for everybody, \u201d howell said. \u201c you shouldn \u2019 t feel guilty if you can \u2019 t have a fetal surgery or if you opt to make another choice. \u201d stay tuned for the third installation of this five part series tomorrow where the blaze will cover many of the positive results of fetal surgeries as explained by parents whose children had the operation years ago. - shock video surfaces : meat cleaver - wielding man shouts \u2018 you people will never be safe! \u2019 moments after gruesome london attack 488 comments - why", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43241937130029606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1c46a7f-ce8f-4cd5-98ca-e094e1933540>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.960039"}
{"text": "of fetal surgeries as explained by parents whose children had the operation years ago. - shock video surfaces : meat cleaver - wielding man shouts \u2018 you people will never be safe! \u2019 moments after gruesome london attack 488 comments - why were dhs agents seemingly monitoring multiple tea party irs protests across the country on tuesday? 475 comments - confusion erupts in irs hearing after lois lerner tries to plead the 5th \u2014 watch it all unfold 466 comments - the tense exchange between rep. trey gowdy and the former irs head you \u2019 ve been waiting for \u2026 and it doesn \u2019 t disappoint 374 comments - anti - gay bias or fair punishment? new details emerge about high school student \u2019 s lesbian relationship with a minor 302 comments - \u2018 we \u2026 aren \u2019 t going to take s * * t from homophobes \u2019 : mysterious pro - firearm ads use gays, seemingly topless lesbians to rail against gun control 125 comments - pope francis \u2019 sermon sparks debate : \u2018 even the atheists \u2019 have been redeemed \u2018 with the blood of christ \u2019 227 comments - beck issues challenge to people of faith in wake of okla. tornado : \u2018 what have you done? \u2019 read more - \u2018 islamic jihad, islamic jihad! : michelle malkin rips progressives, clashes with lib radio host over islamic terrorism and the london machete attack 108 comments - ariz. lawmaker surprises colleagues, comes out as an atheist while delivering daily prayer 109 comments - trey gowdy at it again \u2014 this time with a jack bauer reference! read more - emails released : congress was asking for updates on ig \u2019 s irs audit before 2012 election read more - weekly unemployment benefits tumble read more - why is this german company recruiting tech staff with autism? read more - house votes to speed up keystone pipeline : here \u2019 s everyone who voted for and against it read more - the incredible role facebook played in the aftermath of devastating okla. tornado read more - tech company demonstrates remote disabling of a \u2018 smart gun \u2019 120 comments - meet the blind man nicknamed \u2018 midnight gunslinger \u2019 who has 80 % shot accuracy read more - how a $ 4. 5 million network of 181 sirens helped save lives in oklahoma twister read more - see the record - setting python a man caught with his bare hands ( and guess how much it weighed ) read more - permit requirements shut down another kid \u2019 s lemonade stand \u2014 but it \u2019 s not what you think - video : introducing \u2018 conservotax", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4436042757876135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1c46a7f-ce8f-4cd5-98ca-e094e1933540>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.961205"}
{"text": "our birds - barred plymouth rock chicken our animals > barred plymouth rock chicken the plymouth rock, often called simply rocks or barred rocks ( after their most popular color ), is a chicken breed that originated in the united states. the plymouth rock is a dual - purpose, cold - hardy bird and therefore makes a great breed for the small farm or backyard flock owner. these chickens are often called plymouth rocks, but this title correctly belongs to the entire breed, not just the barred variety. there are seven varieties of plymouth rock chickens : barred, blue, buff, columbian, partridge, silver - penciled and white. the plymouth rock was developed in new england in the middle of the 19th century and was first exhibited as a breed in 1869. several individuals claimed its invention, using crosses of dominiques, black javas, cochins, and perhaps malays and dorkings. john c. bennett ( 1804 - 1867 ) has been credited with either creating or popularizing the breed. plymouth rocks were bred as a dual - purpose fowl, meaning that they were valued both for their meat and for the hens ' egg - laying ability. the first plymouth rock was barred and other varieties were developed later. the breed became popular very rapidly, and in fact, until world war ii, no breed was ever kept and bred as extensively in the united states as the barred plymouth rock. its popularity came from its qualities as an outstanding farm chicken : hardiness, docility, broodiness, and excellent production of both eggs and meat. most of the other varieties were developed from crosses containing some of the same ancestral background as the barred variety. early in its development, the name plymouth rock implied a barred bird, but as more varieties were developed, it became the designation for the breed. the barred plymouth rock was one of the foundation breeds for the broiler industry in the 1920s, and the white rock continues to be used as the female side of the commercial broiler cross. plymouth rocks are large, long - lived chickens. some varieties are good layers while others are bred principally for meat. they possess a long, broad back ; a moderately deep, full breast ; and yellow skin and legs. the hens have a deep, full abdomen, which is a sign of a good layer. the face of a plymouth rock is red with red ear lobes, a bright yellow beak, bay - colored eyes, and a single comb of moderate size. their feathers are fairly loosely held but not so long as to easily tangle. generally, plymouth rocks are not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4328498569821866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:774c49b0-6175-4b94-b205-3bc59c191ba5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.968451"}
{"text": "does exercise help you detox? explore this story the word \u201c detoxification \u201d is flung around the fitness community as frequently as kettlebells. yoga teachers regularly speak of detoxifying twists, aerobics instructors of detoxifying sweat, dieters of detoxifying fasts. but health professionals are skeptical. \u201c if you start talking about exercising to detoxify, there \u2019 s no scientific data, \u201d said dr. elizabeth matzkin, chief of women \u2019 s sports medicine at harvard medical school. \u201c the human body is designed to get rid of what we don \u2019 t need. \u201d the same applies to fasting. \u201c no good scientific data supports any of those cleanses, where you drink juice, or ( only ) water for a week, \u201d she said. exercise is important, matzkin added, because it enables our body to do what it is made to do, but the kidneys and colon get rid of waste. the role of exercise in that process is unclear. \u201c in general exercise helps our lungs ; kidneys get rid of things that can cause us onset of disease, \u201d she said. a healthy lifestyle \u2014 eating healthy, drinking plenty of water and exercising \u2014 is important to detoxifying because it enables our body to do what is intended to do. \u201c as for specific yoga moves, i \u2019 m not so sure, \u201d she said. yoga instructor and fitness expert shirley archer, an author and spokeswoman for the american council on exercise ( ace ) said the theory behind the effectiveness of detoxifying twists in yoga is that they squeeze the organs, which push the blood out so fresh blood can rush in. \u201c better circulation equals better health, \u201d said archer, who is based in florida. \u201c if detox means to eliminate from the body what it no longer needs, then certain yogic practices can help. \u201d she said yogic deep breathing with strong exhalations can empty the lungs of unneeded carbon dioxide and allow for a fresh breath of more oxygenated air. \u201c this nourishes all of our cells, \u201d she said. \u201c it is also a method of cleansing because better circulation equals better health. \u201d meditative movement practices, such as yoga and tai chi, she added, can detox your attitude because they require staying in the present moment and discourage dwelling on the past. last summer, celebrity trainer tracy anderson began taking groups of 40 - odd women on what she calls detox weeks, which involve at least three hours of workouts each day,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44351823674715074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2acad750-3515-4c82-bebf-b9def96040ac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.977844"}
{"text": "because they require staying in the present moment and discourage dwelling on the past. last summer, celebrity trainer tracy anderson began taking groups of 40 - odd women on what she calls detox weeks, which involve at least three hours of workouts each day, as well as lectures on fitness and nutrition aimed mainly at encouraging lifestyle changes. similar weeks in other cities are planned for 2013. \u201c women work out and think \u2018 why can \u2019 t my love handles, muffin tops go away \u2019? \u201d said anderson, creator of the tracy anderson method and a co - owner, with actress gwyneth paltrow, of fitness centres in los angeles and new york. \u201c the most important thing is if you can become a consistent exerciser. \u201d \u201c a good workout is not five to 10 yoga poses, \u201d she explained. \u201c you have to learn to scale up your endurance. if you can only jump for five minutes straight, we \u2019 ll go to 10 minutes, then 20 minutes. \u201d anderson said she uses the term detoxification broadly to include everything from working up a good sweat to clearing the mind of destructive thoughts. \u201c detoxification is a big topic, \u201d she said. nancy clark, a registered dietitian in boston, massachusetts and a member of the american college of sports medicine, said the body generally does a fine job of detoxifying itself through the liver and kidneys. sweating has nothing to do with it. \u201c when you sweat you really don \u2019 t detoxify anything, \u201d she explained. \u201c if someone goes on a crash diet, then maybe toxins are released but then the body would take care of them. when you sweat you lose sodium. \u201d - new rcmp probing senate expense scandal, senate speaker says - new mayor rob ford fires chief of staff mark towhey - toronto terror suspect asks for defence lawyer who is guided by \u2018 holy book \u2019 - updated london attack : two more people arrested, police say - tim bosma homicide : second suspect mark smich appears in court - updated city councillor paul ainslie ' s licence suspended after roadside check - dimanno : no matter how it seems on planet ford, it \u2019 s over - updated as world gawks at rob ford scandal, toronto police wait and watch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4834621206042846, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2acad750-3515-4c82-bebf-b9def96040ac>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.979820"}
{"text": "there are many techniques available to help students get started with a piece of writing. getting started can be hard for all levels of writers. freewriting is one great technique to build fluency. that was explored in an earlier lesson plan : http : / / www. thirteen. org / edonline / adulted / lessons / lesson18. html this unit offers some other techniques. these techniques may be especially helpful with students who prefer a style of learning or teaching that could be described as visual, spatial, or graphic. sometimes those styles or overlooked in favor of approaches that are very linguistic or linear. the approaches here will attend to a broader range of learning styles as they add variety. - writing : writing process, pre - writing, autobiography, exposition, personal narrative, argumentation, comparison and contrast, description. students will be able to : - write more fluently ( writing more with greater ease ) - generate writing topics - select topics that will yield strong pieces of writing - connect personal experience, knowledge, and examples to an assigned - produce better organized pieces of writing national reporting system of adult education standards are applicable here. these are the standards required by the 1998 workforce investment act. see pencils, colored pencils, pens, markers, crayons, unlined paper, magazines and newspapers with pictures inside, glue or paste, and paper. big paper or poster board can make the pre - writing exercises more eye - catching, more of a project, and better for display. video and tv : prep for teachers make sure you try each of the activities yourself before you ask students to do them. that will give you a better understanding of the activities and help you recognize any potential points that may be confusing or difficult. this also gives you a sample to show the students. its much easier to create a diagram if you are shown an example of one. here are some web sites that give background and even more ideas about you pre - writing, diagrams, graphic organizers, and other ideas to get started with writing. there is some repetition here. you dont have to read them all. but check them out and see what you think.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4688256452802003, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8337696e-d794-475f-9207-8e5f70d2fabe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.989803"}
{"text": "\" sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me. \" very few people would agree that words don ' t hurt. in fact, it has been said that the tongue is like a sword. what comes from it can be deadly : \" i hate you. \" \" you make me sick. \" \" you really need to lose some weight. oh, did i just say that out loud? \" almost everyone can remember statements made to them in the heat of anger or out of frustration. one grown woman recalled when she was 14 years old, a supervisor told her she was being pushy even though the supervisor had agreed to get back to her with an answer the week before. a man with adult children shared how he is still haunted by the words a relative said to him as an adolescent, \" you ' re no good! you ' re going to end up being just like your daddy. \" he has worked his whole life not to allow those words to define him. once something has been said, it is impossible to take back. you can apologize and say you didn ' t mean it, but the words are still out there. how many of us have spoken disrespectfully to someone on the phone or behind a ticket counter in the midst of a frustrating situation? what statements have you made to your spouse or your children that you wish had never come out of your mouth? words are powerful, and they can impact people for life. questions to ask yourself * how do you talk about your spouse in front of other people? * how do you speak to your spouse? * how do you talk to your children? * how do you talk to your co - workers? * how do you talk to the clerk at the grocery store? you can leave a person feeling trampled and beaten down or feeling supported and encouraged even if they are in the wrong. there is a big difference in saying, \" that makes you look like an elephant, \" and \" that isn ' t your best look. \" choose your words carefully here are some things to consider as you prepare for your next conversation. * remember what you say and how you say it matter. * consider how you would like the conversation to go. just because someone is condescending to you does not justify you dishing it right back. * you can be angry, disappointed or frustrated and still be respectful. * avoid the use of sarcasm ; it isn ' t helpful. communicating well is a skill. your spouse, children, co - workers and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4562528562289757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d06cab45-e04d-4ae2-a5c6-8b02d47bd034>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:07.995505"}
{"text": "madam walker made millions door to door with her line of beauty products when a list is compiled naming the ten top famous african americans from history, the name madam c. j. walker seldom makes the cut. but, that ' s a mistake : her name should be included. madam walker was the first woman millionaire in the us. not just the first african american millionaire, mind you, but the first woman ever to reach that lofty goal. and not only was she a shrewd and accomplished businesswoman, she was also a philanthropist and social activist. walker ' s story began in delta, louisiana, on december 23, 1867. born to parents just recently freed from slavery by the civil war, she was an orphan by the age of eight. she made her way by working in the cotton fields and eventually relocated to st. louis to be near her four brothers. by then she was widowed and had a daughter of her own, lelia. she supported her child by working as a laundress. in the 1890 ' s, suffering from an unknown scalp ailment, walker began experimenting with homemade remedies and beauty treatments. when she and her new husband, charles walker, moved to denver, colorado, she started marketing her homemade hair and scalp treatments. traveling the south and selling her products door to door, walker watched the demand for her beauty treatments grow. madam cj walker ' s accomplishments helped create nearly 3, 000 jobs by 1910, demand was high enough for her to begin mass production. moving to indianapolis, she built a factory to produce her growing line of beauty products. a hair salon and training school quickly followed. her manufacturing company created nearly three thousand jobs in the area and her army of door - to - door saleswomen would eventually number nearly 20, 000. less than a year later, she was making headlines for her contributions to worthy african american causes in indianapolis. in 1916, walker moved her headquarters to new york city. there, she became increasingly socially aware and politically active. she donated $ 5000 to the naacp ' s anti - lynching campaign and presented a petition at the white house demanding the passage of national anti - lynching legislation. at yearly conventions, she encouraged the women who worked for her to be politically active as well. madam c. j. walker died on may 25, 1919. she was only 52 years old, yet, during her relatively short lifetime, she had championed many worthy causes. she had been a major contributor to the naacp, she had encouraged other budding businesswomen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.35545289028602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be8ccba2-e2ff-44ec-a80b-1e560353f5f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.005453"}
{"text": "the facts about thinning hair and hair growth find out the causes and solutions of hair loss including hair care products that actually boost hair growth in what is called female pattern baldness, the cause of this inability to grow new hair is not well understood, but likely has to do with genes, aging and levels of endocrine hormones. the hormonal process of testosterone converting to dihydrotestosterone ( dht ) - - which occurs in men and women - - damages the hair follicles. note : all you need to remember as you ' re reading this is that dht is not your friend because it triggers hair loss and inhibits hair growth. check out thinning hair 101 now. other than female pattern baldness, thinning hair happens in women for myriad reasons : \u2022 underactive thyroid \u2022 telogen effluvium ( temporary hair shedding ) \u2022 alopecia areata ( an immune disorder causing temporary hair loss ) \u2022 breaking of hair due to styling treatments and pulling of hair \u2022 iron deficiency \u2022 vitamin deficiency \u2022 certain medications \u2022 particular skin diseases \u2022 hormonal abnormalities dr. philip kingsley, unmatched expert on hair health, explains stress and thinning hair further. plus, we highlight some hair care products to help stop hair loss and increase hair growth. proceed to thinning hair 101. see next page : hormones and hair loss", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46299492476162835, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa2a36d3-7295-4c46-a6f6-174e3d351af7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.007201"}
{"text": "\u00a9 2013 tutorialspoint. com soap fault element when an error occurs during processing, the response to a soap message is a soap fault element in the body of the message, and the fault is returned to the sender of the soap message. the soap fault mechanism returns specific information about the error, including a predefined code, a description, the address of the soap processor that generated a soap message can carry only one fault block fault element is an optional part of soap message for the http binding, a successful response is linked to the 200 to 299 range of status codes ; soap fault is linked to the 500 to 599 range of status codes. the soap fault element has the following sub elements : | | a text code used to indicate a class of errors. see the next table for a listing of predefined fault codes. | | a text message explaning the error | | a text string indicating who caused the fault. this is useful if the soap message travels through several nodes in the soap message path, and the client needs to know which node caused the error. a node that does not act as the ultimate destination must include a faultactor element. an element used to carry application - specific error messages. the detail element can contain child elements, called detail entries. soap fault codes the faultcode values defined below must be used in the faultcode element when describing faults | | found an invalid namespace for the soap envelope element | | an immediate child element of the header element, with the mustunderstand attribute set to \" 1 \", was | | the message was incorrectly formed or contained incorrect information | | there was a problem with the server so the message could not proceed soap fault example the following code is a sample fault. the client has requested a method named validatecreditcard, but the service does not support such a method. this represents a client request error, and the server returns the following soap response : <? xml version = ' 1. 0 ' encoding = ' utf - 8 '? > failed to locate method ( validatecreditcard ) in class ( examplescreditcard ) at / usr / local / activeperl - 5. 6 / lib / site _ perl / 5. 6. 0 / soap / lite. pm line 1555.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.471304562785369, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f75871bb-4d8b-4a6b-afbe-cb9297118093>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.011161"}
{"text": "checkup on health who should consider taking a daily aspirin? aspirin, once mostly used on an occasional basis for fever, aches and pains, is now, for many, taken daily like a vitamin pill. if you \u2019 re taking an aspirin daily, is that a wise practice? alternatively, if you \u2019 re not, should you be? how aspirin works aspirin has many effects because it reduces the body \u2019 s production of prostaglandins, a hormone - like substance that acts in numerous ways. reducing prostaglandins diminishes pain and fever and weakens platelets \u2019 ability to stick together and form clots. this characteristic is especially important in lessening the risk of strokes and heart attack, which are caused by clots lodging in coronary arteries or blood vessels in the brain. reducing prostaglandins can have harmful effects as well. it can make the stomach lining more vulnerable to ulcer formation and bleeding. and for some people who are prone to asthma, it can trigger an attack. who should take aspirin? aspirin \u2019 s ability to reduce the risk of a second heart attack or stroke has been known for quite a while, and doctors have long advised people who have previously had a heart attack, an ischemic stroke ( one caused by a clot ) or tias ( so - called \u201c mini - strokes \u201d ) to take a daily aspirin. patients with unstable angina, who are at very high risk for a heart attack, are also treated with aspirin in the hospital. there is also enough evidence of aspirin \u2019 s benefits in reducing heart attack and stroke risk that doctors are increasingly recommending a daily aspirin for many healthy people. this includes all men over age 50 and all women over age 60, especially if they have even one risk factor for heart disease. risk factors include a personal or family history of heart disease, having hypertension, being overweight, not exercising, smoking, having high cholesterol or being diabetic. who shouldn \u2019 t have daily aspirin? for some individuals, the risks of aspirin therapy itself are greater than the potential benefits. a significant percentage of people develop stomach irritation from aspirin. for many it is mild, but for others who develop ulcers or internal bleeding, the health consequences can be major. gastric problems can often be avoided by taking the lowest recommended daily dosage or using enteric, or coated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3946063634279865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77be8791-26a2-4d38-92dc-03015f39b3f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.018722"}
{"text": "##pirin. for many it is mild, but for others who develop ulcers or internal bleeding, the health consequences can be major. gastric problems can often be avoided by taking the lowest recommended daily dosage or using enteric, or coated aspirin. people who suffer from severe liver or kidney disease should also avoid aspirin, as should those who consume three or more alcoholic drinks each day. people who are allergic to aspirin, as evidenced by facial swelling or an asthma attack, also must not take aspirin. high blood pressure, while posing a significant risk for heart attack and stroke, must be brought under control before initiating daily aspirin. high blood pressure greatly increases the risk for hemorrhagic strokes, the type caused by rupture of a small blood vessel and resultant blood leakage into the brain. the anticoagulant properties of aspirin can exacerbate this kind of stroke. people who have been diagnosed with atrial fibrillation need anticoagulant medication, but aspirin is typically not adequate for their needs. most are advised to take warfarin ( coumadin ), a stronger medication that is generally not combined with aspirin. for minor aches and pains, patients on warfarin should take acetaminophen or another non - aspirin analgesic. daily aspirin therapy can be a lifesaver for many, but because of the risks, do not start a program without consulting your physician. also discuss the best daily dosage for you, which can safely range from 50 mg to 325 mg a day. even if you decide not to take a daily aspirin, keep a bottle of chewable baby aspirin in your car and in your medicine cabinet. it \u2019 s important to have one on hand in case of a heart attack. take two 81 - mg tablets as soon as any heart attack symptom, such as chest pain or tightness, arises. then go to a hospital emergency room or call 911 at once. aspirin, however, should not be taken at the time of a stroke. symptoms may include sudden severe headache, dizziness, blurred vision, confusion, weakness or trouble speaking or understanding speech. before a medical evaluation, it is impossible to determine if a stroke is hemorrhagic, which may worsen with aspirin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.35928536201012584, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77be8791-26a2-4d38-92dc-03015f39b3f7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.019728"}
{"text": "it ' s time to talk... about underage drinking april is alcohol awareness month. are you talking to your teen about alcohol? for many parents, bringing up the subject of alcohol is no easy matter. your young teen may try to dodge the discussion, and you yourself may feel unsure about how to proceed. to make the most of your conversation, take some time to think about the issues you want to discuss before you talk with your child. consider too how your child might react and ways you might respond to your youngster \u2019 s questions and feelings. then choose a time to talk when both you and your child have some \u201c down time \u201d and are feeling relaxed. you don \u2019 t need to cover everything at once. in fact, you \u2019 re likely to have a greater impact on your child \u2019 s decisions about drinking by having a number of talks about alcohol use throughout his or her adolescence. think of this talk with your child as the first part of an ongoing conversation. and remember, do make it a conversation, not a lecture! you might begin by finding out what your child thinks about alcohol and drinking. your child \u2019 s views about alcohol. ask your young teen what he or she knows about alcohol and what he or she thinks about teen drinking. ask your child why he or she thinks kids drink. listen carefully without interrupting. not only will this approach help your child to feel heard and respected, but it can serve as a natural \u201c lead - in \u201d to discussing alcohol topics. important facts about alcohol. although many kids believe that they already know everything about alcohol, myths and misinformation abound. here are some important facts to share : alcohol is a powerful drug that slows down the body and mind. it impairs coordination ; slows reaction time ; and impairs vision, clear thinking, and judgment. beer and wine are not \u201c safer \u201d than hard liquor. a 12 - ounce can of beer, a 5 - ounce glass of wine, and 1. 5 ounces of hard liquor all contain the same amount of alcohol and have the same effects on the body and mind. on average, it takes 2 to 3 hours for a single drink to leave a person \u2019 s system. nothing can speed up this process, including drinking coffee, taking a cold shower, or \u201c walking it off. \u201d people tend to be very bad at judging how seriously alcohol has affected them. that means many individuals who drive after drinking think they can control a car \u2014 but actually cannot. anyone can develop a serious alcohol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44606157427831766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04311d32-a294-4435-8ce3-2d5fc59f5320>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.025757"}
{"text": "cold shower, or \u201c walking it off. \u201d people tend to be very bad at judging how seriously alcohol has affected them. that means many individuals who drive after drinking think they can control a car \u2014 but actually cannot. anyone can develop a serious alcohol problem, including a teenager. good reasons not to drink. in talking with your child about reasons to avoid alcohol, stay away from scare tactics. most young teens are aware that many people drink without problems, so it is important to discuss the consequences of alcohol use without overstating the case. some good reasons why teens should not drink : you want your child to avoid alcohol. clearly state your own expectations about your child \u2019 s drinking. your values and attitudes count with your child, even though he or she may not always show it. to maintain self - respect. teens say the best way to persuade them to avoid alcohol is to appeal to their self - respect \u2014 let them know that they are too smart and have too much going for them to need the crutch of alcohol. teens also are likely to pay attention to examples of how alcohol might lead to embarrassing situations or events \u2014 things that might damage their self - respect or alter important relationships. drinking is illegal. because alcohol use under the age of 21 is illegal, getting caught may mean trouble with the authorities. even if getting caught doesn \u2019 t lead to police action, the parents of your child \u2019 s friends may no longer permit them to associate with your child. drinking can be dangerous. one of the leading causes of teen deaths is motor vehicle crashes involving alcohol. drinking also makes a young person more vulnerable to sexual assault and unprotected sex. and while your teen may believe he or she wouldn \u2019 t engage in hazardous activities after drinking, point out that because alcohol impairs judgment, a drinker is very likely to think such activities won \u2019 t be dangerous. you have a family history of alcoholism. if one or more members of your family has suffered from alcoholism, your child may be somewhat more vulnerable to developing a drinking problem. alcohol affects young people differently than adults. drinking while the brain is still maturing may lead to long - lasting intellectual effects and may even increase the likelihood of developing alcohol dependence later in life. if you would like to learn more about how underage alcohol consumption affects teens, and how you can prevent your teen from using, join us for our next community forum on underage drinking at the community services buildign on may 14th at 7 : 00pm. if you have questions about the event contact holly z", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47026513172241724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04311d32-a294-4435-8ce3-2d5fc59f5320>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.027021"}
{"text": "protein critical for insulin secretion may be contributor to diabetes october 26, 2009 a cellular protein from a family involved in several human diseases is crucial for the proper production and release of insulin, new research has found, suggesting that the protein might play a role in diabetes. mice lacking the clc - 3 channel, a passageway that allows negatively charged chloride ions to pass through cell membranes, have only one - fifth the circulating insulin of normal mice, according to research published this month in the journal cell metabolism. researchers deborah nelson and louis philipson of the university of chicago, senior authors on the paper, argue that the finding may explain a portion of what goes wrong in type 2 diabetes and could help doctors find rare patients whose diabetes has a previously - undetected genetic origin. \" chloride regulation is not really well understood, but it ' s at the heart of cystic fibrosis, and it is related to the regulation of how insulin gets made, \" said philipson, professor of medicine and medical director of the kovler diabetes center at the university of chicago. \" now we see that it ' s a critical feature of how insulin gets converted from a precursor form to its most active form. \" insulin is made and released by specialized pancreas cells called beta - cells. the cell first synthesizes a protein called pro - insulin, discovered forty years ago at the university of chicago by donald steiner, which is then put inside structures called secretory granules. inside the secretory granule, proinsulin is chemically converted into insulin, and the granule moves to the cell surface where it can release insulin into the blood. steiner discovered that the conversion of proinsulin to insulin must happen in an acidic environment, but how the granules make themselves acidic was unknown. a team lead by ludmila deriy, a research assistant professor in nelson ' s laboratory, studied genetic knockout mice missing the clc - 3 chloride channel. the blood of those mice contained lower levels of insulin and cellular measurements discovered that fewer granules were released by beta - cells from clc - 3 knockouts and that the granules of clc - 3 knockout mice were less acidic than those from normal mice. high - powered electron microscope images allowed researchers to observe that the granules of clc - 3 knockout mice contained higher amounts of proinsulin than granules from normal mice. missing clc - 3 therefore appears to cause a dramatic slowdown of the conversion of proinsulin to insulin inside the granules, said nelson, professor of ne", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48455568055801124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:479a4763-c453-4c4b-b630-7f9e55248401>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.036690"}
{"text": "3 knockout mice contained higher amounts of proinsulin than granules from normal mice. missing clc - 3 therefore appears to cause a dramatic slowdown of the conversion of proinsulin to insulin inside the granules, said nelson, professor of neurobiology at the university of chicago. \" not only is release down, but what is released is not as efficacious a molecule, \" nelson said. \" it ' s pro - insulin rather insulin, if anything ' s released at all. \" a mutation in the function of clc - 3 in humans could very well be the cause of a select few cases of juvenile diabetes, nelson and philipson said. however, while other clc proteins have been linked to bone, muscle and kidney disease, no human case of diabetes has yet been linked to the function of this specific protein. because clc - 3 knockout mice also experience epileptic seizures, a patient diagnosed with both epilepsy and diabetes could potentially have an undetected defect in their clc - 3 channel. \" if it happens that there ' s epilepsy and diabetes, it ' s not currently recognized as a syndrome, \" philipson said. \" we would be extremely interested in cases like that. \" finding a patient with this rare form of genetically - caused diabetes could be aided by efforts such as lilly ' s law, an illinois legislation signed in august that created a statewide diabetes registry. the law requires that doctors report all diagnoses of children younger than 12 months to the state department of public health. scientists can then test those children to see if their disease is caused by a genetic mutation, knowledge that can improve the child ' s treatment. the law is named for lilly jaffe, a girl diagnosed with type 1 diabetes that was treated by philipson and university of chicago medical center colleagues in 2006. lilly was found to have a rare genetic mutation in a different cellular protein, meaning her disease was treatable with oral medication rather than insulin injections. a mutation of the clc - 3 channel would probably still be treated with insulin rather than an oral medication. but observing clc - 3 function in humans may provide insight into type 2 diabetes as well, philipson said, as the disruption of insulin production and secretion resembles cellular effects seen in adult - onset diabetes. \" we know that type 2 diabetes is a progressive illness where insulin secretion is high and then goes down over time, but why does it do that? this ties some connection between chloride channels and granular function to the ability of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4666446005600229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:479a4763-c453-4c4b-b630-7f9e55248401>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.052242"}
{"text": "- onset diabetes. \" we know that type 2 diabetes is a progressive illness where insulin secretion is high and then goes down over time, but why does it do that? this ties some connection between chloride channels and granular function to the ability of insulin to come out of the cell, \" philipson said. \" this could be an important pathway in type 2 diabetes, so it ' s not just the rare patient that ' s affected, it ' s 25 million people in the united states. \" the study, \" the granular chloride channel clc - 3 is permissive for insulin secretion, \" was published in the journal cell metabolism on october 7. alongside deriy, philipson, and nelson, erwin gomez, david jacobson, xueqing wang, jessika hopson, xiang liu, guangping zhang, and vytautas bindokas are listed as authors. all authors come from the university of chicago. funding for the research was provided by the national institutes of health and by the university of chicago diabetes research and training center. the university of chicago medicine 950 e. 61st street, third floor chicago, il 60637 phone ( 773 ) 702 - 0025 fax ( 773 ) 702 - 3171", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5152249706277497, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:479a4763-c453-4c4b-b630-7f9e55248401>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.055292"}
{"text": "get answers to your heart disease prevention questions. first aid - heart attack ; first aid - cardiopulmonary arrest ; first aid - cardiac arrest a heart attack is a medical emergency. call 911 or your local emergency number if you think you or someone else is having a heart attack. the average person waits 3 hours before seeking help for symptoms of a heart attack. many heart attack patients die before they reach a hospital. the sooner the person gets to the emergency room, the better the chance of survival. prompt medical treatment reduces the amount of heart damage. this article discusses what to do if you think someone may be having a heart attack. for more information on the condition itself, see : heart attack. a heart attack occurs when the blood flow that carries oxygen to the heart is blocked. the heart muscle becomes starved for oxygen and begins to die. see : heart attack symptoms of a heart attack can vary from person to person. they may be mild or severe. women, the elderly, and people with diabetes are more likely to have subtle or unusual symptoms. symptoms in adults may include : call 911 or your local emergency number immediately if the person : adults should take steps to control heart disease risk factors whenever possible. hollander je. acute coronary syndromes. acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina. in : tintinalli je, kelen gd, stapczynski js, ma oj, cline dm, eds. emergency medcinie : a comprehensive study guide. 6th ed. new york, ny : mcgraw - hill ; 2004 : chap 50. anderson jl, adams cd, antman em, bridges cr, califf rm, casey de jr., et al. acc / aha 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina / non - st - elevation myocardial infarction : a report of the american college of cardiology / american heart association task force on practice guidelines ( writing committee to revise the 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina / non - st - elevation myocardial infarction ) developed in collaboration with the american college of emergency physicians, the society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions, and the society of thoracic surgeons endorsed by the american association of cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation and the society for academic emergency medicine. j am coll cardiol. 2007 ; 50 : e1 - e157. brady wj, harrigan ra, chan tc. acute coronary syndrome. in : marx", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4839266194727236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea1d314d-e40c-4c76-be8e-746f2d729871>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.082192"}
{"text": "washington, d. c. - - a panel of governmental, academic and non - profit scientists speaking today at the annual meeting of the american association for the advancement of science ( aaas ) unveiled research suggesting that diseases found in dolphins are similar to human diseases and can provide clues into how human health might be affected by exposure to contaminated coastal water or seafood. \u201c dolphins and humans are both mammals, and their diet includes much of the same seafood that we consume. unlike us, however, they are exposed to potential ocean health threats such as toxic algae or poor water quality 24 hours a day, \u201d said carolyn sotka of the noaa oceans and human health initiative and lead organizer of the session. \u201c our ecological and physiological similarities make dolphins an important \u2018 sentinel species \u2019 to not only warn us of health risks, but also provide insight into how our health can benefit from new medical discoveries. \u201d \u201c marine animal and ecosystem health are connected to public health and well - being, \u201d said jane lubchenco, ph. d., under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and noaa administrator. \u201c noaa is committed to better understanding these connections and building the partnerships necessary to have healthy oceans, including healthy dolphins. \u201d noaa is the principal stewardship agency responsible for protecting dolphins in the wild and supports a network of national and international projects aimed at investigating health concerns. a few of these case studies highlighted today at aaas illustrate how studying disease processes, or pathologies in dolphins, could lead to future prevention or treatment of some diseases in humans. equally important is the knowledge gained with regards to overall population health, which can lead to improved management and science - based guidelines to mitigate disease outbreak in both people and animals. unprecedented contaminant levels in coastal dolphins warn of potential health risks researchers from noaa and its partner institutions recently discovered that bottlenose dolphins inhabiting estuaries along the georgia coast have the highest levels of polychlorinated biphenyls ( pcbs ) ever reported in marine wildlife. the term pcb encompasses a suite of persistent contaminants that have been banned in the united states since the late 1970s due to documented adverse health effects. the extraordinarily high levels of pcbs measured in the dolphins, a maximum concentration of 2900 parts per million, may be suppressing their immune function. the unique signature of the pcb compounds found in these dolphins is consistent with contaminants of concern at a superfund site near brunswick, ga. scientists are equally concerned about the high", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47751090246964695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b083b11-5c20-4af0-bc2f-c08bb06faaf7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.118506"}
{"text": "per million, may be suppressing their immune function. the unique signature of the pcb compounds found in these dolphins is consistent with contaminants of concern at a superfund site near brunswick, ga. scientists are equally concerned about the high pcb levels in dolphins sampled near a marine protected area approximately 30 miles from brunswick. this suggests that the contaminants are moving along the coast through the marine food web. \u201c when we received the lab results for the georgia dolphins, we were alarmed by the contaminant levels and set out to investigate how these heavy chemical burdens were affecting their health, \u201d states lori schwacke, ph. d., with noaa \u2019 s center for oceans and human health at the hollings marine lab and co - lead investigator on the team. last august, the team conducted a dolphin \u2018 capture - release medical physical \u2019 on this population and found decreased levels of thyroid hormones, elevated liver enzymes and indications of suppressed immune function. a pilot study is being undertaken by the national center for environmental health, centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), to examine potential environmental contaminants in residents of nearby coastal communities. the researchers are investigating whether coastal dolphin populations and human communities sharing the same seafood resources experience similar exposures. dolphins may offer clues to treating diabetes in humans research conducted in part by the non - profit national marine mammal foundation ( nmmf ) has uncovered evidence that bottlenose dolphins may be the first natural animal model for type ii diabetes. further study of their genome may elucidate a possible treatment for a disease that accounts for an estimated 5 percent of all human deaths globally, according to the world health organization. these studies have found that healthy dolphins appear to readily turn on and off a diabetes - like state as needed. this \u201c switch \u201d mechanism is likely driven by the dolphins \u2019 very high - protein and very low - carbohydrate fish diet. analyses have revealed that a fasting mechanism in dolphins may trigger a series of changes in serum chemistries that matches those seen in humans with diabetes. \u201c while some people may eat a high protein diet to help control diabetes, dolphins appear to have developed a diabetes - like state to support a high protein diet, \u201d according to stephanie venn - watson, ph. d., director of clinical research for nmmf. \u201c shared large brains that have high blood glucose demands may explain why two completely different species - humans and dolphins - have developed similar physiological mechanisms to handle sugar. \u201d additional evidence collected from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4678356626813378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b083b11-5c20-4af0-bc2f-c08bb06faaf7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.121131"}
{"text": "ph. d., director of clinical research for nmmf. \u201c shared large brains that have high blood glucose demands may explain why two completely different species - humans and dolphins - have developed similar physiological mechanisms to handle sugar. \u201d additional evidence collected from this study shows that humans and dolphins may share similar chronic disease outcomes associated with diabetes such as insulin resistance, hemochromatosis ( iron overload ) and kidney stones. model for epilepsy discovered from marine exposure to toxic algae noaa researchers found that for the first time exposing laboratory animals to a toxin produced by blooms of microscopic ocean algae can induce seizures and eventually lead to epilepsy in almost all of the animals tested. establishing this novel linkage of oceans and health offers a new perspective to researchers and clinicians studying human epilepsy. working with the marine mammal center in sausalito, calif., and other partners, scientists initially suspected a marine environmental cause of epilepsy by studying marine mammals and other wildlife with seizures that washed up on california beaches over the past decade. the seizures were found to be caused by exposure to domoic acid, a neurotoxin produced by the pseudo - nitzschia australis alga. after realizing thatsome sea lions were stranded with seizures when there were no harmful algal blooms, researchers started to believe that domoic acid poisoning may have progressed to chronic epileptic disease. chief of harmful algal blooms & analytical response at noaa ' s national centers for coastal ocean science, john ramsdell, ph. d., conducted laboratory experiments to validate the field observations seen in sea lions. his research team exposed laboratory rats to domoic acid at levels similar to what a sea lion or dolphin might ingest in the wild by eating contaminated fish. \u201c within six months of the initial exposure, 92 percent of laboratory rats tested developed epileptic disease that worsened over their lifetime, \u201d said ramsdell. \u201c the domoic acid itself is not directly causing the epilepsy, but triggers a brief period of seizures that leads to changes in the brain, resulting in spontaneous and reoccurring seizures, the hallmark of epilepsy. \u201d the type of epilepsy in the rat model resembles human temporal lobe epilepsy, as confirmed by at least one human case traced back to eating mussels contaminated with the domoic acid toxin. this research could provide important insight into how dolphins and other species, including humans, respond to domoic acid poisoning. stranded dolphins with high domoic acid levels do not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5047237963263977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b083b11-5c20-4af0-bc2f-c08bb06faaf7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.123611"}
{"text": "human case traced back to eating mussels contaminated with the domoic acid toxin. this research could provide important insight into how dolphins and other species, including humans, respond to domoic acid poisoning. stranded dolphins with high domoic acid levels do not survive long enough for treatment and study. it is possible that the acute initial poisoning may lead to sudden death ; however, these new findings indicate those animals that survive an initial bout of seizures are likely to develop neurological disease with changes in behavior and increasing severity of spontaneous seizures. this new information can help guide future research and emergency response efforts during the next harmful algal bloom event. dolphin viruses may have human health implications a team of researchers and veterinarians from the marine animal disease lab at the university of florida have discovered at least 50 new viruses in dolphins, the majority of which have yet to be reported in any other marine mammal species. \u201c we know that the ocean harbors a huge diversity of viruses ; but we have very limited knowledge as to which viruses dolphins are susceptible to and how they develop the disease, \u201d said hendrik h. nollens, ph. d., research lead of the uf team. \u201c by studying dolphin viral ecology, we learned more about how viruses infect human and land animals. this research could lead to preventing outbreaks of disease. \u201d one of these viruses, the human papillomavirus, was found to be common in bottlenose dolphins and likely represents the first natural model of papillomavirus outside the human species. commonly known as hpv in humans, the virus has historically produced great health risks including cervical tumors or cancer in women, especially women with multiple types of the papillomavirus. this new study shows that while dolphins also host multiple types of papillomaviruses they don \u2019 t appear to get cancer, only genital warts. further research into the genome of this virus in dolphins may help understand, manage and prevent cervical cancer in humans. thirteen additional rna - based viruses that cause intestinal disease and encephalitis in humans have also recently been discovered in dolphins, whales and other marine life. much like west nile, severe acute respiratory syndrome ( sars ) and influenza, rna - based viruses have the ability to quickly adapt, rapidly mutate and jump from animals to people, posing potential threats to public health. another virus identified in the dolphins had incorporated part of a similar human virus into its dna make - up, making it a very probable candidate to infect humans. views expressed in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.467290628755136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b083b11-5c20-4af0-bc2f-c08bb06faaf7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.126303"}
{"text": "new class of tuberculosis - fighting antibiotics suggested by biochemical - pathway study ( philadelphia, pa ) - a worldwide health problem, tuberculosis kills more people than any other bacterial infection. the world health organization estimates that two billion people are infected with tb, and that two million people die each year from the disease. however, due to multi - drug resistance and a protracted medication regimen, it is extremely difficult to treat. hence, there is still a great deal of interest in developing new anti - tubercular drugs. researchers at the university of pennsylvania school of medicine have identified a biochemical target that could lead to a new class of antibiotics to fight tb. they report their findings in this week \u2019 s online edition of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. in a proof - of - principle study, harvey rubin, md, phd, professor of medicine, division of infectious diseases, and colleagues were able to stop the bacteria from multiplying by inhibiting the first step in a common biochemical pathway. this pathway is responsible for making the energy molecules all cells need to survive. first author edward weinstein, an md / phd student, rubin, and colleagues characterized the pathway and showed that an important enzyme in it is a key target for anti - tb agents. the pathway, explains rubin, is like a series of links in a chain, with enzymes facilitating reactions along the way. \u201c we discovered that if you inhibit the very first enzyme in the chain, you inhibit everything else downstream and eventually the bacteria die, \u201d he explains. the research group tested phenothiazine, a drug used in the past to treat schizophrenia, in cultures of mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tb. they found that phenothiazines killed the bacterium in culture and suppressed its growth in mice with acute tb infection. while the effect on the growth of tb in mice was small, it suggested that a valid target was identified. the research group went on to show that the enzyme disabled by the phenothiazines is called type ii nadh dehydrogenase and is a unique and important antimicrobial target. \u201c what we have now is a new target in tb, \u201d says rubin. \u201c we \u2019 ve been able to find at least the beginnings of a class of compounds that we can start working with and that we know is biochemically active against the tb bacteria in culture and in small animals. \u201d is it a new drug for tuberculosis? not yet, cautions rubin. it \u2019 s premature to say", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4643836503012695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:377aa195-0948-42ba-87ba-9074dbdbbd32>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.145831"}
{"text": "of compounds that we can start working with and that we know is biochemically active against the tb bacteria in culture and in small animals. \u201d is it a new drug for tuberculosis? not yet, cautions rubin. it \u2019 s premature to say that this class of drugs will cure tb, but it does represent the start of basic research towards that, he concludes. next steps include more investigations on inhibitors of the nadh biochemical pathway in tb, and the development of high - throughput screens to find better and safer inhibitors of type ii nadh dehydrogenase. this work was supported by grants from the national institutes of health. rubin and weinstein \u2019 s coauthors are takahiro yano, lin - sheng li, david avarbock, andrew avarbock and douglas helm from penn, and andrew mccolm, ken duncan, and john t. lonsdale from glaxosmithkline ( collegeville, pa and stevenage, uk ). animal studies were conducted at glaxosmithkline. penn researchers report no conflicts of interest. penn medicine is a $ 2. 7 billion enterprise dedicated to the related missions of medical education, biomedical research, and high - quality patient care. penn medicine consists of the university of pennsylvania school of medicine ( founded in 1765 as the nation \u2019 s first medical school ) and the university of pennsylvania health system ( created in 1993 as the nation \u2019 s first integrated academic health penn \u2019 s school of medicine is ranked # 3 in the nation for receipt of nih research funds ; and ranked # 4 in the nation in u. s. news & world report \u2019 s most recent ranking of top research - oriented medical schools. supporting 1, 400 fulltime faculty and 700 students, the school of medicine is recognized worldwide for its superior education and training of the next generation of physician - scientists and leaders of academic penn health system is comprised of : its flagship hospital, the hospital of the university of pennsylvania, consistently rated one of the nation \u2019 s \u201c honor roll \u201d hospitals by u. s. news & world report ; pennsylvania hospital, the nation ' s first hospital ; presbyterian medical center ; a faculty practice plan ; a primary - care provider network ; two multispecialty satellite facilities ; and home health care and hospice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4552765151420319, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:377aa195-0948-42ba-87ba-9074dbdbbd32>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.150654"}
{"text": "anthony atala is a surgeon, the chair of the department of urology at the wake forest university for medicine, and the director of the wake forest institute for regenerative medicine, where he specializes in the growth and regeneration of organs and tissues. he is also the former director of the laboratory for tissue engineering and cellular therapeutics at children ' s hospital boston. when atala joined the wake forest institute for regenerative medicine in 2004, he led the research team that created the first lab - grown organ - a human bladder - to be successfully implanted in a human being. currently, he is working on growing and printing other organs to eventually reduce the time that transplant patients spend waiting for an organ. he and his team have successfully printed prototype kidneys for this purpose. atala has also been successful in harvesting stem cells from the amniotic fluid of pregnant women. amniotic stem cells can be manipulated to transform into various types of mature cells that make up nerves, muscles, bones and other tissues. these stem cells are able to thrive for years and can be used to grow new tissues and organs when damaged ones are in need of replacement. they are easier to grow than embryonic stem cells and avoid the ethical concerns that are associated with embryonic stem cell research. atala believes that, \" a bank of 100, 000 specimens of the amniotic stem cells theoretically could supply 99 % of the us population with perfect genetic matches for transplants. \" atala ' s lecture will address the implications of organ and tissue regeneration, as well as consider what the future of synthetic organs will bring. about this lecture today there are many more people awaiting organs than there are organs available from donors. people are dying as a result. and the problem is only going to get worse in the future as the number of organs required grows at a much faster rate than the number of donors. dr. anthony atala, a leading researcher in the field of regenerative medicine, is exploring a variety of approaches to making human organs in the lab for transplant into those with failing organs. in this presentation, he will discuss where the field of regenerative medicine is going in the context of the approaches that he is exploring. possibly the most intriguing of these is the use of a device that his lab has built based on the principle of an ink - jet printer. instead of ink in the printer that he has built, atala uses human cells and he quite literally prints human organs. to do so, he extracts cells from the patient and, using the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4659653708603119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2081755-8844-490a-b458-0ad71a674eeb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.162767"}
{"text": "built based on the principle of an ink - jet printer. instead of ink in the printer that he has built, atala uses human cells and he quite literally prints human organs. to do so, he extracts cells from the patient and, using the extracted cells as seeds, grows many more in the lab. he then mixes the cells with a chemical that turns into a gel when it comes into contact with water. he places this mixture in the ' ink ' cartridge of the printer that he has built. the ink - jet mechanism of the printer prints a layer of cells onto a petri dish containing water, which with the chemical additive, turns the water into a gel. the dish is then moved down a fraction of an inch and a second layer is printed. this continues until the organ is complete. the printing process is designed in such a way that the cells are able to create various shapes in each layer. in this way, atala is able to create blood vessels and other essential organ components as he prints it such that once complete he has a functioning organ. furthermore, because the organ has been made with the patient ' s cells this approach avoids problems of rejection associated with donor supplied organs. at this time, printed organs have not been used in humans ; atala is still developing the technique and significant work remains before the approach is ready for to be tested in patients. previous to the printing of organs, atala has artificially grown organs using human tissue. for example, he was the first to successfully create a bladder in the laboratory and place it into a human. anthony atala ' s profile anthony atala ' s profile on the wake forest institute for regenerative medicine website anthony atala ' s ted talk on lab - grown organs anthony atala ' s ted talk on printing a human kidney singularity hub article an article about anthony atala ' s work on the singularity hub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4959935710374964, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2081755-8844-490a-b458-0ad71a674eeb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.163560"}
{"text": "hormone promises to keep joint injuries from causing long - term osteoarthritis goal to extend useful life of arthritic knees and hips september 12, 2009 an existing osteoporosis drug is the first ever found to prevent cartilage loss from osteoarthritis following injury to a joint, and may also regenerate some cartilage that has been lost to osteoarthritis, according to an early study presented today at the annual meeting of the american society for bone and mineral research in denver. while the study was in mice, the model closely mimics human osteoarthritis that develops following knee injuries, according to the study authors. cartilage can become damaged by many kinds of injury and by mechanical stresses that come with age. over time, damaged cartilage deteriorates to cause osteoarthritis ( oa ), with its attendant joint inflammation and pain. currently available drugs like steroids or non - steroidal anti - inflammatory agents ( e. g. advil, aleve ) reduce pain but do not address the loss of cartilage behind the osteoarthritis, which is projected to afflict more than 50 million americans by 2020. cartilage forms the sponge - like, shock - absorbing layers that keep the impact of running and jumping and lifting from grinding bones against each other in joints. the cell type at the heart of osteoarthritis is the chondrocyte, the cartilage - producing cell responsible for maintaining the integrity of joint cartilage. outside of joints, chondrocytes undergo a normal maturation process that helps to form bone as part of fracture healing and bone growth in children. disease processes and injury, however, cause chondrocytes in joint surface cartilage to become like those that help to heal bone elsewhere, but where bone is not supposed to form. this mistaken maturation contributes to the gradual destruction of the joint seen in osteoarthritis. parathyroid hormone ( pth ), known as teriparatide in drug form, has emerged as a major player in the maintenance and healing of bone, and the race is on to design new applications for it. past studies have established that pth prevents chondrocytes from undergoing maturation, and stimulates their proliferation, preserving larger pools of cartilage cells in the joint. signaling molecules like pth have their effect in the body by interacting with specifically shaped proteins on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4464000161638345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0047843f-8e4f-45ce-8ac9-e75bfc1f0a2d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.176109"}
{"text": "established that pth prevents chondrocytes from undergoing maturation, and stimulates their proliferation, preserving larger pools of cartilage cells in the joint. signaling molecules like pth have their effect in the body by interacting with specifically shaped proteins on the cell surfaces called receptors. pth docks into its receptors, like a ship coming into port, which changes the shape of the dock such that biochemical signals are sent. the authors of the current study observed that chondrocytes within injured and degenerating cartilage have more pth type 1 receptors on their surfaces. this makes them especially sensitive to the pth signal that prevents harmful chondrocyte maturation into bone in the joint cartilage. thus, pth therapy should increase the cartilage supply exactly where cartilage loss is causing disease. \u201c right now physicians have no way to bring back cartilage in patients who have lost it to osteoarthritis, \u201d said randy rosier, m. d., ph. d., professor within the department of orthopaedics and rehabilitation at the university of rochester medical center. \u201c our current results, at least in mice, show that we can inhibit cartilage degeneration and improve the volume of cartilage in diseased joints. it \u2019 s remarkable enough that this compound delays the loss of cartilage, but these results show it also may be able to restore, at least to some extent, cartilage in already degraded joint surfaces. \u201d researchers examined the impact of a daily dose of forteo\u00ae / teriparatide, manufactured by eli lilly, and a generic version of teriparatide made by sigma on the progress of oa following injury in study mice. experiments established a five - fold increase in pth type 1 receptor expression in the articular cartilage of mice with injury - related osteoarthritis when compared to healthy cartilage. injury triggers genetic mechanisms in an attempt to begin repairs, a response that may be responsible for the increase in pth receptor in the joint. this in turn makes damaged cartilage particularly responsive to pth. in the current study, one group of mice with cartilage and ligament injuries was randomized to receive either saline as a control, forteo\u00ae or generic pth daily for 12 weeks. a second group of mice with joint injuries did not receive treatment until 8 weeks after injury. the delay was an attempt to determine the effect of treatment once the oste", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4554958559860911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0047843f-8e4f-45ce-8ac9-e75bfc1f0a2d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.177714"}
{"text": "saline as a control, forteo\u00ae or generic pth daily for 12 weeks. a second group of mice with joint injuries did not receive treatment until 8 weeks after injury. the delay was an attempt to determine the effect of treatment once the osteoarthritic process was already underway and some cartilage lost, a scenario that more closely mimics clinical reality. injurd patients do not ask their doctor to prevent the onset of osteoarthritis 10 years in the future, rosier said. they come in when an old injury and time have combined to degrade cartilage to the point where function is lost and pain felt. studies revealed that after 12 weeks of forteo\u00ae - or generic pth treatment, there was approximately 27 percent more joint cartilage compared to saline - treated mice. strikingly, delayed teriparatide treatment was even more effective in improving the amount of cartilage, with up to 35 percent more cartilage in forteo\u00ae - and pth - treated groups than in the saline group, suggesting an ability to regenerate at least some of the lost cartilage. with a new use patent application in place, the team will next seek to confirm the durability of the effect in further animal studies, and prepare to seek funding from the national institutes of health to begin pilot clinical studies of pth treatment of osteoarthritis in humans, possibly in the later half of 2010. along with rosier, the study was led by erik sampson, todd o \u2019 brien, di chen, susan bukata, j. edward puzas, regis o \u2019 keefe and michael zuscik within the department of orthopaedics and by hani awad in the department of biomedical engineering at the university of rochester medical center. the study was funded by the national institutes of health. \u201c these pre - clinical findings provide strong proof - of - concept support for the potential use of teriparatide to slow joint cartilage degeneration in oa patients, and perhaps even reverse it, \u201d rosier said. \u201c in the near future, we hope this serves as the foundation of new treatments that restore function to long - injured joints, perhaps staving off joint replacement surgeries for some years. \u201d note : drs. puzas and bukata are members of eli lilly ' s speaker bureau.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4413154820913936, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0047843f-8e4f-45ce-8ac9-e75bfc1f0a2d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.290998"}
{"text": "| dr. elizabeth cochran, a geophysicist with usgs, conducts seismic research along the san andreas fault in california. | dr. elizabeth cochran, a geophysicist with the u. s. geological survey, was named one of president obama \u2019 s recipients of the presidential early career awards for scientists and engineers, the highest honor bestowed by the united states government on science and engineering professionals in the early stages of their independent research careers. cochran, who came to work for the usgs in june after a career as an assistant professor at the university of california, riverside, is an accomplished seismologist. she has made important contributions to the understanding of earthquake physics and earthquake triggering, the physical properties and geometry of earthquake fault zones and their evolution after earthquakes, and to the development of a new method of earthquake monitoring using low - cost earthquake sensors, called the quake - catcher network ( qcn ). this network allows scientists to monitor earthquakes and quantify ground shaking with unprecedented spatial resolution through data gathered from citizen volunteers. \u201c it is inspiring to see the innovative work being done by these scientists and engineers as they ramp up their careers \u2014 careers that i know will be not only personally rewarding but also invaluable to the nation, \u201d president obama said. \u201c that so many of them are also devoting time to mentoring and other forms of community service speaks volumes about their potential for leadership, not only as scientists but as model citizens. \u201d the presidential early career awards embody the high priority the obama administration places on producing outstanding scientists and engineers to advance the nation \u2019 s goals, tackle grand challenges, and contribute to the american economy. \u201c it is an incredible honor to receive this award, and it is nice that it recognizes the combination of research and education, \u201d said cochran, who was nominated for the award by the national science foundation. \u201c i am very proud and a little stunned. \u201d \u201c dr. cochran \u2019 s work on next generation sensor networks is exactly what the united states needs to help enable earthquake early warning, \u201d said usgs director dr. marcia mcnutt. \u201c as was clearly demonstrated by the recent japanese experience, even a few seconds of warning before an earthquake can reduce the loss of life and property. dr. cochran \u2019 s innovative research will help make the nation safer from this natural hazard. \u201d the qcn, a collaborative research project between cochran and jesse lawrence of stanford university, uses computers that are installed with software and special sensors to record moderate - to - large earthquakes and aftershocks. citizen volunteers have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49086939906224536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:649a7c0a-271c-4a82-b3d4-f726429406f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.340794"}
{"text": "safer from this natural hazard. \u201d the qcn, a collaborative research project between cochran and jesse lawrence of stanford university, uses computers that are installed with software and special sensors to record moderate - to - large earthquakes and aftershocks. citizen volunteers have the sensors installed externally to their desktop computers or internally to their laptop computers. these computers become seismic stations by providing the physical infrastructure, computer, internet connection, power, and the location and measurement of seismic activity. the computers are then networked using distributed computing techniques that allow scientists to monitor the sensors and retrieve earthquake data automatically. \u201c the quake - catcher network is a way to involve the public in scientific data collection in high - risk earthquake and aftershock zones in the united states and around the world and to collect seismic data in non - traditional ways, \u201d said cochran. | dr. elizabeth cochran. | by using this sensor - driven process, a great number of seismic data can be processed in a short period of time and produce nearly instantaneous detection and characterization of earthquakes. the first release of the software was in reno, nev., in april 2008. a few people from the area signed up to get the software, just in time to record a swarm of earthquakes that hit in june of that year. \u201c when the swarm of earthquakes struck reno, the information from these citizen volunteers enabled us to test our system, and from that, we learned that the sensors and data communication were working correctly, \u201d said cochran. \u201c for this set of earthquakes, we had some of the closest seismic stations to the swarm. we had records of those earthquakes that looked like typical seismograms. i was really excited that it worked. it was really fun. \u201d since then, volunteers have popped up in just about every state in the united states and across the world. after the magnitude 8. 8 earthquake struck chile in early 2010, cochran and her team enlisted 100 volunteers in chile to hook up the sensors to their computers. when the aftershocks kept occurring, the instrumentation provided invaluable information to scientists and proved the value of the qcn. \u201c in the case of chile, we could get estimates of magnitude and locations in about 20 to 30 seconds after earthquake started, \u201d said cochran. \u201c we found we can actually do well recording earthquakes this way, and eventually we hope this is a way to augment existing seismic networks to provide more precise early earthquake warning. \u201d the data cochran and her team gathered from chile was especially valuable in analyzing small scale ground shaking \u2014 how it is different", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5433238508749612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:649a7c0a-271c-4a82-b3d4-f726429406f1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.343540"}
{"text": "earthquakes this way, and eventually we hope this is a way to augment existing seismic networks to provide more precise early earthquake warning. \u201d the data cochran and her team gathered from chile was especially valuable in analyzing small scale ground shaking \u2014 how it is different in one location versus a half a mile away. \u201c there is a lot of variation in ground shaking, even in small scales, \u201d said cochran. \u201c we were able to generate our own quake - catcher network shakemaps, or what seismologists call microzonation, where you can examine specific areas for earthquake hazards. this information can provide critical data to feed back into building codes and to help determine where critical infrastructure such as power plants, hospitals, water lines and transportation facilities should be built. \u201d when the magnitude 7. 0 earthquake struck new zealand in september 2010, cochran and her team deployed 180 sensors in the area. a paper on the results of the data is expected out this fall. \u201c we are in the middle of demonstrating that the data from these sensor stations in new zealand show the same amplitude and waveform characteristics as do other strong motion sensors in the area and is sufficient enough quality to produce reliable results, \u201d said cochran. in early september 2011, cochran and her team set out on an ambitious goal : to install 500 sensor stations in the san francisco bay area, a high - risk earthquake location. volunteers need to have a high speed internet connection ; a computer, about 5 years old or less that runs on a windows or macintosh operating system with a spare usb port to which the sensor can be connected ; and, a small space about the size of a post - it note for mounting the sensor. information for those interested in volunteering or learning more about the qcn is available online. \u201c i came up with the idea for the quake - catcher network by playing around on a mac laptop, and my husband pointed out that you could download a widget that would allow you to see the real - time output from the sensor, \u201d said cochran. \u201c i downloaded the widget and was seeing output from tapping i was doing on the computer, and it dawned on me that if it picked up this movement, it would probably pick up earthquake movements. i also knew about distributed computing that allows people to donate their unused cpu processing time to scientific projects and thought that combining the low cost sensors with distributed computing would be a perfect way to gather data from moderate to large earthquakes at very little cost. i discussed it with my colleague jesse lawrence who said, \u2018 that \u2019 s the coolest idea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5214001357030293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:649a7c0a-271c-4a82-b3d4-f726429406f1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.346370"}
{"text": "scientific projects and thought that combining the low cost sensors with distributed computing would be a perfect way to gather data from moderate to large earthquakes at very little cost. i discussed it with my colleague jesse lawrence who said, \u2018 that \u2019 s the coolest idea i ever heard, \u2019 and then we pursued and received a grant from the national science foundation to start it up. \u201d cochran \u2019 s research is fundamental to the mission of the usgs to continue to innovate the recording of weak and strong ground motions necessary to accurately locate earthquakes, to study their rupture process, and to map the variations in the strong ground motions caused by the local soil conditions and the details of the earthquake rupture process. \u201c i am really excited that the quake - catcher network is moving forward and has continued to be successful, \u201d said cochran. since its inception in 2008, the qcn has gained academic partners from the university of california - berkeley, california institute of technology, university of california - san diego and the university of delaware. after receiving her phd in geophysics and space physics from ucla in 2005, cochran served as a postdoctoral fellow at the scripps institution of oceanography until the end of 2006, when she joined uc riverside in 2007 as an assistant professor in earth sciences, supervising both graduate students and postdoctoral scholars. she joined the usgs in june 2011. her accomplishments have been recognized by her receiving the nsf faculty early career development ( career ) award in 2010 and the geological society of america subaru outstanding woman in science in 2006 for the scientific impact of her work on the geosciences. she is the author or co - author of 21 peer - reviewed journal publications, 9 as a first author, and has a scopus h - index of 7. her first - author papers have been published in prestigious journals science, journal of geophysical research, geophysical research letters, bulletin of the seismological society of america, seismological research letters, and geology. she has also played prominent roles in professional organizations, including as the co - chair of the seismology discipline for the southern california earthquake center since 2009 and as a member of the iris data management system standing committee from 2008 to 2010. the presidential early career awards for scientists and engineers was established by president clinton in 1996 and are coordinated by the office of science and technology policy within the executive office of the president. awardees are selected for their pursuit of innovative research at the frontiers of science and technology and their commitment to community service as demonstrated through scientific leadership, public education,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5012121442231223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:649a7c0a-271c-4a82-b3d4-f726429406f1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.351568"}
{"text": "born to a jewish father and a catholic mother, otto grew up in a city well known for its musical tradition. the younger of two children, otto began studying the piano at age 10. after entering the vienna conservatory of music, he gave his first concert at age 14. encouraged by maestro bruno walter, he hoped to become a conductor and concert pianist. 1933 - 39 : after germany annexed austria in march 1938, otto was kicked out of the vienna conservatory. one night, two men ordered him to go with them to a cellar, where they forced other people to mop and scrub. they told otto to wait his turn, but in the confusion he escaped. to get out of austria, he entered a piano contest in belgium. from belgium he went to france, and then sailed for america on august 11, 1939. 1940 - 44 : in new york otto gave piano lessons and concert recitals. he also gave benefit performances for austrian resistance groups and jewish refugees from europe. after the u. s. entered the war, otto was given a choice - - either join the u. s. army or be deported as an enemy alien. he chose the army. in october 1944 he was sent into combat in france and southern germany. his job was to interrogate german prisoners ; they all denied knowing anything about concentration camps, but otto had already seen the camps with his own eyes. otto was stationed in germany at the end of the war. a day before he was to return to america, he was killed. the cause of his death is still under investigation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4050161899320528, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eff9489-af36-4fa6-89a4-89a06b13c613>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.363118"}
{"text": "united states, december 8, 1941 yesterday, december 7th, 1941, a date which will live in infamy, [ the ] united states of america was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the empire of japan. the united states was at peace with that nation, and, at the solicitation of japan, was still in conversation with its government and its emperor, looking towards the maintenance of peace in the pacific. indeed, one hour after japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the american island of oahu, the japanese ambassador to the united states, and his colleague, delivered to our secretary of state a formal reply to a recent american message. japan has therefore undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the pacific area. the facts of yesterday and today speak for themselves. the people of the united states have already formed their opinions, and well understand the implications for the very life and safety of our nation. with confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph so help us god [ applause ]. i ask that the congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by japan on sunday, december 7th, 1941, a state of war has existed between the united states and the japanese empire. portion of the speech in which president franklin d. roosevelt asked the us congress to declare war on japan following the previous day ' s surprise attack on pearl harbor. national archives - film", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.415024420824404, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51b0eef4-d86b-4e73-9be6-311c66f77d1d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.374499"}
{"text": "older adults make smarter decisions that lead to long - term gains, study shows sept. 19, 2011 austin, texas \u2014 many people believe getting older means losing a mental edge, leading to poor decision - making, but a new study from psychologists at the university of texas at austin and texas a & m university suggests older adults are far better at making choices that lead to long - term gain. the study, co - authored by university of texas at austin psychologist todd maddox, found older adults, at least 60 years old, are better at strategizing their decisions than those in their late teens and early 20s, who tend to focus on instant gratification. findings from the study, led by darrell worthy, professor of psychology at texas a & m university, will be published in psychological science. collaborators on the study include university of texas psychologists david schnyer, jennifer pacheco and marissa gorlick. contradicting negative stereotypes of age and reasoning ability, the results show that the wisdom that comes with age can allow people to make better decisions under some conditions. maddox says the study gives insight into the decision - making process, which will help researchers learn more about the effects of aging in the brain. \" broadly, these results suggest that younger adults may behave more impulsively, favoring immediate gains, while older adults are better at considering the long - term ramifications of their actions, \" maddox says. as part of the study, 28 older adults and 28 younger counterparts performed decision - making tasks, in which they only needed to consider immediate rewards to earn points. in this experiment, the younger adults were more efficient at selecting the options that yielded the best short - term rewards. however, in a second experiment, the older participants outperformed the younger group in choosing options that resulted in long - term gains, such as strategically storing the most amount of oxygen in \" oxygen accumulators \" on an imaginary space mission in mars. in this portion of the study, 52 older adults ( ages 67 - 82 ) and 51 younger adults ( ages 20 - 26 ) performed decision - making tasks in which the choices they made influenced future rewards. as part of the experiment, the researchers created a test with two oxygen extraction systems on mars. the rewards depended on the respondents ' previous choices. the respondents had to choose from two options : the \" increasing option, \" which increased rewards in future trials, and the \" decreasing option, \" which decreased future rewards but offered a larger immediate reward. in each permutation of the experiment,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4648104953413051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2dc28a2e-f5b2-4140-9b3b-1f750b9b1937>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.388693"}
{"text": ". the respondents had to choose from two options : the \" increasing option, \" which increased rewards in future trials, and the \" decreasing option, \" which decreased future rewards but offered a larger immediate reward. in each permutation of the experiment, the older participants outperformed the younger group by figuring out which option led to the most long - term cumulative rewards. \" we found that younger adults performed equivalently in the experiment, but older adults were more adept at adjusting their strategy to fit the goals of the task, \" maddox says. the researchers suggest these results provide insight into how people use their brains as they age. when making choices, younger people use the ventral striatum, a region of the brain associated with habit formation and immediate rewards. as this declines with age, the psychologists theorize that people compensate by using their prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain that controls rational and deliberate thoughts. to test this theory, maddox and his team of researchers are conducting a neuroimaging study to determine which parts of the brain respond to immediate gratification and long - term rewards while the participants engage in decision - making tasks. collaborators on this study include worthy, jeannette mumford, psychology research assistant at the university of texas at austin, and russell poldrack, professor of psychology and neurobiology and director of the imaging research center at the university of texas at austin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49596892407484316, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2dc28a2e-f5b2-4140-9b3b-1f750b9b1937>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.391221"}
{"text": "dangling modifiers are words or phrases which \u201c dangle \u201d because they have no word in the sentence to describe : while taking a shower, the doorbell rang. - - the doorbell was taking a shower? revise dangling modifiers by adding a headword \u2014 a noun or pronoun that is described : while i was taking a shower, the doorbell rang. or while taking a shower, i heard the doorbell ring. a misplaced modifier is placed too close to some other word that it does not intend to modify : i only speak one language. - - all you ever do is speak one language? revise misplaced modifiers by placing the modifier next to its headword : i speak only one language. split infinitives are misplaced modifiers which are placed between the preposition to and the verb in an infinitive - - a grammatical unit consisting of the word to plus a verb ( to eat, to sleep, etc. ) : dentists encourage children to regularly brush their teeth. - - the modifier regularly is splitting the infinitive to brush. revise split infinitives by moving the modifier to another part of the sentence : dentists encourage children to brush their teeth regularly. squinting modifiers are misplaced modifiers that seem to modify two words : patty who was walking quickly reached the disco. - - is patty walking quickly, or is she quickly reaching the disco? revise squinting modifiers by changing the word order so there is no ambiguity : patty, who was quickly walking, reached the disco. or patty who was walking...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5422933638586028, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7bbf796-459e-4dca-8d30-9bcfd6abd7c6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.396561"}
{"text": "no matter how adventurous your cat, it \u2019 s confronted by many risks the second it steps foot outside. the humane society of the united states estimates a free - roaming cat might live as few as three years, compared to 12 to 15 years for an indoor - only cat. for much of feline history, cats roamed freely, serving as handy rodent - catchers around grain crops. as the years went on, people brought cats indoors, again relying on felines to reduce numbers of unwanted vermin. the cat \u2019 s role today has primarily evolved to that of a beloved companion, which needs and deserves our protection. the situation benefits both people and cats, since an indoor cat is a safer cat. most feline fanciers are getting the message. about two - thirds of the estimated 90 million cats in the united states alone reside indoors. however, cats need more than just the security of staying inside. it \u2019 s up to you to provide an environment that meets the needs of your indoor cat. the indoor cat initiative, an ohio state university college of veterinary medicine project, is designed to help you understand just what your indoor cat requires and how you can easily help it live a happy, healthy life. \u201c as long as we \u2019 re going to have cats indoors, we certainly have the responsibility to keep them in the most enriched situation possible, \u2019 \u2019 says tony buffington, dvm, ph. d, director of the indoor cat initiative. the initiative \u2019 s website offers basic advice for meeting your indoor cat \u2019 s requirements. you can also order a dvd from the site. you \u2019 ll be in tune with your cat \u2019 s needs, says dr. buffington, if you provide your house cat with these eight inside essentials : - exercise many veterinarians, such as elizabeth colleran, dvm, ms, of chico, calif., are concerned about the number of overweight felines they see in their practices. dr. colleran suggests providing \u201c an abundance of cat toys. having just one cat toy is silly. \u201d the indoor cat initiative advises understanding your cat \u2019 s prey of choice. would your pal rather romp after an object that moves in the air? a furry toy? a laser light? pay attention to your cat \u2019 s playtime preferences and buy accordingly. - mental stimulation playing with your feline during the day offers additional benefits, says dr. colleran. you \u2019 ll engage your cat mentally, which will help to keep your pal alert and involved with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4108114746731518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:863a9238-7dae-47d8-8572-856153340c5a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.409523"}
{"text": "\u2019 s playtime preferences and buy accordingly. - mental stimulation playing with your feline during the day offers additional benefits, says dr. colleran. you \u2019 ll engage your cat mentally, which will help to keep your pal alert and involved with its surroundings. your cat, nocturnal by nature, will also be less likely to keep you up during the night. allowing your cat to hunt for food you \u2019 ve placed around the house also provides stimulation, she says. don \u2019 t forget to offer your pet at least one room with a view. cats love to watch outdoor activity. - something to scratch determine, just by observation and experimentation, what material your cat enjoys under its paws, says dr. colleran. some cats scratch vertically, while others prefer to scratch horizontally. a scratching post needn \u2019 t be fancy. it can be a simple homemade device, created by nailing or stapling some scratching material, such as a carpet remnant, to a piece of plywood. just be sure no sharp nails or staple points protrude before you present it to your clawed friend. - a place of its own your cat needs a space where it feels safe and secure. make sure food, water and litter are not located where another animal or person can sneak up or surprise your cat. the indoor cat initiative suggests placing dishes and the litter box away from appliances or air ducts that might suddenly turn on, startling your cat. - something to climb \u201c people don \u2019 t think about cats operating in three dimensions, \u2019 \u2019 says dr. buffington. \u201c they need to climb. that \u2019 s part of their natural behavior. but people often don \u2019 t want them to climb on certain things. \u201d dr. buffington believes cat owners often neglect to provide their cats a suitable alternative. you can purchase commercial perches and roosts for cats or, suggests dr. buffington, a six - foot pine ladder, if you don \u2019 t mind the unusual addition to your decor. - clean, fresh litter litter should be scooped daily and cleaned regularly, with each cat provided with its own box. offer an ample - sized box, advises dr. colleran, who has written several papers about indoor cats. select one of the bigger litter boxes you find on the shelf at your local pet store. most large boxes measure around 18. 5 inches in length and 15. 25 inches in width, or more. keep clutter and debris cleared from around the box. \u201c cats are really fastidious. they like their bathrooms clean", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42296220841561005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:863a9238-7dae-47d8-8572-856153340c5a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.410628"}
{"text": "the celebration of the christian mystery the seven sacraments of the church the sacraments of christian initiation the sacrament of baptism 1213 holy baptism is the basis of the whole christian life, the gateway to life in the spirit ( vitae spiritualis ianua ), 4 and the door which gives access to the other sacraments. through baptism we are freed from sin and reborn as sons of god ; we become members of christ, are incorporated into the church and made sharers in her mission : \" baptism is the sacrament of regeneration through water in the word. \" 5 i. what is this sacrament called? 1214 this sacrament is called baptism, after the central rite by which it is carried out : to baptize ( greek baptizein ) means to \" plunge \" or \" immerse \" ; the \" plunge \" into the water symbolizes the catechumen ' s burial into christ ' s death, from which he rises up by resurrection with him, as \" a new creature. \" 6 1215 this sacrament is also called \" the washing of regeneration and renewal by the holy spirit, \" for it signifies and actually brings about the birth of water and the spirit without which no one \" can enter the kingdom of god. \" 7 1216 \" this bath is called enlightenment, because those who receive this [ catechetical ] instruction are enlightened in their understanding.... \" 8 having received in baptism the word, \" the true light that enlightens every man, \" the person baptized has been \" enlightened, \" he becomes a \" son of light, \" indeed, he becomes \" light \" himself : 9 ii. baptism in the economy of salvation prefigurations of baptism in the old covenant 1217 in the liturgy of the easter vigil, during the blessing of the baptismal water, the church solemnly commemorates the great events in salvation history that already prefigured the mystery of baptism : in baptism we use your gift of water, which you have made a rich symbol of the grace you give us in this sacrament. 11 1218 since the beginning of the world, water, so humble and wonderful a creature, has been the source of life and fruitfulness. sacred scripture sees it as \" overshadowed \" by the spirit of god : 12 1219 the church has seen in noah ' s ark a prefiguring of salvation by baptism, for by it \" a few, that is, eight persons, were saved through water \" : 14 1220 if water springing up from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4577022965733478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eea9c02d-cabb-43bc-97ee-1f28f950c5e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.445590"}
{"text": "1219 the church has seen in noah ' s ark a prefiguring of salvation by baptism, for by it \" a few, that is, eight persons, were saved through water \" : 14 1220 if water springing up from the earth symbolizes life, the water of the sea is a symbol of death and so can represent the mystery of the cross. by this symbolism baptism signifies communion with christ ' s death. 1221 but above all, the crossing of the red sea, literally the liberation of israel from the slavery of egypt, announces the liberation wrought by baptism : 1222 finally, baptism is prefigured in the crossing of the jordan river by which the people of god received the gift of the land promised to abraham ' s descendants, an image of eternal life. the promise of this blessed inheritance is fulfilled in the new covenant. 1223 all the old covenant prefigurations find their fulfillment in christ jesus. he begins his public life after having himself baptized by st. john the baptist in the jordan. 17 after his resurrection christ gives this mission to his apostles : \" go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the father and of the son and of the holy spirit, teaching them to observe all that i have commanded you. \" 18 1224 our lord voluntarily submitted himself to the baptism of st. john, intended for sinners, in order to \" fulfill all righteousness. \" 19 jesus ' gesture is a manifestation of his self - emptying. 20 the spirit who had hovered over the waters of the first creation descended then on the christ as a prelude of the new creation, and the father revealed jesus as his \" beloved son. \" 21 1225 in his passover christ opened to all men the fountain of baptism. he had already spoken of his passion, which he was about to suffer in jerusalem, as a \" baptism \" with which he had to be baptized. 22 the blood and water that flowed from the pierced side of the crucified jesus are types of baptism and the eucharist, the sacraments of new life. 23 from then on, it is possible \" to be born of water and the spirit \" 24 in order to enter the kingdom of god. baptism in the church 1226 from the very day of pentecost the church has celebrated and administered holy baptism. indeed st. peter declares to the crowd astounded by his preaching : \" repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of jesus christ for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4498230304131521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eea9c02d-cabb-43bc-97ee-1f28f950c5e3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.446599"}
{"text": "the very day of pentecost the church has celebrated and administered holy baptism. indeed st. peter declares to the crowd astounded by his preaching : \" repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of jesus christ for the forgiveness of your sins ; and you shall receive the gift of the holy spirit. \" 26 the apostles and their collaborators offer baptism to anyone who believed in jesus : jews, the god - fearing, pagans. 27 always, baptism is seen as connected with faith : \" believe in the lord jesus, and you will be saved, you and your household, \" st. paul declared to his jailer in philippi. and the narrative continues, the jailer \" was baptized at once, with all his family. \" 28 1227 according to the apostle paul, the believer enters through baptism into communion with christ ' s death, is buried with him, and rises with him : the baptized have \" put on christ. \" 30 through the holy spirit, baptism is a bath that purifies, justifies, and sanctifies. 31 1228 hence baptism is a bath of water in which the \" imperishable seed \" of the word of god produces its life - giving effect. 32 st. augustine says of baptism : \" the word is brought to the material element, and it becomes a sacrament. \" 33 iii. how is the sacrament of baptism celebrated? 1229 from the time of the apostles, becoming a christian has been accomplished by a journey and initiation in several stages. this journey can be covered rapidly or slowly, but certain essential elements will always have to be present : proclamation of the word, acceptance of the gospel entailing conversion, profession of faith, baptism itself, the outpouring of the holy spirit, and admission to eucharistic communion. 1230 this initiation has varied greatly through the centuries according to circumstances. in the first centuries of the church, christian initiation saw considerable development. a long period of catechumenate included a series of preparatory rites, which were liturgical landmarks along the path of catechumenal preparation and culminated in the celebration of the sacraments of christian initiation. 1231 where infant baptism has become the form in which this sacrament is usually celebrated, it has become a single act encapsulating the preparatory stages of christian initiation in a very abridged way. by its very nature infant baptism requires a post - baptismal catechumenate. not only is there a need for instruction after baptism, but also for the necessary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44138632834096947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eea9c02d-cabb-43bc-97ee-1f28f950c5e3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.447744"}
{"text": "since baptism signifies liberation from sin and from its instigator the devil, one or more exorcisms are pronounced over the candidate. the celebrant then anoints him with the oil of catechumens, or lays his hands on him, and he explicitly renounces satan. thus prepared, he is able to confess the faith of the church, to which he will be \" entrusted \" by baptism. 39 1238 the baptismal water is consecrated by a prayer of epiclesis ( either at this moment or at the easter vigil ). the church asks god that through his son the power of the holy spirit may be sent upon the water, so that those who will be baptized in it may be \" born of water and the spirit. \" 40 1239 the essential rite of the sacrament follows : baptism properly speaking. it signifies and actually brings about death to sin and entry into the life of the most holy trinity through configuration to the paschal mystery of christ. baptism is performed in the most expressive way by triple immersion in the baptismal water. however, from ancient times it has also been able to be conferred by pouring the water three times over the candidate ' s head. 1240 in the latin church this triple infusion is accompanied by the minister ' s words : \" n., i baptize you in the name of the father, and of the son, and of the holy spirit. \" in the eastern liturgies the catechumen turns toward the east and the priest says : \" the servant of god, n., is baptized in the name of the father, and of the son, and of the holy spirit. \" at the invocation of each person of the most holy trinity, the priest immerses the candidate in the water and raises him up again. 1241 the anointing with sacred chrism, perfumed oil consecrated by the bishop, signifies the gift of the holy spirit to the newly baptized, who has become a christian, that is, one \" anointed \" by the holy spirit, incorporated into christ who is anointed priest, prophet, and king. 41 1242 in the liturgy of the eastern churches, the post - baptismal anointing is the sacrament of chrismation ( confirmation ). in the roman liturgy the post - baptismal anointing announces a second anointing with sacred chrism to be conferred later by the bishop confirmation, which will as it were \" confirm \" and complete the baptismal anointing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46795569599539927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eea9c02d-cabb-43bc-97ee-1f28f950c5e3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.451383"}
{"text": "confirmation ). in the roman liturgy the post - baptismal anointing announces a second anointing with sacred chrism to be conferred later by the bishop confirmation, which will as it were \" confirm \" and complete the baptismal anointing. 1243 the white garment symbolizes that the person baptized has \" put on christ, \" 42 has risen with christ. the candle, lit from the easter candle, signifies that christ has enlightened the neophyte. in him the baptized are \" the light of the world. \" 43 the newly baptized is now, in the only son, a child of god entitled to say the prayer of the children of god : \" our father. \" 1244 first holy communion. having become a child of god clothed with the wedding garment, the neophyte is admitted \" to the marriage supper of the lamb \" 44 and receives the food of the new life, the body and blood of christ. the eastern churches maintain a lively awareness of the unity of christian initiation by giving holy communion to all the newly baptized and confirmed, even little children, recalling the lord ' s words : \" let the children come to me, do not hinder them. \" 45 the latin church, which reserves admission to holy communion to those who have attained the age of reason, expresses the orientation of baptism to the eucharist by having the newly baptized child brought to the altar for the praying of the our father. 1245 the solemn blessing concludes the celebration of baptism. at the baptism of newborns the blessing of the mother occupies a special place. iv. who can receive baptism? 1246 \" every person not yet baptized and only such a person is able to be baptized. \" 46 the baptism of adults 1247 since the beginning of the church, adult baptism is the common practice where the proclamation of the gospel is still new. the catechumenate ( preparation for baptism ) therefore occupies an important place. this initiation into christian faith and life should dispose the catechumen to receive the gift of god in baptism, confirmation, and the eucharist. 1248 the catechumenate, or formation of catechumens, aims at bringing their conversion and faith to maturity, in response to the divine initiative and in union with an ecclesial community. the catechumenate is to be \" a formation in the whole christian life... during which the disciples will be joined to christ their teacher. the catechumens should be properly initiated into the mystery of salvation and the practice of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4678831477242332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eea9c02d-cabb-43bc-97ee-1f28f950c5e3>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.452970"}
{"text": ". the catechumenate is to be \" a formation in the whole christian life... during which the disciples will be joined to christ their teacher. the catechumens should be properly initiated into the mystery of salvation and the practice of the evangelical virtues, and they should be introduced into the life of faith, liturgy, and charity of the people of god by successive sacred rites. \" 47 1249 catechumens \" are already joined to the church, they are already of the household of christ, and are quite frequently already living a life of faith, hope, and charity. \" 48 \" with love and solicitude mother church already embraces them as her own. \" 49 the baptism of infants 1250 born with a fallen human nature and tainted by original sin, children also have need of the new birth in baptism to be freed from the power of darkness and brought into the realm of the freedom of the children of god, to which all men are called. 50 the sheer gratuitousness of the grace of salvation is particularly manifest in infant baptism. the church and the parents would deny a child the priceless grace of becoming a child of god were they not to confer baptism shortly after birth. 51 1251 christian parents will recognize that this practice also accords with their role as nurturers of the life that god has entrusted to them. 52 1252 the practice of infant baptism is an immemorial tradition of the church. there is explicit testimony to this practice from the second century on, and it is quite possible that, from the beginning of the apostolic preaching, when whole \" households \" received baptism, infants may also have been baptized. 53 faith and baptism 1253 baptism is the sacrament of faith. 54 but faith needs the community of believers. it is only within the faith of the church that each of the faithful can believe. the faith required for baptism is not a perfect and mature faith, but a beginning that is called to develop. the catechumen or the godparent is asked : \" what do you ask of god ' s church? \" the response is : \" faith! \" 1254 for all the baptized, children or adults, faith must grow after baptism. for this reason the church celebrates each year at the easter vigil the renewal of baptismal promises. preparation for baptism leads only to the threshold of new life. baptism is the source of that new life in christ from which the entire christian life springs forth. 1255 for the grace of baptism to unfold", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4252962148874643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eea9c02d-cabb-43bc-97ee-1f28f950c5e3>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.454120"}
{"text": "vigil the renewal of baptismal promises. preparation for baptism leads only to the threshold of new life. baptism is the source of that new life in christ from which the entire christian life springs forth. 1255 for the grace of baptism to unfold, the parents ' help is important. so too is the role of the godfather and godmother, who must be firm believers, able and ready to help the newly baptized - child or adult on the road of christian life. 55 their task is a truly ecclesial function ( officium ). 56 the whole ecclesial community bears some responsibility for the development and safeguarding of the grace given at baptism. v. who can baptize? 1256 the ordinary ministers of baptism are the bishop and priest and, in the latin church, also the deacon. 57 in case of necessity, anyone, even a non - baptized person, with the required intention, can baptize58, by using the trinitarian baptismal formula. the intention required is to will to do what the church does when she baptizes. the church finds the reason for this possibility in the universal saving will of god and the necessity of baptism for salvation. 59 vi. the necessity of baptism 1257 the lord himself affirms that baptism is necessary for salvation. 60 he also commands his disciples to proclaim the gospel to all nations and to baptize them. 61 baptism is necessary for salvation for those to whom the gospel has been proclaimed and who have had the possibility of asking for this sacrament. 62 the church does not know of any means other than baptism that assures entry into eternal beatitude ; this is why she takes care not to neglect the mission she has received from the lord to see that all who can be baptized are \" reborn of water and the spirit. \" god has bound salvation to the sacrament of baptism, but he himself is not bound by his sacraments. 1258 the church has always held the firm conviction that those who suffer death for the sake of the faith without having received baptism are baptized by their death for and with christ. this baptism of blood, like the desire for baptism, brings about the fruits of baptism without being a sacrament. 1259 for catechumens who die before their baptism, their explicit desire to receive it, together with repentance for their sins, and charity, assures them the salvation that they were not able to receive through the sacrament. 1260 \" since christ died for all, and since all men are in fact called", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43637311035254195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eea9c02d-cabb-43bc-97ee-1f28f950c5e3>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.455146"}
{"text": "desire to receive it, together with repentance for their sins, and charity, assures them the salvation that they were not able to receive through the sacrament. 1260 \" since christ died for all, and since all men are in fact called to one and the same destiny, which is divine, we must hold that the holy spirit offers to all the possibility of being made partakers, in a way known to god, of the paschal mystery. \" 63 every man who is ignorant of the gospel of christ and of his church, but seeks the truth and does the will of god in accordance with his understanding of it, can be saved. it may be supposed that such persons would have desired baptism explicitly if they had known its necessity. 1261 as regards children who have died without baptism, the church can only entrust them to the mercy of god, as she does in her funeral rites for them. indeed, the great mercy of god who desires that all men should be saved, and jesus ' tenderness toward children which caused him to say : \" let the children come to me, do not hinder them, \" 64 allow us to hope that there is a way of salvation for children who have died without baptism. all the more urgent is the church ' s call not to prevent little children coming to christ through the gift of holy baptism. vii. the grace of baptism 1262 the different effects of baptism are signified by the perceptible elements of the sacramental rite. immersion in water symbolizes not only death and purification, but also regeneration and renewal. thus the two principal effects are purification from sins and new birth in the holy spirit. 65 for the forgiveness of sins... 1263 by baptism all sins are forgiven, original sin and all personal sins, as well as all punishment for sin. 66 in those who have been reborn nothing remains that would impede their entry into the kingdom of god, neither adam ' s sin, nor personal sin, nor the consequences of sin, the gravest of which is separation from god. 1264 yet certain temporal consequences of sin remain in the baptized, such as suffering, illness, death, and such frailties inherent in life as weaknesses of character, and so on, as well as an inclination to sin that tradition calls concupiscence, or metaphorically, \" the tinder for sin \" ( fomes peccati ) ; since concupiscence \" is left for us to wrestle with, it cannot harm those who do not consent but man", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4663659289877613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eea9c02d-cabb-43bc-97ee-1f28f950c5e3>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.457372"}
{"text": "calls concupiscence, or metaphorically, \" the tinder for sin \" ( fomes peccati ) ; since concupiscence \" is left for us to wrestle with, it cannot harm those who do not consent but manfully resist it by the grace of jesus christ. \" 67 indeed, \" an athlete is not crowned unless he competes according to the rules. \" 68 \" a new creature \" 1265 baptism not only purifies from all sins, but also makes the neophyte \" a new creature, \" an adopted son of god, who has become a \" partaker of the divine nature, \" 69 member of christ and co - heir with him, 70 and a temple of the holy spirit. 71 1266 the most holy trinity gives the baptized sanctifying grace, the grace of justification : - enabling them to believe in god, to hope in him, and to love him through the theological virtues ; - giving them the power to live and act under the prompting of the holy spirit through the gifts of the holy spirit ; - allowing them to grow in goodness through the moral virtues. thus the whole organism of the christian ' s supernatural life has its roots in baptism. incorporated into the church, the body of christ 1267 baptism makes us members of the body of christ : \" therefore... we are members one of another. \" 72 baptism incorporates us into the church. from the baptismal fonts is born the one people of god of the new covenant, which transcends all the natural or human limits of nations, cultures, races, and sexes : \" for by one spirit we were all baptized into one body. \" 73 1268 the baptized have become \" living stones \" to be \" built into a spiritual house, to be a holy priesthood. \" 74 by baptism they share in the priesthood of christ, in his prophetic and royal mission. they are \" a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, god ' s own people, that [ they ] may declare the wonderful deeds of him who called [ them ] out of darkness into his marvelous light. \" 75 baptism gives a share in the common priesthood of all believers. 1269 having become a member of the church, the person baptized belongs no longer to himself, but to him who died and rose for us. 76 from now on, he is called to be subject to others, to serve them in the communion of the church, and to \" obey and submit \" to the church ' s leaders, 77 holding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4548654313201315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eea9c02d-cabb-43bc-97ee-1f28f950c5e3>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.458468"}
{"text": "but to him who died and rose for us. 76 from now on, he is called to be subject to others, to serve them in the communion of the church, and to \" obey and submit \" to the church ' s leaders, 77 holding them in respect and affection. 78 just as baptism is the source of responsibilities and duties, the baptized person also enjoys rights within the church : to receive the sacraments, to be nourished with the word of god and to be sustained by the other spiritual helps of the church. 79 1270 \" reborn as sons of god, [ the baptized ] must profess before men the faith they have received from god through the church \" and participate in the apostolic and missionary activity of the people of god. 80 the sacramental bond of the unity of christians 1271 baptism constitutes the foundation of communion among all christians, including those who are not yet in full communion with the catholic church : \" for men who believe in christ and have been properly baptized are put in some, though imperfect, communion with the catholic church. justified by faith in baptism, [ they ] are incorporated into christ ; they therefore have a right to be called christians, and with good reason are accepted as brothers by the children of the catholic church. \" 81 \" baptism therefore constitutes the sacramental bond of unity existing among all who through it are reborn. \" 82 an indelible spiritual mark... 1272 incorporated into christ by baptism, the person baptized is configured to christ. baptism seals the christian with the indelible spiritual mark ( character ) of his belonging to christ. no sin can erase this mark, even if sin prevents baptism from bearing the fruits of salvation. 83 given once for all, baptism cannot be repeated. 1273 incorporated into the church by baptism, the faithful have received the sacramental character that consecrates them for christian religious worship. 84 the baptismal seal enables and commits christians to serve god by a vital participation in the holy liturgy of the church and to exercise their baptismal priesthood by the witness of holy lives and practical charity. 85 1274 the holy spirit has marked us with the seal of the lord ( \" dominicus character \" ) \" for the day of redemption. \" 86 \" baptism indeed is the seal of eternal life. \" 87 the faithful christian who has \" kept the seal \" until the end, remaining faithful to the demands of his baptism, will be able to depart this life \" marked with the sign of faith, \" 88 with his baptismal faith, in expectation of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4586432908740826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eea9c02d-cabb-43bc-97ee-1f28f950c5e3>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.459570"}
{"text": "the faithful christian who has \" kept the seal \" until the end, remaining faithful to the demands of his baptism, will be able to depart this life \" marked with the sign of faith, \" 88 with his baptismal faith, in expectation of the blessed vision of god - the consummation of faith - and in the hope of resurrection. 1275 christian initiation is accomplished by three sacraments together : baptism which is the beginning of new life ; confirmation which is its strengthening ; and the eucharist which nourishes the disciple with christ ' s body and blood for his transformation in christ. 1276 \" go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the father and of the son and of the holy spirit, teaching them to observe all that i have commanded you \" ( mt 28 : 19 - 20 ). 1277 baptism is birth into the new life in christ. in accordance with the lord ' s will, it is necessary for salvation, as is the church herself, which we enter by baptism. 1278 the essential rite of baptism consists in immersing the candidate in water or pouring water on his head, while pronouncing the invocation of the most holy trinity : the father, the son, and the holy spirit. 1279 the fruit of baptism, or baptismal grace, is a rich reality that includes forgiveness of original sin and all personal sins, birth into the new life by which man becomes an adoptive son of the father, a member of christ and a temple of the holy spirit. by this very fact the person baptized is incorporated into the church, the body of christ, and made a sharer in the priesthood of christ. 1280 baptism imprints on the soul an indelible spiritual sign, the character, which consecrates the baptized person for christian worship. because of the character baptism cannot be repeated ( cf. ds 1609 and ds 1624 ). 1281 those who die for the faith, those who are catechumens, and all those who, without knowing of the church but acting under the inspiration of grace, seek god sincerely and strive to fulfill his will, can be saved even if they have not been baptized ( cf. lg 16 ). 1282 since the earliest times, baptism has been administered to children, for it is a grace and a gift of god that does not presuppose any human merit ; children are baptized in the faith of the church. entry into christian life gives access to true freedom. 1283", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44673035956904666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eea9c02d-cabb-43bc-97ee-1f28f950c5e3>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.460594"}
{"text": "baptism has been administered to children, for it is a grace and a gift of god that does not presuppose any human merit ; children are baptized in the faith of the church. entry into christian life gives access to true freedom. 1283 with respect to children who have died without baptism, the liturgy of the church invites us to trust in god ' s mercy and to pray for their salvation. 1284 in case of necessity, any person can baptize provided that he have the intention of doing that which the church does and provided that he pours water on the candidate ' s head while saying : \" i baptize you in the name of the father, and of the son, and of the holy spirit. \" 4 cf. council of florence : ds 1314 : vitae spiritualis ianua. 5 roman catechism ii, 2, 5 ; cf. council of florence : ds 1314 ; cic, cann. 204 \u00a7 1 ; 849 ; cceo, can. 675 \u00a7 1. 6 2 cor 5 : 17 ; gal 6 : 15 ; cf. rom 6 : 34 ; col 2 : 12. 7 titus 3 : 5 ; jn 3 : 5. 8 st. justin, apol. 1, 61, 12 : pg 6, 421. 9 jn 1 : 9 ; 1 thess 5 : 5 ; heb 10 : 32 ; eph 5 : 8. 10 st. gregory of nazianzus, oratio 40, 3 - 4 : pg 36, 361c. 11 roman missal, easter vigil 42 : blessing of water. 12 cf. gen 1 : 2. 13 roman missal, easter vigil 42 : blessing of water. 14 1 pet 3 : 20. 15 roman missal, easter vigil 42 : blessing of water. 16 roman missal, easter vigil 42 : blessing of water : \" abrahae filios per mare rubrum sicco vestigio transire fecisti, ut plebs, a pharaonis servitute liberata, populum baptizatorum pr\u00e6figuraret. \" 17 cf. mt 3 : 13. 18 mt 28 : 19 - 20 ; cf. mk 16 : 15 - 16. 19 mt 3 : 15. 20 cf. phil 2 : 7. 21 mt 3 : 16 - 17. 22 mk 10 : 38 ; cf. lk 12 : 50. 23 cf. jn 19 : 34 ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38262669494754437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eea9c02d-cabb-43bc-97ee-1f28f950c5e3>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.461503"}
{"text": ": 15 - 16. 19 mt 3 : 15. 20 cf. phil 2 : 7. 21 mt 3 : 16 - 17. 22 mk 10 : 38 ; cf. lk 12 : 50. 23 cf. jn 19 : 34 ; 1 jn 5 : 6 - 8. 24 cf. jn 3 : 5. 25 st. ambrose, de sacr. 2, 2, 6 : pl 16, 444 ; cf. jn 3 : 5. 26 acts 2 : 38. 27 cf. acts 2 : 41 ; 8 : 12 - 13 ; 10 : 48 ; 16 : 15. 28 acts 16 : 31 - 33. 29 rom 6 : 3 - 4 ; cf. col 2 : 12. 30 gal 3 : 27. 31 ce 1 cor 6 : 11 ; 12 : 13. 32 1 pet 1 : 23 ; cf. eph 5 : 26. 33 st. augustine, in jo. ev. 80, 3 : pl 35, 1840. 34 sc 64. 35 cf. rcia ( 1972 ). 36 sc 65 ; cf. sc 37 - 40. 37 cf. ag 14 ; cic, cann. 851 ; 865 ; 866. 38 cf. cic, cann. 851, 2o ; 868. 39 cf. rom 6 : 17. 40 jn 3 : 5. 41 cf. rbc 62. 42 gal 3 : 27. 43 mt 5 : 14 ; cf. phil 2 : 15. 44 rev 19 : 9. 45 mk 10 : 14. 46 cic, can. 864 ; cf. cceo, can. 679. 47 ag 14 ; cf. rcia 19 ; 98. 48 ag 14 \u00a7 5. 49 lg 14 \u00a7 3 ; cf. cic, cann. 206 ; 788 \u00a7 3. 50 cf. council of trent ( 1546 ) : ds 1514 ; cf. col 1 : 12 - 14. 51 cf. cic, can. 867 ; cceo, cann. 681 ; 686, 1. 52 cf. lg 11 ; 41 ; gs 48 ; cic, can. 868. 53 cf. acts 16 : 15, 33 ; 18 : 8 ; 1 cor 1 : 16 ; cdf, instruction, pastoralis actio : aas 72 ( 1980 ) 1137 - 1156. 54 cf. mk 16 : 16. 55 cf. cic, cann. 872 - 874. 56", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3537300859114991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eea9c02d-cabb-43bc-97ee-1f28f950c5e3>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.462305"}
{"text": "1 : 16 ; cdf, instruction, pastoralis actio : aas 72 ( 1980 ) 1137 - 1156. 54 cf. mk 16 : 16. 55 cf. cic, cann. 872 - 874. 56 cf. sc 67. 57 cf. cic, can. 861 \u00a7 1 ; cceo, can. 677 \u00a7 1. 58 cic, can. 861. 2. 59 cf. 1 tim 2 : 4. 60 cf. jn 3 : 5. 61 cf. mt 28 : 19 - 20 ; cf. council of trent ( 1547 ) ds 1618 ; lg 14 ; ag 5. 62 cf. mk 16 : 16. 63 gs 22 \u00a7 5 ; cf. lg 16 ; ag 7. 64 mk 10 14 ; cf. 1 tim 2 : 4. 65 cf. acts 2 : 38 ; jn 3 : 5. 66 cf. council of florence ( 1439 ) : ds 1316. 67 council of trent ( 1546 ) : ds 1515. 68 2 tim 2 : 5. 69 2 cor 5 : 17 ; 2 pet 1 : 4 ; cf. gal 4 : 5 - 7. 70 cf. 1 cor 6 : 15 ; 12 : 27 ; rom 8 : 17. 71 cf. 1 cor 6 : 19. 72 eph 4 : 25. 73 1 cor 12 : 13. 74 1 pet 2 : 5. 75 1 pet 2 : 9. 76 cf. 1 cor 6 : 19 ; 2 cor 5 : 15. 77 heb 13 : 17. 78 cf. eph 5 : 21 ; 1 cor 16 : 15 - 16 ; 1 thess 5 : 12 - 13 ; jn 13 : 12 - 15. 79 cf. lg 37 ; cic, cann. 208 - 223 ; cceo, can. 675 : 2. 80 lg 11 ; cf. lg 17 ; ag 7 ; 23. 81 ur 3. 82 ur 22 \u00a7 2. 83 cf. rom 8 : 29 ; council of trent ( 1547 ) : ds 1609 - 1619. 84 cf. lg 11. 85 cf. lg 10. 86 st. augustine, ep. 98, 5 : pl 33, 362 ; eph 4 : 30 ; cf. 1 : 13 - 14 ; 2 cor 1 : 21 - 22. 87 st. irenaeus, dem ap. 3 : sch 62, 32. 88 roman missal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4175620464481926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eea9c02d-cabb-43bc-97ee-1f28f950c5e3>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.463043"}
{"text": "what is feline diabetes? diabetes mellitus, the clinical name for \" sugar diabetes, \" is a condition that affects the concentration of glucose, a type of sugar, in a cat ' s blood. diabetes in cats is rarely the result of a shortage of insulin ( type i diabetes ). more commonly, diabetes results when a cat ' s body has trouble using the insulin it has made properly ( type ii diabetes ). insulin affects the way a cat ' s body uses food. when a cat eats, food is broken down into very small components that the body can use. one component, carbohydrate, is converted into several types of sugars, including glucose. glucose is absorbed from the intestines into the blood. once in the bloodstream, glucose travels to cells where it can be absorbed and used as a source of energy - if insulin is present. without enough insulin, glucose can ' t enter cells and builds up in the bloodstream. so a cat may act hungry all the time and eat constantly, but still lose weight because its cells can ' t absorb glucose. most cats develop type ii diabetes, in which their cells no longer respond normally to the amounts of insulin produced by the pancreas. while many cats initially require daily insulin injections, the treatment goal is to correct the factors or conditions causing insulin resistance. if these factors, such as obesity, can be adequately controlled, many cats will experience temporary remission or permanent resolution of their diabetes. many cats with type ii diabetes will experience marked improvement in their insulin sensitivity when changed to a species - appropriate high protein, low carbohydrate food. however, not all cats with diabetes are suited to this type of diet. your veterinarian will conduct a thorough evaluation and recommend the most appropriate diet and treatment for your cat ' s diabetes. - older cats - neutered male cats - physical inactivity - medications ( steroids and progestins ) if you think your cat may be at risk, make an appointment today to get your cat checked for diabetes. diabetes is one of many conditions that can affect your cat and cause visible changes in behavior and other signs. that ' s why it ' s important your cat be thoroughly examined by a veterinarian at least once a year or more frequently, if your veterinarian advises. - drinks more water than usual ( polydipsia ) - urinates more frequently, produces more urine per day, or has \" accidents \" outside the litter box ( polyuria ) - always", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.444716545013765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b19bd67b-c1e5-467d-9306-baa6b8c6523b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.470060"}
{"text": "or more frequently, if your veterinarian advises. - drinks more water than usual ( polydipsia ) - urinates more frequently, produces more urine per day, or has \" accidents \" outside the litter box ( polyuria ) - always acts hungry ( polyphagia ), but maintains or loses weight - is less active or sleeps more ( lethargic ) - has thinning, dry, or dull hair when evaluating your cat for diabetes, your veterinarian may ask about these signs and will check your cat ' s general health to rule out the possibility of other conditions or infections. a sample of your cat ' s urine may be tested first for the presence of glucose, ketones, and / or a urinary tract infection. if glucose is present in your cat ' s urine, your veterinarian will want to determine your cat ' s blood glucose concentration and fructosamine concentration. if the blood glucose concentration is consistently higher than normal, your cat ' s pancreas may not be secreting enough insulin or your cat ' s body is \" resistant \" to the insulin being produced. regardless of the cause for increased blood sugar, your pet is suffering from diabetes mellitus. a diabetes diagnosis is considered definite when glucose is found at a persistently high concentration in blood and in urine. - diet \u2013 determining the best type of food for your cat. cats, as carnivores, often have significant improvement in their blood sugar levels when placed on a high protein, low carbohydrate food. this is also the perfect time to address weight loss if your cat is overweight or obese - insulin \u2013 how to store and administer it properly - hypoglycemia \u2013 how to identify and treat potentially life - threatening low blood sugar - at - home monitoring you should perform and when you should alert your veterinarian. ask how you should monitor your cat for the possibility of diabetes remission - recommended veterinary rechecks - diabetes mellitus in cats diabetes mellitus is a disease of the pancreas. in simple terms, it is caused by the failure of the pancreas to regulate blood sugar. click on the link to learn more. - diabetes in cats \u2013 testing and monitoring there are several recommended tests to have done on your cat when diabetes mellitus is suspected. cats can live happily and healthfully with diabetes if proper monitoring is performed by you at home and your cat has regularly scheduled visits with your veterinarian. for the best monitoring of a dia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44260911025925925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b19bd67b-c1e5-467d-9306-baa6b8c6523b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.471347"}
{"text": "search this site news : : school board learns of impact of ipads, 1 to 1 laptops at vshs \u00b7 5 : 19pm january 14th, 2013 members of the vinton - shellsburg school board saw several demonstrations of how modern computer technology can help with education. several teachers demonstrated how students are using apple ipads and laptop computers to create videos, and learn reading and pronunciation skills. but first, the school board members had a chance for some training on their own ipads. the school district has replaced the laptop computers that the school board members used for meetings with ipads. technology specialist kim meyer spent a half hour giving board members basic instructions in how to use the devices. the meeting took place in the library of tilford elementary monday afternoon. district considering 1 to 1 computers at vshs high school principal matt kingsbury joined meyer in sharing with the school board their proposal for providing each student at vshs with his or her own laptop computer. the program would cost $ 700, 000 with the money coming from the ppel levy ; no additional tax revenues would be required. the purchase would be repeated every four years ; middle school students would eventually use the computers after the high school students received new ones. kingsbury said the $ 700, 000 includes computers, carrying bags, security and software. kingsbury and meyer told the board why they believe macintosh computers are better than pcs. vs leaders have spoken about the 1 to 1 computer program with other districts. students in those schools generally took very good care of their computers. kingsbury and meyer said that the tech committee at vshs is putting together policies governing computer use, as well as possible fees for families if a student accidentally damages a computer. a survey by school officials indicated that 157 people responded that they were in favor of each student having his own computer ; 25 respondents said no ; and 76 said maybe. concerns expressed in the survey included the cost of the program, the expense for families of students, and filtering to make sure that students do not use inappropriate web sites. meyer and kingsbury explained how current technogology allows the school it personnel to monitor every computer in the system. the school board heard how students have used already computers to do several projects, including creating radio broadcasts and e - books. kingsbury said he is working with vshs staff on setting up training sessions for students and teachers, as well as a meeting for parents ; the plan is to have the computers available for the next school year, if the district and board grant final approval. \" no decision has been made", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4377336388204546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8481e47-3072-4e41-95e6-8745739f9b34>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.474774"}
{"text": "the president of france, nicolas sarkozy, had planned to use his leadership of the g20 this year to highlight some of the needs of the developing world. instead, the focus of g20 summit in cannes has been on the threat of a greek default and destabilization of the eurozone. europe \u2019 s financial crisis affects more than the 27 members of the european union. \u201c there is a direct relationship between the crisis in europe and flows of resources to africa and development efforts around the world, \u201d says sam worthington of interaction, the largest u. s. coalition of non - profit organizations devoted to debt relief and development. \u201c europe is one of the biggest centers of remittances around the world, \u201d he explained. \u201c as europe gets poorer, those remittances begin to dry up. european banks have a large presence in africa, bank credits will also continue to dry up. and as european countries begin to try to deal with their own fiscal crises, one of the first areas where we fear we will see cuts is in official development assistance. \u201d famine and food prices it \u2019 s ironic, worthington said, that the debt crisis in the eurozone comes at the same time as the first famine of the 21st century in the horn of africa, with 13 million people being food insecure and another 750, 000 people at risk of starvation. contributing to the situation is the growing volatility of food prices, an issue that is also to be considered by g20 leaders. u. s. president barack obama ( l ) walks with french president nicholas sarkozy, after obama ' s arrival at espace riviera for the g20 summit in cannes, france, november 3, 2011. \u201c the solutions being offered here in cannes, \u201d said worthington, \u201c are important but not sufficient. one of the big proposals being debated in the communique right now are issues of food stocks in west africa. at this point in time, it looks likely that some form of food reserves will be put in place but only for humanitarian uses in africa. the broader question of regulation of food prices and the deeper fulfillment of the commitment made by the g8 at l \u2019 aquila for f 22 billion dollars [ in development aid ] still remains elusive. \u201d strengthening the safey net another goal of the g20 is to find new ways to improve the social safety nets of developing countries and support for development, education and climate mitigation. one proposal, back by microsoft entrepreneur bill gates, calls for a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43077593217519183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:877e7649-d6b6-4d62-91e7-7ebb5f475fdb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.479390"}
{"text": "strengthening the safey net another goal of the g20 is to find new ways to improve the social safety nets of developing countries and support for development, education and climate mitigation. one proposal, back by microsoft entrepreneur bill gates, calls for a tax on international financial transactions. some countries, including the united states, britain, japan and brazil, oppose the tax. \u201c the uk will clearly not be on board, \u201d said worthington, \u201c so it will come down to germany, france and other euro countries, a process that will need to make it through to [ european union headquarters in ] brussels. \u201c it is unlikely france will act alone, \u201d he continued. \u201c we are seeing some support from south africa and other groups. african countries have largely been silent in support for this tax, but if it is put in place it could generate up to 60 billion dollars in revenues. \u201d he said supporters of tax are using a two - part approach. \u201c the real question is what will be its uses? \u201d he said. \u201c some in germany say it should be used to offset deficits within european countries themselves. the battle for the tax itself is a big one. but the bigger battle is will this tax be used as a tool to finance some of the repayment effort s and financial efforts associated with greece? the concern of ngos, he said, is that the poor and development projects will not benefit in the long run. french gendarmes stand near an anti g20 demonstrator who takes part in protest against globalization and tax havens, at the french - monaco border in cap d ' ail, november 3, 2011. \u201c our real cry here in cannes, \u201d said worthington, \u201c is that the problems the developed world is currently experiencing should not mean solutions are done on the backs of the world \u2019 s poor. \u201d he adds that with global interconnectedness, the answers to the sluggish world economy require inclusive solutions. inclusive growth means support for development efforts. \u201c the growth in africa and in other parts of the world are now central to the well - being of people [ everywhere ], \u201d he said. \u201c so there is now a direct economic relationship between development efforts in africa, growth in african countries and the longer term global recovery, \u201d said worthington", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46540641037737623, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:877e7649-d6b6-4d62-91e7-7ebb5f475fdb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.480427"}
{"text": "over four years, college tuition, room and board, and textbooks can really add up. since your time in college can be very expensive, it is important to start practicing good habits when it comes to spending money. not only will these help you control spending now, but you will become savvier when it comes to saving in the future. follow these tips to be more frugal on a student budget the first step to becoming more frugal in college is to develop a budget. determine your monthly income, whether that be from your job or allowance from your parents. then subtract your monthly expenses, including food, rent, and daily costs. from the remainder, save as much as you can, always leaving yourself a cushion in case you have extra expenses one month. the money left over is for spending. once you \u2019 ve created your budget, stick to it! you \u2019 ve probably heard this one before, but dining out in restaurants or even buying fast food can add up quickly. limit the number of times you dine out each week. this will give you something to look forward to and a chance to spend time with your friends. instead, be creative when you go grocery shopping. you can try new foods and experiment with cooking by eating at home. although it \u2019 s nice to sit in a coffee shop and enjoy your favorite drink, these beverages are often expensive and not worth their value. invest in a coffee pot so that you can still get your caffeine fix without the cost. many shops even sell their coffee packaged in the supermarket. this will last you for a longer time and allow you to get the same coffee you like without spending so much. when it comes to major purchases, like electronics or textbooks, take the time to do your research and find the best deals possible. use comparison shopping engines that will allow you to compare prices on the products you want. when it comes to textbooks, think about alternative options. look into ways to buy online, find used books, or even rent textbooks. digital textbooks are another option to consider, which are usually cheaper than buying the hardcover version of a book. that is not to say that you should spend more, but that you should use cash instead of paying with a debit or credit card. this trick will help you feel more emotionally attached to your money. for every purchase you make, you will be able to see the actual transaction and feel your wallet getting thinner. you will become more aware of your spending and have more of an impulse to control how much you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4018935414576724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2cc01a7-83fd-4b98-b6ee-f3c39fb811fa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.487100"}
{"text": "lake shore drive in its present incarnation is a relatively recent addition to chicago \u2019 s landscape. built in pieces over much of the last century, the road was known variously as leif erickson drive and field boulevard before it was christened with its current name in 1946. the germ of the idea, however, began in 1882 with potter palmer, who wanted the city to build a road along the lakefront to increase property values. and as long as there \u2019 s been a drive there \u2019 s been this question about the drive : to expand or not to expand? and if we expand it, how far north or south should it go? in 1933 lake shore drive was extended from belmont to foster. in the \u2018 50s the road pushed further north to bryn mawr, and then to hollywood avenue in 1957. on the south side, there has been talk of expanding lake shore drive into the former u. s. steel south works site, currently being redeveloped by chicago based mccaffery interests. but conversations about expanding north lake shore drive beyond its current stopping point have been more controversial. the idea was resoundingly rejected in a 2004 referendum in which 90 percent of rogers park residents voted against the idea of expansion. author neal samors grew up in rogers park and remembers the various lsd expansions. together with co - author bernie judge, samors tracks the highway \u2019 s history in chicago \u2019 s lake shore drive : america \u2019 s most beautiful roadway. in the audio above, the two explain why the question of expansion has tended to rouse the ire of many north siders. dynamic range showcases hidden gems unearthed from chicago amplified \u2019 s vast archive of public events and appears on weekends. neal samors and bernard judge spoke at an event presented by chicago architecture foundation in january. click here to hear the event in its entirety.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38291295487663113, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ab00f39-47a9-4ff2-8715-4c24bb6c64f2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.489591"}
{"text": "study : most plastics leach hormone - like chemicals most plastic products, from sippy cups to food wraps, can release chemicals that act like the sex hormone estrogen, according to a study in environmental health perspectives. the study found these chemicals even in products that didn ' t contain bpa, a compound in certain plastics that ' s been widely criticized because it mimics estrogen. many plastic products are now marketed as bpa - free, and manufacturers have begun substituting other chemicals whose effects aren ' t as well known. but it ' s still unclear whether people are being harmed by bpa or any other so - called estrogenic chemicals in plastics. most studies of health effects have been done in mice and rats. the new study doesn ' t look at health risks. it simply asks whether common plastic products release estrogen - like chemicals other than bpa. to fear or not to fear plastics? exactly how bpa affects humans, and how serious its effects are, are still very much up for debate. the u. s. government generally advocates caution and more research, but agencies have issued a range of hesitant warnings. the national toxicology program, a division of the national institutes of health, says it has \" some concern \" about potential bpa exposures to the brains and prostate glands of fetuses, infants and children. other agencies say they have lingering, unresolved \" questions \" about the chemical. those questions largely circle around how prolonged exposure to the chemical in childhood or adulthood could affect reproduction and growth ; how low - dose exposure at sensitive developmental stages could affect children and babies later in life ; and how parental exposure could affect the next generation. studies have shown links between bpa and cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and a host of other illnesses. one major sticking point for scientists is the challenge of drawing conclusions from hundreds of studies, each using different animals ( mice and rats among them ), doses, and routes of exposure. as the environmental protection agency has noted, \" there is controversy about whether effects seen at lower doses in animals are meaningful and relevant to humans. \" and scientists have also wondered whether rodents are more sensitive to the chemical than us because they metabolize it differently. last year, the nih launched a new round of studies, all with the same methodology, designed to answer the some of the niggling questions and help the government provide clearer guidance than it ' s been able to so far. - - eliza barclay the researchers bought more than 450 plastic items from stores including walmart and whole", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4609708488987598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12c48858-fa6c-4da0-b824-436ba489ac09>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.499805"}
{"text": "same methodology, designed to answer the some of the niggling questions and help the government provide clearer guidance than it ' s been able to so far. - - eliza barclay the researchers bought more than 450 plastic items from stores including walmart and whole foods. they chose products designed to come in contact with food \u2014 things like baby bottles, deli packaging and flexible bags, says george bittner, one of the study ' s authors and a professor of biology at the university of texas, austin. then certichem, a testing company founded by bittner, chopped up pieces of each product and soaked them in either saltwater or alcohol to see what came out. the testing showed that more than 70 percent of the products released chemicals that acted like estrogen. and that was before they exposed the stuff to real - world conditions : simulated sunlight, dishwashing and microwaving, bittner says. \" then, you greatly increase the probability that you ' re going to get chemicals having estrogenic activity released, \" he says, adding that more than 95 percent of the products tested positive after undergoing this sort of stress. but what about all those products marketed as bpa - free? that ' s a claim being made for everything from dog bowls to bento boxes these days. the team concentrated on bpa - free baby bottles and water bottles, bittner says, \" and all of them released chemicals having estrogenic activity. \" sometimes the bpa - free products had even more activity than products known to contain bpa. the testing didn ' t show which chemicals are to blame, which is likely to be frustrating to manufacturers. but bittner says consumers should be encouraged that at least some plastic products had no estrogen - like activity. he says that shows it is possible to make these products. early reaction to the study was mixed. some scientists wondered about the test ' s reliability. others noted that wine and many vegetables also can act like estrogen. and a few observed that bittner has a financial interest in the testing lab and in a company involved in making plastic products that don ' t release estrogenic chemicals. on the other hand, groups that have warned about the potential dangers of bpa in the past seemed to welcome the new research. \" this is really helpful because they took a look at very common products, \" says sonya lunder, a senior analyst at the environmental working group. but the results suggest that concerns about plastics can ' t be solved by worried consumers at the checkout counter, lunder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5091222110063051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12c48858-fa6c-4da0-b824-436ba489ac09>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.501350"}
{"text": "helpful because they took a look at very common products, \" says sonya lunder, a senior analyst at the environmental working group. but the results suggest that concerns about plastics can ' t be solved by worried consumers at the checkout counter, lunder says. it ' s a problem for government, she says. \" regulatory agencies need to study the effect of chemicals leaching out of plastic, \" lunder says, adding that an epa program formed more than a decade ago to do this sort of research still hasn ' t produced many results. until scientists come up with more definitive answers, lunder says, worried consumers can follow the old advice to avoid putting those baby bottles and other plastic products in dishwashers or microwaves. \" we ' ve long cautioned consumers to avoid extreme heat and cooling for plastics, to discard scratched and worn plastics and we feel like this [ study ] validates one of our many concerns, \" she says. michele norris, host : many of you have been clearing your house of baby bottles and other plastic products because they ' re made with the chemical bpa. research has shown that bpa can act like the hormone estrogen, at least in mice and in rats. now, as npr ' s jon hamilton reports, a new study finds that even plastics without bpa can release estrogen - like chemicals. jon hamilton : before you toss out your tupperware, it ' s worth noting that scientists still don ' t know whether people are harmed by any of the chemicals coming from plastics. it ' s just not clear. and the new study doesn ' t look at health risks. it simply asks whether common plastic products release estrogen - like chemicals other than bpa. that ' s something george bittner, a biologist at the university of texas in austin, had been wondering for a long time. so he sent a research team to stores, including wal - mart and whole foods. their mission : buy a whole bunch of stuff made of plastic, the kind of stuff that might come in contact with food. mr. george bittner ( biologist, university of texas at austin ) : baby bottles, deli packaging, flexible bags. hamilton : the team came back with more than 450 products. then certichem, a testing company that bittner founded, chopped up pieces of each product and soaked them in either salt water or alcohol to see what leeched out. bittner says the tests made one thing clear. mr. bittner : most plastic products on the market today release chemicals having", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47055285002718955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12c48858-fa6c-4da0-b824-436ba489ac09>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.503885"}
{"text": "fr. ayodele ayeni cssp april 2, 2012 at the dawn of creation, \" the spirit of god was moving over the surface of the waters ( genesis 1. 2 ). \" the waters at creation not only manifest the symbolism of water in christian theology, but also its creational importance. water sustains life and its absence spells doom or death. the story of noah and the ark gives a christian account of the havoc excessive water may cause, even if there will be a rebuilding or newness that follows. however, wherever water cohabits with the spirit of god, as we see in genesis 1. 2, creational order unfolds from chaos. the spirit of god hovering over water gives life and saving effects to water - \" wherever the river goes, every living creature that swarms will live \" ( ezekiel 47. 9 ). water and spirit have come a long way. in recognition of the association of water with the spirit, we now say, in the second eucharistic prayer : \" make holy, therefore, these gifts, we pray, by sending down your spirit upon them like the dewfall. \" here again, the spirit is associated with water, in the form of a dewfall, with the mission of creating something new - the transubstantiation ( changing ) of bread and wine into the body and blood of christ. st. paul already anticipated this link between water and spirit when he said : \" for in the one spirit we were all baptized into one body - jews or greeks, slaves or free - and we were all made to drink of one spirit ( 1 corinthians 12. 13 ). \" what a theological evolution! st. paul anticipated the theological link between water and spirit. the instructions of god at creation ( genesis 1. 1 - 2. 4 ) brought creation into being, and every creature was given its limits, including water : \" i ( god ) placed the sand as a boundary for the sea, a perpetual barrier that it cannot pass ; though the waves toss, they cannot prevail, though they roar, they cannot pass over it \" ( jeremiah 5. 22 ). the human person pushed his boundary by \" sin of origin, \" only to discover his frailty. when humans needed regeneration or salvation from their sins, water was readily available : \" you ( god ) set the beams of your chambers on the waters, you make the clouds your chariot, you ride on the wings of the wind.... when you send forth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5104422185933247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:95b2af27-3c75-4634-b32e-98b5d5b52d84>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.513111"}
{"text": "regeneration or salvation from their sins, water was readily available : \" you ( god ) set the beams of your chambers on the waters, you make the clouds your chariot, you ride on the wings of the wind.... when you send forth your spirit, they are created ; and you renew the face of the earth \" ( psalm 104. 3, 30 ). humans can either lose their identity through sin, or have their identity denied them by servitude, like the enslavement of the israelites in egypt. the restoration of a lost identity comes via redemption. god redeems by re - creating the primeva l state of creation, not necessarily through destruction, but by manifesting his power as creator. with the israelites, he chose water as the medium of his re - creation. the waters of re - creation originated with the redemption of the israelites from egypt, a fact which coincided with their new identity as a people. st. paul theologized on the crossing of the sea in these words : \" i do not want you to be unaware, brothers and sisters, that our ancestors were all under the cloud, and all passed through the sea, and all were baptized into moses in the cloud and in the sea \" ( 1 corinthians 101 - 3 ). the birth of a new people, israel, by the passing through the sea, keeps giving new birth and identity to all who approach the baptismal font, especially on easter night. the column of light which announces god ' s presence among the israelites, symbolized by the paschal candle, and the waters of the sea, represented by the water of baptism, offer christians the eternal memorial of god ' s acts of creation and re - creation. throughout human history, god never ceases to act. every easter season actualizes god ' s presence and intervention on behalf of his people, in all circumstances of their lives. the baptismal font symbolizes those waters of re - creation. baptism confers christian identity to all who receive it, just as the israelites received their identity before god. also, since the israelites received a collective identity as a nation of people, at baptism, every christian is incorporated, as an adopted child of god, into the body of christ, as a member of the church. at easter, we celebrate our individual and collective christian birthday, our identity and our re - creation or redemption in christ : \" as many of you as were baptized into christ have clothed yourselves with christ. there is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4958120951949668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:95b2af27-3c75-4634-b32e-98b5d5b52d84>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.517405"}
{"text": "search : nuclear chemistry, darmstadtium, germany in honour of scientist and astronomer nicolaus copernicus ( 1473 - 1543 ), the discovering team around professor sigurd hofmann suggested the name copernicium with the element symbol cp for the new element 112, discovered at the gsi helmholtzzentrum fur schwerionenforschung ( center for heavy ion research ) in darmstadt. it was copernicus who discovered that the earth orbits the sun, thus paving the way for our modern view of the world. thirteen years ago, element 112 was discovered by an international team of scientists at the gsi accelerator facility. a few weeks ago, the international union of pure and applied chemistry, iupac, officially confirmed their discovery. in around six months, iupac will officially endorse the new element ' s name. this period is set to allow the scientific community to discuss the suggested name copernicium before the iupac naming. \" after iupac officially recognized our discovery, we \u2013 that is all scientists involved in the discovery \u2013 agreed on proposing the name copernicium for the new element 112. we would like to honor an outstanding scientist, who changed our view of the world \", says sigurd hofmann, head of the discovering team. copernicus was born 1473 in torun ; he died 1543 in frombork, poland. working in the field of astronomy, he realized that the planets circle the sun. his discovery refuted the then accepted belief that the earth was the center of the universe. his finding was pivotal for the discovery of the gravitational force, which is responsible for the motion of the planets. it also led to the conclusion that the stars are incredibly far away and the universe inconceivably large, as the size and position of the stars does not change even though the earth is moving. furthermore, the new world view inspired by copernicus had an impact on the human self - concept in theology and philosophy : humankind could no longer be seen as the center of the world. with its planets revolving around the sun on different orbits, the solar system is also a model for other physical systems. the structure of an atom is like a microcosm : its electrons orbit the atomic nucleus like the planets orbit the sun. exactly 112 electrons circle the atomic nucleus in an atom of the new element \" copernicium \". element 112 is the heaviest element in the periodic table, 277 times heavier than hydrogen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5591857338705926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:149ab25b-f1f4-4231-88ea-4e1968ed8a9d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.524048"}
{"text": "its electrons orbit the atomic nucleus like the planets orbit the sun. exactly 112 electrons circle the atomic nucleus in an atom of the new element \" copernicium \". element 112 is the heaviest element in the periodic table, 277 times heavier than hydrogen. it is produced by a nuclear fusion, when bombarding zinc ions onto a lead target. as the element already decays after a split second, its existence can only be proved with the help of extremely fast and sensitive analysis methods. twenty - one scientists from germany, finland, russia and slovakia have been involved in the experiments that led to the discovery of element 112. since 1981, gsi accelerator experiments have yielded the discovery of six chemical elements, which carry the atomic numbers 107 to 112. the discovering teams at gsi already named five of them : element 107 is called bohrium, element 108 hassium, element 109 meitnerium, element 110 darmstadtium, and element 111 is named roentgenium. the new element 112 discovered by gsi has been officially recognized and will be named by the darmstadt group in due course. their suggestion should be made public over this summer. the element 112, discovered at the gsi helmholtzzentrum fur schwerionenforschung ( centre for heavy ion research ) in darmstadt, has been officially recognized as a new element by the international union of pure and applied chemistry ( iupac ). iupac confirmed the recognition of element 112 in an official letter to the head of the discovering team, professor sigurd hofmann. the letter furthermore asks the discoverers to propose a name for the new element. their suggestion will be submitted within the next weeks. in about 6 months, after the proposed name has been thoroughly assessed by iupac, the element will receive its official name. the new element is approximately 277 times heavier than hydrogen, making it the heaviest element in the periodic table. \u201c we are delighted that now the sixth element \u2013 and thus all of the elements discovered at gsi during the past 30 years \u2013 has been officially recognized. during the next few weeks, the scientists of the discovering team will deliberate on a name for the new element \u201d, says sigurd hofmann. 21 scientists from germany, finland, russia and slovakia were involved in the experiments around the discovery of the new element 112. since 1981, gsi accelerator experiments have yielded the discovery of six chemical elements, which carry the atomic numbers 107 to 112. gsi has already named their officially recognized elements 107 to 111 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5797230839746151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:149ab25b-f1f4-4231-88ea-4e1968ed8a9d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.525482"}
{"text": "atommate is a chemistry card game that consists of a deck of 49 playing cards with the names, symbols and facts about the elements of the periodic table. it is used to play games that involve making chemical compounds. designed for students aged 10 and up, it is a grow - with - me game. beginning students learn the names and symbols of the elements. intermediate students learn to combine the elements to form molecules and compounds. more advanced students can use the cards to enhance their understanding of simple reactions. instructions for eight easy games, which range in difficulty from easy to complex, are included. there are several games that may be played with these cards. all games are designed for 2 to 4 players. the deck contains a sub - set of the elements in the periodic table, with repetitions of some elements. some of the elements have the word toxic on them - this gives the card special powers in some of the games. there are 8 non - element cards : 4 reduce and 4 oxidize. these allow the player to make additional moves in some of the games. the following information on the cards may be used to play the games : atommate is a game developed by dr. carol brevett who has taught chemistry at iowa state university and has been working in industry, including at the dupont company of delaware, as a research scientist for over 13 years. she has developed and tested the atommate games over many years. a must for the chemistry enthusiast, the science scholar, the science - oriented pupil or anyone who wants to play an unusual and novel card game. with each order we ' ll send you a free silky periodic table bookmark and a free glossy laminated postcard sized periodic table for your noticeboard! delivery and shipping | terms and conditions | about us |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5737519024951045, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea57bd49-6413-4418-9465-6cb21d964fb7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.527501"}
{"text": "you might recognize prominent primatologist frans de waal from lectures he has given about his research on primate behavior, which have been popularized on youtube. his face is familiar to chimpanzees, too ; some chimps that he knew as babies still recognize him even after decades apart, he said. \" chimpanzees have the advantage that you cannot ask them questions, so you have to watch ( their ) behavior to see what they do, \" says de waal, director of emory university ' s living links center, in his dutch - accented voice that is both gentle and authoritative. he adds, with dry humor : \" with humans, you can ask questions and you get all sorts of answers i don ' t trust, so i prefer to work with chimpanzees for that reason. \" living links is part of the oldest and largest primate center in the united states : the yerkes national primate research center, a secluded grassy area in suburban atlanta where humans work in office trailers and other animals play in open - air compounds. de waal, who has been at the center for more than 20 years, has made a career out of finding links between primate and human behavior, particularly in the areas of morality and empathy. you might think of \" morality \" as special for humans, but there are elements of it that are found in the animal kingdom, says de waal - - namely, fairness and reciprocity. his latest study, published this week in the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences, suggests that chimpanzees may show some of the same sensibility about fairness that humans do. the popular belief that the natural world is based on competition is a simplification, de waal says. the strength of one ' s immune system, and the ability to find food, are also crucial. and many animals survive by cooperating. \" the struggle for life is not necessarily literally a struggle, \" he said. \" humans are a highly cooperative species, and we can see in our close relatives where that comes from. \" mammals such as wolves, orcas and elephants need their groups to survive, and empathy and cooperation are survival mechanisms. de waal discusses these mechanisms in his 2009 book \" the age of empathy : nature ' s lessons for a kinder society. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4615931723122877, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6166663-7ff7-435d-87d7-5e9c9055f48d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.532943"}
{"text": "has smallpox really disappeared from the international vaccination newsletter, dec 1997 in 1982, the who advised a global vaccination moratorium against the smallpox vaccination because, they said, the disease appeared to have vanished from the earth. for another thing, the side - effects had become too obvious to maintain the traditional guidelines in favour of mass vaccination. there are many questions about the role of the vaccine in the decline of the disease, a point which may be clarified in a later issue of ivn. however, it is questionable whether smallpox really was eradicated as we have been told. some publications stated that the last smallpox virus had disappeared from this globe. but had it really? certainly not, since viruses were stored and even used in later experiments as carrier molecules for an experimental aids vaccine. some of the volunteers engaged by the pasteur institute died during the experiment from a smallpox - like illness ( 1 ). the institute managed to keep the information out of the front pages. a new and embarrassing development was the resurgence of pox - family viruses in africa, known as the monkeypox. this fact has been known for many years but the public was reassured that this had nothing to do with smallpox and that the human species was safe. not as safe as we were told, though, since in the congo in 1970, pox viruses were isolated from humans2 corresponding to the pox viruses found in captive monkeys in 1958 and identified the next year ( 3 ). it was baptised monkeypox ~. the same virus was isolated from 6 humans in 1959 by foster. in 1976, gipsen reported on more cases in nigeria ( 4 ). the terminology of the disease became ever more confusing, since what were at first simply monkeypox are now introduced into literature ashuman monkeypox. what, now, is the difference between smallpox and human monkeypox? it is interesting to read in a recent article in the lancet that \" human monkeypox is a systemic exanthem, resembling smallpox, that occurs as a sporadic zoonosis in rural rainforest villages of western and central africa. the disease is caused by an orthopoxvirus, which is transmitted to human beings by handling infected animals ; serosurveys have implicated squirrels... as the probable reservoir. secondary human - to - human spread by aerosol or direct contact accounts for about 28 % of cases... \" ( my emphasis ) so, let us make a simple addition. this virus is an orthopox virus,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49484462749569574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e688280-e686-47da-9ec4-0046f225d80a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.556377"}
{"text": "probable reservoir. secondary human - to - human spread by aerosol or direct contact accounts for about 28 % of cases... \" ( my emphasis ) so, let us make a simple addition. this virus is an orthopox virus, which means, literally translated, a real pox virus. this virus spreads among humans causing an exanthem resembling smallpox, and causing disease and death among the infected ( between february and august 1996, 71 cases were notified in the katako - kombe area in zaire, 6 of which 4 died from the disease ( 5 ). so what is the difference between smallpox and human monkeypox? the difference is a difference in protein structure. nucleotide sequence analysis revealed different structures. but what does this really matter it both viruses affect us in the same way, spread in the same way, and cause the same eruptions and the same clinical disease? scientists do, the victims dont! it is quite odd that the authors do not mention the smallpox vaccination status of the infected. all they mention is that in a preliminary study none of the examined had a scar of smallpox vaccination. which does not mean that they had not been vaccinated as the vaccine may not have taken. no figures are available about antibodies against smallpox, so that we have no real clue whether, in this study, the vaccine showed any protection against monkeypox or not. many of the patients described elsewhere were vaccinated. arita and henderson ( 6 ) found 94 children with facial scarring caused by monkeypox ; all except two who also showed scars typical for smallpox vaccination. so the least one can do is to question the protection offered by smallpox vaccination against the new monkey - pox virus. apparently the new virus is quite infectious, since 42 cases, including 3 deaths, were reported in a small village with only 346 inhabitants. the article further states that \" present cluster of cases constitutes a reemergence of human monkeypox on a scale greater in magnitude than the approximate 65 annual cases previously indicated for kasai oriental, bandundu, and equateur regions from 1981 to 1986 \" and also that \" it contains a more extensive occurrence of person - to - person transmission than previously recognised. \" the conclusion of the authors is that \" because sequence analyses have indicated that zairian monkeypox strains have not diverged greatly from the first isolate from the area in 1970 and monkeypox and smallpox variola viruses are independently evolved species (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5160675759404195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e688280-e686-47da-9ec4-0046f225d80a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.558135"}
{"text": "the conclusion of the authors is that \" because sequence analyses have indicated that zairian monkeypox strains have not diverged greatly from the first isolate from the area in 1970 and monkeypox and smallpox variola viruses are independently evolved species ( 7 ), notions of monkeypox virus mutating into variola virus are unfounded. \" this does not sound very reassuring. former suggestions that \" prolonged episodes or sustained cascades of transmission of human monkeypox would be unlikely \" ( 8 ) do not hold up. although the smallpox virus appears to have died down a few decades ago, obviously the disease is still present on this earth and able to make a come - back. whether this is due to the mutation of the original virus or to a new virus that generates the same disease is a question that remains unanswered. another pillar of the vaccine dogma, its victory over smallpox, has fallen into pieces. 1. personal communication with a staff member. 2. mukinda, v. b. k. ; et al reemergence of human monkeypox in zaire in 1996. lancet, 1997 ; 349 : 1449 - 50 3. von magnus, p. ; et al a pox - like disease in cynomolgus monkeys. acta pathologica et microbiologica scandinavica, 1959 ; 46 / 2 : 156 - 76 4. gipsen, r. ; et al monkeypoxspecific antibodies in human and simian sera from the ivory coast and nigeria. bull, who, 1976 ; 53 ; 355 - 60 5. who. monkeypox, zaire. widy epidemiol aec, 1996 ; 71 : 326 6. arita, i. ; henderson, d. a. ; monkey - pox and whitepox viruses in west and central africa. bull who, 1976 ; 53 : 347 - 53 7. douglass, n. ; dumbell, k. r. ; independent evolution of monkeypox and variola viruses. j virol, 1992 ; 66 : 7565 - 7 8. jezek, z. ; fenner, f. ; human monkeypox. monographs in virology vol 17, j. l. melnick, ed. basel, switzerland : karger, 1988 [ vaccination ] [ gaublomme ] [ smallpox ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5197724781316292, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e688280-e686-47da-9ec4-0046f225d80a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:26:08.561083"}